294:
353:
184:. Both ranges correspond to uplifts of more than 2,500 metres, much of which has since been eroded. This uplift has occurred because of the isostatic response associated with the formation of an extensional basin. As a consequence, the highest mountains exist immediately adjacent to the margin of the basin, and become increasingly low outwards. The boundaries between the hill ranges and the Rhine Graben are defined by major,
1009:
123:
115:
328:– one of the largest in Europe – holds an estimated 45,000 km (11,000 cu mi) of fresh water and supplies some 3 million people in France and Germany, supplying 75% of their drinking water and 50% of the water used by industry. Since the 1970s it has suffered increasingly serious pollution from
293:
208:
215:
The extension induced by the formation of the Alps was sufficient to thin the crust and provide suitable dilational conduits for magmatic and volcanic activity to occur. This resulted in the emplacement of
366:
A collaboration of 25 universities and government agencies have been researching seismic hazards, neotectonics, and water management of the
Quaternary Graben fill. The research focuses on four themes:
381:"Structure and Evolution (reassessment of structural evolution of the Upper Rhine Graben and implications for its neotectonic deformation, fault reactivation, crustal rheology and earthquake activity)"
1071:
235:(literally "Emperor's Chair") is a cluster of volcanic hills to the northwest of Freiburg, within the Rhine Graben. The highest point of this small, isolated volcanic centre is the
263:
and flattening buildings as far as 200 km away. It was the most significant historic seismological event to have occurred in
Central Europe. Its epicenter was between
564:
Assessing the benefits of different groundwater protection levels: results and lessons learnt from a contingent valuation survey in the Upper Rhine valley aquifer, France
172:
To both the east and west of the Rhine Plain, two major hill ranges have formed that run the length of the basin. To the west, in France, these hills are known as the
1027:
300:
275:. However, it remains disputed whether the fault that ruptured to cause this earthquake was part of the Rhine Valley extensional system, or simply one of the many
211:
Rhine Graben (blue shades) between Basel and
Frankfurt with adjoining mountain ranges (green to brown); colour-coding according to digital elevation model
544:
1086:
629:
601:
1106:
375:
and
Seismic Hazard (identification of zones of on-going deformation, current stress regime, earthquake location & frequency, hazard assessment)"
146:, was in its early stages. The Alps were formed because the continents of Europe and Africa collided. It is thought that because the collision was
378:"Modeling of Hydro systems (modeling of Plio-Quaternary hydro systems of the Upper Rhine Graben and transfer time of pollutants within them)"
223:, which follow the general structural trend of the extensional faults. In addition, isolated volcanoes such as the Kaiserstuhl were formed.
455:
118:
Satellite image showing the southern section of the Upper Rhine Plain and the rift flanks of Vosges, France, and the Black Forest, Germany.
1116:
1126:
661:
232:
438:
102:
to the south. It remains active to the present day. Today, the Rhine Rift Valley forms a downfaulted trough through which the river
268:
512:
Sengor, A.M.C. 1976. "Collision of irregular continental margins: Implications for foreland deformation of Alpine-type orogens",
456:"Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System: interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland lithosphere"
905:
576:
1121:
284:
740:
1091:
968:
755:
304:
87:
150:, the initial contact between the two continents resulted in the formation of dilational (extensional) structures in the
973:
720:
1076:
1081:
1066:
770:
83:
341:
463:
272:
384:"Dynamic Modeling (multi scale dynamic modeling of the past and present deformation of the Rhine Graben area)"
541:
689:
921:
900:
780:
654:
605:
684:
563:
394:
173:
566:, S Aulong & JD Rinaudo, IWRA 13th World Water Congress, published 2008-01-09, accessed 2011-04-13
1111:
853:
843:
472:
236:
283:
to the south. Doubts have been raised over the adequacy of the seismic evaluation and design of the
988:
775:
760:
735:
154:
to the north of the Alps. The result was substantial crustal thinning, forming a major extensional
1101:
863:
694:
191:
The northern section of the Rhine Plain is equally framed by somewhat lower mountain ranges, the
937:
488:
70:, about 350-kilometre-long (220 mi) and on average 50-kilometre-wide (31 mi), between
1096:
1012:
993:
895:
647:
434:
192:
983:
963:
879:
750:
730:
710:
480:
256:
252:
942:
822:
765:
745:
725:
715:
548:
525:
352:
59:
43:
476:
858:
848:
220:
151:
139:
91:
180:. These ranges exhume the same types of rocks in their cores, including deep crustal
1060:
785:
276:
580:
255:
occurred in the Rhine Plain. It was perhaps the most destructive earthquake ever in
978:
806:
372:
185:
177:
17:
827:
484:
122:
114:
1042:
1029:
243:
epoch, some 15 million years ago. Today, the
Kaiserstuhl volcano is extinct.
333:
264:
95:
79:
75:
551:
RÉSONANCE Ingénieurs-Conseils SA, published 2007-09-05, accessed 2011-03-30
790:
337:
312:
308:
196:
131:
670:
542:
Centrale Nucléaire de
Fessenheim : appréciation du risque sismique
329:
325:
240:
207:
303:
The Upper Rhine Plain, view from west to east. Front: a vineyard near
634:
181:
156:
135:
351:
260:
217:
206:
121:
113:
103:
71:
357:
280:
143:
99:
67:
643:
142:, the major mountain building event that was to produce the
639:
239:(557 metres). Volcanic activity was most prevalent in the
176:
and in the east, in
Germany, the hills comprise the
956:
930:
914:
888:
872:
836:
815:
799:
703:
677:
130:The Upper Rhine Plain was formed during the Early
635:Franco-German-Swiss Conference of the Upper Rhine
126:Schematic cross-section of the Rhine Rift Valley.
82:in the north. Its southern section straddles the
311:(right: Mannheim Power Station, far north: the
287:, built in the Rhine Plain close to the faults.
27:Major rift between Basel and Frankfurt/Wiesbaden
1072:Natural regions of the South German Scarplands
655:
454:Dèzes, P.; Schmid S.M.; Ziegler P.A. (2004).
433:(3rd ed.). London: Chatto & Windus.
356:A satellite view of the plain: Shot taken by
8:
160:and causing isolated volcanic activity. The
559:
557:
530:Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications
94:. The Upper Rhine Graben formed during the
662:
648:
640:
416:Germany: A regional and economic geography
324:Located below the plain, the Upper Rhine
98:, as a response to the evolution of the
532:(Second Edition). Blackwell Publishing.
406:
604:. comp1.geol.unibas.ch. Archived from
7:
577:"Visible Earth: Northwestern Europe"
25:
602:"The EUCOR-URGENT Project - Home"
1087:Landforms of Metropolitan France
1008:
1007:
418:(2nd ed.). London: Methuen.
292:
906:Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
74:in the south and the cities of
285:Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant
1:
969:Aquifers in the United States
414:Dickinson, Robert E. (1964).
88:European Cenozoic Rift System
1107:Regions of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
974:Aquifer storage and recovery
721:Buried Valley Aquifer System
485:10.1016/j.tecto.2004.06.011
1143:
1117:Cenozoic rifts and grabens
771:Santa Clara valley aquifer
528:. & Allen, J.R. 2005.
305:Neustadt an der WeinstraĂźe
1002:
741:Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer
259:, destroying the city of
138:epoch. At this time, the
273:Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
52:Oberrheinisches Tiefland
48:Oberrheinische Tiefebene
690:Laurentian River System
227:The Kaiserstuhl volcano
195:on the western and the
164:is estimated to be ~2.
90:, which extends across
86:. It forms part of the
922:Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer
901:Lotikipi Basin Aquifer
781:Southern Hills Aquifer
429:Elkins, T. H. (1972).
361:
212:
127:
119:
1127:France–Germany border
1122:Depressions of Europe
685:Arkell Spring Grounds
494:on September 27, 2011
355:
210:
199:on the eastern side.
174:Vosges mountain range
134:era, during the Late
125:
117:
84:France–Germany border
1092:Landforms of Germany
854:Great Artesian Basin
844:Botany Sands Aquifer
1039: /
989:Sole Source Aquifer
776:Snake River Aquifer
761:San Diego Formation
736:Fox Hills Formation
477:2004Tectp.389....1D
320:Upper Rhine aquifer
1077:Geology of Germany
1043:48.9650°N 8.2340°E
864:Yarragadee Aquifer
695:Oak Ridges Moraine
547:2011-07-20 at the
362:
213:
128:
120:
40:Upper Rhine Graben
18:Upper Rhine Graben
1082:Geology of France
1067:Rifts and grabens
1022:
1021:
994:Surficial aquifer
948:Upper Rhine Plain
896:Bas Saharan Basin
279:that make up the
203:Volcanic activity
193:Palatinate Forest
168:Rift flank uplift
36:Rhine Rift Valley
32:Upper Rhine Plain
16:(Redirected from
1134:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1011:
1010:
984:Artesian aquifer
964:List of aquifers
957:Related articles
880:Waiwhetu Aquifer
751:Ogallala Aquifer
731:Floridan aquifer
711:Biscayne Aquifer
664:
657:
650:
641:
617:
616:
614:
613:
598:
592:
591:
589:
588:
579:. Archived from
573:
567:
561:
552:
539:
533:
523:
517:
510:
504:
503:
501:
499:
493:
487:. Archived from
460:
451:
445:
444:
426:
420:
419:
411:
296:
257:northwest Europe
253:Basel earthquake
247:Seismic activity
21:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1057:
1056:
1048:48.9650; 8.2340
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1018:
998:
952:
943:Schwyll Aquifer
938:Alnarpsströmmen
926:
910:
884:
868:
832:
823:Guarani Aquifer
811:
795:
766:Sankoty Aquifer
746:Mahomet Aquifer
726:Edwards Aquifer
716:Bishop Subbasin
699:
673:
668:
626:
621:
620:
611:
609:
600:
599:
595:
586:
584:
575:
574:
570:
562:
555:
549:Wayback Machine
540:
536:
524:
520:
511:
507:
497:
495:
491:
458:
453:
452:
448:
441:
428:
427:
423:
413:
412:
408:
403:
391:
350:
322:
317:
316:
315:
302:
297:
249:
229:
205:
170:
112:
56:Oberrheingraben
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1058:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
958:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
934:
932:
928:
927:
925:
924:
918:
916:
912:
911:
909:
908:
903:
898:
892:
890:
886:
885:
883:
882:
876:
874:
870:
869:
867:
866:
861:
859:Jandakot Mound
856:
851:
849:Gnangara Mound
846:
840:
838:
834:
833:
831:
830:
825:
819:
817:
813:
812:
810:
809:
803:
801:
797:
796:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
705:
701:
700:
698:
697:
692:
687:
681:
679:
675:
674:
669:
667:
666:
659:
652:
644:
638:
637:
632:
625:
624:External links
622:
619:
618:
593:
568:
553:
534:
518:
505:
464:Tectonophysics
446:
439:
421:
405:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
390:
387:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
349:
346:
321:
318:
307:, background:
299:
298:
291:
290:
289:
248:
245:
228:
225:
204:
201:
169:
166:
162:stretch factor
152:foreland basin
140:Alpine Orogeny
111:
108:
92:Central Europe
64:Vallée du Rhin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1139:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1015:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
955:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
929:
923:
920:
919:
917:
913:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
891:
887:
881:
878:
877:
875:
871:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
835:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
816:South America
814:
808:
805:
804:
802:
798:
792:
789:
787:
786:Turlock Basin
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Permian Basin
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
706:
704:United States
702:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
680:
676:
672:
665:
660:
658:
653:
651:
646:
645:
642:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
608:on 2007-07-26
607:
603:
597:
594:
583:on 2011-06-08
582:
578:
572:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
538:
535:
531:
527:
522:
519:
516:, 4, 779–782.
515:
509:
506:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
471:(1–2): 1–33.
470:
466:
465:
457:
450:
447:
442:
440:0-7010-0087-2
436:
432:
425:
422:
417:
410:
407:
400:
396:
393:
392:
388:
383:
380:
377:
374:
370:
369:
368:
364:
359:
354:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
314:
310:
306:
301:
295:
288:
286:
282:
278:
277:thrust faults
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:In 1356, the
246:
244:
242:
238:
234:
226:
224:
222:
219:
209:
202:
200:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
165:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
124:
116:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:) is a major
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1024:
1006:
979:Aquifer test
947:
807:Lake Texcoco
630:EUCOR-URGENT
610:. Retrieved
606:the original
596:
585:. Retrieved
581:the original
571:
537:
529:
521:
513:
508:
496:. Retrieved
489:the original
468:
462:
449:
430:
424:
415:
409:
373:Neotectonics
365:
363:
323:
250:
230:
214:
190:
186:normal fault
178:Black Forest
171:
161:
155:
147:
129:
63:
55:
51:
47:
39:
35:
31:
29:
1112:Upper Rhine
1046: /
915:Middle-East
873:New Zealand
828:Hamza River
233:Kaiserstuhl
1061:Categories
1031:48°57′54″N
612:2022-08-20
587:2022-08-16
526:Allen, P.A
401:References
360:satellite
334:pesticides
1102:Rhineland
1034:8°14′02″E
837:Australia
269:St. Peter
265:Waldkirch
237:Totenkopf
148:irregular
110:Formation
96:Oligocene
80:Wiesbaden
76:Frankfurt
1097:Aquifers
1013:Category
791:Wekepeke
671:Aquifers
545:Archived
389:See also
348:Research
338:chloride
330:nitrates
313:Odenwald
309:Mannheim
197:Odenwald
132:Cenozoic
514:Geology
498:June 3,
473:Bibcode
431:Germany
326:aquifer
241:Miocene
188:zones.
106:flows.
931:Europe
889:Africa
800:Mexico
678:Canada
437:
182:gneiss
157:graben
136:Eocene
60:French
44:German
492:(PDF)
459:(PDF)
261:Basel
221:dykes
218:mafic
104:Rhine
72:Basel
500:2010
435:ISBN
395:Ried
358:NASA
342:VOCs
340:and
281:Alps
267:and
231:The
144:Alps
100:Alps
68:rift
30:The
481:doi
469:389
271:in
54:or
38:or
1063::
556:^
479:.
467:.
461:.
344:.
336:,
332:,
62::
58:,
50:,
46::
34:,
663:e
656:t
649:v
615:.
590:.
502:.
483::
475::
443:.
371:"
78:/
42:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
