274:
Closer to the poles, the winds shift to a prograde direction, flowing with its rotation. Wind speeds continue to increase reaching maxima at ±60° latitude before falling to zero at the poles. Wind speeds at −40° latitude range from 150 to 200 m/s. Because the collar obscures all clouds below that parallel, speeds between it and the south pole are impossible to measure. In contrast, in the northern hemisphere maximum speeds as high as 240 m/s are observed near +50 degrees of latitude. These speeds sometimes lead to incorrect assertions that winds are faster in the northern hemisphere. In fact, latitude per latitude, winds are slightly slower in the northern part of Uranus, especially at the midlatitudes from ±20 to ±40 degrees. There is currently no agreement about whether any changes in wind speed have occurred since 1986, and nothing is known about much slower
355:
81:
150:
considerably. The majority of them were found in the northern hemisphere as they started to become visible. The common though incorrect explanation of this fact was that bright clouds are easier to identify in its dark part, whereas in the southern hemisphere the bright collar masks them. Nevertheless, there are differences between the clouds of each hemisphere. The northern clouds are smaller, sharper and brighter. They appear to lie at a higher
315:
2135:
246:
178:
451:
73:
31:
230:). UDS is supposed to have a similar nature, although it looked differently from GDS at some wavelengths. Although GDS had the highest contrast at 0.47 μm, UDS was not visible at this wavelength. On the other hand, UDS demonstrated the highest contrast at 1.6 μm, where GDS were not detected. This implies that dark spots on the two
459:
169:. The lifetime of clouds spans several orders of magnitude. Some small clouds live for hours, whereas at least one southern cloud has persisted since the Voyager flyby. Recent observation also discovered that cloud-features on Uranus have a lot in common with those on Neptune, although the weather on Uranus is much calmer.
350:
bands. In addition, both poles demonstrate elevated brightness in the microwave part of the spectrum, whereas the polar stratosphere is known to be cooler than the equatorial one. So seasonal change seems to happen as follows: poles, which are bright both in visible and microwave spectral bands, come
388:
and ground-based telescopes revealed that the south polar cap darkened noticeably (except the southern collar, which remained bright), whereas the northern hemisphere demonstrated increasing activity, such as cloud formations and stronger winds, having bolstered expectations that it would brighten
363:
However, there are some reasons to believe that seasonal changes are happening in Uranus. Although Uranus is known to have a bright south polar region, the north pole is fairly dim, which is incompatible with the model of the seasonal change outlined above. During its previous northern solstice in
273:
winds are retrograde, which means that they blow in the reverse direction to the planetary rotation. Their speeds are from −100 to −50 m/s. Wind speeds increase with the distance from the equator, reaching zero values near ±20° latitude, where the troposphere's temperature minimum is located.
393:
collar present in its southern hemisphere at −45° was expected to appear in its northern part. This indeed happened in 2007 when Uranus passed an equinox: a faint northern polar collar arose, whereas the southern collar became nearly invisible, although the zonal wind profile remained asymmetric,
129:
telescope initially observed neither a collar nor a polar cap in the northern hemisphere. Thus, Uranus appeared to be asymmetric: bright near the south pole and uniformly dark in the region north of the southern collar. In 2007, however, when Uranus passed its equinox, the southern collar almost
515:
Another hypothesis states that when Uranus was "knocked over" by the supermassive impactor which caused its extreme axial tilt, the event also caused it to expel most of its primordial heat, leaving it with a depleted core temperature. Another hypothesis is that some form of barrier exists in
149:
In addition to large-scale banded structure, Voyager 2 observed ten small bright clouds, most lying several degrees to the north from the collar. In all other respects Uranus looked like a dynamically dead planet in 1986. However, in the 1990s the number of observed bright cloud features grew
45:
is heavily influenced by both its lack of internal heat, which limits atmospheric activity, and by its extreme axial tilt, which induces intense seasonal variation. Uranus's atmosphere is remarkably bland in comparison to the other giant planets which it otherwise closely resembles. When
211:
faster than the speed of clouds at the same latitude. The latitude of UDS was approximately constant. The feature was variable in size and appearance and was often accompanied by a bright white cloud called Bright
Companion (BC), which moved with nearly the same speed as UDS itself.
197:
had never been observed on Uranus before 2006, when the first such feature was imaged. In that year observations from both Hubble Space
Telescope and Keck Telescope revealed a small dark spot in the northern (winter) hemisphere of Uranus. It was located at the latitude of about
434:-like appearance. Observations included record-breaking wind speeds of 824 km/h and a persistent thunderstorm referred to as "Fourth of July fireworks". Why this sudden upsurge in activity should be occurring is not fully known, but it appears that Uranus's extreme
84:
Hubble images showing the seasonal changes in the atmosphere of Uranus. The south of Uranus is at the upper right and north is at the lower left. The south polar cap disappears between 2007 and 2011 and the north polar cap appears between 2010 and
358:
The visible magnitude of Uranus in two spectral bands (upper graph) adjusted for the distance, effective microwave temperature (middle graph) and the stratospheric temperature (lower graph). Blue band is centered at 470 nm, yellow at
508: W/m, which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075 W/m. The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49 K (−224 °C), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System, colder than
89:
The first suggestions of bands and weather on Uranus came in the 19th century, such as an observation in March and April 1884 of a white band circling partially around Uranus's equator, only two years after Uranus's "spring" equinox.
488:, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun. Uranus, by contrast, radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the
105:. A narrow band straddling the latitudinal range from −45 to −50 degrees is the brightest large feature on Uranus's visible surface. It is called a southern "collar". The cap and collar are thought to be a dense region of
364:
1944, Uranus displayed elevated levels of brightness, which suggests that the north pole was not always so dim. This information implies that the visible pole brightens some time before the solstice and darkens after the
351:
into the view at solstices resulting in brighter planet, whereas the dark equator is visible mainly near equinoxes resulting in darker planet. In addition, occultations at solstices probe hotter equatorial stratosphere.
202:
and measured approximately 2° (1300 km) in latitude and 5° (2700 km) in longitude. The feature called Uranus Dark Spot (UDS) moved in the prograde direction relative Uranus's rotation with an average speed of
286:
Determining the nature of this seasonal variation is difficult because good data on Uranus's atmosphere has existed for less than one full
Uranian year (84 Earth years). A number of discoveries have however been made.
1492:
Pearl, J. C.; Conrath, B. J.; Hanel, R. A.; Pirraglia, J. A.; Coustenis, A. (March 1990). "The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Uranus, as determined from
Voyager IRIS data".
416:. The bright collar at −45° latitude is also connected with methane clouds. Other changes in the southern polar region can be explained by changes in the lower cloud layers. The variation of the
401:, Uranus's hemispheres lie alternately either in full glare of the Sun's rays or facing deep space. The brightening of the sunlit hemisphere is thought to result from the local thickening of the
516:
Uranus's upper layers which prevents the core's heat from reaching the surface. For example, convection may take place in a set of compositionally different layers, which may inhibit the upward
1675:
Sromovsky, L. A.; Fry, P. M.; Hammel, H. B.; Ahue, W. M.; de Pater, I.; Rages, K. A.; Showalter, M. R.; van Dam, M. A. (September 2009). "Uranus at equinox: Cloud morphology and dynamics".
234:
are located at somewhat different pressure levels—the
Uranian feature probably lies near 4 bar. The dark color of UDS (as well as GDS) may be caused by thinning of the underlying
1268:
Hanel, R.; Conrath, B.; Flasar, F. M.; Kunde, V.; Maguire, W.; Pearl, J.; Pirraglia, J.; Samuelson, R.; Cruikshank, D. (4 July 1986). "Infrared
Observations of the Uranian System".
34:
Uranus' southern hemisphere in approximate natural colour (left) and in higher wavelengths (right), showing its faint cloud bands and atmospheric "hood" as seen by
Voyager 2
219:(GDS) and their bright companions, respectively, though UDS was significantly smaller. This similarity suggests that they have the same origin. GDS were hypothesized to be
101:
of Uranus can be subdivided into two regions: a bright polar cap and dark equatorial bands (see figure on the right). Their boundary is located at about −45 degrees of
472:
acquired this view of the seventh planet while departing the
Uranian system in late January 1986. This image looks at Uranus approximately along its rotational pole.
380:
patterns. In addition, the microwave data showed increases in pole–equator contrast after the 1986 solstice. Finally in the 1990s, as Uranus moved away from its
1411:
476:
Several solutions have been proposed to explain the calm weather on Uranus. One proposed explanation for this dearth of cloud features is that Uranus's
249:
Zonal wind speeds on Uranus. Shaded areas show the southern collar and its future northern counterpart. The red curve is a symmetrical fit to the data.
376:
data revealed that the periodical changes of brightness are not completely symmetrical around the solstices, which also indicates a change in the
162:
2164:
1959:
1587:
Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Beebe, A.; Bliss, D.; Boyce, J. M.; Brahic, A.; Briggs, G. A.; Brown, R. H.; Collins, S. A. (4 July 1986).
420:
226:
in the atmosphere of
Neptune, whereas their bright companions were thought to be methane clouds formed in places, where the air is rising (
1225:
Hammel, H. B.; Sromovsky, L. A.; Fry, P. M.; Rages, K.; Showalter, M.; de Pater, I.; van Dam, M. A.; LeBeau, R. P.; Deng, X. (May 2009).
52:
flew by Uranus in 1986, it observed a total of ten cloud features across the entire planet. Later observations from the ground or by the
1226:
596:
1196:
Hammel, H. B.; Rages, K.; Lockwood, G. W.; Karkoschka, E.; de Pater, I. (October 2001). "New
Measurements of the Winds of Uranus".
1110:
1060:
1816:
56:
made in the 1990s and the 2000s revealed bright clouds in the northern (winter) hemisphere. In 2006 a dark spot similar to the
154:, which is connected to fact that until 2004 (see below) no southern polar cloud had been observed at the wavelength 2.2
121:. However, at the end of 1990s and the beginning of the twenty-first century, when the northern polar region came into view,
1789:
1558:
Rages, K. A.; Hammel, H. B.; Friedson, A. J. (11 September 2004). "Evidence for temporal change at Uranus' south pole".
430:
For a short period in the second half of 2004, a number of large clouds appeared in the Uranian atmosphere, giving it a
424:
182:
1434:
Lockwood, G. W.; Jerzykiewicz, M. A. A. (February 2006). "Photometric variability of Uranus and Neptune, 1950–2004".
291:
over the course of half a Uranian year (beginning in the 1950s) has shown regular variation in the brightness in two
1419:
588:
253:
The emergence of a dark spot on the hemisphere of Uranus that was in darkness for many years indicates that near
2095:
1969:
1040:
1167:
Hammel, H. B.; Lockwood, G. W. (January 2007). "Long-term atmospheric variability on Uranus and Neptune".
480:
appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low internal
385:
288:
186:
122:
53:
2023:
1742:
239:
1313:
Hofstadter, M. D.; Butler, B. J. (September 2003). "Seasonal change in the deep atmosphere of Uranus".
1227:"The Dark Spot in the atmosphere of Uranus in 2006: Discovery, description, and dynamical simulations"
1852:
1809:
1757:
1694:
1655:
1600:
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1538:
1501:
1472:
1443:
1387:
1351:
1322:
1277:
1241:
1205:
1176:
1125:
1075:
334:. This explains in part its brighter appearance at solstices. Uranus is also known to exhibit strong
2009:
1529:
Podolak, M.; Weizman, A.; Marley, M. (December 1995). "Comparative models of Uranus and Neptune".
795:
793:
791:
789:
354:
265:
The tracking of numerous cloud features allowed determination of zonal winds blowing in the upper
80:
1992:
1982:
1710:
1684:
1645:
1624:
1301:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
76:
Uranus in 2005. Rings, southern collar and a light cloud in the northern hemisphere are visible.
311:
temperature measurements beginning in the 1970s also showed maximum values near 1986 solstice.
2120:
2100:
2076:
1836:
1616:
1517:
1372:
1293:
1141:
592:
331:
318:
HST images show changes in the atmosphere of Uranus as it approaches its equinox (right image)
1412:"No Longer Boring: 'Fireworks' and Other Surprises at Uranus Spotted Through Adaptive Optics"
582:
1928:
1862:
1765:
1702:
1663:
1608:
1575:
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1509:
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235:
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314:
2159:
2138:
1943:
1938:
1877:
1867:
1802:
390:
327:
216:
126:
57:
1342:
Karkoschka, Erich (May 2001). "Uranus' Apparent Seasonal Variability in 25 HST Filters".
117:
arrived during the height of Uranus's southern summer and could not observe the northern
1761:
1698:
1659:
1604:
1571:
1505:
1484:
1447:
1391:
1355:
1326:
1281:
1245:
1209:
1180:
1129:
1079:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1373:"Long-term variations in the microwave brightness temperature of the Uranus atmosphere"
1149:
1111:"New cloud activity on Uranus in 2004: First detection of a southern feature at 2.2 μm"
1091:
687:
1636:
Sromovsky, L. A.; Fry, P. M. (December 2005). "Dynamics of cloud features on Uranus".
1334:
215:
The behavior and appearance of UDS and its bright companion were similar to Neptunian
2153:
2004:
1977:
1933:
1905:
1783:
1714:
1550:
1513:
1059:
Hammel, H. B.; De Pater, I.; Gibbard, S. G.; Lockwood, G. W.; Rages, K. (June 2005).
477:
292:
166:
1305:
322:
The majority of this variability is believed to occur due to changes in the viewing
1890:
1628:
1109:
Hammel, H. B.; Depater, I.; Gibbard, S. G.; Lockwood, G. W.; Rages, K. (May 2005).
799:
727:
489:
481:
343:
308:
245:
220:
1706:
1667:
1579:
1455:
1399:
1253:
1188:
1137:
1087:
397:
The mechanism of physical changes is still not clear. Near the summer and winter
1612:
1289:
861:
413:
303:. A similar periodic variation, with maxima at the solstices, has been noted in
266:
135:
17:
1463:
Lunine, Jonathan I. (September 1993). "The Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune".
177:
776:
774:
772:
517:
501:
435:
335:
275:
155:
110:
1521:
2058:
2039:
468:
450:
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304:
231:
114:
94:
48:
1769:
1620:
1363:
1297:
1217:
458:
454:
HST image of Uranus taken in 1998 showing clouds in the northern hemisphere
72:
30:
1723:
439:
398:
381:
323:
296:
151:
131:
102:
855:
130:
disappeared, whereas a faint northern collar emerged near 45 degrees of
2082:
1145:
509:
485:
431:
402:
365:
347:
300:
270:
254:
194:
159:
139:
106:
61:
1061:"Uranus in 2003: Zonal winds, banded structure, and discrete features"
466:'s atmosphere is due to methane and high-altitude photochemical smog.
330:, which causes its visible area to become larger when viewed from the
2089:
1825:
1743:"Uranus after Solstice: Results from the 1998 November 6 Occultation"
873:
The planet Uranus completes her revolution round the sun in 84 years.
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
463:
377:
339:
223:
143:
118:
98:
41:
1722:
Sromovsky, L.; Fry, P.; Hammel, H.; Rages, K. (September 28, 2006).
1588:
623:
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615:
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990:
988:
986:
984:
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823:
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808:
423:
from Uranus is probably caused by changes in the deep tropospheric
759:
757:
457:
405:
313:
244:
79:
1044:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
493:
409:
1798:
936:
934:
932:
780:
165:, whereas northern clouds have been regularly observed in this
902:
900:
427:, because thick polar clouds and haze may inhibit convection.
181:
The first dark spot observed on Uranus. Image was obtained by
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
484:. Why Uranus's heat flux is so low is still not understood.
1724:"Hubble Discovers a Dark Cloud in the Atmosphere of Uranus"
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
1589:"Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results"
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
109:
clouds located within the pressure range of 1.3 to 2
1794:
394:
with northern winds being slightly slower than southern.
307:
measurements of the deep troposphere begun in the 1960s.
642:
640:
638:
636:
146:, which demonstrate multiple narrow and colorful bands.
673:
1023:
627:
257:
Uranus entered a period of elevated weather activity.
1007:
1005:
1003:
994:
919:
917:
915:
891:
829:
814:
763:
2113:
2069:
2050:
2031:
2022:
1968:
1952:
1921:
1914:
1876:
1845:
841:
748:
1371:Klein, M. J.; Hofstadter, M. D. (September 2006).
1043:. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from
940:
860:. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. p.
906:
1041:"Keck zooms in on the weird weather of Uranus"
963:
800:Hammel de Pater et al. ("Uranus in 2004") 2005
728:Hammel de Pater et al. ("Uranus in 2003") 2005
138:structure of Uranus is different from that of
1810:
581:Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. (2 December 2010).
389:soon. In particular, an analog of the bright
8:
568:
1465:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
2028:
1918:
1817:
1803:
1795:
646:
1688:
1649:
449:
353:
176:
71:
29:
1418:. The Planetary Society. Archived from
528:
500:times the solar energy absorbed in its
1011:
975:
504:. In fact, Uranus's heat flux is only
923:
342:(see above). For instance, the south
97:discovered that the visible southern
7:
1416:Planetary News: Observing from Earth
346:of Uranus is much brighter than the
1485:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.001245
1784:What is the Temperature of Uranus?
1039:Devitt, Terry (10 November 2004).
68:Banded structure, winds and clouds
25:
2134:
2133:
892:Lockwood & Jerzykiewicz 2006
584:Principles of Planetary Climate
295:, with maxima occurring at the
686:Perrotin, Henri (1 May 1884).
1:
1960:Uranus-crossing minor planets
1335:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00174-X
2165:Climates of the Solar System
1707:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.04.015
1668:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.07.022
1580:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.009
1551:10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5
1514:10.1016/0019-1035(90)90155-3
1456:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.09.009
1400:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.04.012
1254:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.08.019
1189:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.027
1138:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.11.016
1088:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.11.012
941:Hofstadter & Butler 2003
674:Hammel Sromovsky et al. 2009
299:and minima occurring at the
158:, which is sensitive to the
1613:10.1126/science.233.4759.43
1531:Planetary and Space Science
1290:10.1126/science.233.4759.70
1024:Podolak Weizman et al. 1995
907:Klein & Hofstadter 2006
628:Smith Soderblom et al. 1986
442:variations in its weather.
368:. Detailed analysis of the
2181:
964:Hammel & Lockwood 2007
781:Karkoschka ("Uranus") 2001
589:Cambridge University Press
496:) part of the spectrum is
2129:
1832:
995:Pearl Conrath et al. 1990
854:Shepherd, George (1861).
830:Hanel Conrath et al. 1986
815:Sromovsky Fry et al. 2006
764:Sromovsky Fry et al. 2009
193:The dark spots common on
2096:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
842:Hammel Rages et al. 2001
749:Rages Hammel et al. 2004
569:Sromovsky & Fry 2005
1543:1995P&SS...43.1517P
1477:1993ARA&A..31..217L
506:0.042 ± 0.047
1770:10.1006/icar.2001.6698
1364:10.1006/icar.2001.6599
1218:10.1006/icar.2001.6689
857:The Climate of England
688:"The Aspect of Uranus"
473:
462:The greenish color of
455:
412:layers located in the
360:
319:
250:
190:
123:Hubble Space Telescope
86:
77:
54:Hubble Space Telescope
35:
498:1.06 ± 0.08
461:
453:
357:
317:
248:
240:ammonium hydrosulfide
180:
83:
75:
33:
1410:(11 November 2004).
2010:(472651) 2015 DB216
1762:2001Icar..153..236Y
1699:2009Icar..203..265S
1660:2005Icar..179..459S
1605:1986Sci...233...43S
1572:2004Icar..172..548R
1506:1990Icar...84...12P
1448:2006Icar..180..442L
1392:2006Icar..184..170K
1356:2001Icar..151...84K
1327:2003Icar..165..168H
1282:1986Sci...233...70H
1246:2009Icar..201..257H
1210:2001Icar..153..229H
1181:2007Icar..186..291H
1130:2005Icar..175..284H
1080:2005Icar..175..534H
438:results in extreme
1741:Young, L. (2001).
474:
456:
446:Circulation models
361:
320:
282:Seasonal variation
269:of Uranus. At the
251:
207:, which is almost
191:
87:
78:
36:
2147:
2146:
2109:
2108:
2101:Uranus Pathfinder
2018:
2017:
1537:(12): 1517–1522.
1408:Lakdawalla, Emily
1047:on 13 August 2011
228:orographic clouds
27:Weather of Uranus
16:(Redirected from
2172:
2137:
2136:
2029:
1998:
1988:
1929:William Herschel
1919:
1819:
1812:
1805:
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1488:
1459:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1403:
1377:
1367:
1338:
1309:
1264:
1262:
1256:. Archived from
1231:
1221:
1192:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1148:. Archived from
1115:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1090:. Archived from
1065:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
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992:
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967:
961:
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631:
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605:
578:
572:
566:
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499:
236:hydrogen sulfide
217:Great Dark Spots
210:
206:
201:
173:Uranus Dark Spot
113:. Unfortunately
21:
18:Uranus Dark Spot
2180:
2179:
2175:
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2171:
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2169:
2150:
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2143:
2125:
2105:
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2014:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1964:
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1944:William Lassell
1939:James L. Elliot
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505:
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448:
328:oblate spheroid
326:. Uranus is an
284:
263:
208:
204:
199:
175:
167:wavelength band
70:
58:Great Dark Spot
28:
23:
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15:
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1786:by Nola Taylor
1779:
1778:External links
1776:
1775:
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1756:(2): 236–247.
1738:
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1683:(1): 265–286.
1672:
1644:(2): 459–484.
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1442:(2): 442–452.
1431:
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1386:(1): 170–180.
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1321:(1): 168–180.
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1263:on 2011-07-19.
1240:(1): 257–271.
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1124:(1): 284–288.
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1074:(2): 534–545.
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591:. p. 20.
573:
527:
525:
522:
518:heat transport
447:
444:
338:variations in
293:spectral bands
283:
280:
262:
259:
205:43.1 ± 0.1 m/s
174:
171:
134:. The visible
69:
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64:was detected.
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491:
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478:internal heat
471:
470:
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428:
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310:
309:Stratospheric
306:
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50:
44:
43:
32:
19:
2088:
2081:
2057:
2043:(1986 flyby)
2038:
1857:
1790:Uranus Facts
1753:
1749:
1731:. Retrieved
1680:
1676:
1641:
1637:
1596:
1592:
1563:
1559:
1534:
1530:
1500:(1): 12–28.
1497:
1493:
1468:
1464:
1439:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1415:
1383:
1379:
1350:(1): 84–92.
1347:
1343:
1318:
1314:
1273:
1269:
1258:the original
1237:
1233:
1201:
1197:
1172:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1150:the original
1121:
1117:
1099:. Retrieved
1092:the original
1071:
1067:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:the original
1032:
1031:
1019:
971:
872:
865:. Retrieved
856:
849:
837:
700:. Retrieved
695:
691:
681:
602:. Retrieved
583:
576:
514:
490:far infrared
482:thermal flux
475:
467:
429:
396:
362:
359:550 nm.
344:polar region
321:
285:
264:
252:
221:anticyclonic
214:
192:
148:
92:
88:
47:
39:
37:
2024:Exploration
1970:Co-orbitals
1878:Major moons
1471:: 217–263.
1012:Lunine 1993
976:Devitt 2004
867:19 November
604:19 November
425:circulation
414:troposphere
267:troposphere
156:micrometres
136:latitudinal
40:climate of
2154:Categories
1853:Atmosphere
1733:2012-02-27
1690:1503.01957
1651:1503.03714
1426:2012-03-10
1159:2008-03-13
1101:2008-03-13
1051:2012-03-10
924:Young 2001
702:4 November
524:References
502:atmosphere
436:axial tilt
348:equatorial
289:Photometry
276:meridional
232:ice giants
163:absorption
125:(HST) and
119:hemisphere
99:hemisphere
2070:Proposals
2059:Tianwen-4
2040:Voyager 2
1922:Discovery
1915:Astronomy
1863:Dark Spot
1846:Geography
1715:119107838
1522:0019-1035
469:Voyager 2
418:microwave
399:solstices
374:microwave
305:microwave
301:equinoxes
297:solstices
115:Voyager 2
95:Voyager 2
49:Voyager 2
2139:Category
1621:17812889
1306:29994902
1298:17812891
1146:15016781
440:seasonal
421:emission
382:solstice
324:geometry
242:clouds.
224:vortices
189:in 2006.
152:altitude
132:latitude
103:latitude
93:In 1986
2121:Fiction
2114:Related
2083:OCEANUS
1994:2014 YX
1984:2011 QF
1978:Trojans
1953:General
1901:Titania
1896:Umbriel
1886:Miranda
1858:Climate
1837:Outline
1758:Bibcode
1695:Bibcode
1656:Bibcode
1629:5895824
1601:Bibcode
1593:Science
1568:Bibcode
1539:Bibcode
1502:Bibcode
1473:Bibcode
1444:Bibcode
1388:Bibcode
1352:Bibcode
1323:Bibcode
1278:Bibcode
1270:Science
1242:Bibcode
1206:Bibcode
1177:Bibcode
1126:Bibcode
1076:Bibcode
1033:Sources
510:Neptune
486:Neptune
432:Neptune
403:methane
370:visible
366:equinox
278:winds.
271:equator
255:equinox
200:28 ± 1°
195:Neptune
160:methane
140:Jupiter
107:methane
62:Neptune
2160:Uranus
2090:ODINUS
2062:(2029)
2051:Future
1906:Oberon
1826:Uranus
1750:Icarus
1713:
1677:Icarus
1638:Icarus
1627:
1619:
1560:Icarus
1520:
1494:Icarus
1436:Icarus
1380:Icarus
1344:Icarus
1315:Icarus
1304:
1296:
1234:Icarus
1198:Icarus
1169:Icarus
1144:
1118:Icarus
1068:Icarus
692:Nature
595:
492:(i.e.
464:Uranus
406:clouds
386:Hubble
378:albedo
340:albedo
209:20 m/s
144:Saturn
42:Uranus
1891:Ariel
1868:Rings
1746:(PDF)
1727:(PDF)
1711:S2CID
1685:arXiv
1646:arXiv
1625:S2CID
1376:(PDF)
1302:S2CID
1261:(PDF)
1230:(PDF)
1153:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
1064:(PDF)
391:polar
336:zonal
332:poles
261:Winds
85:2015.
2077:MUSE
2032:Past
1617:PMID
1518:ISSN
1294:PMID
1142:OSTI
869:2014
704:2018
698:: 21
606:2014
593:ISBN
494:heat
410:haze
408:and
372:and
142:and
127:Keck
38:The
1766:doi
1754:153
1703:doi
1681:203
1664:doi
1642:179
1609:doi
1597:233
1576:doi
1564:172
1547:doi
1510:doi
1481:doi
1452:doi
1440:180
1396:doi
1384:184
1360:doi
1348:151
1331:doi
1319:165
1286:doi
1274:233
1250:doi
1238:201
1214:doi
1202:153
1185:doi
1173:186
1134:doi
1122:175
1084:doi
1072:175
238:or
187:HST
185:on
183:ACS
111:bar
60:on
2156::
1996:49
1986:99
1764:.
1752:.
1748:.
1709:.
1701:.
1693:.
1679:.
1662:.
1654:.
1640:.
1623:.
1615:.
1607:.
1595:.
1591:.
1574:.
1562:.
1545:.
1535:43
1533:.
1516:.
1508:.
1498:84
1496:.
1479:.
1469:31
1467:.
1450:.
1438:.
1414:.
1394:.
1382:.
1378:.
1358:.
1346:.
1329:.
1317:.
1300:.
1292:.
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1272:.
1248:.
1236:.
1232:.
1212:.
1200:.
1183:.
1171:.
1140:.
1132:.
1120:.
1116:.
1082:.
1070:.
1066:.
1002:^
983:^
948:^
931:^
914:^
899:^
880:^
871:.
862:28
822:^
807:^
788:^
771:^
756:^
735:^
712:^
696:30
694:.
690:.
654:^
635:^
614:^
587:.
531:^
520:.
512:.
384:,
1818:e
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1772:.
1768::
1760::
1736:.
1717:.
1705::
1697::
1687::
1670:.
1666::
1658::
1648::
1631:.
1611::
1603::
1582:.
1578::
1570::
1553:.
1549::
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1524:.
1512::
1504::
1487:.
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1446::
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1402:.
1398::
1390::
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1308:.
1288::
1280::
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1216::
1208::
1191:.
1187::
1179::
1162:.
1136::
1128::
1104:.
1086::
1078::
1054:.
1026:.
1014:.
997:.
978:.
966:.
943:.
926:.
909:.
894:.
844:.
832:.
817:.
802:.
783:.
766:.
751:.
730:.
706:.
676:.
649:.
630:.
608:.
571:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
