1018:
998:. This law defines the urban regeneration as "the coordinated set of urban-building interventions and social initiatives that can include replacement, re-use, redevelopment of the built environment and reorganization of the urban landscape by mean of recovery of degraded, underused or abandoned areas, as well as through the creation and management of infrastructure, green spaces and services with a horizon towards sustainability and environmental and social resilience, technological innovation and increasing biodiversity" (Art 2. L.R.18/2019). The same law introduces some rewards reserved to whom builds for social purposes. Moreover, these rewards are also reserved for those who carry on some particular implementation models. For instance, you can increase the volume of your building whenever "integrated safety systems and construction site risk management processes are applied; methods that are based on traceability and control activities, with particular reference to soil movement and waste traceability, based on advanced technologies", the increase in the building index is recognized in the art. 3 and these rewards are also given when technologies as geolocation, video surveillance and perimeter protection are implemented in order to prevent the "risk of crime during all phases of construction sites"
968:), in the first decades of independence to house masses of Jewish refugees coming from Europe and the Muslim world. Since then, Israeli architectural styles have changed. In addition, these buildings do not meet modern safety regulations: Israeli law has required all new buildings to be built in an earthquake-resistant manner since 1980 and to be built with bomb shelters since 1991. There are two main urban renewal programs: the evacuate and build program and TAMA 38. The evacuate and build program, launched in 1998, allows developers to tear down older building complexes and replace them with larger and more modern buildings, while TAMA 38, launched in 2005, enables developers to extensively remodel buildings, strengthening them against earthquakes, adding safety rooms, remodeling the building's appearance, and adding new apartments. In both projects, the tenants are temporarily evacuated for the duration of the work and the developer pays for their alternative accommodation. In both programs, the developers add more apartments so as to sell them to additional tenants and make a profit.
1798:
incidental losses like, for example, moving expenses, loss of favorable financing and notably, business losses, such as loss of business goodwill. In the 1970s the federal government and state governments enacted the
Uniform Relocation Assistance Act which provides for limited compensation of some of these losses. However the Act denies the displaced land owners the right to sue to enforce its provisions, so it is deemed an act of legislative grace rather than a constitutional right. Historically, urban redevelopment has been controversial because of such practices as taking private property by eminent domain for "public use" and then turning it over to redevelopers free of charge or for less than the acquisition cost (known as "land write-down"). Thus, in the controversial Connecticut case of
1452:
864:âPlanning is inherently politicalâ, however, the urban development in China for the past decade is strikingly similar to the situation in many Western countries. In terms of the similarity sharing with U.S. urban renewal programs, both countries viewed older neighborhoods as outdated and blighted, encouraged local governments to cooperate with local development interests for downtown redevelopment, failed to provide enough support and concern for residents of cleared areas, who often were the low-income residents, and building plenty of highways to reach large scale urban sprawl.
857:. The city development was not about urban sprawl and real estate development on a large scale. China improved its urban development strategy by using inventory planning other than incremental planning. Chinese promoted urbanization aggressively as national policy. But due to the change from the concept of urban renewal in terms of its presentation from the physical dimension, China now promotes small-scale ârepairsâ to improve the urban environment in a more sustainable and reasonable way. At the 15th China Central City Work Conference, the policy, "urban repair and
1557:, also known as the Taft-Ellender-Wagner Act, provided federal loans to cities to acquire and clear slum areas to be sold to private developers to redevelop in accordance with a plan prepared by the city (normally with new housing), and grants to cover two-thirds of the portion of the city's costs in excess of the sale prices received from the developers, as well as provide millions of dollars to create public housing throughout the country. The phrase used at the time was "urban redevelopment". "Urban renewal" was a phrase popularized with the passage of the
885:
650:
society and culture more broadly. Professor
Kenneth Paul Tan writes that Singapore's self-image of having succeeded against all odds has led to strong pressure to pursue progress and development regardless of the destructive cost, postulating that Singapore's "culture of comfort and affluence" has developed in order to cope with people's repeated loss of their sense of place, redirecting their desires from "community" towards "economic progress, upward mobility, affluent and convenient lifestyles and a âworld-classâ city."
1070:. Before the war, Singapore's housing environment had already been a problem. The tension of both infrastructure and housing conditions were worsened by the rapidly increasing number of the Singapore population in the 1930s. As a consequence of the war and the lack of economic development, between the 1940s to the 1950s, the previous evil of housing conditions continued to happen. As much as 240,000 squatters were placed in Singapore during the 1950s. It was caused by the movement of migrants, especially from
719:
1129:
1284:
1097:. The obstacles came from the resistance of people who used to live in the slums and squatters. It was reported by Singapore newspapers that those people were reluctant to be replaced. This became the major problems of 1960s redevelopment schemes. Affordable land value also became one of its reasons. Another problem was that the government had to purchase the private land owned by the middle and upper society to make the land vacant and be used for redevelopment.
271:
664:
853:
reconstructionâ and âurban regenerationâ to describe the changes made to the urban decay area. After having more research about urban renewal in terms of international trends and domestic development, the practitioners in the industry built consensus to use âurban renewalâ to describe all the changes made to the old town area. With the rapid development pace of urbanization in China, the urbanization rate reached the inflection point of the
600:) displaced thousands of largely African-American families, but provided them with no replacement housing because at the time the law did not provide for any. A model established to improve the growth and urbanization of American cities instead harmed the welfare of many communities. Increasingly, urban redevelopment led to residents being replaced, not by new residents, but by shopping malls, automobile factories and dealerships, and
1878:. The Rainbow Centre interrupted the street grid, taking up three blocks, and parking ramps isolated the city from the core, leading to the degradation of nearby neighborhoods. Tourists were forced to walk around the Rainbow Center, the Wintergarden, and the Quality Inn (all of which were adjacent), in total five blocks, discouraging small business in the city. These issues have spawned ongoing efforts to address them.
4774:
1179:
145:
2580:
889:
893:
891:
888:
886:
892:
2566:
1874:, who claimed that mixed-use districts were needed (which the new downtown was not) and arteries needed to be kept open. Smaller buildings also should be built or kept. In Niagara Falls, however, the convention center blocked traffic into the city, located in the center of Falls Street (the main artery), and the Wintergarden also blocked traffic from the convention center to the
43:
1170:
residential development by building a completely new community. The Xinyi
Project Area is the only commercial development area in Taipei with a wholly planned street and urban design. In addition to attracting corporations, it also features large retail spaces, department stores, and shopping malls. Xinyi Special District is now the prime central business district of Taipei.
4762:
2062:
890:
4796:
948:
1518:, which were responsible both for clearing slums and for building new affordable housing. In Detroit, the (local) City Planning and Housing Council (CHPC) founded in 1937 had a large hand in the reconstruction of urban slums, with their primary mission being the elimination of poor housing conditions, creating less crowded and cleaner public housing.
1443:, civic leaders, and residents â it has played an important but controversial role. But at other times urban redevelopment projects have failed in several American cities, having wasted large amounts of public funds to no purpose. It has been seen by proponents as an economic engine and a reform mechanism, and by critics as a mechanism for control.
84:
1406:(also known as the Pathfinder Scheme) was in place between 2002 and 2011 and aimed to demolish, refurbish or construct new housing. Areas of housing that were demolished were replaced with new houses aimed towards attracting richer tenants to move to the area, rather than use by the areas' former residents. Other programs, such as The
1017:
2594:
763:. The CBDs and inner suburban areas of Australia's cities have been in constant renewal since the 19th century, however apart from large commercial re-developments this has mostly been done in ad-hoc fashion rather than as major planning initiative. Among the largest projects since the 1980s have been the clearing of most of
1261:
creating a semi-private space within the estate functioning as recreation area. The courtyards were meant to create a community atmosphere and the blocks of flats were designed to allow sunlight into the courtyards. The blocks of flats were built using high-quality brickwork and included architectural features such as
604:. Replacement housing â particularly in the form of high-rise housing for low-income tenants â has not been successful. Hostile architectural designs, together with low-quality construction and maintenance have often led to rapid deterioration and abandonment of these projects. Public housing projects like
1648:. Segregation continued to increase as communities were displaced. Black families that had their homes and neighborhoods destroyed had to find housing options deeper in the inner city as whites could then use those highways to spread further and further into the suburbs but continue to work in the city.
1374:
who were relocated due to the large scale slum clearance programs. Cities with a large proportion of
Victorian terraced housing â housing that was no longer deemed of sufficient standard for modern living requirements â underwent the greatest changes. Over 5,000 homes (25,000 residents) in the city of
1549:
were transformed from farmland into cities occupied by tens of thousands of families in a few years. However, the GI Bill was primarily beneficial for white veterans over black ones, so in inner cities where black veterans tried using the benefits from the GI bill to occur housing and/or jobs, it was
377:
Urban renewal evolved into a policy based less on destruction and more on renovation and investment, and today is an integral part of many local governments. A primary purpose of urban renewal is to restore economic viability to a given area by attracting external private and public investment and by
260:
1089:
experts caused by the deficiency of professional staff, criticism came from many urban practitioners. The professional team recommended by the United
Nations then was asked by the government to cope with the urban renewal matters and its redevelopment plan in 1961. Based on the UN assistance report,
703:
is a known example of an urban renewal project. In the 1990s, the
Argentine government decided to build a new residential and commercial district to replace city's old port and docks. More than 50 skyscrapers have been built in the last 20 years. Puerto Madero is now Buenos Aires' most expensive and
918:
Iranian Urban
Renewal corporation is in charge of the program. Tehran and Isfahan and Khorasan and Khuzestan have some of the highest statistics of housing developments. Seventh program offers support to Ministry of Road and Urban and Development for gentrification and development in lesser devoped
649:
In the politics of urban renewal, the state ultimately decides what is important to a city based on its own narrative and existing market conditions, and introduces elements which reflect these values, replacing the infrastructure and character of older city cores. This can have knock-on effects on
489:
the building of a new art museum was the focus for a new business district around the city's derelict dock area. The approach has become very popular in the UK due to the availability of lottery funding for capital projects and the vibrancy of the cultural and creative sectors. However, the arrival
1689:
neighborhood in
Kingston, New York (on the Hudson River) was essentially destroyed by a federally funded urban renewal program in the 1960s, with more than 400 old buildings demolished, most of them historic brick structures built in the 19th century. Similarly ill-conceived urban renewal programs
1373:
in 1929, increased house building and government expenditure was used to pull the country out of recession. The
Housing Act of 1930 gave local councils wide-ranging powers to demolish properties unfit for human habitation or that posed a danger to health, and obligated them to rehouse those people
1316:
two of 23 blocks containing between 10 and 85 tenements each. A total of 1,069 tenements, mostly two or three-roomed, were planned to accommodate 5,524 persons. The project was hailed as setting "new aesthetic standards for housing the working classes" and included a new laundry, 188 shops, and 77
1311:
was declared a slum and the
Council authorized its clearance and the rebuilding of an area of some 15-acre (6.1 ha), including the Nichol and Snow estates, and a small piece on the Shoreditch side of Boundary Street, formally Cock Lane. The slum clearance began in 1891 and included 730 houses
1160:
is a known example of an urban renewal project. Its historical development began in 1976, when the Taipei Municipal Government accepted the proposal to redevelop the area east of the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall. The goal of this redevelopment was to set up a secondary commercial center away from the
981:
Region, "Norms for urban regeneration", which states: ÂŤBy this law, the Puglia Region promotes the regeneration of parts of cities and urban systems in coherence with municipal and inter-municipal strategies in order to improve urban, socio-economics, environmental and cultural conditions of human
976:
In Italy, the concept of urban renewal had been having the classical meaning of "recovery", "re-use", and also "redevelopment" for many years. It has not been long time that this meaning has changed, or has begun to change, towards the Anglo-Saxon model taking in account the idea of an action that
1639:
gave state and federal government complete control over new highways, and often they were routed directly through vibrant urban neighborhoodsâisolating or destroying manyâsince the focus of the program was to bring traffic in and out of the central cores of cities as expeditiously as possible and
1378:
were designated as redevelopment areas in 1933 and slated for demolition. Although efforts were made to house the victims of the demolitions in the same area as before, in practice this was too difficult to fully implement and many people were rehoused in other areas, even different cities. In an
1797:
Until 1970, the displaced owners and tenants received only the constitutionally-mandated "just compensation" specified in the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This measure of compensation covered only the fair market value of the taken property, and omitted compensation for a variety of
539:
Replenished housing stock might be an improvement in quality, cultural and social amenity, and opportunities for safety and surveillance. Developments such as London Docklands increased tax revenues for government. In late 1964, the British commentator Neil Wates expressed the opinion that urban
1438:
In the United States the term 'urban renewal' technically refers only to a federal program in the middle-to-late 20th Century, but colloquially is sometimes used to refer to any large-scale change in urban development. Urban renewal is a widely discussed and controversial program. Urban renewal
1345:
Report into the provision of housing and post-war reconstruction in the United Kingdom, was commissioned by Parliament as a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during the War; this was attributed to poor living conditions, a belief summed up in a housing poster of the
905:
is the statutory body responsible for urban renewal in Hong Kong. The Operation Building Bright scheme was launched in 2009 and is subsidised by the government. People remain living inside the buildings during the renovation period, which usually lasts for over a year, leading to concerns about
456:
lawsuit ruled that eminent domain may instead transfer acquired private property into private ownership in the case of renewal schemes. The case was brought by a homeowner whose house was acquired and demolished by a private company after the verdict. The company did not complete its contracted
993:
Region by mean of its Regional Law of 26 November 2019 - n. 18 "Simplification and incentive measures for urban and territorial regeneration, as well as for the recovery of existing building heritage. Changes and addendums to the regional law 11 March 2005, n. 12 (Law for the Government of the
582:
of people living in urban renewal areas comes in various forms. Displacement may be a stated or covert intention of the project, but it may also happen when other renewal objectives are prioritized over the ability of residents to stay in their area, or as an unforeseen consequence of planning
424:
and social reform reasons. Slum clearances and other programmes focused mainly on the demolition of housing in disadvantaged areas have often been criticized as a means of urban renewal for not adequately addressing the social problems that caused the initial problems in the area. By contrast,
324:
as a reaction to the increasingly cramped and unsanitary conditions of the urban poor in the rapidly industrializing cities of the 19th century. The agenda that emerged was a progressive doctrine that assumed better housing conditions would reform its residents morally and economically. Modern
1593:
in May 1950. Pittsburgh was infamous around the world as one of the dirtiest and most economically depressed cities, and seemed ripe for urban renewal. A large section of downtown at the heart of the city was demolished, converted to parks, office buildings, and a sports arena and renamed the
1260:
In 1882, the Peabody Trust built the Abbey Orchard Estate on former marshland at the corner of Old Pye Street and Abbey Orchard Street. Like many of the social housing estates, the Abbey Orchard Estate was built following the square plan concept. Blocks of flats were built around a courtyard,
1169:
area). The redevelopment hoped to increase the prosperity of the eastern district and the convenience of urban life for existing residents. The center's purpose was to expand business investment in the area and attract international financial services and technology firms. It also planned for
795:
in Sydney in the 2000s. Urban renewal involving established residential areas is now seldom tolerated and more recent projects have instead concentrated on disused industrial and transport infrastructure or adaptive reuse of older building stock particularly for new hi-rise housing projects.
567:. Urban renewal triggers urban sprawl to transpire, as a network of highways and interstates becomes the connection between many different cities. Areas are also often cleared in solely order to construct highways, which bring pollution and heavy vehicle traffic to surrounding neighborhoods.
852:
scale in the world from 1990. Massive real estate development and reconstruction brought economic revitalization. However, when cleaning the urban decay area, traditional and historic buildings were destroyed to different levels. In the industry, researchers and practitioners used âold town
1269:, fixtures and fittings. The estates built in the area at the time were considered model dwellings and included shared laundry and sanitary facilities, innovative at the time, and fireplaces in some bedrooms. The design was subsequently repeated in numerous other housing estates in London.
1623:
was a prime area for urban "redevelopers", as much of the city had only decrepit housing available. The efforts of the CHPC and the FHA to renew Detroit caused huge amounts of black displacement due to the construction of highways and airports directly through black neighborhoods like
1280:. The Act focused on combating filthy urban living conditions that were the cause of disease outbreaks. It required all new residential construction to include running water and an internal drainage system and also prohibited the construction of shoddy housing by building contractors.
1721:
is a landmark law to prohibit discrimination based on race, gender, religion, sex, national origin, and later sexual orientation and gender identity through legal means. At this time, racial deed restrictions on housing were legally removed and banned, which was an important step for
909:
The government of Hong Kong has always been concerned with land shortage and has introduced various policies to increase land supply. One of the current initiatives, noted in the Chief Executive's 2022 Policy Address, is to consolidate property interests and expedite urban renewal.
587:
and/or housing prices rise such that they no longer affordable to low-income residents. Indirect displacement can also result from the interplay of renewal projects and social inequalities, for example when people face discrimination in the housing market based on racial identity.
840:. The urban renovation involves 700 km of public networks for water supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom; 5 km of tunnels; 70 km of roads; 650 km of sidewalks; 17 km of bike path; 15.000 trees; and 3 plants for sanitation treatment.
1606:, declined following ambitious projects that shifted traffic patterns, blocked streets to vehicular traffic, isolated or divided neighborhoods with highways, and removed large numbers of ethnic and minority residents. An entire neighborhood was destroyed (to be replaced by the
835:
is a large-scale urban waterfront revitalization project, which covers a centrally located five million square meter area. The project aims to redevelop the port area, increasing the city center attractiveness as a whole and enhancing the city's competitiveness in the
963:
buildings in its cities which do not meet modern Israeli safety standards and have what is widely considered to be an impoverished and unattractive appearance. Israel built large numbers of these tenement buildings, known in Israel as "train buildings" (×× ××× × ×¨××ת,
1119:
was passed in 1976. This began 20 years of large-scale clearance projects, which did not address socioeconomic problems and led to the breakdown of communities. In the 2000s, the government's focus changed from redevelopment to maintenance of existing developments.
1410:
Project (2002-2005) sought to enable local citizens to have greater control and ownership of the direction of their community and the way in which it overcomes market failure. This approach supports important themes in urban renewal today, such as participation,
540:
renewal in the United States had 'demonstrated the tremendous advantages which flow from an urban renewal programme,' such as remedying the 'personal problems' of the poor, creation or renovation of housing stock, educational and cultural 'opportunities'.
570:
Poorly-conceived designs can lead to the destruction of functional neighborhoods and the creation of new ones which are less desirable or replaced with experimental new development patterns which prove undesirable or not economically sustainable.
1863:, a large parking ramp, an enclosed pedestrian walkway, the Falls Street Faire & Falls Street Station entertainment complexes, and the Mayor E. Dent Lackey Plaza closed within twenty to thirty years of their construction. In addition, the
1090:
two pilot developments were initiated in the end of 1964 by the government. These redevelopments then led to the success of Singapore's urban renewal because the government could provide sufficient amount of public housing and business areas.
560:. While urban sprawl is an unrestricted way of expanding the limits of a city, urban renewal clears out undeveloped areas within city limits. While urban sprawl increases urbanization, it can lead to vacant areas and sparse industrial sites.
887:
1085:, urban renewal has been included in the part of the national improvement policy that was urgently put in action. Before that, the 1958 master plan had already been designed to solve the city problems. However, due to the lack of
1241:. They are one of the earliest large-scale philanthropic housing developments in London. The Rochester Buildings were sold to the Peabody Trust in 1877 and later become known as Blocks A to D of the Old Perkin's Rents Estate.
1401:
The Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) was a project run by the government from 1994 to 2002 to enable regeneration in areas with social and economic problems, with funds allocated through a competitive bidding system. The
750:
conducted large slum recalamation projects in the 1960s replacing large areas of Victorian era housing with international style housing commission towers. These projects were halted in the early 1970s as enthusiasm for
2542:
591:
In the United States, urban redevelopment projects have often resulted in the displacement of low-income inhabitants and Black communities when their dwellings were taken and demolished. In the 1950s, a Southwest
861:," was put forward. Immediately thereafter, new urban renewal models such as Guangzhou's micro-renovation and Shanghai's micro-renewal appeared to lead the trend of a new era of urban renewal programs in China.
1659:âto make way for a new highway, low- and moderate-income high-rises (which eventually became luxury housing), and new government and commercial buildings. This came to be seen as a tragedy by many residents and
633:
3137:
1014:- the city inside the defensive walls - was razed and redeveloped, except for the preservation of mosques, madrassas, and funerary memorials. The preserved madrassas include buildings erected as caravanserai.
1789:
and The New Communities Act of 1968 guaranteed private financing for private entrepreneurs to plan and develop new communities. Subsequently, the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 established the
1822:
is still controversial, and often results in familiar patterns of poorer residents being priced out of urban areas into suburbs or more depressed areas of cities. Some programs, such as that administered by
906:
exposure to construction dust and the possible presence of asbestos. Such rehabilitation works are common in districts with older buildings, like Kowloon City, Mong Kok, Sham Shui Po, Yao Ma Tei and Tai Po.
1361:
which introduced the new concept of the state being involved in the building of new houses. This marked the start of a long 20th century tradition of state-owned housing, which would much later evolve into
368:
that span traditional professions and artistic media, such as city beaches. Culturepreneur agencies mediate between the users of urban spaces, local government authorities, and owners of vacant urban land.
1805:
Currently, a mix of renovation, selective demolition, commercial development, and tax incentives is most often used to revitalize urban neighborhoods. An example of an entire eradication of a community is
1730:
still existed to present the unequal real estate transaction for many ethnic minorities. Even though segregation was explicitly illegal, discrimination under urban planning context has been deep-rooted.
348:
In the late 20th century and now in the 21st century pursues one or more of three goals: economic renewal, social/cultural renewal, or environmental renewal. Many cities link the "revitalization" of the
624:
city leaders promised residents whose communities had already been decimated through urban renewal programs that their latest scheme would benefit the poor, the elderly and ethnic minorities. In 2016,
1052:. The program provided for the demolition of 5,171 apartment buildings and the resettlement of 1.6 million city residents by 2032. The program was later extended to a number of other Russian cities.
420:
Slum clearances are strategy to demolish low-income poor-quality settlements and use the land for another type of housing. As well as being a tool for urban renewal, they have also been carried for
1758:
was the first mayor to publicly repudiate the policy of urban renewal, and with the backing of community groups, forced the state to end construction of highways through the heart of the city.
583:
decisions. Displacement may be direct, for example in cases where low-income residents are forced to leave their homes and communities, or indirect, for example when renewal is a catalyst for
983:
628:
apologised again after the funds instead went into multimillion-dollar apartment projects, the increasing prices force the African-American and other low-income residents out of the market.
325:
attempts at renewal began in the late 19th century in developed nations. However, urban reform imposed by the state for reasons of aesthetics and efficiency had already begun in 1853, with
1794:
program (CDBG) which began in earnest the focus on redevelopment of existing neighborhoods and properties, rather than demolition of substandard housing and economically depressed areas.
1685:, one of the firstâand strongestâcritiques of contemporary large-scale urban renewal. However, it would still be a few years before organized movements began to oppose urban renewal. The
1632:. Black families were thrown out from their homes and not provided relocation services. The "slums" being cleared or being looked at for redevelopment were primarily black neighborhoods.
1598:
in what was generally recognized as a major success. Other neighborhoods were also subjected to urban renewal, but with mixed results. Some areas did improve, while other areas, such as
977:"determines an increase of economic, cultural, social values in an existing urban or territorial context." For instance, we can mention the regional law of 29 July 2008, nr. 21, of the
3493:
2976:
1379:
effort to rehouse the poorest people affected by redevelopment, the rent for housing was set at an artificially low level, although this policy also only achieved mixed success.
473:, among many others, cleared entire neighborhoods under urban renewal plans, only for the cleared areas to become surface parking lots, sparse industrial areas, or vacant land.
1835:
attempt to develop communities, while at the same time combining highly favorable loan programs with financial literacy education so that poorer residents are not displaced.
1242:
1762:
lost over 60,000 people between 1960 and 1970 because of urban renewal and expressway construction, but a downtown building boom turned the city into the showcase of the
2088:
4606:
3246:
805:
4262:
1479:
in advocating for improved living conditions in degraded areas of New York in the late 19th century were also formative. The redevelopment of large sections of
1526:
1870:
Ultimately, the former tourist district of the city along Falls Street was destroyed. It went against the principles of several urban philosophers, such as
1245:
funded an experimental social housing estate, among the first of its kind, on the corner of Columbia Road and Old Pye Street (now demolished). In 1869, the
1681:
340:. The process has had a major impact on many urban landscapes and has played an important role in the history and demographics of cities around the world.
526:
The process of urban regeneration is often carried out in rural areas, referred to as village renewal, though it may not be exactly the same in practice.
1467:
Prior to the Urban Renewal policies of the 1950s, cities in the United States revitalized with large scale projects like the design and construction of
4553:
1852:
1786:
2543:"Unleashing Redevelopment Potential of Hong Kong's Old Buildings: Proposal to Relax Requirements for Compulsory Sale Regime | Insights | Mayer Brown"
734:
Australia's built environment is quite young and the earliest large scale urban renewal projects didn't occur until the 1960s in the large cities of
3834:
3626:
1894:
were to be involuntarily removed by city planners. Black townships were targeted, motivated by residents' participation in civil unrest against the
1664:
312:
in cities. Urban renewal involves the clearing out of blighted areas in inner cities in favour of new housing, businesses, and other developments.
1451:
2898:
1358:
3405:
2902:
1595:
429:
is an approach that aims to improve the existing area by directly addressing existing land tenure, infrastructure, and socioeconomic problems.
1510:
Other cities across the US began to create redevelopment programs in the late 1930s and 1940s. These early projects were generally focused on
4653:
3353:
2937:
2437:
1922:
747:
2759:
2361:
1568:
The term "urban renewal" was not introduced in the USA until the Housing Act was again amended in 1954. That was also the year in which the
4586:
1388:
1234:
1078:
were inhabited by a big number of squatter populations, whereas these areas lacked the existence of service facilities such as sanitation.
2980:
3905:
1903:
1500:
3587:
Pernice, Nicolas M., M.S. "Urban redevelopment of Lawrence, MA a retrospective case study of the Plains Neighborhood", 2011, 136 pages
4050:
3226:
2209:
2028:
1723:
1569:
1253:. What remained of the Devil's Acre on the other side of Victoria Street was cleared and further Peabody estates were built after the
326:
266:
urban renewal project, a transformation of a large disused docks area into a new residential and commercial precinct for 25,000 people
3592:
3564:
3463:
3286:
2701:
2184:
1928:
1791:
1403:
1106:
246:
228:
126:
70:
1491:
between the 1930s and the 1970s was a notable and prominent example of urban redevelopment. Moses directed the construction of new
452:
However, cases have emerged in the United States in cases where the land acquired was not put to any public use. For example, the
4827:
3656:
1277:
1237:
began with the Rochester Buildings, on the corner of Old Pye Street and Perkin's Rent, which were built in 1862 by the merchant
4663:
4431:
4302:
3857:
1867:
cut through the town, dividing it from the riverfront. As in many American cities, some demolished blocks were never replaced.
1636:
1035:
625:
461:, where large areas of productive buildings were demolished to enable speculative future development which never materialized.
3369:
The story of urban renewal: In East Liberty and elsewhere, Pittsburgh's dominant public policy tool didn't work out as planned
1215:
and philanthropists, who began a movement for social housing. The first area to be targeted was the notorious slum called the
4658:
4546:
3928:
3707:
1695:
1644:
of many cities, isolated entire neighborhoods, and meant that existing commercial districts were bypassed by the majority of
1562:
1183:
743:
166:
162:
108:
56:
31:
485:
the 1992 Olympics provided a catalyst for infrastructure improvements and the redevelopment of the water front area, and in
209:
4391:
1848:
1811:
337:
181:
897:
Video: Construction dust spreading from an inhabited building during government-funded renewal in Tai Po, Hong Kong, 2003
4541:
4007:
3900:
3862:
3619:
3242:
2813:
Bishop, R., J. Phillips, and W.-W. Yeo, eds. Beyond Description: Singapore Space Historicity. 2004, Routledge: New York.
2927:
995:
99:
4622:
4601:
4576:
3082:
2114:
Zheng, Helen Wei; Shen, Geoffrey Qiping; Wang, Hao (2014). "A review of recent studies on sustainable urban renewal".
1747:
1238:
792:
775:) and the transformation of large industrial parts of South Melbourne to become the modern hi-rise dominated precinct
188:
1640:
nine out of every ten dollars spent came from the federal government. This resulted in a serious degradation of the
4627:
4596:
4027:
3910:
3885:
3651:
3054:
2092:
1864:
1832:
1799:
1707:
1061:
764:
756:
723:
453:
437:
Also known as land acquisition, compulsory purchase/acquisition, resumption or expropriation in various countries,
2804:
Lim, W.S.W., Cities for People: Reflections of a Southeast Asian Architect. 1990, Singapore: Select Books Pte Ltd.
2404:
1561:, which made these projects more enticing to developers by, among other things, providing mortgages backed by the
155:
4799:
4789:
3758:
3661:
3646:
3382:"Harsh urban renewal in New Orleans: Poor, black residents cannot afford to return, worry city will exclude them"
2380:"UofL Libraries: Uncovering Racial Logics: Louisville's History of Racial Oppression and Activism: Urban Renewal"
1599:
1326:
1045:
564:
350:
1515:
1317:
workshops. Churches and schools were preserved. Building for the project began in 1893 and it was opened by the
4648:
4632:
4591:
4536:
4466:
4411:
4237:
3815:
3805:
3800:
2795:
Dale, O.J., Urban Planning in Singapore: The Transformation of a City. 1999, New York: Oxford University Press.
1742:. By the 1970s many major cities developed opposition to the sweeping urban-renewal plans for their cities. In
1718:
1629:
1607:
1586:
1415:
and trust â and government acting as advocate and 'enabler', rather than an instrument of command and control.
548:
Urban renewal might have economic benefits and improve the global economic competitiveness of a city's centre.
195:
1094:
279:
2622:
1690:
gutted the historic centers of other towns and cities across America in the 1950s and 1960s (for example the
641:, and highlights how former residents use collective memory to maintain community ties despite displacement.
563:
In some cases, urban renewal may result in increased urban sprawl when city infrastructure begins to include
4778:
4740:
4725:
4581:
4471:
4080:
3967:
3895:
3877:
3867:
3612:
2497:"Is History Repeating Itself?: From Urban Renewal in the United States to Inner-City Redevelopment in China"
1844:
1802:(2005) the plan called for a redeveloper to lease the subject 90-acre waterfront property for $ 1 per year.
1613:
Because of the ways in which it targeted the most disadvantaged sector of the American population, novelist
1546:
1342:
902:
713:
470:
1655:, one of the country's oldest cities, almost a third of the old city was demolishedâincluding the historic
4822:
4784:
4720:
4476:
4198:
4035:
3844:
3752:
3219:
The United States Outer Executive Departments and Independent Establishments & Government Corporations
1971:
1940:
1887:
1860:
1699:
1614:
1273:
1157:
1133:
858:
631:
The impact of urban renewal on marginalized communities has been well-documented in ethnographic studies.
579:
177:
3402:
1890:
constructed 13,000 flats as part of slum clearance projects. In the mid-1950s, some residential areas of
1847:. Most of the original downtown was demolished in the 1960s, and many replacement projects including the
1321:
in 1900. Other such schemes in the 1880s, where newly cleared sites were sold on to developers, included
1287:"A Cellar dwelling in Nichol Street", illustration for "More Revelations of Bethnal Green", published in
4695:
4506:
4312:
4252:
4147:
2011:
1907:
1828:
1711:
1590:
1296:
1082:
854:
1283:
718:
3028:
2379:
2271:"Lewyn, Michael. How City Hall Causes Sprawl," p. 3, ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY, VOL. 30, NO. 189, 2003.
2154:
1216:
259:
4257:
4247:
4193:
3977:
3920:
3852:
2719:"Making Urban Futures at Your Kitchen Table: Temporalities of an Urban Renewal Controversy in Moscow"
1999:
1856:
1419:
809:
772:
638:
3368:
3311:
3192:
3050:"The local economic impacts of regeneration projects: Evidence from UK's single regeneration budget"
1254:
94:
4277:
4214:
4188:
3997:
3982:
1558:
1554:
1542:
1534:
1354:
1250:
1128:
1071:
801:
784:
776:
263:
2994:
1439:
sometimes lives up to the hopes of its original proponents â it has been assessed by politicians,
4496:
4178:
3717:
3236:
3049:
2524:
2307:
2225:
1771:
1620:
1308:
999:
932:
752:
680:
462:
365:
62:
3421:
2611:[Full support of the 7th National Development Plan for urban regeneration] (in Persian).
1910:
emerged to contest 'urban renewal' programs that forcibly relocated the poor out of the cities.
1529:(VA) mortgages to veterans under favorable terms, which fueled suburbanization after the end of
959:
Israel has been undergoing extensive urban renewal projects due to the large number of concrete
270:
2405:"Urban renewal hurt African Americans, officials say. Now Portland leaders want to make amends"
663:
4690:
4516:
4321:
4141:
3972:
3962:
3890:
3826:
3779:
3747:
3722:
3712:
3687:
3588:
3560:
3513:
3459:
3349:
3322:
Urban Louisville Courier-Journal, "With Urban Renewal a Community Vanishes" December 31, 1999.
3282:
3222:
3092:
2933:
2844:
2767:
2740:
2697:
2516:
2433:
2205:
2180:
2043:
1703:
1686:
1456:
1423:
1418:
Currently there are two main Urban Regeneration projects going on in London, Elephant Park at
3345:
3339:
2694:
Urban Restructuring, Power and Capitalism in the Tourist City Contested Terrains of Marrakesh
4715:
4401:
4112:
4065:
4012:
3763:
3536:
Saving American Cities: Ed Logue and the Struggle to Renew Urban America in the Suburban Age
3505:
3274:
3063:
3008:
2954:
2836:
2730:
2508:
2462:
2299:
2131:
2123:
1956:
1824:
1739:
1691:
1656:
1574:
1538:
1370:
1300:
1266:
1093:
In the establishment of urban renewal programmes, some difficulties were experienced by the
1067:
873:
621:
597:
442:
2481:
2358:
202:
4745:
4705:
4451:
4406:
4336:
4060:
4055:
3409:
2824:
2365:
2037:
1350:
1318:
1178:
825:
780:
676:
4376:
2453:
Tan, Kenneth Paul (1 January 2011). "Violence and the supernatural in Singapore cinema".
876:, in Prague was leveled and rebuilt in an effort at urban renewal between 1890 and 1913.
2869:
336:
Modern urban renewal experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s under the rubric of
4456:
4436:
4416:
4396:
4386:
4381:
4326:
4223:
4219:
4208:
4040:
4017:
3957:
3635:
3478:
Samantha Christmann, "Redevelopment Efforts Bring New Life to Downtown Niagara Falls,"
2334:
2049:
2005:
1982:
1976:
1819:
1782:
1778:
1511:
1484:
1472:
1412:
1363:
1313:
1224:
1162:
1086:
837:
830:
821:
601:
584:
511:
438:
426:
415:
354:
282:
2287:"Village renewal as an instrument of rural development: evidence from Weyarn, Germany"
2252:"Urban Renewal, the 15th Ward, the Empire Stateway and the City of Syracuse, New York"
1353:
led to a government-led program of house building with the slogan 'Homes for Heroes'.
1249:
built one of its first housing estates at Brewer's Green, between Victoria Street and
1066:
The history of Singapore's urban renewal goes back to the time period surrounding the
4816:
4766:
4735:
4730:
4700:
4511:
4461:
4366:
4297:
4287:
4272:
4203:
4157:
4136:
4097:
3810:
3769:
3557:
The Transatlantic Collapse of Urban Renewal, Postwar Urbanism from New York to Berlin
3334:
2528:
2432:. Anthropology of contemporary North America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
2311:
2127:
2066:
1988:
1934:
1875:
1831:, and the Hill Community Development Corporation (Hill CDC) in Pittsburgh's historic
1755:
1751:
1660:
1603:
1480:
1440:
1246:
1228:
1212:
797:
768:
727:
700:
668:
605:
593:
421:
305:
301:
2567:"اŰŮŮŮگعاŮŰÚŠ| آŮ
اع ŮاŘŘŻŮŘ§Ű ŘŻŘą دست ŮŮŘłŘ§Ř˛Ű ÚŠŘ´ŮŘą ŘŻŘą Ů
ŘŘŻŮŘŻŮâŮŘ§Ű Ůد٠بازآŮŘąŰŮŰ Ř´ŮŘąŰ"
17:
4685:
4446:
4441:
4331:
4317:
4282:
4233:
4129:
4088:
4002:
3992:
3774:
3087:
2022:
1899:
1891:
1530:
1488:
1468:
1049:
849:
692:
672:
557:
515:
502:
may be heralded as a catalyst to economic revival in its surrounding neighborhood.
330:
1734:
From 1965 to 1967, riots swept many cities across the Statesâmost drastically in
1572:
upheld the general validity of urban redevelopment statutes in the landmark case,
1111:
Urban regeneration in South Korea began in the 1950s with the reconstruction from
2303:
4501:
4426:
4307:
4292:
4267:
4117:
4107:
2286:
1950:
1871:
1815:
1676:
1625:
1582:
1349:
The report's recommendations, coupled with a chronic housing shortage after the
1330:
1322:
1220:
1191:
1187:
931:-led regeneration gained ground. Examples most often cited as successes include
788:
613:
491:
309:
144:
3161:
2823:
An, Hyunjin; Song, Aeijung; Park, Hyeon-yong; Kim, Meeyoung (29 October 2018).
1357:, the Minister for Housing at the time was responsible for the drafting of the
4421:
4102:
3677:
3509:
3067:
2899:"Proposed Designation of Peabody Estates: South Westminster Conservation Area"
2735:
2718:
2251:
2177:
Enterprising Initiatives in the Experience Economy: Transforming Social Worlds
1807:
1770:, Jacobs was heavily involved in a group which halted the construction of the
1476:
1407:
1304:
1112:
466:
446:
3517:
3096:
2848:
2840:
2771:
2744:
2520:
2512:
391:
Increasing the level of attractiveness for both local residents and investors
4710:
4340:
4183:
3166:
2901:. City of Westminster, Planning & City Development. 2006. Archived from
2175:
Britta Timm Knudsen; Dorthe Refslund Christensen; Per Blenker, eds. (2014).
1895:
1763:
1727:
1427:
1262:
1166:
1011:
760:
739:
696:
617:
499:
482:
458:
3401:"Race, Place, and Opportunity," The American Prospect, September 22, 2008.
2581:"ŘŞŮسؚ٠ŮŮ
ÚŠŘ§ŘąŰ Ř´ŘąÚŠŘŞ بازآŮŘąŰŮŰ Ř´ŮŘąŰ Ř§Űعا٠٠Ů
عڊز ŘŞŘŮŰŮات عاŮŘ Ů
ŘłÚŠŮ Ů Ř´ŮعسازŰ"
2496:
2466:
1843:
An example of urban renewal gone wrong in the United States is in downtown
1194:
in 1889 â a pioneering social study of poverty that shocked the population.
3278:
2324:
Neil Wates, 'Urban renewal: US and UK' New Society 31 December 1964, p. 15
1777:
Some of the policies around urban renewal began to change under President
984:
LEGGE REGIONALE 29 luglio 2008, n. 21: "Norme per la rigenerazione urbana"
637:(2016) examines the destruction of Syrian Town, a diverse neighborhood in
4162:
4152:
4124:
4092:
4045:
3784:
3702:
3697:
3599:
Manhattan Projects: Rise & Fall of Urban Renewal in Cold War New York
3381:
2955:"A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green"
1962:
1937: â Major development plan for the city centre of Birmingham, England
1645:
1641:
1430:, a multinational company focusing on redeveloping neglected city areas.
1393:
Post-war reconstruction was a catalyst for much urban renewal in the UK.
1203:
From the 1850s onwards, the terrible conditions of the urban poor in the
1141:
990:
960:
919:
zones. Funding will also support money going to mass housing developers.
684:
3575:
2659:
947:
4242:
3271:
The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit
2760:"Moscow's big move: is this the biggest urban demolition project ever?"
2002: â Environmental injustice that occurs within a racialized context
1767:
1759:
1735:
1522:
1496:
1375:
928:
848:
China experienced the fastest urbanization and has one of the greatest
800:
in Melbourne in 1992 are two key early examples along with Beacon Cove
609:
321:
275:
3403:
http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=race_place_and_opportunity
3310:"The Story of Urban Renewal," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 21, 2000.
2136:
1855:, the Native American Cultural Center, the Hooker Chemical (later the
1750:
but only after a three-mile long stretch of land had been cleared. In
320:
The concept of urban renewal as a method for social reform emerged in
4345:
4228:
3692:
3116:
2014: â Communities taking collective action to solve common problems
1743:
1652:
1492:
1460:
1208:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1041:
1022:
978:
936:
735:
495:
486:
1346:
period "you cannot expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes".
3371:
Sunday, May 21, 2000, By Dan Fitzpatrick, Post-Gazette Staff Writer
3193:"City & Urban Regeneration, Development & Renewal Projects"
2430:
Rebuilding shattered worlds: creating community by voicing the past
2272:
1925: â Contamination assessment for US real estate, known as 'ESA'
1140:, transformed large disused industrial sites into a new commercial
634:
Rebuilding Shattered Worlds: Creating Community by Voicing the Past
360:
The redevelopment of urban land has been orchestrated by so called
3987:
2926:
Palliser, David Michael; Clark, Peter; Daunton, Martin J. (2000).
1667:âis still considered an example of the excesses of urban renewal.
1450:
1282:
1177:
1127:
1075:
952:
946:
883:
717:
662:
269:
258:
3604:
3312:
http://www.post-gazette.com/businessnews/20000521eastliberty1.asp
3048:
Gibbons, Stephen; Overman, Henry; Sarvimäki, Matti (March 2021).
2608:
1953: â Extremely large-scale construction and investment project
1610:), displacing 8000 residents (most of whom were poor and black).
3682:
3009:"Housing the Heroes and Fighting the Slums: The Inter-war Years"
1589:
became the first major city to undertake a modern urban-renewal
1504:
1231:
and had a lasting impact on the urban character of Westminster.
1204:
357:
of residential neighborhoods to earlier urban renewal programs.
3608:
755:
planning waned. In 1971, a plan to raze Sydney's historic area
1312:
inhabited by 5,719 people. The LCC architects designed 21 and
1272:
State intervention was first achieved with the passage of the
939:
where tourism was attracted to a bohemian 'cultural quarter',
457:
construction, leaving the plot empty. Similar occurred in the
138:
77:
36:
3422:
http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_SDRSQVR
3341:
City at the Point: Essays on the Social History of Pittsburgh
2640:
2025: â Urban design movement promoting sustainable land use
1617:
famously dubbed Urban Renewal "Negro Removal" in the 1960s.
3543:
Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival
1898:
government authorities in 1949 and 1950. In post-apartheid
3138:""Castleford Project", an innovative regeneration project"
2359:"Bowery Bummer: Downtown Plan Will Make and Break History"
1746:, community activists halted construction of the proposed
1525:(officially the Serviceman's Readjustment Act) guaranteed
2977:"From slum clearance to the Great Depression: 1875â1939"
2033:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1985: â Reuse of an existing building for a new purpose
1967:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1044:
launched a large-scale program to renovate dilapidated
1000:
La legalitĂ per la rigenerazione urbana: a law analysis
620:
became so bad that they had to be demolished. In 2000,
3083:"Pathfinder was slum clearances without the socialism"
2825:"A Study on Urban Regeneration Policy Change in Korea"
2403:
Oregonian/OregonLive, Casey Parks | The (2016-11-05).
1299:
was created in 1889 as the municipal authority in the
3420:"Interstate Highways," The Economist, June 22, 2006.
2609:"ŘŮ
اŰŘŞ ڊاŮ
٠بعŮاŮ
Ů ŮŮŘŞŮ
ŘŞŮسؚ٠ڊشŮŘą از بازآŮŘąŰŮŰ Ř´ŮŘąŰ"
2595:"ŘŮ
اŰŘŞ از اŮبŮŮâسازا٠دع Ů
ŘŘŻŮد٠باŮŘŞâŮŘ§Ű ŮعسŮŘŻŮ Ř´ŮŘąŰ"
1979: â Strategy to improve low-quality housing areas
394:
Increasing residents satisfaction in where they live
4676:
4641:
4615:
4569:
4562:
4529:
4489:
4365:
4358:
4171:
4079:
4026:
3950:
3941:
3919:
3876:
3843:
3825:
3793:
3740:
3731:
3670:
3545:, 2000. (Business Week review of "Comeback Cities")
3335:"Double Burden: The Black Experience in Pittsburgh"
1663:, and one of the centerpieces of the redevelopmentâ
169:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3333:
2829:International Planning History Society Proceedings
2791:
2789:
2787:
2677:Mantini (2013). "Manuale di diritto urbanistico".
2285:
2046: â Repopularisation of city living in England
1959: â Housing for relocated inner-city residents
1706:and the historic waterfront areas of the towns of
1243:Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts
1010:In the French colonial period, the entire city of
3221:. Xlibris; Illustrated edition (April 29, 2010).
2929:The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: 1840â1950
1991: â Time-limited use of empty urban buildings
1886:From 1938 to 1942, the Central Housing Board and
1581:Under the powerful influence of multimillionaire
3572:Urban Renewal and the Story of Berman v. Parker.
3344:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p.
2658:Agency, CapitIL Real Estate (October 10, 2009).
2149:
2147:
1459:in the early 1960s, showing the area cleared in
3576:Urban Renewal and the Story of Berman v. Parker
1859:) Headquarters building, the Wintergarden, the
767:'s commercial heart to become "South Bank" for
397:Creating opportunities for deprived communities
1902:major grassroots social movements such as the
1766:in the 1970s and 1980s. In the early 1970s in
806:Urban renewal in Woolstore Precinct, Teneriffe
556:Urban renewal may increase density and reduce
510:Urban renewal schemes are often combined with
378:encouraging business start-ups and survival.
3620:
3117:"Kevin McCloud and the Big Town Plan â All 4"
1471:in New York and the 1909 Plan for Chicago by
8:
1965: â Settlement built according to a plan
1931: â British housing redevelopment scheme
1074:and the baby boom. In mid 1959, overcrowded
2932:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
2428:Smith, Andrea L.; Eisenstein, Anna (2016).
2155:"What Is Urban Regeneration? Knowledge Hub"
1774:and altered transport policy in that city.
1682:The Death and Life of Great American Cities
874:Josefov neighborhood, or Old Jewish Quarter
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4566:
4362:
3947:
3737:
3627:
3613:
3605:
3601:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
3456:Inventing Niagara: Beauty, Power, and Lies
2623:"ע×× × ××ץ×× ×ת: ××× ×× ××× × ×ר××ת ע×××× ×××"
2501:Journal of Planning Education and Research
1223:. This new movement was largely funded by
3482:October 18, 2022. Accessed July 20, 2023.
3449:
3447:
3273:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3245:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2734:
2455:New Cinemas: Journal of Contemporary Film
2135:
2052: â Intensity of use of an urban area
1853:Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center
955:as part of the evacuate and build program
247:Learn how and when to remove this message
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3835:Regional Planning Association of America
1359:Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919
1016:
2080:
779:. More recent ongoing projects include
3234:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2480:Burgmann, Verity and Meredith (2011).
1291:, vol. XXI, no. 1082 (31 October 1863)
3574:vol. 42 The Urban Lawyer 423 (2010),
3498:The Journal of Modern African Studies
3187:
3185:
3183:
2040: â Economic study of urban areas
1923:Phase I environmental site assessment
989:A similar concept was carried out by
748:Housing Commission of New South Wales
477:Construction around an event or venue
400:Unlocking potential in deprived areas
274:1999 photograph looking northeast on
7:
4795:
2660:"TAMA 38 Construction in a Nutshell"
2267:
2265:
2179:. Taylor & Francis. p. 62.
1389:Slum clearance in the United Kingdom
994:Territory) and other regional laws "
951:New buildings under construction in
441:is, in principle, the power to take
388:Decreasing the level of unemployment
385:Tackling barriers to economic growth
167:adding citations to reliable sources
3906:Professional transportation planner
3559:. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
2495:Zhang, Yan; Fang, Ke (2004-03-01).
2368:, The Village Voice, March 17, 1999
2008: â Urban socioeconomic process
1904:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign
285:, one of many urban renewal efforts
3538:(Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019).
3458:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2029:Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
1724:Desegregation in the United States
1211:began to attract the attention of
25:
1929:Housing Market Renewal Initiative
1792:Community Development Block Grant
1787:Housing and Urban Development Act
1621:Early to mid-20th century Detroit
1404:Housing Market Renewal Initiative
1107:Urban regeneration in South Korea
759:for public housing was halted by
52:This article has multiple issues.
4794:
4773:
4772:
4760:
3269:Sugrue, Thomas J. (2014-01-31).
2273:https://ssrn.com/abstract=816864
2128:10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.08.006
2060:
2031: â Theory of urban planning
1021:Demolition of a Khrushchevka in
927:During the 1990s the concept of
654:Policies and projects by country
535:Improvement of living conditions
381:The goals of urban renewal are:
143:
82:
41:
4303:Transferable development rights
3858:Environmental impact assessment
3494:"The Destruction of Sophiatown"
2284:Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (2012).
1463:'s first urban renewal project.
1426:. These are both being done by
1081:Since the establishment of the
1036:Moscow Urban Renewal Initiative
996:Legge Regione Lombardia 18/2019
626:Portland Development Commission
327:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
154:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
3929:Community economic development
3708:Planning and zoning commission
3081:Hatherley, Owen (2010-11-19).
2995:"Outcomes of the War: Britain"
2256:Honors Capstone Projects - All
1671:Reaction against urban renewal
1563:Federal Housing Administration
1514:and were implemented by local
1161:more crowded old city center (
744:Housing Commission of Victoria
675:, transformed a large disused
32:Urban renewal (disambiguation)
1:
3541:Grogan, Paul, Proscio, Tony,
1849:Rainbow Centre Factory Outlet
796:Pyrmont-Ultimo in Sydney and
787:in the late 1980s as well as
4542:Planning Accreditation Board
3901:Transit-oriented development
3863:Recreation resource planning
3584:. New York: Doubleday, 1970.
3555:Klemek, Christopher (2011).
2304:10.1080/15575330.2011.575231
2250:Knight, Aaron (2007-04-01).
1694:neighborhood in Boston, the
1475:. Similarly, the efforts of
27:Land redevelopment in cities
3338:. In Samuel P. Hays (ed.).
683:residential and commercial
645:Loss or change of character
102:. The specific problem is:
4844:
4554:Professional organizations
3911:Urban freight distribution
3886:Transportation forecasting
3055:Journal of Urban Economics
3029:"Inter-war Slum Clearance"
2226:"Slums and Slum Upgrading"
2204:. Routledge. p. 710.
2089:"HUD Revitalization Areas"
1865:Robert Moses State Parkway
1827:and Operation New Hope in
1800:Kelo v. City of New London
1516:public housing authorities
1386:
1104:
1062:Urban renewal in Singapore
1059:
1033:
711:
575:Displacement of population
454:Kelo v. City of New London
413:
296:in the United Kingdom and
98:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
29:
4790:List of planning journals
4754:
3759:History of urban planning
3642:
3550:The Pavers and the Paved.
3510:10.1017/S0022278X00054148
3492:Lodge, Tom (March 1981).
3332:Glasco, Laurence (1989).
3068:10.1016/j.jue.2020.103315
2758:Luhn, Alec (2017-03-31).
2736:10.1177/15356841221135171
2641:"FAQ - YTD Urban Renewal"
1274:Public Health Act of 1875
364:, who develop and manage
351:central business district
4726:Marine spatial planning
4238:Healthy community design
3816:Village design statement
3806:Preservation development
3801:Conservation development
3241:: CS1 maint: location (
2957:. British History Online
2841:10.7480/iphs.2018.1.2743
2513:10.1177/0739456X03261287
2202:Encyclopedia of the City
1719:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1455:Aerial view of downtown
808:and later Northshore at
726:in 1987 to make way for
722:Clearing large areas of
704:exclusive neighborhood.
565:freeways and expressways
4828:Government aid programs
4741:Real estate development
4472:List of urban theorists
3968:City Beautiful movement
3896:Rational planning model
3878:Transportation planning
3868:Sustainable development
3454:Strand, Ginger (2008).
2717:Zhelnina, Anna (2023).
1845:Niagara Falls, New York
1839:Niagara Falls, New York
1702:, the downtown area of
1637:Federal-Aid Highway Act
1527:Veterans Administration
1343:Tudor Walters Committee
1117:Urban Redevelopment Act
903:Urban Renewal Authority
714:Urban renewal in Sydney
304:) is a program of land
4785:List of planned cities
4721:Landscape architecture
4477:List of urban planners
4199:Conservation community
4036:Collaborative planning
3845:Environmental planning
3753:Comprehensive planning
3582:Superhighway-Superhoax
3552:Donald W. Brown, 1971.
3384:. NBC News. 2005-10-12
2870:"About Xinyi District"
2692:Madhi, Khalid (2019).
2467:10.1386/ncin.8.3.213_1
2384:library.louisville.edu
1972:List of planned cities
1941:List of urban planners
1888:Cape Town City Council
1861:Fallsville Splash Park
1464:
1369:With the onset of the
1292:
1195:
1158:Xinyi Special District
1145:
1134:Xinyi Special District
1026:
956:
898:
859:ecological restoration
731:
688:
580:Community displacement
308:often used to address
286:
267:
4696:Development economics
4547:Real estate education
4507:James Howard Kunstler
4432:Konstantinos Doxiadis
4313:Urban growth boundary
4253:Mixed-use development
4148:Intentional community
3279:10.1515/9781400851218
2629:. September 17, 2021.
2482:"Green Bans movement"
2292:Community Development
2200:Caves, R. W. (2004).
2116:Habitat International
2012:Community development
1908:Abahlali baseMjondolo
1829:Jacksonville, Florida
1550:much more difficult.
1454:
1420:Elephant & Castle
1383:Post-Second World War
1297:London County Council
1286:
1181:
1131:
1083:Republic of Singapore
1020:
950:
896:
721:
666:
596:renewal project (see
273:
262:
4248:Leapfrog development
4194:Complete Communities
4051:Intelligent urbanism
3978:Garden city movement
3921:Economic development
3853:Environmental design
2723:City & Community
2000:Environmental racism
1857:Occidental Petroleum
1748:Southwest Expressway
1046:Soviet-built housing
773:South Bank Parklands
639:Easton, Pennsylvania
163:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
18:Urban revitalization
4654:Communist countries
4278:Planning Permission
4215:Filtering (housing)
4189:Cluster development
3998:Settlement movement
3983:Indigenous planning
2953:Baker, TFT (1998).
2569:. 27 November 2023.
2339:Everything Connects
1785:, and in 1968, the
1559:Housing Act of 1954
1555:Housing Act of 1949
1543:San Fernando Valley
1535:Levittown, New York
1355:Christopher Addison
1072:peninsular Malaysia
785:Melbourne Docklands
506:Business incentives
344:In the 21st century
298:urban redevelopment
264:Melbourne Docklands
4537:Planning education
4497:Elizabeth Farrelly
4341:High-rise urbanism
4179:Affordable housing
3718:World Urbanism Day
3408:2010-12-23 at the
3301:348 U.S. 26 (1954)
3217:Pan, Jock (2010).
2874:english.gov.taipei
2597:. 7 December 2023.
2583:. 3 December 2023.
2547:www.mayerbrown.com
2364:2008-03-23 at the
2095:on 15 October 2016
1995:Social processes:
1946:Types of project:
1772:Spadina Expressway
1714:in Rhode Island).
1570:U.S. Supreme Court
1465:
1309:East End of London
1293:
1196:
1146:
1027:
957:
899:
753:Towers in the Park
732:
689:
316:Historical origins
294:urban regeneration
287:
268:
4810:
4809:
4767:Cities portal
4691:Civil engineering
4672:
4671:
4525:
4524:
4354:
4353:
4322:Peri-urbanisation
4142:Planned community
3973:Dark-sky movement
3963:Car-free movement
3937:
3936:
3891:Trip distribution
3827:Regional planning
3780:Urban green space
3748:Land-use planning
3723:Labor market area
3713:Growth management
3688:Metropolitan area
3534:Cohen, Lizabeth,
3355:978-0-8229-3618-3
2939:978-0-521-41707-5
2439:978-0-8032-9058-7
2069:
2067:Cities portal
2044:Urban renaissance
2018:Academic theory:
1704:Norfolk, Virginia
1665:Government Center
1533:, as places like
1457:Fairbanks, Alaska
1327:Whitecross Street
1255:Cross Act of 1875
894:
804:in Melbourne and
791:in Melbourne and
544:Economic benefits
257:
256:
249:
239:
238:
231:
213:
137:
136:
129:
100:quality standards
91:This article may
75:
16:(Redirected from
4835:
4798:
4797:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4716:Land development
4567:
4402:Donald Appleyard
4363:
4113:Mining community
4066:Radical planning
4013:Transition towns
3948:
3764:Spatial planning
3738:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3606:
3580:Leavitt, Helen.
3522:
3521:
3489:
3483:
3480:The Buffalo News
3476:
3470:
3469:
3451:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3337:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3266:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3232:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:. 10 August 2017
3189:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2979:. Archived from
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2895:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2378:Howard, Rachel.
2375:
2369:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2091:. Archived from
2085:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2034:
1968:
1957:Overspill estate
1825:Fresh Ministries
1740:12th Street Riot
1696:Gateway District
1575:Berman v. Parker
1539:Warren, Michigan
1501:housing projects
1371:Great Depression
1303:and in 1890 the
1301:County of London
1251:St. James's Park
1213:social reformers
1186:'s colour-coded
1132:A project named
1115:, but the first
1068:Second World War
966:binyanei rakevet
895:
834:
802:Fisherman's Bend
667:A project named
622:Portland, Oregon
598:Berman v. Parker
443:private property
252:
245:
234:
227:
223:
220:
214:
212:
171:
147:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4761:
4759:
4750:
4746:Social sciences
4706:Urban economics
4678:
4668:
4637:
4611:
4558:
4521:
4485:
4452:Peter Calthorpe
4407:Ebenezer Howard
4368:
4350:
4337:Verticalization
4167:
4075:
4061:Market urbanism
4056:Livable streets
4022:
3943:
3933:
3915:
3872:
3839:
3821:
3789:
3733:
3727:
3666:
3638:
3633:
3531:
3529:Further reading
3526:
3525:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3410:Wayback Machine
3400:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3268:
3267:
3254:
3233:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2679:Giuffrè Editore
2676:
2675:
2671:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2366:Wayback Machine
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2263:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2230:Cities Alliance
2224:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2061:
2059:
2038:Urban economics
2032:
1966:
1916:
1884:
1841:
1673:
1630:Paradise Valley
1596:Golden Triangle
1449:
1436:
1399:
1397:Since the 1990s
1391:
1364:council estates
1351:First World War
1339:
1337:Interwar period
1325:, Wild Street,
1319:Prince of Wales
1201:
1176:
1126:
1109:
1103:
1064:
1058:
1038:
1032:
1008:
974:
945:
925:
916:
884:
882:
870:
846:
828:
826:Porto Maravilha
818:
781:Darling Harbour
716:
710:
661:
656:
647:
577:
554:
546:
537:
532:
524:
522:Village renewal
508:
479:
435:
418:
412:
407:
375:
362:culturepreneurs
346:
318:
283:housing project
253:
242:
241:
240:
235:
224:
218:
215:
178:"Urban renewal"
172:
170:
160:
148:
133:
122:
116:
113:
106:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4841:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4815:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4770:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4607:United Kingdom
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Czech Republic
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4517:Randal O'Toole
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:Patrick Geddes
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Kevin A. Lynch
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4417:Guy Benveniste
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4397:Daniel Burnham
4394:
4392:Colin Buchanan
4389:
4387:Clarence Stein
4384:
4382:Clarence Perry
4379:
4373:
4371:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4334:
4329:
4327:Urban vitality
4324:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:Healthy cities
4231:
4226:
4224:Brusselization
4220:Gentrification
4217:
4212:
4209:Eminent domain
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4081:Cities by type
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:Context theory
4038:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3958:Athens Charter
3954:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3636:Urban planning
3634:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3597:Zipp, Samuel.
3595:
3585:
3578:
3568:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3504:(1): 107â132.
3484:
3471:
3464:
3443:
3434:
3425:
3413:
3394:
3373:
3361:
3354:
3324:
3315:
3303:
3294:
3287:
3252:
3228:978-1450086745
3227:
3209:
3179:
3153:
3129:
3108:
3073:
3040:
3020:
3000:
2986:
2983:on 2012-11-05.
2968:
2945:
2938:
2918:
2885:
2861:
2835:(1): 961â970.
2815:
2806:
2797:
2783:
2750:
2729:(2): 145â162.
2709:
2702:
2684:
2669:
2650:
2632:
2614:
2600:
2586:
2572:
2558:
2534:
2507:(3): 286â298.
2487:
2472:
2461:(3): 213â223.
2445:
2438:
2420:
2395:
2370:
2357:Lobbia, J.A.,
2350:
2335:"Urban Sprawl"
2326:
2317:
2298:(2): 209â224.
2276:
2261:
2242:
2217:
2211:978-0415862875
2210:
2192:
2185:
2167:
2143:
2106:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2054:
2053:
2050:Urban vitality
2047:
2041:
2035:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2006:Gentrification
2003:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1983:Adaptive reuse
1980:
1977:Slum upgrading
1974:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1883:
1880:
1840:
1837:
1820:Gentrification
1783:War on Poverty
1779:Lyndon Johnson
1672:
1669:
1661:urban planners
1512:slum clearance
1485:New York State
1473:Daniel Burnham
1448:
1445:
1441:urban planners
1435:
1432:
1413:sustainability
1398:
1395:
1387:Main article:
1338:
1335:
1314:Rowland Plumbe
1235:Slum clearance
1225:George Peabody
1200:
1197:
1175:
1174:United Kingdom
1172:
1163:Taipei Station
1125:
1122:
1105:Main article:
1102:
1099:
1095:PAP government
1087:urban planning
1060:Main article:
1057:
1054:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
1007:
1004:
973:
970:
944:
941:
924:
921:
915:
912:
881:
878:
869:
866:
845:
842:
838:global economy
822:Rio de Janeiro
817:
814:
765:South Brisbane
724:South Brisbane
709:
706:
660:
657:
655:
652:
646:
643:
602:big-box stores
585:gentrification
576:
573:
553:
550:
545:
542:
536:
533:
531:
528:
523:
520:
512:small business
507:
504:
478:
475:
439:eminent domain
434:
433:Eminent domain
431:
427:slum upgrading
416:Slum clearance
414:Main article:
411:
410:Slum clearance
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
374:
371:
355:gentrification
345:
342:
338:reconstruction
317:
314:
255:
254:
237:
236:
151:
149:
142:
135:
134:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4840:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Urban renewal
4821:
4820:
4818:
4803:
4802:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Public policy
4734:
4732:
4731:Public health
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Urban ecology
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4675:
4665:
4664:Ancient Egypt
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Lewis Mumford
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:Raymond Unwin
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4369:practitioners
4364:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Tract housing
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Temporary use
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:Planning gain
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:Creative city
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Urban village
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Model village
4135:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Commuter town
4096:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4071:Urban renewal
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Structuralism
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3940:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Rural housing
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Redevelopment
3768:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:9781267218490
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3570:Lavine, Amy.
3569:
3566:
3565:0-226-44174-1
3562:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3548:Kelley, Ben.
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3465:9781416546566
3461:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3432:Leavitt, 1970
3429:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3288:9781400851218
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2908:on 2017-07-24
2904:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2703:9780429470929
2699:
2696:. Routledge.
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2664:93.114.86.101
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2186:9781317910947
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1989:Temporary use
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:Big City Plan
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1876:Niagara Falls
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1833:Hill District
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:Joseph Alioto
1753:
1752:San Francisco
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:In 1956, the
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:James Baldwin
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:Hill District
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:In 1944, the
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:New York City
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1447:1900 to 1950s
1446:
1444:
1442:
1434:United States
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:Peabody Trust
1244:
1240:
1239:William Gibbs
1236:
1232:
1230:
1229:Peabody Trust
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Charles Booth
1180:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
985:
982:settlements "
980:
971:
969:
967:
962:
954:
949:
942:
940:
938:
934:
930:
922:
920:
913:
911:
907:
904:
879:
877:
875:
867:
865:
862:
860:
856:
855:Northam curve
851:
843:
841:
839:
832:
827:
823:
815:
813:
812:in Brisbane.
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:Postcode 3000
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:World Expo 88
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
728:World Expo 88
725:
720:
715:
707:
705:
702:
701:Puerto Madero
698:
694:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:Puerto Madero
665:
658:
653:
651:
644:
642:
640:
636:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:Cabrini-Green
603:
599:
595:
589:
586:
581:
574:
572:
568:
566:
561:
559:
551:
549:
543:
541:
534:
529:
527:
521:
519:
518:incentives.
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
488:
484:
476:
474:
472:
471:Niagara Falls
468:
464:
460:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
432:
430:
428:
423:
422:public health
417:
409:
404:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
372:
370:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
343:
341:
339:
334:
332:
328:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
306:redevelopment
303:
302:United States
299:
295:
292:(also called
291:
290:Urban renewal
284:
281:
280:CabriniâGreen
277:
272:
265:
261:
251:
248:
233:
230:
222:
211:
208:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180: â
179:
175:
174:Find sources:
168:
164:
158:
157:
152:This article
150:
146:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
110:
109:improve this
105:
101:
97:
96:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4800:
4777:
4758:
4686:Architecture
4659:Nazi Germany
4467:Thomas Adams
4447:Loretta Lees
4442:Le Corbusier
4412:Edmund Bacon
4377:AndrĂŠs Duany
4332:Urbanization
4318:Urban sprawl
4283:Rural flight
4263:Permeability
4258:Model cities
4130:Logging camp
4089:Company town
4070:
4003:Smart growth
3993:New Urbanism
3775:Urban design
3598:
3581:
3571:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3455:
3441:Kelley, 1971
3437:
3428:
3416:
3397:
3386:. Retrieved
3376:
3364:
3340:
3327:
3318:
3306:
3297:
3270:
3218:
3212:
3201:. Retrieved
3196:
3171:. Retrieved
3165:
3162:"West Grove"
3156:
3145:. Retrieved
3141:
3132:
3120:. Retrieved
3111:
3100:. Retrieved
3088:The Guardian
3086:
3076:
3059:
3053:
3043:
3032:. Retrieved
3023:
3012:. Retrieved
3003:
2989:
2981:the original
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2948:
2928:
2921:
2910:. Retrieved
2903:the original
2877:. Retrieved
2873:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2832:
2828:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2775:. Retrieved
2764:The Guardian
2763:
2753:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2603:
2589:
2575:
2561:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:
2537:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2475:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2429:
2423:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:
2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:
2373:
2353:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2320:
2295:
2291:
2279:
2255:
2245:
2234:. Retrieved
2232:. 2021-11-03
2229:
2220:
2201:
2195:
2176:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2119:
2115:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2083:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2023:New Urbanism
2017:
1994:
1945:
1917:
1900:South Africa
1892:Johannesburg
1885:
1882:South Africa
1869:
1842:
1804:
1796:
1776:
1733:
1716:
1708:Narragansett
1680:
1674:
1650:
1634:
1619:
1612:
1600:East Liberty
1580:
1573:
1567:
1552:
1531:World War II
1520:
1509:
1505:public parks
1489:Robert Moses
1469:Central Park
1466:
1437:
1417:
1400:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1368:
1348:
1340:
1294:
1288:
1271:
1259:
1233:
1217:Devil's Acre
1202:
1199:19th century
1147:
1116:
1110:
1092:
1080:
1065:
1050:Khrushchevki
1039:
1009:
988:
975:
965:
958:
926:
917:
908:
900:
871:
863:
850:urban sprawl
847:
819:
733:
693:Buenos Aires
690:
673:Buenos Aires
648:
632:
630:
590:
578:
569:
562:
558:urban sprawl
555:
552:Urban sprawl
547:
538:
525:
516:big business
509:
480:
451:
436:
419:
380:
376:
361:
359:
347:
335:
331:Napoleon III
319:
297:
293:
289:
288:
243:
225:
216:
206:
199:
192:
185:
173:
161:Please help
156:verification
153:
123:
114:
107:Please help
103:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
4679:disciplines
4502:Jane Jacobs
4427:James Rouse
4308:Urban decay
4293:Third place
4268:Placemaking
4118:Pit village
4108:Global city
2645:ytd38.co.il
2122:: 272â279.
1951:Megaproject
1872:Jane Jacobs
1816:Nova Scotia
1738:during the
1726:. However,
1700:Minneapolis
1677:Jane Jacobs
1608:Civic Arena
1583:R.K. Mellon
1547:Los Angeles
1331:Clerkenwell
1323:Whitechapel
1289:The Builder
1221:Westminster
1192:Westminster
1188:poverty map
1101:South Korea
1048:, known as
829: [
789:South Wharf
783:Sydney and
679:into a new
614:Pruitt-Igoe
498:borough of
492:Tate Modern
366:experiences
329:ordered by
310:urban decay
111:if you can.
4817:Categories
4422:Ian McHarg
4367:Theorists/
4144:(New town)
4103:Ghost town
3942:Concepts/
3678:Urban area
3388:2012-04-06
3203:2017-08-10
3173:2017-08-10
3147:2024-05-05
3102:2024-05-05
3062:: 103315.
3034:2012-12-17
3014:2012-12-17
2912:2013-10-16
2879:2020-09-26
2777:2024-04-08
2552:2024-05-05
2414:2021-12-08
2409:oregonlive
2389:2024-03-15
2344:2024-03-15
2236:2024-05-05
2161:2022-03-30
2157:. NatraTex
2137:10397/6710
2075:References
1918:Planning:
1808:Africville
1679:published
1587:Pittsburgh
1477:Jacob Riis
1408:Castleford
1305:Old Nichol
1278:Parliament
1190:, showing
1113:Korean War
933:Temple Bar
793:Barangaroo
761:green bans
712:See also:
594:Washington
467:Cincinnati
447:public use
405:Strategies
219:March 2018
189:newspapers
57:improve it
4711:Geography
4623:Barcelona
4602:Singapore
4577:Australia
4570:Countries
4184:Cityscape
3951:Movements
3518:1469-7777
3237:cite book
3197:Lendlease
3167:Lendlease
3142:Monumenta
3122:2 October
3097:0261-3077
2849:2468-6956
2772:0261-3077
2745:1535-6841
2529:154683552
2521:0739-456X
2312:154040610
2099:2 October
1896:Apartheid
1764:New South
1728:redlining
1675:In 1961,
1646:commuters
1642:tax bases
1428:Lendlease
1424:Stratford
1341:The 1917
1263:lettering
1167:Ximending
1056:Singapore
1040:In 2017,
1012:Marrakesh
880:Hong Kong
777:Southbank
757:The Rocks
740:Melbourne
708:Australia
697:Argentina
659:Argentina
618:St. Louis
500:Southwark
483:Barcelona
459:Rust Belt
104:cohesion.
63:talk page
4779:Category
4628:Shanghai
4530:Training
4172:Concepts
4163:Boomtown
4153:Arcology
4125:Man camp
4093:Monotown
4046:Ekistics
4028:Theories
3944:theories
3785:Urbanism
3734:branches
3703:Planning
3698:Land use
3652:Theories
3406:Archived
2362:Archived
1963:New town
1914:See also
1781:and the
1692:West End
1657:West End
1602:and the
1541:and the
1497:highways
1276:through
1227:and the
1182:Part of
1142:district
991:Lombardy
961:tenement
810:Hamilton
685:district
463:Syracuse
117:May 2024
93:require
4801:Commons
4677:Related
4490:Critics
4243:LEED-ND
3741:General
3671:General
3662:Outline
3647:History
1812:Halifax
1768:Toronto
1760:Atlanta
1736:Detroit
1712:Newport
1687:Rondout
1591:program
1565:(FHA).
1523:GI Bill
1493:bridges
1422:and at
1376:Bristol
1307:in the
1267:glazing
1025:in 2017
1006:Morocco
929:culture
923:Ireland
868:Czechia
610:Chicago
530:Effects
494:in the
322:England
300:in the
276:Chicago
203:scholar
95:cleanup
4649:Africa
4633:Sydney
4616:Cities
4597:Serbia
4592:Russia
4563:Places
4359:People
4346:Zoning
4229:Infill
3693:Suburb
3591:
3563:
3516:
3462:
3352:
3285:
3225:
3095:
2961:23 May
2936:
2847:
2770:
2743:
2700:
2527:
2519:
2436:
2310:
2208:
2183:
1744:Boston
1653:Boston
1626:8-mile
1503:, and
1461:Alaska
1209:London
1154:Taiwan
1150:Taipei
1138:Taipei
1124:Taiwan
1042:Moscow
1030:Russia
1023:Moscow
979:Puglia
943:Israel
937:Dublin
824:, the
816:Brazil
742:. The
736:Sydney
681:luxury
496:London
487:Bilbao
469:, and
205:
198:
191:
184:
176:
4642:Other
4582:China
4018:YIMBY
3988:NIMBY
3794:Rural
3766:(Eur)
3732:Major
3657:Index
2906:(PDF)
2854:5 May
2525:S2CID
2308:S2CID
1219:near
1205:slums
1076:slums
972:Italy
953:Haifa
844:China
833:]
771:(now
373:Goals
210:JSTOR
196:books
4211:(US)
3818:(UK)
3755:(US)
3683:City
3589:ISBN
3561:ISBN
3514:ISSN
3460:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3283:ISBN
3247:link
3243:link
3223:ISBN
3124:2016
3093:ISSN
2963:2010
2934:ISBN
2856:2024
2845:ISSN
2768:ISSN
2741:ISSN
2698:ISBN
2627:mako
2517:ISSN
2434:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2101:2016
1906:and
1717:The
1710:and
1628:and
1553:The
1483:and
1329:and
1295:The
914:Iran
901:The
872:The
746:and
738:and
677:dock
612:and
514:and
445:for
353:and
182:news
3506:doi
3275:doi
3064:doi
3060:122
2837:doi
2731:doi
2509:doi
2463:doi
2300:doi
2132:hdl
2124:doi
1810:in
1698:of
1651:In
1545:of
1487:by
1207:of
1148:In
1136:in
935:in
820:In
691:In
671:in
616:in
608:in
490:of
481:In
449:.
333:.
278:'s
165:by
4819::
4339:/
4320:/
4236:/
4222:/
4091:/
3512:.
3502:19
3500:.
3496:.
3446:^
3348:.
3346:89
3281:.
3255:^
3239:}}
3235:{{
3195:.
3182:^
3164:.
3140:.
3091:.
3085:.
3058:.
3052:.
2888:^
2872:.
2843:.
2833:18
2831:.
2827:.
2786:^
2766:.
2762:.
2739:.
2727:22
2725:.
2721:.
2662:.
2643:.
2625:.
2545:.
2523:.
2515:.
2505:23
2503:.
2499:.
2457:.
2407:.
2382:.
2337:.
2306:.
2296:43
2294:.
2290:.
2264:^
2254:.
2228:.
2146:^
2130:.
2120:41
2118:.
1851:,
1818:.
1814:,
1754:,
1585:,
1578:.
1537:,
1507:.
1499:,
1495:,
1366:.
1333:.
1265:,
1257:.
1165:,
1156:,
1152:,
1002:.
986:.
831:pt
699:,
695:,
465:,
66:.
3628:e
3621:t
3614:v
3567:.
3520:.
3508::
3468:.
3391:.
3358:.
3291:.
3277::
3249:)
3231:.
3206:.
3176:.
3150:.
3126:.
3105:.
3070:.
3066::
3037:.
3017:.
2997:.
2965:.
2942:.
2915:.
2882:.
2858:.
2839::
2780:.
2747:.
2733::
2706:.
2681:.
2666:.
2647:.
2555:.
2531:.
2511::
2484:.
2469:.
2465::
2459:8
2442:.
2417:.
2392:.
2347:.
2314:.
2302::
2258:.
2239:.
2214:.
2189:.
2164:.
2140:.
2134::
2126::
2103:.
1144:.
730:.
687:.
250:)
244:(
232:)
226:(
221:)
217:(
207:¡
200:¡
193:¡
186:¡
159:.
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.