709:
intersects with the urbanization of the land, which is a powerful source of capital and power for the state. A case study of Fang in
Guangzhou is featured in the article. It lays out the strategies of social governance that the village applied, specifically how much people were willing to participate when state intervention is stronger, the use of law to resolve conflict, and the state's responsiveness to social demands, all of which are key to achieving state-led urbanization. In fact, the concept of social governance is designed to depoliticize the opposition to state-led urbanization by transforming rural villagers' complaints into a pecuniary discourse in which material gain and loss are debated. This study highlights how China's people-centered planning gives legitimacy and cohesion to local land development practices, which are highly controversial. The important difference between the 2014 Plan and other plans on land development before it was released is that a host of practices had been widely used by local states either separately or jointly, including hukou transfers, accommodating the expression of economic interests by people, and settling conflicts with the use of law and contracts. Several studies suggest that these practices have adverse effects, sometimes adverse to the livelihoods of villagers, as well as boosting the already dominant role of the state, as suggested by existing scholarship and the present study. Xi-Li's packaging of proven local practices now provides a powerful discursive framework to local states who are growing ever more urbanized under state-led policies without showing any sign of taming it. In order to normalize these often highly contested practices, the China new-type urbanization plan can be seen as giving them national legitimacy and programmatic coherence by legitimizing and democratizing them. In order to serve an urbanization process backed by state power, this results in depoliticizing the people's engagement in territorial politics. It appears that these practices "worked" in the Fang Village, as a relatively swift agreement was reached regarding property expropriation, although there was a short-lived resistance.
721:. Chinese hukou reform is therefore a difficult undertaking. As part of the study, a sample of people born in rural China, who have since become urbanized and have a residence permit, an urban hukou, is profiled. They are called hukou converters and the large datasets used to analyze them cover a large area of China in 2002. Hukou converters make up 20% of China's urban population as estimated by the study. There are several factors that may cause the proportion of Hukou converters in the registered city population to be relatively high, including the fact that the city has a high employment rate, that the city is small or medium in size, and that the city is located in the middle part or western part of China. A high level of human capital and belonging to the Han Chinese ethnicity correlates strongly with becoming a hukou converter. In comparison with those who were left behind in the rural areas and those who are migrants with rural hukous, the hukou converters have relatively higher income. A number of factors contribute to these differences, including school years, CPC membership, however, the majority of these differences remain unexplained in a statistical sense. Thus, suggesting large incentives to urbanize as well as obtain an urban hukou. Chinese hukou converters at the destination live a very different life than their peers left behind, but their economic circumstances are, on average, similar to those of their urban-born counterparts. It has been reported that hukou converts who receive an urban hukou before they reach the age of 25 do well in the job market, and in some cases they actually outperform their urban-born peers in terms of earnings. On the other hand, the opposite is true as those who obtain their urban hukou after age 25 do not thrive as well.
730:
inequality on climate change. A study was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of education inequality and disparity within the population. In order to do this, indicators were selected to reflect firstly, the educational quality within the population, and secondly, the level of education development. A study from
Guangdong Province examined the impact of education level on energy consumption over a period of 14 years from 2002 to 2017. It was based on panel data between 2002 and 2017 and it separated the Pearl River Delta region from the regional data in other areas of the province. An empirical study of educational levels and energy consumption in the two regions indicates that there is a significant disparity between the two. Across the whole of China's Guangdong province, the level of education has had a substantial impact on energy consumption as a whole. The effect is especially noticeable in a city with a lower educational level. There are other factors more important than education, such as the level of income, which seem to have overshadowed this influence in places with a high level of education. Among the non-Pearl River Delta region residents, there is a significant impact of education on perceived energy usage, while within the Pearl River Delta region there is not a significant effect on perceived energy consumption. The results of the study can be interpreted as a recommendation for policymakers to embed low-carbon knowledge and awareness in their educational systems in a way that shows the differences between education stages in different regions. By creating a carbon-neutral community, the residents will be able to develop low-carbon lifestyles and reduce their energy consumption to lower CO
717:
an important role in determining the individual's well-being. It has long been a priority of many public policy measures to give greater emphasis to those who are urban in addition to hukou holders. As a result, urbanites who have the urban hukou have obtained better jobs, better quality education, and lower premiums for health care. A rural hukou means one has less in all of these respects, even after one migrates to a city. Depending on the place of birth, a
Chinese person is either registered with a rural hukou or an urban hukou at birth. As a result, rural hukou holders can expect a less desirable future in many ways than their counterparts who were born in a city. Despite the limitations of having a rural hukou, many people with a rural hukou are moving to the cities increasingly in pursuit of a better future. In addition to doing manual labor, these migrants often work long hours and make less money than those with an urban hukou. This migration stream dominates policy debates in China at the moment. In the eyes of many observers, it's difficult to justify the fact that people with a hukou in the city are treated worse than their peers who do not. By enlarging the number of rural people who move to the cities as well as granting equal social rights to rural and urban residents, the Chinese labour market could become more efficient. As a result of this change, many urban Chinese are experiencing problems such as traffic congestion, housing shortages, segregation and
713:
resulting in a new power matrix in terms of geographic space. As globalization, urban reform, and urban integration are gaining traction in cities across China, they are gaining a stronger presence in the global city roster (especially
Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guanzhou) through urbanization, land recapitalization, and industrial upgrading for higher land values and productivity of skilled and educated migrants. During the post-Mao era of the 1980s, China's urban spatial movements have been invaded by profit-driven neoliberal forces embodied in the country's market reforms. Labour mobility is allowed to support such movements, but the hukou system is maintained to discourage urban informality and slum formation. Rural migrants with low wages are deprived of local welfare and benefits because their cities don't grant them residency permits (hukou) which essentially deprives them of any security. These are often referred to as "drifting tenants" or the "floating population," often a result of urban renovation, rising rent, and job changes. One study examines the effects of low-skilled and low-wage migrants experiencing frequent shifts in residence, which is a consequence of the hukou system. During February and April 2011, a survey was conducted in the Zhongguancun area in northwestern Beijing to assess the marginalization of displaced migrants. They discuss the causes, patterns, and history of their intra-urban mobility, including their adaptation to change.
451:
stores. The second characteristic is that cities are "complex, self-organizing, adaptive, and constantly evolving," (Bai et al. 218). Urban areas have lots of different kinds of people and businesses, and are constantly seeing a change in who is where in the city. Cities often end up organized with different types of people in different areas. People tend to flock towards people with similar interests or life goals. Urban areas have many people who are able to adapt to situations, and can assist each other when something happens to negatively affect the community. The third characteristic according to Bai et al. is that there are multiple agencies. These agencies work both inside and outside the boundaries of the urban area. Agencies work with customers who live and work within the urban area, but also do business with agencies or people living farther away. The fourth characteristic is that urban areas are "embedded" in larger structures that contain the urban area itself. In China, the urban areas are still a part of China, and fall under the
Chinese government. The cities themselves are not freestanding structures apart from the country as a whole. The fifth and final characteristic is that there can be intended and unintended consequences of cities. One big unintended consequence is the environmental impact of urbanization.
705:
and in 2012, it reached 52.6%. It's estimated that mainland China's population was around 759 million urban residents in 2015 and this was about 55% of the total population. As many as 300 million
Chinese now living in rural areas are expected to move into cities in the next decade, according to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. It is crucial to monitor how urbanization will affect Chinese production and international trade in the 13th five-year plan and future five-year plans, as it will be a key scheme to stimulate economic growth in China. A major issue associated with rapid urbanization in China is the impact that liberalizing the factor markets will have on the state's economy. It develops some hypotheses about the distribution of economic benefits of the removal of the systems requiring household registration, which might have a significant impact on income redistribution. These hypotheses are incorporated into a theoretical framework regarding general equilibrium. It is anticipated that some empirical statistics will support these theoretical hypotheses, and some simulation experiments will be conducted based on various policy scenarios, including reforms in both labor and land markets, which are computed using a general equilibrium model (the GTAP model).
755:
from rural households from 109 counties in 1995, 121 counties in 2002, and 307 counties in 2007. In addition to a density-based index measuring the existence of industrial clusters calculated from firm-level data. There is also systematic evidence that shows that incomes and inequalities in rural households are not affected by factors such as specialization, urbanization, or urbanization. According to China's experience, industrial clusters created through joint efforts of entrepreneurs and local governments have reduced institutional constraints. Moreover, they have offered rural residents chances to carry out nonfarm tasks. Rural households' incomes increase as a result, and income inequality decreases. Results of this study can assist in reducing poverty and inequality among socioeconomic groups as well as reducing income gaps between them during economic transitions. An analysis of industrialization in rural China connects three major phenomena: industrial clustering, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Clustering helps rural households' total income increase primarily through increases in wage and business income. A significant reduction in income inequality within counties has been found in counties with industrial clusters.
751:
1978 to 2014, this study examined China's urbanization rate and the Gini index using the economic theory of urbanization and income distribution. Using the present argument, a study of income inequality suggests that urbanization effectively reduces it, as indicated by the strong negative relationship between the two indicators at the end of the year (lag = 0). It seems that urbanization, on the other hand, can also contribute to an increase in income inequality after a lagged interval, as evidenced by the positive relationship between urbanization and the Gini index series with lag 1. Unsurprisingly, urbanization correlates with the rise of income inequality, but the lagged aggravating effects of urbanization on the Gini index assist to challenge the belief that urbanization in China only leads to improvement in income inequality. At a deeper level, the results suggest that, in China's transition to a new era of modernization, it is imperative to emphasize the social dimension of urbanization as early as possible. For long-term economic sustainability and prevention of segregation of rural and urban peoples, comprehensive social reforms need to be part of the
Chinese national agenda.
689:
accessibility to any citizenship benefits at their place of residence. The composition of this population contains a wide range of ethnicities and is dispersed very unevenly throughout provinces, under the jurisdiction mainly of the provincial authorities. Due to the nature of this population, it is still very difficult to determine how it is physically distributed within a province, or whether it is geographically distributed at all, or how it relates to the provincial total population. Cartograms are a technique that was used to analyze county-level census data from the 2010 census. A study conducted in 2000 has shown that the floating population of China is based primarily in three key coastal regions, with a moderate presence in the capitals of the provinces inland, with great differences both within and between those key regions and provinces. Furthermore, there has been a significant increase in the number of people living in the counties near the coast and inland borders, which follows closely after many counties along the coast. In this regard, the hot spots are an important tool to address social inequality as well as materialize new urbanization plans for China.
535:
substantial urbanization effect. This effect also contributes to decreasing extreme temperatures and precipitation events in a variety of climate groups. A significant effect of urbanization on hot and cold extreme temperatures is apparent in most urban areas. However, the opposite pattern is seen in arid and high-latitude areas. Around 30% of the total change in extreme temperature events over the core urban areas of 20 UAs is accounted for by the urbanization effect. However, urbanization tends to lead to more regional discrepancies when it comes to extreme precipitation indexes than temperature extremes. The increase of urbanization causes extreme precipitation events to weaken in coastal areas and intensify in central and west China. UAs located in the central and west parts of China tend to experience more frequent and more intense precipitation than those located in the coastal regions. It causes more frequent and more intense precipitation in UAs of inland central/west and less frequent and less intense precipitation in the coastal areas.
696:; ten different measures were utilized for this. The paper studies the ex-ante choices of migrant workers relating to their region of employment, the length of stay in their respective companies, their level of education, the decision to transfer their hukou to the town of their workplace, and also their decision to learn their rights and duties in the workplace, which influence the intensity of the bullying encountered at the workplace. All other choices, except for knowledge of the labor law, reduce workplace bullying to a certain extent but may increase in other dimensions. The consensus conclusion is that migrants with middle school and above qualifications tend to experience less workplace bullying when they have similar knowledge of labor law. Most of the ten domains showed the same results across the majority of migrants having a particular qualification across most of the domains.
548:
divide between rural and urban areas in the west. Researchers have undertaken one study to examine these two phenomena. Here, emissions were scaled down to be expressed as per capita, and the impact of the traditional urbanization rate effect was extended to include the population density effect. According to the results of the study, the density of the population has been responsible for the most significant changes in per capita emissions over the past two decades in China, and the elasticity of its effect has changed from positive to negative as each province gained economic development. The intersection of urbanization and greenhouse gas emissions can be highlighted and a change in population density needs to be taken into consideration in order to accurately assess urbanization's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in the future.
685:
healthcare-seeking behavior were significantly influenced by education and income, while occupation did not have any significant effects on behavior. Health services were more likely to be sought by migrants with higher incomes and educational levels. Those with high incomes (over 15,000 CNY) or who have educational backgrounds that are higher than the typical migrant worker were significantly more likely to use health care resources. A lot of attention must be paid to low-education groups and also low-income groups when designing certain policies for improving the health-seeking behavior of migrant workers from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. In order to achieve health equality among migrant workers and between migrant workers and local residents, policymakers can enhance health education and increase medical subsidies.
680:
workers and locals in terms of health services as well, not only between these groups. As a result, migrant workers' unbalanced utilization of health care services is a problem that merits more attention. The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and healthcare-seeking behavior was examined using data from the 2016 China
Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS). This analysis utilized multivariate regression in order to establish a causal relationship between SES and healthcare-seeking behaviors. To examine the characteristics of healthcare-seeking behavior between different groups of migrant workers, the study separated migrant workers into various groups, taking into account the SES of each group. There was a significant correlation between SES and the
289:
involved in nonagricultural pursuits. The 1964 census raised the cut-off to 3,000 and the requirement for nonagricultural labor to 70 percent. The 1982 census used the 3,000/70 percent minimum but introduced criteria of 2,500 to 3,000 and 85 percent as well. Also, in calculating urban population, the 1982 census made a radical change by including the agricultural population residing within the city boundaries. This explains the dramatic jump in urban population from the 138.7 million reported for year-end 1981 to the 206.6 million counted by the 1982 census. In 1984 the urban guidelines were further loosened, allowing for lower minimum population totals and nonagricultural percentages. The criteria varied among provincial-level units.
746:. China has seen a massive increase in urban population since the start of the open and reform policy in the late 1970s. The numbers increased from 172 million urbanites in 1978 to 749 million in 2014; from less than 20% of the population to over 50%. As a result of China's major urbanization process, the country's economy is booming now. In addition, China's society as a whole is also becoming increasingly modernized. A parallel trend to rapid urbanization in the country is the enlargement of income inequality. The gap is only getting wider and wider. In spite of the widespread praise for post-reformation economic growth, the
285:, from rural to urban areas. Another was a 1984 decision to broaden the criteria for classifying an area as a city or town. During 1984, the number of towns meeting the new urban criteria increased more than twofold, and the urban town population doubled. In the mid-1980s, demographers expected the proportion of the population living in cities and towns to be around 50 percent by the start of the 21st century. This urban growth was expected to result primarily from the increase in the number of small- and medium-sized cities and towns rather than from an expansion of existing large cities.
31:
130:
118:
313:, with 4.2 million. The disproportionate distribution of population in large cities occurred as a result of the government's emphasis after 1949 on the development of large cities over smaller urban areas. In 1985 the 22 most populous cities in China had a total population of 47.5 million, or about 12 percent of China's total urban population. The number of cities with populations of at least 100,000 increased from 200 in 1976 to 342 in 1986.
539:
temperature changes in
Northeast China. According to the analysis of historical climate data, minimum temperatures (Tmin) over Northeast China significantly increased (0.40 °C decade-1) from 1960 to 1989 but did not significantly change (-0.02 °C decade-1) between 1990 and 2016. It is evident that urbanization is increasing the mean temperature of Tmin in Northeast China due largely to the warming effect of urbanization.
172:(1953-1957), China's urban planning was heavily influenced by the Soviet Union's experience. Soviet urban planners first came to the PRC in 1949 and returned in 1952 and 1955. Soviet experts helped write China's national standards and guidelines and Soviet text books and regulations were translated into Chinese. In the early part of the 1950s, city plans also followed the socialist city planning principles from the
8308:
7662:
7275:
7042:
6976:
6986:
8318:
609:
472:
750:
developed as a result of uneven developmental policies and persistent disparities in the distribution system. A recent survey estimates that the national wealth Gini index could be as high as 0.73 based on official statistics. In 2014, China's income Gini index increased from 0.3 in 1978 to 0.5. From
450:
According to Bai et al., there are five characteristics of an urban system. The first is that urban areas exchange resources openly with the world outside of the area. One example is when food from farms or gardens are brought into a city for urban dwellers to eat in restaurants or pick up at grocery
402:
holders as urban people and resettling them in urban areas. China's goal is to urbanize 250 million citizens by 2025 as the first phase of a long-term green modernization plan. One of the primary mechanisms for working towards this goal is through the settlement of formerly rural people in provincial
754:
The study highlights that in rural China, there is a strong correlation between rural incomes and industrial clusters. The study identifies mechanisms through which industrial clusters in China simultaneously increase rural income and reduce income inequality among rural households. The data used is
704:
In the same decade that it began its economic reforms and began to grow at a record pace, China has experienced never before seen levels of urbanization as the world's most populous economy. In 1978, urbanization within China was only 18%. In 1995, the figure reached 30%, and in 2002 it reached 39%,
547:
Urbanization causes a considerable share of rural population migration to urban areas in China. Indirectly, it also causes westward migration from the west to the east. This phenomenon could seriously impact China's greenhouse gas emissions because of China's population size as well as a substantial
716:
Especially in countries like China, where not only the place where one live but also one's living status is of great significance in the daily lives of a person. In addition to establishing a person's status as rural or urban through the hukou system which was introduced in the 1950s, it also plays
352:
Urbanization in China greatly accelerated in the 1990s. During this decade, the percentage of China's population which was urban first reached 50%. Extensive urban planning efforts made this urbanization process orderly and, unlike other developing countries, China was able to eliminate large scale
666:
China's urbanization, particularly since 1980, has been a major source of labor income growth. Urban workers generally earn approximately 2.5 to 3 times as much as rural workers. Increased urbanization has therefore continually raised both average wages and spendable income for
Chinese households,
564:
emissions associated with residential energy consumption in China's urban households using a cross-city panel comprising 64 cities representative of four large cities in Africa, Europe, and China between 2006 and 2013. After that, the study utilizes an augmented Stochastic Impacts by Regression on
454:
Urban areas in China have a higher energy consumption than the rural areas of the country. Carbon emissions are increasing more quickly than urban areas can deal with it, causing carbon intensity in urban areas to increase as well. According to Bai et al., research around environmental changes has
280:
China's urbanization rate was significantly less than the world average, and it began to catch up after 1978. Since 1978, the year-to-year increase in urbanization rate has been significantly higher than in the rest of the world. From 1982 to 1986, the urban population increased dramatically to 37
729:
The result of the rapid economic growth and urbanization in China has given rise to a variety of social and environmental problems. The study examined the mechanism and pathways of the effects of education level on energy consumption in order to comprehensively understand the influence of social
712:
China has offered migrant labor to support city-centered growth since the 1980s, but has also kept residency by utilizing the hukou system. This rapid reorientation of state power was defined by Mao as a downward shift in state power from a single unitary national scale to multiple local scales,
763:
To address concern about China's urbanization reducing farmland, the government put into effect the Basic Farmland Regulations in 1994. In 1999, the New Land Administration Law was passed. These mandated that county-level governments and higher designate areas in every township or village where
446:
China's urbanization has resulted from continuing state efforts, including municipal territory, migration from rural areas to urban areas, and the process of agricultural industrialization making increasing amounts of formerly rural labor available for urban work. As of at least 2023, the state
229:
The uneven pattern of internal development and settlement, so strongly weighted toward the eastern part of the country, doubtless will change relatively little even with developing interest in exploiting the mineral-rich and agriculturally productive portions of the vast northwest and southwest
679:
The Chinese government has made considerable efforts in recent years to eliminate the causes of health inequalities caused by household registration restrictions, and the unequal distribution of health services for migrant workers in China. Even so, there may exist an imbalance between migrant
288:
China's statistics regarding urban population sometimes can be misleading because of the various criteria used to calculate urban population. In the 1953 census, urban essentially referred to settlements with populations of more than 2,500, in which more than 50 percent of the labor force were
684:
of the respondents. The use of high-quality health care services was more likely to be observed among people with high socioeconomic status. The utilization of health services among migrant workers was unevenly distributed based on subdividing the migrant worker category. Multiple measures of
708:
As part of its people-centered approach to urbanization, China has officially implemented the transfer of hukou from rural to urban since 2014. The study's purpose is to analyze how urbanization of the people, or in other words, a hukou-based reform target specifically for rural populations,
316:
In 1987, China was committed to a three-part strategy to control urban growth: strictly limiting the size of big cities (those of 500,000 or more people); developing medium-sized cities (200,000 to 500,000); and encouraging the growth of small cities (100,000 to 200,000). The government also
594:
emissions are negatively impacted by GDP growth in the United States. Consequently, when designing the expansion of urban agglomerations, it must be well-organized. The policymakers in China need to pay greater attention to the urbanization patterns and develop a guide to help guide China's
688:
As one of the major causes of social inequalities in China, the floating population is also a direct target of the new type of urbanization plan that has been introduced here. The floating population refers to the migrants who are not registered at their place of residence and have limited
538:
In the last few decades, Northeastern China (dongbei) has experienced a rapid urbanization process. In addition to this, it is the country's largest old industrial base. To make accurate predictions about climate change in China, it is necessary to understand the effects of urbanization on
534:
The unparalleled urbanization rate in China is continuing to grow and is resulting in the expansion of urban agglomerations (UAs). In turn, this has significant implications for regional climate and environmental sustainability. Based on the statistical analysis, it is seen that there is a
585:
emissions while simultaneously measuring population sizes, GDP per capita, the compactness of cities as well as the overall level of urbanization. Even after crossing the demarcation point (75%) of urban population share in China's urban agglomerations, the effect of population share on
292:
Although country urban populationâ382 million, or 37 percent of the total population in the mid-1980sâwas relatively low by comparison with developed nations, the number of people living in urban areas in China was greater than the total population of any country in the world except
333:
activities, using labor provided mainly from rural overflow. The urbanization of small and medium-sized towns has created different challenges for ethnically diverse areas, leading in some cases to an ethnic stratification of labor and greater potential for ethnic conflict.
348:
areas. The 1994 fiscal reforms resulted in the need of local governments to generate non-tax revenue, which they did in the form of revenues through land development and use fees. This resulted in their increase in both administrative size and geographic size.
317:
encouraged the development of small market and commune centers that were not then officially designated as urban places, hoping that they eventually would be transformed into towns and small cities. The big and medium-sized cities were viewed as centers of
176:. These principles included maintaining the old city core as administrative areas while building industry on the periphery with green space and residences between the two. During the First Year Plan period, the urban population grew by 30%.
670:
Chinese policy-makers believe that urbanized residents will increase domestic consumption and stimulate economic development, thereby contributing to China's efforts to shift its economy away from manufacturing for export.
390:
The pace of urbanization in China accelerated in 2008. In 2011, a majority of Chinese citizens lived in urban areas and had urban residential status. Since 2013, its urbanization rate is higher than the world average.
5613:
213:
Although migration to urban areas has been restricted since the late 1950s, as of the end of 1985 about 33 percent of the population was urban. An urban and industrial corridor formed a broad arc stretching from
6250:
64:
was one of the several functions of the surpluses produced from the agricultural sectors in China (farming and pastoral dependency). This judgment is based on (1) the fact that not until the end of the
8125:
8075:
7053:
970:
China's urbanization rate in 2005 was higher than that of Asia and roughly on par with the levels in East and South-East Asia. However, the country still has a long way to go in catching up with the
206:
opportunities, which fostered urban population growth. In the 1990s, urban population growth started to slow. This reflected a slower increase in employment growth following the restructuring of the
73:
from the outside world to help feed its population; and (2) the fact that the handicraft sector never challenged agricultural dominance in the economy despite a symbiotic relationship between them.
7903:
3767:
Shen, X., Y. Liu, and B. Liu, 2020: Urbanization effect on the observed changes of surface air temperature in Northeast China. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 31, 325-335, doi:10.3319/TAO.2019.11.27.0
7732:
6398:
281:
percent of the total population. This large jump resulted from a combination of factors. One was the migration of large numbers of surplus agricultural workers, displaced by the agricultural
8080:
455:
focused on cities and how they are affected. However, in recent years, the research has started to look more towards solutions for the urban areas instead of only focusing on the problems.
418:, the Chinese state seeks increase urban-rural coordination by incorporating rural planning as part of municipal governments' planning processes. The 2014 plan sought to attribute an urban
7868:
458:
China's urbanization model has been transformed, gradually changing from a traditional urbanization focusing on growth rate to a new type of urbanization focusing on quality improvement.
447:
portrays the urbanization of rural people as important for the building of a more equitable society and as necessary to improve the relationship of society to nature and the environment.
7873:
7623:
8256:
5506:
7853:
428:
restrictions on cities of more than 5 million inhabitants.The National New-Type Urbanization plan also requires 20% of municipal regions to be zoned as ecological protection areas.
344:
Through the late 1980s and the early 1990s, the municipal government regulatory mechanisms expanded. The power of municipal governments increased, as did their capacity to regulate
7542:
140:
In 1949, the year that the People's Republic of China was founded, less than 10% of the population in mainland China was urban. Few cities at that time could be considered modern.
41:
increased in speed following the initiation of the reform and opening policy. By the end of 2023, China had an urbanization rate of 66.2% and is expected to reach 75-80% by 2035.
7425:
5850:
5545:
8182:
261:
as a provincial-level unit separate from Guangdong Province was scheduled in 1988.) A 1979 change in provincial-level administrative boundaries in the northeast region restored
7883:
6539:
8070:
5653:
3595:
Froissart, Chloé (2024). "Adapting the Hukou to Modernise the Country While Maintaining Social Polarisation and Stratification". In Doyon, JérÎme; Froissart, Chloé (eds.).
7188:
5578:
5464:
692:
A survey was conducted on seven hundred and sixty-eight migrant workers who are employed in the urban centers of and all over China, to determine the potential impact of
233:
In 1987 China had a total of twenty-nine provincial-level administrative units directly under the central government in Beijing. In addition to the twenty-one provinces (
7717:
5469:
424:
too 100 million people by 2020. It relaxed restrictions on small cities (fewer than 500,000 people) and medium cities (more than 1 million people). It maintained strong
5528:
147:
era, Chinese state planners designed urban areas with an explicit purpose of developing a socialist citizenry, including through the construction of work units called
7878:
7702:
3239:
Jones, E. L., Lionel Frost and Colin White. Coming Full Circle: An Economic History of the Pacific Rim. Melbourne and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. (ch. 9)
948:
According to Professor Lu Dadao, president of the Geographical Society of China (GSC), China's urbanization took 22 years to increase to 39.1% from 17.9%. It took
96:) had 1.4 million and one million inhabitants, respectively. In addition, it was common that urban residents also had one foot in the rural sector due to private
7228:
277:
provinces. Urban areas were further subdivided into lower-level administrative units beginning with municipalities and extending down to the neighborhood level.
7843:
7602:
7156:
6074:
7061:
5732:
4693:
4969:
4585:
8167:
8095:
7112:
4979:
3755:
Luo, M., & Lau, N.âC. (2019). Urban expansion and drying climate in an urban agglomeration of east China. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 6868â6877.
76:
By the same token, urbanization rarely exceeded ten percent of the total population although large urban centres were established. For example, during the
7908:
7893:
7562:
7022:
5309:
4688:
7777:
365:
lanes were demolished during the period 1989â2019, with remaining lanes often converted into tourist attractions as objects of historic preservation.
8225:
7913:
5648:
5633:
5533:
5390:
5348:
8133:
6890:
4428:"Human Capital Accumulation by Low-Skilled Workers with Borrowing Constraints - A Welfare Analysis Based on the Lucas Urban-Rural Migration Model"
3191:
8352:
7928:
7888:
7858:
7183:
6403:
5554:
4882:
4619:
4455:
569:
emissions over a given period of time using two-stage least squares (2SLS). Based on the results obtained, the average residential amount of CO
581:
emissions from residential areas than those without municipal or capital status. Rising urban populations are clearly affecting residential CO
7203:
6255:
5643:
4705:
4683:
3888:
3574:
3504:
3432:
3393:
3321:
3285:
3166:
3083:
3071:
3449:
8172:
8105:
8050:
7848:
7592:
7383:
7163:
6617:
5890:
5623:
5120:
4543:
681:
619:
560:
There are a number of ways in which rapid urbanization is affecting climate change and China's carbon emissions. Another study estimates CO
482:
7133:
4179:"Low-wage migrants in northwestern Beijing, China: The hikers in the urbanisation and growth process: Low-wage migrant workers in Beijing"
630:
493:
4524:
7582:
7331:
6941:
5618:
4989:
4738:
435:
Before the 2020s, the majority of urban growth generally consisted of outward expansion from city centers, mostly into former farmland.
415:
7759:
7086:
5518:
5353:
4733:
3171:
8177:
4952:
8215:
8157:
8110:
7863:
7727:
7118:
5363:
5340:
5304:
5160:
5155:
3608:
3546:
3358:
3141:
648:
511:
8367:
8249:
7918:
7806:
7534:
7305:
7106:
6951:
6331:
6326:
6101:
5638:
5294:
4700:
192:
8288:
8090:
7936:
7443:
7300:
7198:
6321:
6069:
5813:
5742:
5299:
5027:
4994:
4867:
4675:
3383:
3041:
6865:
8347:
8085:
7722:
7707:
7638:
7290:
7015:
6378:
6018:
3538:
3277:
55:
6910:
7712:
7238:
5501:
5491:
5289:
5284:
3313:
3046:
565:
Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model to explore the relationship between urbanization and residential CO
8278:
8261:
8220:
8147:
7823:
7764:
7739:
7665:
7547:
7353:
7338:
7318:
7314:
7258:
7173:
6501:
6496:
5908:
5221:
5167:
5135:
4962:
6700:
4897:
742:
Over the past three decades or so, China has seen two major characteristics of its development: rapid urbanization and
8357:
8283:
8138:
7961:
7749:
7675:
7577:
7557:
7481:
7233:
7218:
7128:
7045:
6946:
6408:
6286:
6271:
5878:
5835:
5771:
5754:
5150:
4660:
3146:
6905:
6810:
5628:
198:
However, after reforms were launched at the end of 1978, urban population growth began to accelerate. The inflow of
8210:
8152:
8100:
7956:
7898:
7373:
7363:
7213:
7143:
7076:
6915:
6660:
5923:
5803:
5559:
5513:
5496:
5479:
5226:
5190:
5037:
4612:
3273:
743:
17:
6860:
6825:
6780:
4857:
4582:- The rise of megacities has created slums and chaos elsewhere, but in China, they are cleaner and more efficient.
4427:
3693:
Lin, Lijie; Gao, Tao; Luo, Ming; Ge, Erjia; Yang, Yuanjian; Liu, Zhen; Zhao, Yongquan; Ning, Guicai (2020-11-20).
432:
is presented in official discourses on urbanization as paradigmatic of the 21st century approach to urbanization.
230:
regions. The adverse terrain and climate of most of those regions have historically discouraged dense population.
8362:
8311:
8065:
7835:
7772:
7680:
7652:
7648:
7518:
7503:
7405:
7358:
7348:
7248:
7008:
6750:
6745:
6710:
6640:
6526:
6118:
5942:
5823:
5776:
5720:
5185:
5130:
4743:
4670:
3424:
718:
199:
6870:
6845:
6760:
6740:
6690:
6650:
8042:
8007:
7986:
7697:
7692:
7628:
7597:
7463:
7278:
7223:
7208:
7101:
7071:
6956:
6835:
6830:
6805:
6632:
6610:
6484:
6113:
6059:
5984:
5595:
5437:
5420:
5398:
5231:
5206:
5145:
5047:
4800:
4715:
4572:- A giant city in the south-west is a microcosm of China's struggle to move millions from rural to urban areas.
3496:
169:
6900:
6850:
6785:
6775:
6675:
5660:
6875:
6790:
6770:
6655:
6645:
4259:"Examining the effects of education level inequality on energy consumption: Evidence from Guangdong Province"
8115:
8055:
7941:
7811:
7801:
7789:
7530:
7491:
7453:
7378:
7178:
7123:
7066:
6920:
6855:
6820:
6755:
6735:
6725:
6685:
6670:
6665:
6534:
6316:
6032:
5918:
5913:
5818:
5793:
5737:
5571:
5523:
5358:
5279:
5274:
5216:
5140:
5125:
4984:
3695:"Contribution of urbanization to the changes in extreme climate events in urban agglomerations across China"
3093:
3088:
3051:
2658:
207:
112:
6961:
6880:
6840:
6815:
6795:
6730:
6695:
8244:
7782:
7685:
7498:
7471:
7448:
7438:
7368:
7295:
6800:
6765:
6720:
6715:
6489:
6296:
6130:
6086:
6064:
5761:
5211:
5115:
4922:
4665:
4502:
3151:
3036:
173:
8239:
8142:
7410:
6705:
6680:
6479:
6474:
6365:
6276:
5979:
5928:
5866:
5588:
5425:
5413:
5403:
5172:
4805:
4605:
4561:
3880:
3342:
3136:
3056:
667:
particularly in light of income growth in the service industry, a more prevalent sector in urban areas.
623:
that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
573:
emissions in these four areas shows a positive trend that increased from 2.85 to 5.67 million tons of CO
486:
that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
282:
4361:"Urbanization and Income Inequality in Post-Reform China: A Causal Analysis Based on Time Series Data"
4313:
4258:
3817:
3778:
3694:
3647:
8326:
8200:
8032:
7966:
7816:
7633:
7513:
7433:
7343:
7283:
7168:
6205:
6153:
6013:
5808:
5783:
5710:
5705:
5540:
5432:
5408:
5266:
4748:
4372:
3992:
3925:
3706:
4522:
3216:
8205:
7951:
7794:
7508:
7393:
7388:
7268:
7096:
6930:
6603:
6506:
6351:
6245:
6240:
6210:
6168:
6091:
6054:
5974:
5959:
5788:
5749:
5456:
5070:
4974:
4725:
4549:
4131:
3631:
Bai, Xuemei (2017). "Linking Urbanization and the Environment: Conceptual and Empirical Advances".
3339:
The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
195:'. From 1962 to 1978, it is estimated that almost 18 million urban youth moved to the countryside.
188:
6985:
265:
Autonomous Region to its original size (it had been reduced by a third in 1969) at the expense of
129:
30:
8060:
8027:
7981:
7976:
7552:
7486:
7091:
6393:
6388:
6373:
6225:
6193:
6188:
6081:
6003:
5991:
5900:
5566:
5486:
5474:
5442:
5097:
5092:
5010:
4710:
4341:
4294:
4239:
4159:
4112:
4065:
4018:
3849:
3738:
3675:
3364:
693:
180:
117:
3914:"Effect of socioeconomic status on the healthcare-seeking behavior of migrant workers in China"
8012:
8002:
7618:
7309:
7263:
7253:
7151:
6452:
6444:
6158:
6025:
5996:
5954:
5883:
5840:
5798:
5665:
5605:
5377:
5314:
5176:
4957:
4927:
4753:
4408:
4390:
4333:
4286:
4278:
4231:
4151:
4104:
4057:
4010:
3961:
3943:
3894:
3884:
3841:
3798:
3730:
3722:
3667:
3604:
3570:
3542:
3500:
3428:
3389:
3354:
3317:
3281:
3066:
974:
345:
184:
8321:
8017:
7946:
7670:
7572:
7567:
7400:
7031:
6570:
6563:
6462:
6457:
6383:
6311:
6230:
6145:
6135:
6106:
6042:
6037:
5871:
5845:
5830:
5715:
5693:
5677:
5583:
5032:
5022:
4939:
4862:
4817:
4765:
4655:
4640:
4632:
4555:
4546:, edited by Ben Hillman and Jon Unger, special issue of China Perspectives (September 2013).
4398:
4380:
4325:
4270:
4223:
4190:
4143:
4096:
4049:
4000:
3951:
3933:
3872:
3833:
3790:
3714:
3659:
3346:
3161:
3061:
369:
4451:
4359:
Chen, Guo; Glasmeier, Amy K.; Zhang, Min; Shao, Yang (2016-07-19). Chen, Cathy W.S. (ed.).
7243:
6178:
6173:
6096:
6047:
6008:
5672:
5254:
5060:
4947:
3116:
814:
100:
4478:"Basic Statistics on National Population Census in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010"
4477:
4376:
3996:
3929:
3710:
8192:
7587:
7323:
7081:
6579:
6511:
6434:
6281:
6235:
6220:
6215:
6198:
6183:
5969:
5324:
5319:
5249:
4835:
4403:
4360:
3956:
3913:
3126:
1434:
949:
376:
322:
318:
262:
154:
3779:"The impact of urbanization on GHG emissions in China: The role of population density"
963:
As shown in the table (right), China's urban population growth is higher than that of
8341:
8267:
8022:
7476:
7415:
7193:
6979:
6544:
6291:
6125:
5964:
5766:
5087:
5075:
4917:
4778:
4528:
4345:
4298:
4243:
4163:
4116:
4069:
4037:
4022:
3853:
3742:
3679:
3121:
3105:
971:
953:
890:
408:
404:
258:
93:
85:
3718:
6584:
6469:
6341:
6306:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4877:
4795:
4790:
4329:
3981:"Glimpsing China's future urbanization from the geography of a floating population"
3131:
1617:
266:
77:
61:
4274:
4100:
3837:
3794:
4385:
4227:
3938:
3451:
The Causes and Consequences of Rapid Urbanisation in an Ethnically Diverse Region
7744:
6989:
6163:
5080:
5065:
4872:
4830:
4825:
4773:
4084:
3111:
429:
162:
97:
66:
4211:
4132:"Land and people: governing social conflicts in China's state-led urbanisation"
3663:
222:
area and south to China's largest city, the industrial metropolitan complex of
6336:
5244:
5055:
4783:
4053:
3898:
747:
395:
372:
is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1990s approach to urbanization.
341:
is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1980s approach to urbanization.
326:
203:
144:
4394:
4337:
4282:
4235:
4155:
4108:
4061:
4014:
4005:
3980:
3947:
3845:
3816:
Bai, Yuping; Deng, Xiangzheng; Gibson, John; Zhao, Zhe; Xu, He (2019-02-01).
3802:
3726:
3671:
595:
eco-urbanization by encouraging green development and sustainable lifestyle.
398:, China's urbanization efforts have aimed at reclassifying millions of rural
153:, which provided housing, jobs, food, health care, and other elements of the
8233:
8162:
6346:
6301:
5239:
5180:
4565:
3912:
Li, Xuefeng; Deng, Li; Yang, Han; Wang, Hui (2020-08-19). Wang, Jian (ed.).
3600:
2414:
2231:
833:
70:
4412:
4290:
3965:
3734:
3368:
383:
is the largest city in China, with a population of 19 million, followed by
359:
compounds were demolished beginning in the 1990s. Many of Beijing's famous
4503:"Basic Statistics on Population Census in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990 and 2000"
7754:
6421:
6414:
5727:
4147:
3562:
3270:
Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State
3156:
2963:
1987:
1739:
1495:
1190:
380:
338:
330:
310:
298:
274:
246:
223:
134:
122:
89:
3350:
764:
farmland would be protected from residential or industrial development.
8273:
6595:
4850:
4845:
4840:
3756:
2902:
2841:
2719:
2536:
2475:
2292:
1926:
1678:
1251:
1124:
909:
384:
306:
302:
254:
250:
219:
81:
4195:
4178:
3877:
Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives
325:, and small cities and towns were looked on as possible locations for
6516:
3493:
Ecological States: Politics of Science and Nature in Urbanizing China
2597:
2353:
1861:
1373:
871:
379:. Most of China's cities have a population of one million and below.
361:
355:
215:
179:
Urban population experienced a 'great jump' in 1958-1961 during the "
149:
4575:
353:
squatter towns. In older urban areas, pre-revolutionary housing and
297:. The four Chinese cities with the largest populations in 1985 were
191:
years of 1965â1975, urban population growth dropped as a result of '
7000:
4212:"The Hukou ConvertersâChina's lesser known rural to urban migrants"
3310:
Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution
4628:
2780:
2170:
2109:
2048:
1800:
1556:
1312:
1056:
957:
928:
852:
420:
399:
294:
270:
4597:
4591:
964:
795:
241:) for minority nationalities, and three special municipalities (
7004:
6599:
4601:
3192:"China's urbanisation growth rate slows to quarter-century low"
8076:
Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
602:
590:
emissions of residential buildings is positive. Residential CO
465:
438:
As of 2022, approximately 65% people in China live in cities.
4314:"Industrial clustering, income and inequality in rural China"
4312:
Guo, Di; Jiang, Kun; Xu, Chenggang; Yang, Xiyi (2022-06-01).
3457:, China Perspectives, Issue 3, September 2013, pp. 25â32
3385:
China human development report 1999: transition and the state
577:
between 2006 and 2013. These areas are more likely to emit CO
7904:
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission
3382:
Riskin, Carl; United Nations Development Prograemme (2000),
7733:
National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation
620:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
483:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
165:
consciousness and advance the progress of state socialism.
8081:
Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
157:
on-site. In the view of state planners, the design of the
3777:
Liu, Yonghong; Gao, Chaochao; Lu, Yingying (2017-07-20).
4177:
Liu, Ran; Wong, Tai-Chee; Liu, Shenghe (December 2013).
4085:"A general equilibrium analysis of China's urbanization"
3822:
emissions? An analysis on urban agglomerations of China"
403:
capitals, prefectural cities, and county-level towns in
4038:"Migrant Workers and Workplace Bullying in Urban China"
3567:
The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism
626:
489:
7854:
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
3648:"Ecological effects of new-type urbanization in China"
125:
rapidly grew to be one of the largest cities in China.
4592:"Urbanisation In China: Happiness is seen Everywhere"
986:
Urban percentage of the total population by province
8191:
8124:
8041:
7995:
7927:
7834:
7647:
7611:
7529:
7462:
7424:
7142:
7052:
6929:
6889:
6631:
6525:
6443:
6364:
6264:
6144:
5941:
5899:
5859:
5692:
5604:
5455:
5389:
5376:
5339:
5265:
5199:
5108:
5046:
5009:
4938:
4816:
4764:
4724:
4648:
4639:
4257:Wang, Shaojian; Xie, Zihan; Wu, Rong (2020-09-01).
3312:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis:
69:did Chinese begin importing moderate quantities of
18:
Urbanization in the People's Republic of China
4556:Urbanization and urban system development in China
3597:The Chinese Communist Party: a 100-Year Trajectory
7718:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund
368:In official discourses on urbanization in China,
337:In official discourses on urbanization in China,
7879:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
7703:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation
34:Urban construction work in a Chinese city, 2013
4210:Quheng, Deng; Gustafsson, Bjorn (2014-07-04).
7844:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
7016:
6611:
4613:
3985:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space
121:Originally a collection of fishing villages,
8:
7884:National Financial Regulatory Administration
3818:"How does urbanization affect residential CO
3276:monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
662:Labor income growth and domestic consumption
8096:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
7113:Grasping the large, letting go of the small
8317:
8071:GuangdongâHong KongâMacau Greater Bay Area
7909:State Administration for Market Regulation
7894:National Development and Reform Commission
7023:
7009:
7001:
6618:
6604:
6596:
6261:
5947:
5698:
5386:
5382:
5043:
5015:
4645:
4620:
4606:
4598:
984:
7778:National Equities Exchange and Quotations
4402:
4384:
4194:
4136:International Development Planning Review
4004:
3955:
3937:
3495:. Environments of East Asia. Ithaca, NY:
649:Learn how and when to remove this message
512:Learn how and when to remove this message
7914:State Administration of Foreign Exchange
3652:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
771:
128:
116:
29:
3486:
3484:
3388:, Oxford University Press, p. 37,
3183:
960:more than 30 years to accomplish this.
237:), there were five autonomous regions (
7889:National Bureau of Statistics of China
7859:China Securities Regulatory Commission
5555:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
4456:National Bureau of Statistics of China
3867:
3865:
3863:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3535:An Ecological History of Modern China
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3167:Phase I Environmental Site Assessment
3084:List of countries by urban population
3072:Category:Timelines of cities in China
7:
8106:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone
8051:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
7849:All-China Federation of Trade Unions
3757:https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082736
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
7583:Hong Kong Trade Development Council
6251:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
4552:, Guoming Wen, Mansfield Foundation
4263:Journal of Environmental Management
4089:Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy
3979:Shi, Qiujie; Liu, Tao (June 2019).
416:National New-Type Urbanization Plan
387:with a population of 17.4 million.
7087:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
4083:Zhang, James Xiaohe (2018-07-03).
3337:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
3172:Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
183:" in conjunction with the massive
25:
8111:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone
7864:General Administration of Customs
7728:China Reform Holdings Corporation
7119:Scientific Outlook on Development
5546:Political Consultative Conference
3142:Housing Market Renewal Initiative
106:
27:Overview of urbanization in China
8316:
8307:
8306:
8158:2008â2009 economic stimulus plan
7919:State Administration of Taxation
7807:Stock Exchange Executive Council
7661:
7660:
7274:
7273:
7041:
7040:
6984:
6975:
6974:
6332:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
6327:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
4550:Cautions on China's Urbanization
3699:Science of the Total Environment
607:
470:
8168:2015â16 stock market turbulence
8091:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
6322:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
5519:Political parties and movements
4883:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
4868:Northern and Southern dynasties
4544:The Urbanisation of Rural China
3719:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140264
3042:Urban Planning Society of China
442:Characteristics of urbanization
168:During the period of the First
8086:Northeast China Revitalization
7723:China Internet Investment Fund
7708:China Government Guidance Fund
6942:British Indian Ocean Territory
4330:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105878
3539:University of Washington Press
3278:Harvard University Asia Center
56:Ancient Chinese urban planning
1:
8353:Economic development in China
8178:ChinaâUnited States trade war
8043:Regional economic initiatives
7996:National economic initiatives
7713:China-Africa Development Fund
7107:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
4275:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110761
4216:Journal of Contemporary China
4101:10.1080/13547860.2018.1469586
3838:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.248
3826:Journal of Cleaner Production
3795:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.138
3783:Journal of Cleaner Production
3314:University of Minnesota Press
3047:Metropolitan regions of China
981:Urbanization data by province
394:During the administration of
245:)--the three largest cities,
218:in the northeast through the
8279:List of Chinese by net worth
8262:China Compulsory Certificate
8173:Protein export contamination
7824:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
7740:China Investment Corporation
7204:Business process outsourcing
5624:Ministry of National Defense
4963:Chinese Communist Revolution
4386:10.1371/journal.pone.0158826
4228:10.1080/10670564.2013.861147
3939:10.1371/journal.pone.0237867
3421:Reinventing the Chinese City
773:Urban population growth (%)
7593:Water supply and sanitation
6287:Flowers of the Four Seasons
6272:Four Treasures of the Study
5891:Water supply and sanitation
5619:Central Military Commission
5614:Outline of military history
5364:Province-level subdivisions
3147:List of planned communities
8384:
8101:Rise of Central China Plan
7899:National Energy Commission
5560:Primary stage of socialism
5502:National People's Congress
4970:People's Republic of China
4042:Social Indicators Research
3664:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110239
3491:Rodenbiker, Jesse (2023).
3274:Harvard-Yenching Institute
3217:"China: urbanization 2023"
110:
107:People's Republic of China
53:
8297:
8134:2005â2011 property bubble
8066:China Western Development
7773:Dalian Commodity Exchange
7038:
6970:
6557:
5950:
5701:
5385:
5310:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
5018:
4560:"Urbanisation in China",
4054:10.1007/s11205-015-1214-0
4036:Cheo, Roland (May 2017).
3646:Yu, Binbin (2021-01-01).
3425:Columbia University Press
768:World urbanization growth
719:environmental degradation
200:foreign direct investment
8008:Belt and Road Initiative
7987:Rural credit cooperative
7760:Foreign exchange reserve
7693:Beijing Financial Street
7102:Socialist market economy
6691:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6485:Catholic Church in China
5629:People's Liberation Army
5596:One country, two systems
4006:10.1177/0308518X19834572
3533:Harrell, Stevan (2023).
3497:Cornell University Press
3341:. New Haven and London:
3196:South China Morning Post
309:, with 5.4 million; and
257:. (The establishment of
50:Before industrialization
8368:Urban planning in China
8250:Globalization and women
8116:Zhongyuan Economic Zone
8056:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim
7836:Government institutions
7812:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
7802:Shanghai Metal Exchange
7790:Shanghai Stock Exchange
7454:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park
7439:Megalopolises in China
6952:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6317:Four Pillars of Destiny
6102:Regional discrimination
5524:Chinese Communist Party
4586:China's urban challenge
4130:Shih, Mi (2019-06-01).
3094:Category:City timelines
3089:Urbanization by country
3052:List of cities in China
682:health-seeking behavior
208:state-owned enterprises
174:1935 Moscow Master Plan
133:Apartment buildings in
113:Urban planning in China
88:) and southern capital
80:, the northern capital
8289:Science and technology
8183:2020â2021 reform spree
7937:International rankings
7783:Beijing Stock Exchange
7449:Suzhou Industrial Park
7444:Special Economic Zones
6070:Science and technology
5743:Special economic zones
4995:persecution of Uyghurs
4923:Century of humiliation
4578:, May 26, 2008 Issue,
4183:Asia Pacific Viewpoint
3152:List of urban planners
3037:Urban society in China
967:as well as the world.
629:by rewriting it in an
492:by rewriting it in an
137:
126:
35:
8348:Urbanization in China
7639:Intellectual property
7134:1949â1976 wage reform
7077:Industrial Revolution
6277:Four Great Inventions
5661:People's Armed Police
3881:Yale University Press
3448:Hillman, Ben (2013),
3343:Yale University Press
3308:Simpson, Tim (2023).
3137:Community development
3057:Demographics of China
283:responsibility system
132:
120:
39:Urbanization in China
33:
8327:Economy of East Asia
8033:Youth Business China
7869:Ministry of Commerce
7817:SZSE Component Index
7434:Dalian Software Park
6866:United Arab Emirates
6626:Urbanisation in Asia
6256:World Heritage Sites
5784:Foreign aid received
5492:Environmental policy
5290:Environmental policy
5285:Environmental issues
4148:10.3828/idpr.2019.14
3569:. New York: Viking.
3419:Hu, Richard (2023).
725:Education Inequality
462:Environmental Impact
305:, with 5.9 million;
60:China's increase in
7874:Ministry of Finance
7795:SSE Composite Index
7765:Hedge fund industry
7612:Law and regulations
7319:academic publishing
7097:Four Modernizations
6893:limited recognition
6502:History of religion
6497:Freedom of religion
6352:Four Pests campaign
6297:Four Classic Novels
5909:Automotive industry
5789:Foreign aid program
5480:Pro-democratisation
4975:Cultural Revolution
4594:, 2011 Documentary.
4576:"Where Big Is Best"
4377:2016PLoSO..1158826C
3997:2019EnPlA..51..817S
3930:2020PLoSO..1537867L
3711:2020ScTEn.744n0264L
3351:10.2307/jj.11589102
987:
975:developed countries
774:
675:Floating Population
375:In 2005, China had
189:Cultural Revolution
187:effort. During the
161:would help promote
8358:Geography of China
8284:Chinese economists
8257:National Standards
8153:2007 slave scandal
8061:Bohai Economic Rim
8028:Made in China 2025
7977:Internal migration
7962:Standard of living
7750:Financial services
7624:Labor contract law
7578:Illegal drug trade
7548:World Trade Center
7384:Telecommunications
7332:equipment industry
7164:Advanced materials
7129:Population history
7092:Great Leap Forward
7046:Companies of China
6409:Population history
6389:Internal migration
6004:Harmonious Society
5879:Telecommunications
5836:Standard of living
5755:Online advertising
5507:Standing Committee
985:
772:
694:workplace bullying
631:encyclopedic style
618:is written like a
543:Population Density
494:encyclopedic style
481:is written like a
301:, with 7 million;
181:Great Leap Forward
138:
127:
36:
8335:
8334:
8148:2007 stock bubble
8013:Common prosperity
8003:Beijing Consensus
7957:Income inequality
7426:Development Zones
6998:
6997:
6935:other territories
6593:
6592:
6553:
6552:
6360:
6359:
5937:
5936:
5924:Shipping industry
5688:
5687:
5654:Strategic Support
5529:General Secretary
5514:National security
5497:Foreign relations
5451:
5450:
5372:
5371:
5335:
5334:
5038:Natural disasters
5005:
5004:
4958:Chinese Civil War
4953:Republic of China
4928:Taiping Rebellion
4801:Spring and Autumn
4706:Foreign relations
4564:, July 26, 2007,
4505:. eBeijing.gov.cn
4318:World Development
4196:10.1111/apv.12029
3890:978-0-300-26901-7
3873:Roach, Stephen S.
3576:978-1-9848-7828-1
3506:978-1-5017-6900-9
3434:978-0-231-21101-7
3395:978-0-19-592586-9
3323:978-1-5179-0031-1
3287:978-0-674-26022-1
3108:(or regeneration)
3100:Urban development
3067:Land use in China
3023:
3022:
946:
945:
744:rising inequality
738:Income Inequality
659:
658:
651:
522:
521:
514:
185:industrialization
16:(Redirected from
8375:
8363:Society of China
8322:Outline of China
8320:
8319:
8310:
8309:
8143:pet food recalls
8018:Dual circulation
7769:Stock Exchanges
7698:Financial system
7664:
7663:
7603:Trading partners
7349:Renewable energy
7277:
7276:
7044:
7043:
7032:Economy of China
7025:
7018:
7011:
7002:
6988:
6978:
6977:
6947:Christmas Island
6633:Sovereign states
6620:
6613:
6606:
6597:
6573:
6566:
6463:Tibetan Buddhism
6458:Chinese Buddhism
6312:Four Holy Beasts
6262:
6114:Social relations
6043:Standard Chinese
6038:Chinese language
5948:
5733:Economic history
5699:
5678:Maritime Militia
5387:
5383:
5354:Border crossings
5349:Baseline islands
5044:
5016:
4980:Tiananmen Square
4863:Sixteen Kingdoms
4671:Military history
4646:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4599:
4588:Dec 18, 2008 AFP
4531:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4406:
4388:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4008:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3941:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3869:
3858:
3857:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3628:
3615:
3614:
3592:
3581:
3580:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3530:
3511:
3510:
3488:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3416:
3399:
3398:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3268:Hou, Li (2021).
3265:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3188:
3162:Overspill estate
3062:Economy of China
988:
775:
654:
647:
643:
640:
634:
611:
610:
603:
517:
510:
506:
503:
497:
474:
473:
466:
202:created massive
21:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8331:
8293:
8187:
8120:
8037:
7991:
7923:
7830:
7643:
7629:Labor relations
7607:
7525:
7458:
7420:
7306:Pharmaceuticals
7138:
7072:Five-year plans
7048:
7034:
7029:
6999:
6994:
6966:
6934:
6925:
6906:Northern Cyprus
6892:
6885:
6627:
6624:
6594:
6589:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6549:
6521:
6439:
6399:Life expectancy
6356:
6260:
6140:
6060:Public holidays
6048:Written Chinese
6033:Intellectualism
5985:Sex trafficking
5933:
5895:
5855:
5684:
5600:
5447:
5438:Nationality law
5421:Law enforcement
5399:Judicial system
5368:
5331:
5305:Nature reserves
5295:Protected areas
5261:
5232:Water resources
5195:
5104:
5042:
5001:
4985:Economic reform
4948:1911 Revolution
4934:
4898:Jin (1115â1234)
4812:
4760:
4720:
4635:
4626:
4562:China's Chicago
4540:
4538:Further reading
4535:
4534:
4521:
4517:
4508:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4452:"National Data"
4450:
4449:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4371:(7): e0158826.
4358:
4357:
4353:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4222:(88): 657â679.
4209:
4208:
4204:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4035:
4034:
4030:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3924:(8): e0237867.
3911:
3910:
3906:
3891:
3871:
3870:
3861:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3618:
3611:
3594:
3593:
3584:
3577:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3532:
3531:
3514:
3507:
3490:
3489:
3462:
3454:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3418:
3417:
3402:
3396:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3361:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3288:
3267:
3266:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3117:Urban economics
3102:
3080:
3033:
3028:
983:
952:120 years, the
815:South-East Asia
770:
761:
740:
733:
727:
702:
677:
664:
655:
644:
638:
635:
627:help improve it
624:
612:
608:
601:
599:Societal Impact
593:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
558:
555:
545:
532:
527:
518:
507:
501:
498:
490:help improve it
487:
475:
471:
464:
444:
414:Under the 2014
143:Throughout the
115:
109:
101:property rights
58:
52:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8381:
8379:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8340:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8314:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8242:
8237:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8208:
8203:
8197:
8195:
8193:Related topics
8189:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8136:
8130:
8128:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8047:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
7999:
7997:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7942:Social welfare
7939:
7933:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7840:
7838:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7775:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7668:
7657:
7655:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7563:Postal history
7560:
7558:Communications
7555:
7550:
7545:
7539:
7537:
7535:infrastructure
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7501:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7492:Oil refineries
7489:
7479:
7474:
7468:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7430:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7326:
7321:
7312:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7234:Electric power
7231:
7229:Electric motor
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7148:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7124:Historical GDP
7121:
7116:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7082:Iron rice bowl
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7020:
7013:
7005:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6982:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6897:
6895:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6600:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6575:
6574:
6567:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6449:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6418:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6282:Four Gentlemen
6279:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6265:Fours of China
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6035:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5914:Civil aviation
5911:
5905:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5863:
5861:
5860:Infrastructure
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5814:Semiconductors
5811:
5806:
5796:
5794:Historical GDP
5791:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5572:Vice President
5564:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5300:National parks
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:Climate policy
5277:
5275:Climate change
5271:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5181:Central Plains
5170:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5028:Extreme points
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4836:Three Kingdoms
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4806:Warring States
4803:
4798:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4666:Historiography
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4573:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4527:2014-02-16 at
4515:
4494:
4469:
4458:. 1 March 2022
4443:
4418:
4351:
4304:
4249:
4202:
4189:(3): 352â371.
4169:
4142:(3): 293â311.
4122:
4095:(3): 340â356.
4075:
4028:
3991:(4): 817â819.
3971:
3904:
3889:
3859:
3819:
3808:
3769:
3760:
3748:
3685:
3638:
3633:Annual Reviews
3616:
3609:
3582:
3575:
3554:
3547:
3512:
3505:
3460:
3440:
3433:
3400:
3394:
3374:
3359:
3329:
3322:
3293:
3286:
3241:
3232:
3208:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:Urban planning
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:Inner Mongolia
1431:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
982:
979:
956:80 years, and
944:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
925:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
906:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
887:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
868:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
849:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
778:Region/country
769:
766:
760:
757:
739:
736:
731:
726:
723:
701:
698:
676:
673:
663:
660:
657:
656:
615:
613:
606:
600:
597:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
550:
544:
541:
531:
528:
526:
525:Climate Change
523:
520:
519:
478:
476:
469:
463:
460:
443:
440:
323:light industry
263:Inner Mongolia
170:Five Year Plan
155:iron rice bowl
108:
105:
51:
48:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8380:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8315:
8313:
8305:
8304:
8300:
8299:
8296:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8268:Made in China
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8245:Globalization
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8190:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8127:
8123:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8023:Go Out policy
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7994:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7926:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7543:Trade history
7541:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7472:Energy policy
7470:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7301:Pearl farming
7299:
7297:
7296:Online gaming
7294:
7292:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7199:Biotechnology
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7037:
7033:
7026:
7021:
7019:
7014:
7012:
7007:
7006:
7003:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6981:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6916:South Ossetia
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6621:
6616:
6614:
6609:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6490:Protestantism
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6475:Folk religion
6473:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Ethnic groups
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6292:Four Beauties
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:Urban society
6129:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6087:Social issues
6085:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6065:Rural society
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5965:Chinese Dream
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5929:Space program
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5579:State Council
5577:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:Civil service
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5071:South Central
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5008:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:Jin (266â420)
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Ethnic groups
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4570:The Economist
4567:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4529:archive.today
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4429:
4422:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4048:(1): 87â115.
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3879:. New Haven:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3610:9781760466244
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3548:9780295751719
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3360:9780300266900
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Urban planner
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:Urban renewal
3104:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
991:Province Name
990:
989:
980:
978:
976:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
941:
938:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
900:
897:
894:
892:
891:North America
889:
888:
884:
881:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:
767:
765:
758:
756:
752:
749:
745:
737:
735:
724:
722:
720:
714:
710:
706:
699:
697:
695:
690:
686:
683:
674:
672:
668:
661:
653:
650:
642:
632:
628:
622:
621:
616:This section
614:
605:
604:
598:
596:
551:
549:
542:
540:
536:
529:
524:
516:
513:
505:
495:
491:
485:
484:
479:This section
477:
468:
467:
461:
459:
456:
452:
448:
441:
439:
436:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
412:
410:
409:western China
406:
405:central China
401:
397:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
366:
364:
363:
358:
357:
350:
347:
342:
340:
335:
332:
328:
324:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
290:
286:
284:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:Hainan Island
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
211:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
124:
119:
114:
104:
102:
99:
95:
94:Southern Song
91:
87:
86:Northern Song
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
63:
57:
49:
44:
42:
40:
32:
19:
8302:
8301:
8266:
8240:Demographics
8232:
8226:Largest SOEs
7972:Urbanization
7971:
7681:Central bank
7411:Video gaming
7291:Mobile phone
6931:Dependencies
6861:Turkmenistan
6826:Saudi Arabia
6480:Christianity
6470:Confucianism
6430:Urbanization
6429:
6366:Demographics
6342:Gang of Four
6307:Four Symbols
6206:Martial arts
5980:Prostitution
5867:Architecture
5721:Central bank
5589:Vice Premier
5541:United front
5470:Constitution
5426:Penal system
5404:Human rights
5341:Subdivisions
5179: /
5175: /
5098:Southwestern
5093:Northwestern
4796:Western Zhou
4744:Yellow River
4694:1949âpresent
4579:
4569:
4518:
4507:. Retrieved
4497:
4485:. Retrieved
4482:Stats.gov.cn
4481:
4472:
4460:. Retrieved
4446:
4435:. Retrieved
4433:. p. 14
4421:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4045:
4041:
4031:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3876:
3829:
3825:
3811:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3763:
3751:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3632:
3599:. Canberra:
3596:
3566:
3557:
3534:
3492:
3450:
3443:
3423:. New York:
3420:
3384:
3377:
3338:
3332:
3309:
3269:
3235:
3224:. Retrieved
3220:
3211:
3200:. Retrieved
3198:. 2022-02-28
3195:
3186:
3132:Urban sprawl
1618:Heilongjiang
969:
962:
947:
762:
753:
741:
728:
715:
711:
707:
703:
691:
687:
678:
669:
665:
645:
636:
617:
559:
546:
537:
533:
508:
499:
480:
457:
453:
449:
445:
437:
434:
425:
419:
413:
393:
389:
374:
367:
360:
354:
351:
343:
336:
315:
291:
287:
279:
267:Heilongjiang
242:
238:
234:
232:
228:
212:
197:
178:
167:
158:
148:
142:
139:
75:
62:urbanization
59:
38:
37:
8201:Agriculture
8139:2007 export
7967:Foreign aid
7929:Development
7745:CITIC Group
7686:Other banks
7634:Food safety
7344:Real estate
7284:gold mining
7239:Electronics
7169:Aquaculture
6990:Asia portal
6891:States with
6811:Philippines
6751:South Korea
6746:North Korea
6641:Afghanistan
6246:Variety art
6241:Tea culture
6169:Calligraphy
6154:Archaeology
6014:Food safety
5809:Gold mining
5711:Aquaculture
5706:Agriculture
5666:Coast Guard
5433:Naming laws
5267:Environment
5255:South China
4734:Paleolithic
4726:Prehistoric
4684:before 1912
4426:Xu, Yiqin.
3832:: 876â885.
3789:: 299â309.
3537:. Seattle:
3369:jj.11589102
3112:Urban decay
734:emissions.
530:Temperature
193:rustication
163:proletarian
98:landholding
67:Qing Period
8342:Categories
8206:Bankruptcy
7982:Emigration
7952:Corruption
7666:Accounting
7619:Tax system
7519:Geothermal
7389:Television
7354:Securities
7339:Rare earth
7315:Publishing
7259:Hedge fund
7174:Automotive
7144:Industries
6871:Uzbekistan
6846:Tajikistan
6761:Kyrgyzstan
6741:Kazakhstan
6661:Bangladesh
6651:Azerbaijan
6507:Irreligion
6404:Statistics
6374:Emigration
6337:Four Wangs
6226:Philosophy
6211:Mass media
6194:Literature
6092:Patriarchy
6055:Propaganda
5975:Corruption
5960:Censorship
5750:E-commerce
5457:Government
5250:East China
5222:Waterfalls
5168:Peninsulas
5136:Grasslands
4509:2014-02-16
4487:18 January
4437:2016-02-14
4324:: 105878.
4269:: 110761.
3899:1347023475
3705:: 140264.
3658:: 110239.
3635:: 215â232.
3226:2024-01-30
3202:2022-04-21
3178:References
790:2000-2005
748:wealth gap
396:Xi Jinping
377:286 cities
346:peri-urban
327:handicraft
204:employment
145:Mao Zedong
111:See also:
71:foodstuffs
54:See also:
8303:See also:
8234:The Hongs
8211:Companies
8163:2010 Expo
7553:Transport
7504:Renewable
7487:Oil shale
7219:Container
7189:Aerospace
6957:Hong Kong
6911:Palestine
6836:Sri Lanka
6831:Singapore
6711:Indonesia
6394:Languages
6347:Four Olds
6302:Four arts
6189:Libraries
6119:Structure
6082:Sexuality
6019:incidents
5992:Education
5901:Transport
5777:Renewable
5772:Petroleum
5567:President
5534:Politburo
5487:Elections
5475:Democracy
5443:Terrorism
5191:Volcanoes
5173:Northeast
5151:Mountains
5061:Northeast
5011:Geography
4918:High Qing
4739:Neolithic
4711:Dynasties
4689:1912â1949
4680:Economic
4649:Overviews
4566:Chongqing
4395:1932-6203
4346:247486991
4338:0305-750X
4299:218690074
4283:0301-4797
4244:153726884
4236:1067-0564
4164:198791315
4156:1478-3401
4117:158157178
4109:1354-7860
4070:146328507
4062:0303-8300
4023:134628160
4015:0308-518X
3948:1932-6203
3854:158426150
3846:0959-6526
3803:0959-6526
3743:221017095
3727:0048-9697
3680:224849227
3672:1364-0321
3601:ANU Press
3563:Jin, Keyu
2415:Chongqing
2232:Guangdong
834:East Asia
787:1995-2000
784:1990-1995
781:1985-1990
556:Emissions
135:Guangzhou
8312:Category
7755:Renminbi
7573:Shipping
7406:Textiles
7374:Software
7364:Shipping
7359:Sex toys
7328:Railway
7310:pharmacy
7264:Internet
7254:Gambling
7184:Aircraft
7179:Aviation
7152:Industry
6980:Category
6901:Abkhazia
6851:Thailand
6806:Pakistan
6786:Mongolia
6781:Maldives
6776:Malaysia
6676:Cambodia
6580:Category
6453:Buddhism
6445:Religion
6422:Post-90s
6415:Post-80s
6159:Archives
6026:HIV/AIDS
5997:Literacy
5955:Abortion
5884:Internet
5841:Taxation
5824:Textiles
5804:Chemical
5799:Industry
5728:Currency
5606:Military
5414:in Tibet
5378:Politics
5315:Wildlife
5227:Wetlands
4990:COVID-19
4818:Imperial
4716:Monarchs
4676:Language
4661:Timeline
4633:articles
4580:Newsweek
4525:Archived
4462:23 March
4413:27433966
4365:PLOS ONE
4291:32425167
3966:32813702
3918:PLOS ONE
3875:(2022).
3735:32755767
3565:(2023).
3221:Statista
3157:New town
3026:See also
2964:Xinjiang
1988:Shandong
1740:Zhejiang
1496:Liaoning
1191:Shanghai
759:Farmland
639:May 2023
502:May 2023
430:Xiong'an
381:Shanghai
339:Shenzhen
331:workshop
311:Shenyang
299:Shanghai
275:Liaoning
247:Shanghai
224:Shanghai
123:Shenzhen
92:(of the
90:Hangzhou
84:(of the
8274:Mingong
8221:Top 500
8216:Largest
7947:Poverty
7676:History
7671:Banking
7653:banking
7649:Finance
7598:Exports
7568:Tourism
7499:Nuclear
7401:Tourism
7394:digital
7249:Fishing
7157:history
7062:History
7054:History
6876:Vietnam
6791:Myanmar
6771:Lebanon
6701:Georgia
6656:Bahrain
6646:Armenia
6564:Outline
6527:Symbols
6384:Eunuchs
6231:Smoking
6179:Cuisine
6146:Culture
6136:Welfare
6107:Suicide
6075:history
5943:Society
5872:Housing
5846:Tourism
5831:Poverty
5716:Banking
5694:Economy
5673:Militia
5584:Premier
5186:Valleys
5146:Islands
5131:Deserts
5121:Canyons
5109:Terrain
5088:Western
5076:Central
5048:Regions
5033:Geology
5023:Borders
4766:Ancient
4749:Yangtze
4656:History
4641:History
4404:4951071
4373:Bibcode
3993:Bibcode
3957:7444513
3926:Bibcode
3707:Bibcode
3017:57.90%
3014:57.24%
3011:56.53%
3008:55.53%
3005:54.01%
3002:51.90%
2999:50.41%
2996:48.76%
2993:46.80%
2990:44.95%
2956:66.35%
2953:66.07%
2950:64.91%
2947:63.60%
2944:62.11%
2941:60.99%
2938:58.71%
2935:57.02%
2932:54.87%
2929:52.85%
2903:Ningxia
2895:61.51%
2892:60.94%
2889:60.03%
2886:58.81%
2883:57.24%
2880:55.46%
2877:53.61%
2874:51.65%
2871:50.87%
2868:49.21%
2842:Qinghai
2834:54.21%
2831:53.33%
2828:52.22%
2825:50.70%
2822:49.70%
2819:48.14%
2816:46.07%
2813:44.23%
2810:42.28%
2807:40.48%
2773:64.00%
2770:63.63%
2767:62.65%
2764:61.28%
2761:59.65%
2758:58.07%
2755:56.40%
2752:54.73%
2749:53.02%
2746:51.58%
2720:Shaanxi
2712:37.36%
2709:36.61%
2706:35.79%
2703:34.63%
2700:33.90%
2697:33.24%
2694:31.47%
2691:28.79%
2688:26.15%
2685:23.97%
2651:51.72%
2648:51.04%
2645:50.04%
2642:48.66%
2639:47.44%
2636:46.28%
2633:44.64%
2630:42.93%
2627:41.22%
2624:39.99%
2590:54.82%
2587:54.34%
2584:53.16%
2581:51.48%
2578:49.53%
2575:47.75%
2572:45.56%
2569:42.96%
2566:40.25%
2563:37.89%
2537:Guizhou
2529:58.35%
2526:57.82%
2523:56.73%
2520:55.36%
2517:53.50%
2514:51.78%
2511:50.00%
2508:48.27%
2505:46.50%
2502:44.96%
2476:Sichuan
2468:70.96%
2465:70.33%
2462:69.46%
2459:68.22%
2456:66.61%
2453:65.01%
2450:63.34%
2447:61.47%
2444:59.74%
2441:58.29%
2407:61.44%
2404:60.98%
2401:60.28%
2398:59.40%
2395:59.16%
2392:58.02%
2389:56.74%
2386:54.92%
2383:53.31%
2380:52.28%
2346:55.66%
2343:55.07%
2340:54.19%
2337:52.97%
2334:51.83%
2331:50.58%
2328:49.25%
2325:47.99%
2322:46.54%
2319:45.11%
2293:Guangxi
2285:74.78%
2282:74.63%
2279:74.15%
2276:72.65%
2273:71.81%
2270:70.74%
2267:70.15%
2264:69.51%
2261:68.62%
2258:68.09%
2224:60.31%
2221:59.71%
2218:58.77%
2215:57.45%
2212:56.10%
2209:54.62%
2206:52.69%
2203:50.79%
2200:48.98%
2197:47.64%
2163:64.66%
2160:64.08%
2157:62.89%
2154:61.84%
2151:60.99%
2148:59.87%
2145:58.57%
2142:57.18%
2139:55.73%
2136:54.50%
2102:57.06%
2099:56.45%
2096:55.43%
2093:54.01%
2090:52.24%
2087:50.56%
2084:48.78%
2081:47.02%
2078:45.05%
2075:43.60%
2041:64.54%
2038:63.94%
2035:63.05%
2032:61.86%
2029:61.46%
2026:60.79%
2023:59.13%
2020:56.97%
2017:54.77%
2014:53.46%
1980:62.08%
1977:61.46%
1974:60.43%
1971:59.08%
1968:57.35%
1965:55.71%
1962:53.98%
1959:52.31%
1956:50.56%
1953:49.04%
1927:Jiangxi
1919:70.13%
1916:69.69%
1913:68.76%
1910:67.88%
1907:66.98%
1904:65.78%
1901:64.39%
1898:63.23%
1895:62.00%
1892:60.80%
1854:60.16%
1851:59.40%
1848:58.33%
1845:57.03%
1842:55.65%
1839:54.28%
1836:52.63%
1833:50.97%
1830:49.31%
1827:47.86%
1793:73.38%
1790:72.66%
1787:72.17%
1784:71.58%
1781:70.01%
1778:68.91%
1775:67.72%
1772:66.32%
1769:64.96%
1766:63.93%
1732:74.42%
1729:73.94%
1726:73.45%
1723:72.46%
1720:71.19%
1717:70.18%
1714:68.93%
1711:67.49%
1708:65.70%
1705:64.39%
1679:Jiangsu
1671:66.21%
1668:65.70%
1665:65.59%
1662:64.61%
1659:63.45%
1656:61.90%
1653:61.10%
1650:60.47%
1647:59.23%
1644:58.05%
1610:63.71%
1607:63.37%
1604:62.65%
1601:61.64%
1598:60.87%
1595:59.70%
1592:58.75%
1589:57.63%
1586:56.81%
1583:55.73%
1549:73.00%
1546:72.81%
1543:72.15%
1540:71.22%
1537:70.26%
1534:69.48%
1531:68.87%
1528:68.05%
1525:67.05%
1522:66.46%
1488:68.60%
1485:68.21%
1482:67.50%
1479:66.46%
1476:65.52%
1473:64.61%
1470:63.38%
1467:62.09%
1464:60.96%
1461:59.84%
1427:63.95%
1424:63.42%
1421:62.52%
1418:61.28%
1415:59.85%
1412:58.60%
1409:57.26%
1406:55.87%
1403:54.31%
1400:52.87%
1366:61.66%
1363:61.14%
1360:60.08%
1357:58.78%
1354:57.33%
1351:55.74%
1348:53.87%
1345:51.67%
1342:49.37%
1339:48.02%
1305:85.11%
1302:84.85%
1299:84.72%
1296:84.33%
1293:83.95%
1290:83.55%
1287:83.30%
1284:82.90%
1281:82.58%
1278:82.27%
1252:Tianjin
1244:89.33%
1241:89.31%
1238:89.31%
1235:89.24%
1232:89.13%
1229:89.09%
1226:89.01%
1223:88.53%
1220:89.30%
1217:89.58%
1183:87.59%
1180:87.53%
1177:87.53%
1174:87.35%
1171:87.09%
1168:86.92%
1165:86.74%
1162:86.70%
1159:86.50%
1156:86.40%
1125:Beijing
1119:66.16%
1116:65.22%
1113:64.72%
1110:63.89%
1107:62.71%
1104:61.50%
1101:60.24%
1098:58.84%
1095:57.33%
1092:55.75%
1089:54.49%
972:western
950:Britain
910:Oceania
625:Please
488:Please
385:Beijing
307:Tianjin
303:Beijing
255:Tianjin
251:Beijing
239:zizhiqu
220:Beijing
210:(SOE).
82:Kaifeng
45:History
8126:Events
7464:Energy
7279:Mining
7224:Cotton
7214:Coffee
7209:Cement
7067:Reform
6921:Taiwan
6856:Turkey
6821:Russia
6756:Kuwait
6736:Jordan
6726:Israel
6686:Cyprus
6671:Brunei
6666:Bhutan
6585:Portal
6540:Emblem
6535:Anthem
6517:Taoism
6199:Poetry
6174:Cinema
6097:Racism
6009:Health
5762:Energy
5738:Reform
5649:Rocket
5634:Ground
5359:Cities
5245:Yellow
5217:Rivers
5207:Canals
5161:passes
5156:ranges
4940:Modern
4631:
4411:
4401:
4393:
4344:
4336:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4242:
4234:
4162:
4154:
4115:
4107:
4068:
4060:
4021:
4013:
3964:
3954:
3946:
3897:
3887:
3852:
3844:
3801:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3678:
3670:
3607:
3573:
3545:
3503:
3431:
3392:
3367:
3357:
3320:
3284:
2987:44.21%
2984:43.73%
2981:43.02%
2978:37.15%
2926:51.14%
2923:50.15%
2920:47.87%
2917:42.28%
2865:47.81%
2862:46.48%
2859:44.76%
2856:39.25%
2804:38.78%
2801:37.26%
2798:36.13%
2795:30.02%
2743:49.72%
2740:47.36%
2737:45.76%
2734:37.24%
2682:22.86%
2679:22.65%
2676:22.67%
2673:20.71%
2621:38.48%
2618:36.58%
2615:34.70%
2612:29.50%
2598:Yunnan
2560:36.30%
2557:35.04%
2554:33.80%
2551:26.86%
2499:43.35%
2496:41.85%
2493:40.18%
2490:33.00%
2438:56.64%
2435:54.99%
2432:53.02%
2429:45.21%
2377:50.99%
2374:50.34%
2371:49.83%
2368:45.17%
2354:Hainan
2316:43.48%
2313:41.89%
2310:40.00%
2307:33.63%
2255:67.15%
2252:66.57%
2249:66.18%
2246:60.68%
2194:46.22%
2191:44.96%
2188:43.30%
2185:37.01%
2133:53.23%
2130:51.79%
2127:49.70%
2124:43.20%
2072:41.98%
2069:40.47%
2066:38.50%
2063:30.65%
2011:52.03%
2008:50.86%
2005:49.70%
2002:45.00%
1950:47.40%
1947:45.75%
1944:44.06%
1941:37.00%
1889:59.31%
1886:58.11%
1883:57.11%
1880:49.40%
1862:Fujian
1824:46.30%
1821:44.79%
1818:43.01%
1815:35.51%
1763:63.90%
1760:62.30%
1757:61.62%
1754:56.02%
1702:63.00%
1699:62.01%
1696:60.58%
1693:50.50%
1641:56.87%
1638:56.48%
1635:55.66%
1632:53.09%
1580:54.52%
1577:53.39%
1574:53.35%
1571:52.50%
1519:65.65%
1516:64.06%
1513:62.10%
1510:58.71%
1458:58.40%
1455:57.04%
1452:55.50%
1449:47.19%
1397:51.32%
1394:49.80%
1391:48.04%
1388:42.12%
1374:Shanxi
1336:46.60%
1333:45.59%
1330:44.50%
1327:37.69%
1275:81.57%
1272:80.46%
1269:79.54%
1266:75.14%
1214:89.29%
1211:89.30%
1208:89.31%
1205:89.10%
1153:86.28%
1150:86.22%
1147:85.98%
1144:83.62%
1086:53.10%
1083:51.83%
1080:49.95%
1077:42.99%
872:Europe
370:Pudong
362:hutong
356:danwei
273:, and
253:, and
216:Harbin
159:danwei
150:danwei
7588:Ports
7531:Trade
7514:Solar
7379:Steel
7324:Radio
7269:Media
6962:Macau
6881:Yemen
6841:Syria
6816:Qatar
6796:Nepal
6731:Japan
6706:India
6696:Egypt
6681:China
6571:Index
6512:Islam
6435:Women
6236:Sport
6221:Names
6216:Music
6184:Dance
5970:Crime
5851:Trade
5819:Steel
5325:Flora
5320:Fauna
5240:Bohai
5236:Seas
5212:Lakes
5200:Water
5177:North
5141:Hills
5126:Caves
5081:South
5066:North
4779:Shang
4629:China
4431:(PDF)
4342:S2CID
4295:S2CID
4240:S2CID
4160:S2CID
4113:S2CID
4066:S2CID
4019:S2CID
3850:S2CID
3739:S2CID
3676:S2CID
3455:(PDF)
3365:JSTOR
3078:World
3031:China
2781:Gansu
2659:Tibet
2171:Hunan
2110:Hubei
2049:Henan
1877:42.0%
1874:21.4%
1871:21.2%
1868:13.3%
1801:Anhui
1557:Jilin
1313:Hebei
1141:77.5%
1138:73.4%
1135:64.7%
1132:56.0%
1129:74.3%
1074:36.2%
1071:26.4%
1068:20.9%
1065:18.3%
1062:13.3%
1057:China
1051:2023
1048:2022
1045:2021
1042:2020
1039:2019
1036:2018
1033:2017
1030:2016
1027:2015
1024:2014
1021:2013
958:Japan
942:2.04
929:World
923:1.40
904:1.37
885:0.13
866:3.08
853:China
847:2.52
828:3.40
809:2.61
700:Hukou
426:hukou
421:hukou
400:hukou
319:heavy
295:India
271:Jilin
235:sheng
7651:and
7533:and
7509:Wind
7477:Coal
7416:Wine
7369:Silk
7317:and
7308:and
7244:Film
7194:Beer
6801:Oman
6766:Laos
6721:Iraq
6716:Iran
6545:Flag
6126:Time
5919:Rail
5767:Coal
5639:Navy
5409:LGBT
5116:Bays
5056:East
4913:Qing
4908:Ming
4903:Yuan
4893:Song
4888:Liao
4878:Tang
4791:Zhou
4784:Late
4754:Liao
4489:2018
4464:2022
4409:PMID
4391:ISSN
4334:ISSN
4287:PMID
4279:ISSN
4232:ISSN
4152:ISSN
4105:ISSN
4058:ISSN
4011:ISSN
3962:PMID
3944:ISSN
3895:OCLC
3885:ISBN
3842:ISSN
3799:ISSN
3731:PMID
3723:ISSN
3668:ISSN
3605:ISBN
3571:ISBN
3543:ISBN
3501:ISBN
3429:ISBN
3390:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3318:ISBN
3282:ISBN
1018:2012
1015:2011
1012:2010
1009:2005
1006:2000
1003:1990
1000:1982
997:1964
994:1953
965:Asia
939:2.18
936:2.33
933:2.70
920:1.46
917:1.52
914:1.52
901:1.51
898:0.57
895:1.24
882:0.14
879:0.37
876:0.78
863:3.52
860:3.77
857:5.04
844:2.82
841:3.08
838:4.08
825:3.84
822:3.99
819:4.11
806:2.88
803:3.09
800:3.78
796:Asia
407:and
329:and
321:and
78:Song
7482:Oil
6933:and
6164:Art
5644:Air
5391:Law
4873:Sui
4846:Han
4841:Wei
4831:Han
4826:Qin
4774:Xia
4399:PMC
4381:doi
4326:doi
4322:154
4271:doi
4267:269
4224:doi
4191:doi
4144:doi
4097:doi
4050:doi
4046:132
4001:doi
3952:PMC
3934:doi
3834:doi
3830:209
3791:doi
3787:157
3715:doi
3703:744
3660:doi
3656:135
3347:doi
243:shi
8344::
8141:/
4851:Wu
4568:,
4480:.
4454:.
4407:.
4397:.
4389:.
4379:.
4369:11
4367:.
4363:.
4340:.
4332:.
4320:.
4316:.
4293:.
4285:.
4277:.
4265:.
4261:.
4238:.
4230:.
4220:23
4218:.
4214:.
4187:54
4185:.
4181:.
4158:.
4150:.
4140:41
4138:.
4134:.
4111:.
4103:.
4093:23
4091:.
4087:.
4064:.
4056:.
4044:.
4040:.
4017:.
4009:.
3999:.
3989:51
3987:.
3983:.
3960:.
3950:.
3942:.
3932:.
3922:15
3920:.
3916:.
3893:.
3883:.
3862:^
3848:.
3840:.
3828:.
3824:.
3797:.
3785:.
3781:.
3737:.
3729:.
3721:.
3713:.
3701:.
3697:.
3674:.
3666:.
3654:.
3650:.
3619:^
3603:.
3585:^
3541:.
3515:^
3499:.
3463:^
3427:.
3403:^
3363:.
3353:.
3345:.
3316:.
3296:^
3280:.
3272:.
3244:^
3219:.
3194:.
1059:*
977:.
954:US
586:CO
552:CO
411:.
269:,
249:,
226:.
103:.
7115:"
7111:"
7024:e
7017:t
7010:v
6619:e
6612:t
6605:v
6424:"
6420:"
6417:"
6413:"
4621:e
4614:t
4607:v
4512:.
4491:.
4466:.
4440:.
4415:.
4383::
4375::
4348:.
4328::
4301:.
4273::
4246:.
4226::
4199:.
4193::
4166:.
4146::
4119:.
4099::
4072:.
4052::
4025:.
4003::
3995::
3968:.
3936::
3928::
3901:.
3856:.
3836::
3820:2
3805:.
3793::
3745:.
3717::
3709::
3682:.
3662::
3613:.
3579:.
3551:.
3509:.
3437:.
3371:.
3349::
3326:.
3290:.
3229:.
3205:.
732:2
652:)
646:(
641:)
637:(
633:.
592:2
588:2
583:2
579:2
575:2
571:2
567:2
562:2
554:2
515:)
509:(
504:)
500:(
496:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
