1899:(stress on words) appeared only the end of the 12th century. Karácsonyi considered Győry's review to be subjective with full of personal attacks. He argued if academic life accepts Győry's definition of rhyming prose, according to which he wants to link its existence to the law of stress on words, there "would not be a single coherent text in world literature that could be classified as rhyming prose". In contrast, Győry's definition of bound rhythmic prose was too permissive, according to Karácsonyi. He added, after examining the text, Győry wrongly criticized Horváth's findings in many places. After 60 years, Bernadett Benei analyzed the debate that developed over Horváth's thesis. She argued his definition of the medieval rhythmic prose is in line with the international literature, which also places its appearance at the end of the 12th century. However, Benei argued that stylistic analysis alone is not sufficient, the results of other researches (e.g. historical, philological, source criticism, social history) must also be taken into account, but this was also emphasized by Horváth in his work. Gyula Kristó, who analyzed the text regarding lexicography and phraseology (see below), found that 63 percent of the chronicle text does not contain elements of rhythmic prose, thus majority of text were written before the 1240s (when rhythmic prose spread in Hungary.
2256:. She believed that there is a 65–70% match between the two texts grammatically and stylistically. She added the chronicler's knowledge of Latin seems more sophisticated than that of Anonymus. As a conclusion, Benei discovered two linguistic layers in the text of the chronicle: the earlier text had more in mind the linguistic rules of classical Latin, while the second one, with Middle Latin characteristics, was created during a large-scale redaction. The second style prevails most strongly in the 121–128th chapters: this is where the original text has been re-edited and rewritten to the greatest extent. Benei estimated that the proportion of classical Latin and medieval Latin in the entire text is roughly 60–40%. According to Benei, it was possible to grammatically prove Gyula Kristó's thesis regarding the large-scale redaction, which plausibly occurred in the first decades of the 13th century. Benei claimed in the text of the chronicle there are some faint hints that the chronicler may have belonged to the
1216:(which was already expanded under Stephen II) was extended and reedited by a chronicler under Béla II or Géza II, sometime between 1131 and 1152, in order to denigrate Coloman. However, this chronicler did superficial work, so adjectives contrary to his intention (especially regarding Stephen II) could remain in the text. This work was continued under Stephen III to, until the year 1167; this version was utilized by Henry of Mügeln later. This chronicler, as Hóman emphasized, completely neglected objectivity regarding the reign of Coloman and Stephen II. Sándor Domanovszky accepted the standpoints of Pauler and Hóman. József Deér and Péter Váczy agreed that a continuator revised the original chronicle text in order to represent Coloman and his son in a negative context and continued the work until the year 1152. Another author continued this text until 1167, under Stephen III. János Győry considered the myth of Sicambria (
1920:
1916:". He found altogether 56 identical terms throughout the chronicle until the mid-12th century. Madzsar realized the frequent use of Biblical phrases generally. Several historians did not accept Madzsar's findings. Bálint Hóman argued a medieval author had the same stylistic set, often taking whole texts from other works to depict similar events (e.g. battles). He also considered that a significant part of the 56 phrases are too common to draw stylistic conclusions. Sándor Domanovszky criticized Madzsar for not making a distinction between an original chronicle and an interpolated chronicle. Later continuators usually imitated the linguistic style of their predecessors. János Horváth considered that standalone phrases are not suitable for drawing conclusions, rather the wording as a whole should be the subject of the investigation.
637:
1311:", there is no way this chronicler could live before the end of the 12th century, as Pauler considered. Ladislaus I was canonized in 1192 and the chronicle refers to him as a holy king, the historian added. In contrast, Jenő Vértesy emphasized that the chronicle highlights his knightly virtues, which rather indicates that the text was written before the canonization. Other scholars – e.g. Gyula Sebestyén and László Geréb – argue there was no historiographical activity under Béla. C. A. Macartney emphasized that history writing which sought to record current events, abruptly halted in the last decades of the 12th century. There is no sign of any attempt to record contemporary history, and the reigns of Béla III and his successors until the extinction of the Árpád dynasty (except somewhat
1245:. József Gerics also argued in favor of a continuation under Stephen III. The main purpose of this work was to emphasize legitimacy and the right to the crown. Therefore the compilator inserted that text which implies that Géza I said that he had sinned because he had possessed himself of the kingdom of a lawfully crowned king, while Ladislaus I was hesitant to succeed his brother Géza and planned to "restore the kingdom" to Solomon. This Stephen III-era legitimist ideology was preserved by Henry of Mügeln's work and the Knauz chronicles. Lajos J. Csóka considered that a Benedictine author from the Pannonhalma Abbey continued Solomon's chronicle under the reign of Stephen III. Csóka discovered philological connections between the texts of the
1554:. In his 1974 study, Gyula Kristó identified this work with the Hungarian chronicle written around 1235. He argued Alberic of Trois-Fontaines also utilized this chronicle in his work. Kristó considered the indicator "Christianorum" was to distinguish it from Anonymus' gesta. According to Kristó, the 1230s redaction might be centered around Duke Béla and his confidants (Béla was interested in the conversation of Cumans along the eastern borderland and had strong connections with the Dominican preachers). Kristó emphasized that Alberic represented a dark image of Gisela in his chronicle, proving that he used that redaction. During the life of Andrew II, the chronicler did not have the opportunity to write about the sins of
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1186:, which preserved unique elements about the history of mid-12th century Hungary, this text lasted until the death of Stephen III (1172). Géza Nagy accepted Sebestyén's viewpoint. He argued the chronicler compiled his chronicle (the first continuation of Solomon's ancient gesta) in 1132; Béla II appears as a living person in the text. This "second chronicle" started the text from the 1091 incursion of the Cumans and narrated the reigns of Coloman and Stephen II in detail. Subsequently, this chronicle was expanded with short records during the reigns of Géza II and Stephen III. János Karácsonyi identified Béla's chronicler with
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232:
457:
496:
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22:
1237:. His style was characterized by ironic crude humor and was determined to exaggerate the surprising twists within the narrations. He often used dialogues (in rhythmic prose) in the text, even interrupting the unity of the narrative. Horváth considered that this chronicler completely revised the text from the last regnal years of Ladislaus I. Elemér Mályusz accepted Horváth's theory. He argued that part, which emphasizes Solomon's legitimacy against Géza and Ladislaus, was written under Stephen III, who had to fight against his rebellious uncles,
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1033:
1012:) emphasizes the legitimacy of Géza and Ladislaus. Gerics argued these sections were initially parts of two different works, "legitimist" and "idoneist" chronicles, respectively. The latter detailed the "celestial" Ladislaus' ability to rule, which reflects the ideology of Coloman's royal court. This phenomenon can be observed in the hagiography of St. Stephen written by Hartvik, a court cleric of Coloman, too. Historian Elemér Mályusz accepted Gerics' argument and considered that the
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1170:(written under Solomon, according to him) was continued around 1132, shortly after Béla's coronation. It was written on the occasion of the wedding of Hedwig (Béla's sister) and Duke Adalbert of Austria in order to strengthen the Austro-Hungarian relations. The author's goal was to justify the legal claim of the Álmos branch. Sebestyén claimed that several parts of the 11th-century events, in which Géza I and Ladislaus I are displayed in positive color (e.g. establishment of the
1851:). Rhythmic prose was not limited to a certain period, it is present throughout Latin-language literature, especially regarding narrative works. Horváth criticized Mezey that he deliberately confused the metric rhythmic prose of antiquity and the rhythmic prose of the Middle Ages, based on stress on words, even though both have a set of rules, the use of which could only have been conscious on the part of the chroniclers. In the latter case, the authors used only three clauses (
1597:
667:, which states that "whoever delights to know how many and how great were the good works wrought for his people by the blessed Ladislaus, will find full account of his deeds". He considered this work identical with the first Hungarian chronicle. Hóman argued the original text of the ancient gesta can be determined from the 13th-century chronicle of Alberic of Trois-Fontaines. The extracts of this ancient source were the three chronicles, which were compiled in
2216:, in several cases there are deviations from the rules of classical Latin grammar (among the 73 subject and object adverbial clauses, 19 percent deviates, while among the 50 adverbial construction of purposes, 40 percent do not follow classical Latin grammar). There also consequent adverbial clauses (21, eight of them shows medieval Latin phenomenon), causative clauses (89), tense clauses, comparable clauses (84) and applicable clauses (226, overwhelmingly
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continuations. Most historians agreed on this, although they all attempted to separate the various parts by determining their time of origin. Literary historian Tibor
Klaniczay, representing a dissenting opinion, considered that the 11–12th century gestas were all separate works, which covered various parts of the Hungarian history, and they could even represent different views on the same topic. Thus, there was no a single royal court chronicle (i.e.
1821:
puns, and pairs of opposites. Nicholas closed his work with a chronological summary in the late 1050s. By defining the literary style of the various chapters, Horváth believed that the time of their creation could be determined chronologically. By rhymed prose, Horváth divided the chronicle text into three parts: 63–90, 91–139 and 140–167 chapters. From the point of view of rhythmicity, Horváth also analyzed other contemporary works too, for instance
2027:
1267:
957:
1891:) and the same number of stressed words. In his thesis, Horváth determined total of 1,250 clauses as rhyming prose. Győry disputed this for 1,017 clauses, accusing Horváth of arbitrarily creating "truncated poems". In response, Horváth gave a different definition of rhyming prose (colons of equal length instead of word stress). He wrote that one cannot speak of conscious rhythmic prose before the end of the 12th century.
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Garamszentbenedek), whose data (names, dates) confirm the contemporaneity of the 11th century text of the chronicle. In contrast, Tibor Szőcs emphasized that modifications and falsifications typically do not affect the formulaic parts of the diplomas (including the list of dignitaries), since it was precisely these parts of the diploma that could maintain the appearance of authenticity of the interpolated diplomas.
1879:
1566:" is a uniform style work up to and including 1167, and its re-editor was a contemporary of Anonymus. Both of them plausibly studied in France. Initially Kristó considered that later chroniclers did not know the work of Anonymus, but he later revised this position, as a result of György Györffy's research results, and spoke of a double interaction between the text of the chronicle and the work of Anonymus.
1625:(r. 1270–1272), while previously Gyula Pauler and Sándor Domanovszky had already referred to an unidentified chronicler between the ages of Anonymus and Simon of Kéza, whose some texts were preserved in the 14th-century chronicle composition. Ákos praised untruthfully highly the past and privileges of Székesfehérvár and Buda, the two churches where he functioned, and attempted to make his own kindred, the
1648:) proved with philological and linguistic examinations that it can be considered as the own work of Simon of Kéza, who inserted the history of the Huns before the main chronicle text (the Sambucus Codex preserved most faithfully the state of the pre-Simon 13th century chronicle). Ákos' text reflects aristocratic tone, which in many cases prompted him to make anachronistic insertions (e.g. the
1131:
410:. János Győry sharply criticized Horváth's conclusions on several points. In contrast, literary historian Tibor Klaniczay (1964) accepted the arguments claiming that the first gesta author recorded the events from the last regnal years of Stephen I until the 1051 German–Hungarian war. After a couple of decades, György Szabados (2010s) was the first scholar, who considered that the
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which always weighs more on the lat compared to the stylistic analysis. Mezey argued the rhyming style is not suitable to be established as an epoch-marking boundary in medieval literary works. Mezey also denied the deliberate use of rhythmicity and different expressions in several aspects, instead, in many cases, imitations of existing antique
European literary traditions (e.g.
1112:
63:) are the historiographical names of the earliest Hungarian chronicle, which was completed in the second half of the 11th century or in the early 12th century. Its text was expanded and rewritten several times in the 12th–14th centuries, but the chronicle itself was lost since then and its content can only be reconstructed based on 14th-century works, most notably the
480:'s revolt. The hagiography formulated its narration of the 1030 German–Hungarian war by using phrases from the chronicle's chapter which tells the 1051 German invasion of Hungary. Gerics, discovered double and mutually exclusive talk by a part of the chronicle text, which puts the monarchs under different judgments, such as Béla I and Solomon. Gerics considered the
819:. It is possible that the chronicler began his work with Koppány's rebellion and narrated the events until Coloman with the monarchs in the centre, and were mostly short notes in chronological order. Kristó considered the author was a Hungarian-born secular clergyman, who did not receive education abroad. He utilized oral traditions and an early version of the
3025:). László Veszprémy also considered this section in non-authentic, since ecclesiastical involvement does not appear during the act, and Stephen was already well past childhood. Regarding the chapter of Székesfehérvár, the provost never enjoyed these privileges. The sword appears among the royal insignia during only the reign of Coloman.
1672:) had rewritten under his own name the first chapters of the extract interpolating the history of Huns of the Attila's age as the first conquering of the Carpathian Basin. In addition, he expanded the text with last chapter of the work with the story of the victorious battles of Ladislaus IV until 1282 (the work ends with the
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authorship. Győry accused Horváth of categorizing the texts in an imaginative way, without any basis, defining them as rhyming or rhythmic prose. According to him, Horváth worked according to an outdated approach, and ignored that the number of syllables had no role in medieval rhyming prose, which is based on pure rhyme (
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appeared at
Coloman's court in Hungary. During this time, the king acted as patron of the hagiographies, collections of laws, liturgical texts that were created at that time. Marian Plezia (1959), modifying his former standpoint, also argued that the first chronicle was written at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries.
3165:") origin, which first appears in this form in an Italian charter in 1249. Györffy argued that Anonymus, returning Hungary, nativeized this word in Hungary, i.e. this text could not be written before the early 13th century. In contrast, József Gerics listed examples of the word from 9–12th centuries in Western Europe.
398:, due to stylistic similarities. Horváth analyzed that this author wrote the gesta until the death of Andrew I and frequently used rhythmic prose, which is less typical of the later parts of the chronicle text. The chronicler reports in detail on the German–Hungarian wars of the 1050s, unlike the foreign works (e.g.
3825:" to the Hungarian historiography, which implies that only a capable ("idoneist") monarch was considered a legitim ruler in medieval Europe, thus the two characteristics cannot be separated from each other. Bagi argued the dynasty affairs in the second half of the 11th century is narrated through the aspect of the
1528:, listing joint expressions and terms as examples appeared in the two works. In the 1972 study, Kristó argued that two redactions took place at the turn of the 12–13th centuries; the first occurred in the 1190s (under Béla III, see above), while the second one was written in the 1220–1230s in the court of
948:), which the chroniclers of the monarchs of different eras modified by expanding or re-editing according to their own tastes and political goals. The majority of historians do not share this viewpoint, considering that the chronicle writing in Hungary was connected to the royal court from the beginnings.
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Györffy's theory regarding the 70-year memory limit was widely criticized by György
Szabados, who emphasized that the Hungarian chronicle is the personal history of the Hungarian kings, of whose entourage there is no demonstrable member who would have lived to the age of 50. In any case, the style of
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and his followers ate the "flesh of horses". This phrase also appears in the longer legend of St. Gerard. Sándor
Domanovszky argued the chronicle utilized the legend's text, while János Horváth, Jr. thought exactly the opposite, the legend's author changed several phrases, thus breaking the rhymes of
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The dying
Coloman ordered to imprison his blinded brother Álmos. He sent one of his nobles, Benedict, son of Both to capture the duke, who was sheltered in the church of Dömös. Benedict laid sacrilegious hands upon him and pulled at him violently as he clung to the altar. While he thus strove to drag
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for the
Hungarian throne. During the civil war, the incumbent abbot John of Pannohalma supported Andrew's effort and the chronicle provided an ideological background for the rebellious duke, who became king in 1205. Csóka emphasized the Benedictine influence in the text of the chronicle. Accordingly,
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Gyula Kristó agreed that the chronicle was expanded under a monarch from the Álmos branch, but only with brief records in the style of annals. In order to emphasize the legitimist ideology, this author re-draw the depictions of
Solomon and his cousins, since Béla II was a legitimate ruler, but lacked
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and the lesser legend of
Stephen I, at the center of which is this author, who expanded the chronicle until his own age and stylistically unified the previous passages. Csóka claimed this Benedictine friar put the coronation date of the first Hungarian king to the year 1000 in order to strengthen the
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In contrast to the pre-WW2 historians, János Horváth, Jr. claimed that a single chronicle expanded the chronicle text (first continued under
Coloman) during the reign of Stephen III (chapters 141–167), in order to defame Coloman and Stephen II. The tone of the previous, objective and loyal chronicle,
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upon the order of Coloman after series of rebellions by his brother against his rule. Therefore, expansions and interpolations of the chronicle text under Béla II and his descendants preserved an unfavorable image of Coloman and Stephen II. This negative view was a form of "revenge" by Álmos' branch,
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and their rule (for the causes, see below), but a remnant of an earlier text can be found in some places where the two monarchs appear in a positive light. Consequently, Sándor Domanovszky assumed a continuation written under the reign of Stephen II too. He discovered the text of the Acephalus Codex
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regarding the depiction of St. Ladislaus) in those texts, which were written around 1100 and thus those sections are distinguishable from the original text corpus. János Horváth, Jr. – accepting the argument of literary historian László Négyesy – considered the chapters, which narrate the events from
859:
in a complex chronicle during the reign of Coloman. Péter B. Kovács (2020) and classical phylologist Bernadett Benei (2022) also accepted the term "historical records". The latter highlighted that the Vata pagan uprising in 1046 and the subsequent events are given a prominent place in the text of the
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contained the Christianization of Hungary and the theological aspects of the Christian faith. Kristó considered the first chronicle was a kind of reckoning that followed the journey of Hungarians becoming Christians from the time of St. Stephen. Kristó discovered philological similarities between the
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by Kaindl, narrated the history of Hungary in short records until the death of Ladislaus I in 1095, while the second one was created around 1100 and contained a detailed narration from the reign of Andrew I to Ladislaus I. Literary historian László Geréb (1950) considered that the literary life first
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can be traced. The scholar claimed the Benedictine author compiled the gesta most likely in the late 1060s. He started his work with the 970s, the first Christian missions to Hungary, and closed his chronicle with an important event for his ecclesiastical order, the foundation of the Zselicszentjakab
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granted two scapularies the hems with the privilege of such authority that whoever should wear these for the celebration of Mass should be rightfully empowered to anoint and crown the king and to gird him with a sword. During the conflict between Solomon and Géza, abbot William "immediately girt on
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appears in the chronicle too; beside that only a non-authentic charter uses this term from 1209. This also strengthens Kristó's theory about a large-scale redaction in the early 13th century. Kornél Szovák numbered 20 unique phrases that only occur in the chronicle text (two of them are only typos).
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Gyula Kristó argued that only the Acephalus Codex preserved the original text of the "Stephen II continuation" without any interpolations. This work started from Stephen's coronation (1116) and lasted until 1127, thus it can be considered a contemporary record. To the direction of the king, its tone
881:
and his son Géza II prove that the first Hungarian chronicle was written under the latter's reign, sometime between 1150 and 1160, based on pre-existing historical records. Imre Madzsar (1926) analyzed the text in terms of style and form. He argued in favor of a uniform style text – preserved in the
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In contrast to Gerics, Gyula Kristó did not set the two principles in exclusive opposition to each other. He argued, for instance, that "idoneist" elements can be observed in earlier texts too, e.g. the Christian abilities of Saint Stephen, while the principle "legitimism" was just as important for
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also mentions Géza's girding with a sword, which already reflects the chivalric ideal of the mid-12th century. It is possible that the chronicler at the turn of 12–13th centuries, who redacted the text, also made this act part of the ceremonies in connection with previous royal inaugurations, in an
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Kristó considered the chronicle can be described as a work with a unified wording, which was compiled sometime between 1210 and 1235. The chronicler was a contemporary of Anonymus, they both attended a foreign university, possibly in France. Due to individual stylistic features, the identity of the
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in rhyming prose at the time of Andrew I (i.e. before the era of rhythmic prose), utilizing royal charters and oral reports. Nicholas divided his rhyming prose into equal colons which are connected by rhymes at the end of colons and by side rhymes. The style is characterized by a rhetorical effect,
1807:
Classical philologist János Horváth, Jr. analyzed the rhyming and rhythmic prose text of the 14th-century chronicle composition in detail in his 1954 academic thesis. In medieval literature, rhyming prose covered the period from the second half of the 10th century until the end of the 12th century.
830:
to a great extent until the year 1046. Later on, there is no longer a close philological connection between the two texts. Veszprémy cited the observation of German scholar Norbert Kersken, who argued that the beginning of the 12th century was the first highlight of chronicle literature. Beside the
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have opposite meanings in places close to each other, which rather supports the non-uniformity of the text, but the latter usually leads into clause is various parts of the corpus, which can prove uniformity. Regarding adversative coordinations, often lose their emphasis and can be corresponded to
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in the accusative structure of some prepositions. When addressing monarchs and other high-ranking persons, superlative adjective conjugation often appears. The conjugation shows classic medieval Latin style features. According to Benei, several phenomena prove the linguistic unity of the text, but
1511:
Kristó elaborated the theory of the possibility of a complete redaction at the beginning of the 13th century in the most detailed manner, but over the decades his position changed in several matters of detail. In 1970, Kristó highlighted that a chronicler at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries
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and the Hungarian chronicle text regarding the rule of Ladislaus I (ideal of a knight king), which was reformulated and recorded under Béla III, on the occasion of Ladislaus' canonization. In addition, as Veszprémy cited, Ladislaus' ecclesiastical representation literally quotes Gratian's law book
1318:
Gyula Kristó represented the viewpoint that some of Henry of Mügeln's narratives comes from a continuation which was created during the reign of Béla III. For instance, its 54–55th chapters mention that several lords defected from Stephen III to Stephen IV, because the Hungarians "could not decide
906:
was the earliest source for the 14th-century chronicle composition. Erdélyi emphasized that Simon writes in his prologue that he is forced to use foreign authors because there are no domestic works available to him. Erdélyi argued that the text contains several anachronistic elements when narrated
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at the turn of the 11–12th centuries. Bernát L. Kumorovitz and Elemér Mályusz considered this phrase was recorded by a contemporary chronicler regarding the 11th-century text, citing that Lucan's work was part of the library of the Pannonhalma Abbey during the reign of St. Ladislaus. Gyula Kristó
1911:
has a uniform language style when narrates the events from Koppány's revolt until the reign of Géza II (36–70th chapters), thus it was compiled in the second half of the 1150s. He argued many expressions and turns of phrase can be detected in different various parts of the text, for instance, the
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was such a novel work, even though historical records existed before, that discussed Hungarian history from prehistory to the author's own time according to new theoretical aspects in accordance with Coloman's needs. Gábor Thoroczkay (2010) accepted Veszprémy's argument too about the existence of
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Lajos J. Csóka disagreed with the identity of the gesta's authorship: he argued if Nicholas, who survived the pagan uprising, had been the author, he would not have portrayed the past of Hungarians before Christianity in a positive light. The anti-German sentiment also excludes the authorship of
1898:
to Horváth, Jr. in 1955). Karácsonyi criticized László Mezey that he only spoke in generalities and did not provide concrete arguments and facts. Karácsonyi supported the findings of Horváth, arguing the Roman-era metric prose rhythm disappeared by the 7th century and the medieval rhythmic prose
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Horváth's findings divided Hungarian historiography. János Horváth, Sr., Dezső Dercsényi, Béla Karácsonyi and József Gerics praised the thesis, but it was sharply contested by László Mezey and János Győry. Mezey criticized Horváth that he ignored content arguments in his method of investigation,
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up to 1330 (similarly to Ákos, with minor additions between 1270–1300, but with much more detailed texts afterwards in order to support Charles' claim to the throne during the Interregnum). During the Angevin rule, the court clerics composed the existing fragmented texts into coherent works. The
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was first continued by an unknown chronicler under the reign of Stephen II and narrated the history of Hungary until the year 1127. József Gerics emphasized that only the Acephalus Codex provides the proper date of Stephen's ascension to the Hungarian throne, which strengthens the existence of a
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Majority of those historians, who assumed a creation of the ancient gesta in the 11th century, made its continuation probable during the reign of Coloman. Ferenc Toldy referred to this chronicler as "Coloman's Anonymus" who wrote the continuation in the early 12th century. Bálint Hóman and Péter
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was compiled during the reign of Solomon. Jenő Vértesy (1905) argued a national chronicle had to be born before the canonization of St. Ladislaus. He considered the rivalry between Solomon and Béla's sons was narrated by a contemporary chronicle. Géza Nagy (1908) shared this latter viewpoint. He
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When analyzing the establishing charter, Horváth discovered signs of historiographical skills to its formulator. Gyula Kristó emphasized this, however, was typical of the style of 11th century diplomas, which were still on the border between orality and emerging literacy. Tibor Szőcs argued the
2140:
Bernadett Benei analyzed participle structures too. Based on this, she found out that the unidentified chronicler generally followed the grammatical rules of classical Latin, but there are also medieval Latin features. For instance, the author used subordinate clause introduced by a conjunction
1569:
Judit Csákó analyzed Kristó's theory in detail in her 2015 study. She agreed that the editing in the 13th century stylistically unified the text of the chronicle, so it is not possible to determine and separate the origin of the text sections. Because of the depiction of Gisela, Csákó assumed a
1007:
and Ladislaus I. Gerics was the first scholar who discovered different and contradictory judgments in connection with the three monarchs within the text of the 14th-century composition. While the 130th and 133rd chapters declare Solomon as the lawful ruler, the 120th chapter (and its derivative
990:
in the mid-19th century). Horváth argued these epic poems, preserving oral tradition, narrated successful military campaigns in order to the glorify the Árpád dynasty and Coloman, and this text use stereotypical repetitions of epic turns and permanent epic tokens related to heroes. Horváth also
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regarding the history of the 11th century. Macartney considered the cleric author was of Hungarian ethnicity, who utilized oral traditions and folk legends. He aimed to present Ladislaus as the rightful monarch of Hungary. Macartney assumed a hard-line anti-German sentiment to the chronicler.
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and its variants contain pure 14th-century texts without interpolations, redaction and continuations. Because of their large-scale interpolations, Rokay also questioned the authenticity of those 11th-century royal documents (e.g. the establishing charters of Tihany, Zselicszentjakab, Százd,
864:) regarding these events written by an author in the 1060s at the latest who lived through the events. This text was later expanded with the reign of Stephen I in a shorter scope, possibly in the late 11th century. Under Coloman, these small historical narratives were compiled to create the
1886:
János Győry completely rejected Horváth's working method and the findings of his analysis, taking into account the rife of factual errors and unfounded assumptions. He argued Bishop Nicholas was referred to as a deceased person in the 1055 establishing charter of Tihany, which excludes his
943:
was compiled, the subsequent authors and glossators constantly continued or shortened, developed, expanded or rewrote, i.e. shaped and modernized the material to such an extent that it became completely impossible to separate and reconstruct the original texts of the ancient gesta and the
1061:
preserved a more original text than the other 14th-century chronicle variants. This codex does not mention those parts where Stephen II appears in an unfavorable light. Other scholars – Bálint Hóman, Péter Váczy and József Deér – also accepted Domanovszky's view. According to Deér, the
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Modifying his former standpoint (see above), Gyula Pauler (1899) considered the ancient gesta was compiled during the reign of Ladislaus I. According to the historian, it narrated the history of Béla's branch until 1091, including the rivalry between Andrew and Béla, the history of the
784:
begins to provide a detailed sequence of events from the beginning of the 1030s, from which it follows that the chronicle was written around 1100. The historian thought he discovered a similar memory limit in the case of the Polish and Bohemian chronicles too (Gallus Anonymus and
2669:, the letter of Pope Gregory VII to Ladislaus. According to László Veszprémy, the continuator at the turn of the 12–13th centuries consciously expanded the king's characterization with chivalrous virtues, supporting them with canon law quotations from Gratian's collection.
1640:, made always notices in case of holy kings, in which hagiography could have been found a longer story about the lives of the saints, devotional constructions of churches (e.g. Vác Cathedral), consequently his abridged work could have written mainly for the holy princess
2690:
The phrases of the unfavorable characterization of Coloman (he "was of mean stature, but astute and a fast learner; he was shaggy and hirsute, half-blind and humpbacked, lame and a stammerer") are inspired from works of the canon law. These characteristics appear in the
2019:("German fury") appears in the chronicle text five times; it reflects the author's studies in France. Kristó emphasized that antipathy towards foreigners only appeared in Hungary at the beginning of the 13th century. In addition, Kristó also considered that the phrase "
1371:
3793:" is not a title here. László Geréb argued there is no sign of the existence of a literary life during the reign of Ladislaus I. After analyzing the chronicle text in the period from 1051 to 1063, József Gerics emphasized there is no philological connection with the
2828:, saying that "according to the teaching of our doctors, adulterous offspring has no place in the church". József Gerics argued the chronicler recalled the ban on ordination to the priesthood due to illegitimate descent, which can be found in the Old Testament, the
1839:) appear. Horváth denied the last statement, according to him, there are fundamental differences between antique (quantity of syllables) and medieval (stress on words) rhythmic prose. He claimed that Cicero was not widely known in the era. In response, Mezey cited
1224:
and his expansion dealt with dynastic affairs. He argued this chronicler wrote a lot of negativity about Coloman and Stephen II, but he did not silence their merits either (thus Macartney did not count on a previous edit in the courts of the aforementioned kings).
994:
József Gerics, who analyzed the corpus narrating the 11th-century events, discovered traces of later insertions (interpolations) in several places. For instance, during the birth of St. Stephen, the text refers to the later hagiographies of the monarch and his son
2619:
Describing Solomon's expiation, the fallen king "groaned at the memory of what he had done, and he repented his sins, so far as human understanding might judge, with a humble and contrite heart". It is a widely used phrase in canon law, e.g. various parts of the
3070:, a kind of extraordinary tax, first appears in contemporary records in 1198, and became a frequent tax since the reign of Andrew II. This word was inserted into the pre-existing text during the large-scale redaction in the 13th century. Its synonym, the phrase
514:
and their role in the Christianization of Hungary. Mályusz also identified Bishop Nicholas of Győr as the author of the gesta but (unlike Horváth) placed its compilation to the early regnal years of Solomon. Lajos J. Csóka (1967) considered the mid-14th century
2877:
The phrase appears in that text, which narrates the campaign of Stephen I against Kean, Duke of Bulgarians and Slavs in 1003 (or 1010s). This unit of measure is equivalent to 240 grams of weight; it is first appears in contemporary charter in the last will of
1977:. Consequently, descriptions of duels in medieval chronicles preceded the heyday of chivalric literature, but the epic representation allows to conclude that this part of the text was created after the beginning of the 12th century. Both Anonymus and the
414:
was compiled during the reign of Andrew I. He argued already before the end of the 11th century, several stylistic changes in content can be observed, which presupposes the existence of an earlier ancient chronicle than the turn of the 11–12th centuries.
986:
the coronation of the child Solomon until the death of Ladislaus I, show a close stylistic unity. Horváth emphasized the existence of poetically beautiful details and epic historical songs in this section (the latter was already noticed by the poet
1652:
clauses in the case of 11–12th-century nobles). Regarding the 13th century, Ákos only added excerpts to the chronicle, without any relevant information, because his attention was focused on Hungarian prehistory (he preserved several legends, e.g.
999:. He also considered the genealogy of the Ják kindred and the presentation of the tax child's tenth as later insertions, in addition to the contradictory genealogical data regarding the father of Andrew, Béla and Levente. According to Gerics, the
779:
György Györffy modified his standpoint by the end of the 1960s. Citing contemporary royal charters, he introduced the theory of 70-year historical memory limit, thus, the first chronicle can be dated to the time of Coloman. Györffy emphasized the
2223:
János Horváth, Jr. divided the chronicle text into three parts by style and rhythm (see above). Bernadett Benei argued that there are stylistic elements that connect these parts, primarily the usage of such figures of speech (rhetoric) like
1156:
Ferenc Toldy considered that the chronicle written under Coloman was continued under the reign of Géza II (Béla's son), narrating history until the year 1148, when Géza's war against Halych took place. The text, namely, does not mention the
1250:
privileges of the Pannonhalma Abbey. He also claimed that this chronicle was responsible for the well-known depictions of Stephen and Gisela, the controversial relations between Solomon and his cousins, and the story of blinding of Vazul.
3050:
its rhyming prose. József Gerics agreed with Horváth, arguing that the hagiographer sought for more common words instead of less frequently used terms. This part in the chronicle text was definitely written before the early 13th century.
2071:" referring to scholars in Western universities. This also strengthens the chronicler's education in France. From the second half of the 12th century, chronicles often described a person's appearance from top to bottom. The author of the
894:
phrases in his work. Several historians, including Bálint Hóman, Sándor Domanovszky and János Horváth, Jr. contested Madzsar's argument. They argued the authors of the later continuations followed the narrative style of the 11th-century
592:, Stephen's wife, as a scapegoat, blaming her intrigues behind the confrontation between Stephen and his cousin. The author intentionally made Ladislaus the Bald as the father of Andrew, Béla and Levente. The author used the 7th-century
3021:. Regarding Stephen I, historian Zoltán Tóth did not consider the chronicle's report to be credible, because at that time the royal spear was still considered the main symbol of royal power in the Holy Roman Empire (until the reign of
2158:
also marked this section (120–128th chapters) as a text with a markedly medieval Latin language. This can strengthen Gyula Kristó and Kornél Szovák's single-author redaction theory regarding the activity of Ladislaus I. The spread of
290:
in 1053, as Toldy claimed. Historian Gyula Pauler (1883) initially considered too that the first chronicle was written under Andrew I and it narrates the history of Hungary from the rivalry between the king and his rebellious brother
2493:
The text says that when Ladislaus I was crowned king because "they compelled him thereto by their most loving and insistent prayers". József Gerics and László Veszprémy said that this sentence was influenced directly by a letter of
1161:
lasted from 1149 to 1155, and the rebellion of Géza's brothers. Toldy argued the text refers to Stephen II as "Stephen the Lesser" (after St. Stephen I), therefore it can be ruled out that the text was created during the reign of
876:
Beside the above groups, there are stand-alone theories which, however, do not enjoy wide acceptance by historiography. Henrik Marczali (1880) argued the dislike for Coloman that appears in the text and the simultaneous praise of
1863:) by the 12th century, thus the works of Cicero and his Roman contemporaries could not be models for them. Horváth claimed there is no sign of appearance of rhythmic prose in medieval Europe before 1100. He cited German scholar
3074:
appears twice in the chronicle text: accordingly, Samuel Aba revoked the exactions which Peter Orseolo had established according to his custom, while this tax is also mentioned regarding the rule of Béla I. In Western Europe,
1465:
Kornél Szovák analyzed the depiction of Saint Ladislaus in the chronicle text and argued his figure represents an idoneist attitude of a later interpolation from the late 12th century or early 13th century. Some phrases (e.g.
406:. He also included his own experiences, as he was a contemporary of the events (i.e. the pagan uprising). The text summarizes the events chronologically at one point, which may mark the end of the original text of the ancient
2151:
and St. Ladislaus' vision, where only the grammar of medieval Latin appears in this context. Therefore, Benei argued this section perhaps was written shortly after the canonization of St. Ladislaus (1192). The examination of
1758:, in several cases, writes about some historical events differently compared to the 14th-century chronicle composition. In contrast, translator of the critical edition of the Ottoman chronicle, György Hazai proved that the
1440:
counties. Csóka argued the author utilized charters of the abbey to the narratives. The conflict between Solomon and his cousins (Géza and Ladislaus) was represented on that way, which served the purposes of Andrew II, who
3003:
The symbol of "girding with a sword" appears in various parts of the Bible. Stephen I "was for the first time girded with his sword", when he was preparing for war against Koppány. Among the privileges of the chapter of
1287:, merged and edited the previously existing chronicles into one. Pauler cited identical terms and phrases in order to prove his theory. For instance, the chronicle text uses the same phrase when it explains the effect of
683:. Hóman also highlighted that Ladislaus styled himself as "king of the Hungarians and of Messia", and the latter term also appears in the chronicle (32nd chapter). Accepting Kállay's claim, Hóman argued the author of the
1319:
which of them was the rightful king". Such a formulation would have been unthinkable during the reign of Stephen III. The mention of Béla's competence also confirms this (Béla's legitimacy was undermined by Archbishop
1178:'s intrigues), were recorded by Béla II's chronicler, using the poetic devices of naive epic. According to Sebestyén, another chronicler continued this chronicle under Géza II, but at a much lower standard. Based on
3516:
The child Béla should be castrated too but the soldier who was charged with this task refused to execute the order, and , instead, he castrated a dog and brought its testicles to Coloman. Analogies can be found in
1644:, the Dominican nun. While the earlier historiography (e.g. Domanovszky, Bálint Hóman and initially Györffy) attributed the Hunnic story to him, later scholars (Imre Madzsar, Elemér Mályusz, János Horváth, Jr. and
575:
standpoint, presenting that Solomon was crowned and anointed king lawfully by his father in 1057 or 1058. This author collected all myths and legends connected to the early Hungarians and the Árpád dynasty (e.g.
2163:
structures can be observed in the context of the text as a whole, similar to contemporary hagiographies and historical texts in Hungary. This and other grammatical phenomena strengthen the unity of the text.
444:
centered around Solomon (he called Solomon's Chronicle) and its narration lasted until 1087, the exiled king's presumed death. The second part of the chronicle (its first continuation) lasted from the 1091
3079:
meant irregular and arbitrary kind of taxation. The phrase first appears in Hungary in 1225. Its usage regarding the 11th century is also a sign of anachronistic interpolation from the early 13th century.
802:
and the prelude of Coloman's first code. Kristó also emphasized the flourishing literary life during the reign of Coloman and highlighted that the first chronicles were compiled in Bohemia, Poland and the
841:
was merely a compilation of historical records or annals-like chronicle before a large-scale reediting in the early 13th century (see below). It served as the common source for later annals, such as the
3065:
Vata and his pagan rebels sent three envoys to the camp of King Peter to proclaim the order of Andrew and Levente, which contains, among others, the "tribute collected utterly done away with". The word
2988:. It appears in descriptions of various military campaigns (Samuel Aba, Stephen II, Béla II). There is an argument that the continuator under Stephen III used this term retroactively during re-editing.
2804:
to pass through the country. When the king learnt that the pretender Boris was with the French, he sent a letter to Louis VII, saying "it is not good to return evil for good ...". The quote is from the
547:
was written sometime before 1070 and its text contained the martyrdom of bishops and other clerics, the proper date of death of Stephen I. Csóka argued the lesser legend of the first Hungarian king (
2079:" ("straight speech"), when quote historical persons in their narratives. Both works are characterized by the detailing of war events. They use phrases that can be paralleled with each other (e.g.
1843:, who periodized the history of rhythmic prose for 1050 years (400–1450), therefore, this method is not suitable for separating sections of the Hungarian chronicle. Citing foreign literature (e.g.
2100:
chronicler with Anonymus can be ruled out. Unlike other academics, Kristó considered that a single author created the existing part of the text narrating the history of the 11–12th centuries.
1847:), Mezey proved that Cicero had a profound effect on medieval authors. Mezey summarized that a distinction must be made between the conscious and sporadic, occasional use of rhythmic prose (
506:
Elemér Mályusz (1967) considered that the first Hungarian historical summary was created sometime in the middle of the 11th century, whose ecclesiastical author had a Western education. The
807:
around the same period (early 12th century). Kristó considered the author of the first gesta was indifferent to the era of pagan Hungary, similarly to the contemporary hagiographies (e.g.
567:
was written in the early regnal years of Solomon, when his relationship with the sons of Béla I was still considered cooperative. He considered the chronicle had to be written before the
1816:) for the 13th century. However, occasionally, rhyming prose still appears in 13–14th centuries throughout Europe. Horváth considered (as mentioned above) that Bishop Nicholas wrote the
1424:
Lajos J. Csóka claimed, like previously, the chronicle was compiled within the walls of the Pannonhalma Abbey in the 1210s by a Benedictine friar, who belonged to the convent of Abbot
1389:(r. 1205–1235), the Hungarian chronicle underwent a large degree of redaction and re-editing. Henrik Marczali noted that the existing chronicle texts do not mention the death of Saint
826:
László Veszprémy (2004) assumed the existence of sporadic historical records before the compilation of the first chronicle during the reign of Coloman. The chronicle text utilized the
2934:), so the term can also be domesticated during that time. László Veszprémy argued the phrase became more widespread in Europe in the mid-12th century, during the Italian campaigns of
1421:
in 1209, which may be a sign of a chronicle text created at this time. Jenő Vértesy related some of the short records of the second half of the 12th century to the time of Andrew II.
86:
can be considered the beginning of Hungarian historiography, but there is no consensus among scholars (historians, linguists etc.) regarding the date and circumstances of its origin.
2903:
Meaning "German fury", this topos appears five times in the text of the chronicle, in the context of various defensive wars against the Holy Roman Empire. The phrase originates from
2168:, however, is distributed disproportionately in the text, which rather shows the fragmentation, but this could even be a remnant of an earlier, later completely overwritten editing.
1079:. Kristó argued the death circumstances of Béla I was preserved by this continuation because of its "legitimist" tone. Kristó also attributed the 152nd chapter to this continuation.
1220:'s legendary capital) first appeared in Géza's continuation. C. A. Macartney also assumed "at least one writer" from the mid-12th century, who followed the direct tradition of the
1397:
died. Marczali discovered some elements of the chronicle's Hunnic story, whose demographic and geographic content could be compared with the conditions of Hungary just before the
1664:
and Ákos' shorter extraction after the latter's death around 1273. Simon was a loyal court cleric of Ladislaus IV (r. 1272–1290). According to Györffy, Simon, creating his own
1401:(1241). Gyula Sebestyén claimed that the chronicle under Andrew II was compiled to the occasion of the wedding of Louis and Elizabeth in 1221. He argued the text refers to the
1016:
was continued in the early 12th century, under the guidance of Coloman, and in the centre of that continuation is St. Ladislaus (as a result, Mályusz called this expansion as "
3577:
Some narratives was written using well-known biblical stories. According to Péter B. Kovács, the Siege of Belgrade in 1071 (105th chapter) is depicted as similar to the story
2661:(present-day Oradea, Romania). The Biblical and canonical description of the "unwilling, humble" monarch contains several elements of the canon law, including quotes from the
636:
1919:
1782:
2713:. The chronicler plausibly utilized a treatise on canon law that listed the physical obstacles to ordination as a priest. Coloman's characterization can be compared with of
714:
and Stephen I of Hungary. He accepted Hóman's theory about the dating and authorship of the ancient gesta, but later he modified his viewpoint (see below). British academic
3585:
in its motif set and lexicography. László Veszprémy found biblical parallels with the story of Saint Stephen girding with a sword. Dániel Bagi emphasized the nature of the
1071:
was basically objective, with glorification occasionally, which excludes that the text was created later. The text does not mention Stephen's military defeats against the
3697:
emphasized that even if the records were written in the 10th century, they were written in Hungarian or Turkic, which could not have influenced Latin-language literature.
679:, all three churches were founded by Ladislaus I. Hóman also proved the existence of coinage under Béla I (which is mentioned in the 14th-century chronicle text) with
1020:") and its tone is sharply anti-Solomon. Mályusz claimed this text utilized songs in Hungarian and oral folk traditions. The chronicler also inserted the text of the
342:, which thus marks the period before the German influence that can be attributed to the time of Solomon, i.e. this chapter was written during the reign of Andrew I.
718:(1953) argued the ancient gesta which was written in the court of Ladislaus I sometime between 1080 and 1090, was used as a primary source for the longer legend of
379:). After 1047, the newly crowned Andrew strengthened the royal power and the later chapters of the chronicle textual tradition can no longer be linked to his name.
5891:
2777:
him away, the skin on the duke's hands was torn and the "altar was defiled with blood". This was a serious violation of the canon law, which declared churches as
1562:
in 1213; as a result, the author projected her perceived or real crimes onto Saint Stephen's wife Gisela, who was also of German origin. Kristó argued that the "
1385:
Since the end of the 19th century, there is a widely discussed theory in Hungarian historiography that at the beginning of the 13th century, during the reign of
1254:
the competence due to his blindness. In addition, the rules of Géza II and Stephen III were also strengthened by the status of legitimacy against the pretenders
1532:, the son and heir of Andrew II. The latter text presented a negative image of Gisela, the consort of St. Stephen, blaming her for the intrigues against Vazul.
915:, name variants of 11th-century historical persons). József Gerics rejected Erdélyi's theory, citing that Simon of Kéza applied the lack of sources only to the
890:
was compiled sometime between 1156 and 1162. Madzsar considered the author was a cleric of the royal court and belonged to the Ják kindred. He frequently used
1158:
1058:
588:). Szovák argued the chronicler perceived the contrast between the person of Saint Stephen and the later rulers (descendants of the blinded Vazul), thus made
2529:" means a change of status of a person, a "middle civil penalty", which resulted a banishment and loss of citizenship in Ancient Rome. The phrase appears in
919:
history. Gerics also refuted the anachronistic nature of the terms which Erdélyi cited, giving examples from contemporary texts from the 11–12th centuries.
5926:
2953:
The phrase appears in various parts of the chronicle text, chronologically first from the period of the reign of Peter Orseolo. The phrase, indicating the
391:
303:
318:
utilized only the ancient gesta in his chronicle, because he draws data from the Hungarian chronicle textual tradition only up to 1047. Additionally, the
1958:
2132:
are often confused. Some prepositions have a different connotation compared to classical Latin, or undergo a change in meaning. There is also a sign of
1878:
633:
and member of the Ják kindred. Kállay considered that Koppány wrote the gesta sometime around 1090, on the occasion of the canonization of St. Stephen.
139:
Gyula Sebestyén (1904), Jenő Vértesy (1905), Géza Nagy (1908), József Gerics (1961), Lajos J. Csóka (1967), Elemér Mályusz (1967), Kornél Szovák (2004)
1003:, which narrated the events until 1067, was continued and expanded during the reign of Coloman and preserved the feud between Solomon and his cousins,
2882:
Fulco (1146). Gyula Kristó argued this text, consequently, is a result of an early 13th-century interpolation. It is also appears frequently in the
691:
in 1091. Hóman considered the work contained the narration of Béla's lineage, the origin of the Hungarians. The chronicler utilized the text of the
3781:
Several historians contested Hóman's theory. János Győry argued there is no philological connection between the Hungarian chronicle text and the
3095:
This phrase marks an official with different functions throughout the text: messenger, doorkeeper and summoner of conscripts. Originally meaning
2433:(brigands), thus they are subject to a different legal assessment. The latter word also appears in the 90th and 134th chapters of the chronicle.
1747:
2147:
in 76 cases, while applied participle structures in 99 instances. They are evenly distributed, except for 122–126th chapters, which narrate the
1393:(1231) nor her canonization (1235), but her saintly way of life is explained, so a chronicle expansion could have taken place after 1227, when
476:
of the hagiography of St. Stephen (written before 1083), already utilized the text of the ancient gesta, especially regarding the narration of
473:
5564:
Csákó, Judit (2015). "Volt-e krónikása II. Andrásnak? Megjegyzések gestaszerkesztményünk 13. század eleji átdolgozásának problematikájához ".
5859:
5838:
5796:
5760:
5737:
5554:
4545:
3873:
3772:
Gábor Thoroczkay listed differences between the two narratives, arguing that it is more about a literary motif that exists throughout Europe.
2658:
2365:
that survived in the language of the Roman law, meaning "service, pay, tax burden." It has, in fact, nothing to do with the name of Hungary.
1894:
In his concluding review, Béla Karácsonyi subtly hinted at personal antagonisms between the scholars (perhaps because of the awarding of the
651:
The most prominent historian who argued in favor of the ancient gesta from the age of Ladislaus, was the interwar-era politician and scholar
2460:
with the meaning "ship's baggage". In the Hungarian Latin-language texts it has a meaning "army" or "an attacking military unit". Regarding
6909:
2059:. The chronicler utilized the wording of contemporary diploma formulas. The author of the Hungarian chronicle also knew the history of the
1559:
1148:
Following the death of Stephen II, his cousin Béla II ascended the throne in 1131. At the age of five, he was blinded alongside his father
760:
According to Austrian scholar Raimund Friedrich Kaindl (1893), two gestas were compiled in the late 11th century. The first one, called as
492:
may have known an early version of the primary chronicle, and by the 1080s there was a written tradition of earlier German–Hungarian wars.
2448:
The phrase appears in that chapter, which narrates the victory of Solomon and his cousins against the Cumans. It also can be found in the
338:(when the paralyzed Andrew forces his rebellious brother, Béla to choose between the crown and the sword) reflects the coronation ordo of
3763:
Nicholas, since Andrew was already considered an ally of the Germans against his brother Béla after the birth of his son Solomon in 1053.
2586:
that this type of death resulted everlasting damnation. Since then, this phrase became part of several works of the canon law, including
1676:) and as an appendix he acquainted some different poorer social strata. Györffy argued that Simon's work and book collection went to the
6904:
3126:
The phrase marked those ecclesiastics who knew Latin. It reflects the ecclesiastical conditions in the late 11th or early 12th century.
2244:. The "crown" as the main allegory for the Kingdom of Hungary can be found throughout the text. The chronicler often used the device of
328:
also finished his work with the beginning of Andrew's reign. Domanovszky also emphasized that the Hungarian chronicle used the data of
5884:
3574:) and 57 paraphrases from the Bible. Furthermore, there are also biblical phrases and lines serving as the background of the simile.
1931:
688:
5716:
5655:
5613:
1197:
823:. Kristó accepted Györffy's theory of 70-year historical memory, citing the obscure appearance of Stephen's reign in the chronicle.
2124:, Benei emphasized that the text shows classical Middle Latin features, where the distinctions between pronouns are often blurred.
1482:
served as inspiration for the creation of the royal character of Ladislaus, who has the virtues of a Christian chivalrous monarch.
768:
387:
248:(1827) was the first historian and philologist, who thought that the earliest Hungarian chronicle was written during the reign of
21:
6899:
5943:
2108:
Bernadett Benei comprehensively analyzed the 11–12th century section of the Latin text of the Hungarian chronicle (i.e. from the
1868:
1495:
1418:
1398:
1394:
1353:(written around 1200), which fact strengthens the temporal proximity between the two works. Gábor Thoroczkay considered that the
1345:
1230:
371:
can be detected within the text of the Hungarian chronicle tradition up to only 1046. Győry considered that Andrew I ordered the
367:
all utilized this chronicle and its 12th-century continuation. Literary historian János Győry (1948) argued the influence of the
319:
286:
also writes about an ancient chronicle. This work was extended into a chronicle under Andrew I, definitely before the birth of
3734:, and there is no data on the exact order of the king's coronations, so this chapter could have been written down at any time.
298:
3380:
1320:
902:
Benedictine historian László Erdélyi (1933) claimed that Simon of Kéza was the first chronicler in Hungary and his work, the
195:(1994), László Veszprémy (2004), Dániel Bagi (2005), Gábor Thoroczkay (2010), Péter B. Kovács (2020), Bernadett Benei (2022)
1937:
Gyula Kristó included Anonymus' gesta in the phraseological studies as a control text. Both the Hungarian chronicle and the
1750:
in 1543. Some intellectuals – Endre K. Grandpierre or József Blaskovics – considered this manuscript was identical with the
1442:
1166:. Gyula Pauler, however, put the date of this chronicle to the last regnal years of Béla II. Gyula Sebestyén considered the
975:
used the early 12th century continuation as a primary source. János Győry discovered "French influence" (e.g. the legend of
847:
402:). Horváth argued that Nicholas – beside charters and peace documents, partly edited by him – utilized oral reports for his
2753:, Coloman's second wife, "was taken in the sin of adultery", therefore the king soon disowned her, sending her back to the
1478:) imply that this redaction occurred during the reign of Andrew II. József Deér then László Veszprémy argued the legend of
6894:
6112:
5877:
5779:
5697:
5680:
5594:
3821:, who represented "idoneist" characteristics against the monarch with a physical defect. Dániel Bagi introduced the term "
2318:, when threatened the magnates of Hungary who were dissatisfied, with fill all offices with Germans, he included the word
1840:
456:
3570:), the 11–12th-century chronicle text contains 29 full quotations (one of them was also a part of the Ecgbert coronation
1296:
5966:
3613:
3598:
3388:
3022:
1907:
Imre Madzsar examined the chronicle text with the method of lexicography in 1926. As mentioned above, he found that the
1583:
1276:
699:
was a chivalrous gesta adopting the French model, and its style is distinct from the later parts of the chronicle text.
495:
282:
2213:
1641:
1194:. As a confidant of Álmos, John preserved the detailed story of the blinding of the prince and his five-year-old son.
231:
6376:
6244:
2252:. Most of the stylistic devices prove the unity of the text, according to Benei. She also compared the text with the
1433:
1229:
even with opponents, was replaced by a partisan, insulting style. This author was thoroughly versed in the Bible and
383:
2781:
s. Beside that, the codices of Stephen I, Ladislaus I and Coloman also designated the churches as places of refuge.
6875:
6854:
6421:
5988:
5604:
3744:
chronicler could not use the diplomas during his work, since few copies were made of them and they were not public.
2361:", i.e. "This name Hungary comes from servitude". László Veszprémy argued the word play is based on the Greek word
2143:
1927:
1706:
1587:
1544:
315:
6809:
6285:
2075:
applies the same method in connection with Béla I and Coloman. Both Anonymus and the chronicle use the method of "
5938:
2212:("namely") appears exclusively only that section, which narrates the story of Solomon and his cousins. Regarding
1234:
687:
was court chaplain Koppány Ják. The chronicler narrated the history of Hungary until Ladislaus' campaign against
6171:
6069:
5787:
Sudár, Balázs (2012). "Az oszmánok és Magyarország mentális meghódítása ". In Ács, Pál; Székely, Júlia (eds.).
3639:
3548:
2121:
1490:
715:
460:
287:
174:
165:
130:
6677:
6361:
5993:
2729:
was spread in Europe by the Cistercians, which may perhaps reflect the chronicler's affiliation to the order.
1729:
793:(1994) attempted to reconstruct the content of the first Hungarian chronicle. According to the historian, the
375:
to be written to reinforce his own legitimacy after a turbulent period (civil wars, German incursions and the
6728:
6486:
3826:
3501:
3486:
3313:
2833:
1822:
1685:
1524:. In 1972, Kristó claimed that Anonymus used a contemporary chronicle redaction as a primary source for his
1446:
1312:
1238:
996:
732:
711:
353:(as he called) was compiled during the reign of Andrew I, and was later expanded at the time of the rule of
257:
6733:
6647:
3307:("they poured out to them the cups of dire death", proverb originally referring to the forced suicide of
3005:
6451:
3786:
3540:
3430:
2531:
2315:
2225:
2063:
and used as an inspiration, when narrated the Siege of Belgrade took place in 1071. Both Anonymus and the
1451:
1437:
1354:
1284:
1163:
1136:
883:
500:
485:
354:
146:
6637:
6577:
6536:
6300:
6264:
6208:
6150:
3395:); Ladislaus' vision before the battle, desecration of Vid's corpse (medieval literary analogies through
2965:). Following that, the phrase disappeared for decades and it was re-introduced only in the 13th century.
1425:
710:
and the earliest Hungarian chronicle text. He found similarities between the narrations of the deaths of
3731:
3335:
2525:
Duke Álmos "was forced into exile" by Stephen II, the text narrates. It is an expression of Roman law: "
2125:
1242:
1092:
1053:
1036:
833:
536:
6864:
6829:
6778:
6597:
6546:
6516:
6511:
6335:
3347:
3259:
2148:
1673:
1529:
1187:
1117:
1098:
878:
450:
201:
3714:, while there is no textual connection between the Hungarian chronicles and Alberic's work after 1041.
585:
6632:
6617:
6229:
6176:
5972:
5955:
5921:
5900:
5806:
Szőcs, Tibor (2007). "A 14. századi krónikaszerkesztmény interpolációi és 11. századi okleveleink ".
3694:
3645:
3286:
3282:
3096:
3014:
2935:
2328:
2237:
2192:
1923:
1689:
1622:
1614:
1604:
1579:
1521:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1202:
1179:
1040:
1004:
748:
346:
292:
269:
188:
121:
26:
6723:
1786:. Balázs Sudár emphasized that Mahmud, in addition to translation, altered the original text of the
1032:
618:
6914:
6672:
6446:
6436:
6254:
6249:
6239:
6129:
6062:
6036:
3707:
3632:
3201:
2797:
2154:
1962:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1555:
1429:
1414:
1406:
1374:
1045:
962:
812:
753:
719:
626:
568:
465:
376:
359:
249:
104:
6783:
6768:
6758:
6748:
6652:
6476:
6396:
6381:
6325:
6166:
6091:
2761:. With this, the chronicler emphasized that Boris' claim to the throne was without a legal basis.
2388:
of Saint Stephen. This section of the chronicle text was extracted by Simon of Kéza in the 1280s.
2384:
executed the alleged conspirators "without examination or trial". This phrase also appears in the
1636:
in his edition. Györffy considered that Ákos, who extracted the gesta in the Dominican nunnery at
1626:
1596:
1191:
1175:
511:
272:
ordered to compile the deeds of the Hungarians by utilizing these records. He emphasized that the
3519:
3396:
3322:
3100:
3009:
2954:
2702:
2409:
2334:
2129:
1867:, who emphasized that the historical continuity of rhythmic prose was gradually broken after the
1777:
1505:
1455:
1076:
614:
437:
330:
56:
6834:
6824:
6743:
6682:
6667:
6592:
6572:
6567:
6426:
6310:
2957:
or elite, first appears frequently during the reign of Stephen III, replacing other words (e.g.
743:
652:
640:
157:
120:(1868), Gyula Pauler (1883), Sándor Domanovszky (1906), Zoltán Tóth (1933), János Győry (1943),
5705:
Kristó, Gyula (1994). "Krónikakompozíció ". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.).
1742:
chronicle, translated by diplomat Mahmud Tercüman, who originally came from a Jewish family in
6819:
6763:
6697:
6692:
6541:
6471:
6259:
6234:
6134:
5855:
5834:
5815:
5792:
5756:
5733:
5712:
5666:
5651:
5632:
5609:
5573:
5550:
5531:
3412:
3154:
2698:
2595:
2404:
1966:
1827:
1332:
1325:
1271:
723:
597:
589:
523:
prove the existence of an ancient gesta during the reign of Solomon. These works utilized the
428:
emphasized the contemporary author spoke out against those, who claimed that Andrew, Béla and
245:
113:
5593:] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Értekezések a történeti tudományok köréből. Új sorozat (22),
2023:" has an age-determining role, since this term appears only contemporary records since 1208.
6849:
6839:
6804:
6713:
6687:
6607:
6562:
6496:
6456:
6411:
6371:
6269:
6041:
6004:
5960:
5949:
3620:
3606:
3364:
3158:
3026:
2914:
2893:
2750:
2693:
2579:
2495:
2465:
2032:
2026:
2015:
1591:
1500:
1349:
1171:
1072:
882:
so-called Acephalus Codex – from Koppány's revolt until the campaign of Géza II against the
786:
324:
277:
237:
215:
65:
6844:
6657:
6627:
6602:
6506:
6481:
6466:
6461:
1746:. According to him, the translation was based on a Latin chronicle that he found after the
1645:
1428:. Csóka referred to the chronicler's excellent topographical local knowledge regarding the
1266:
1153:
who persuaded their chroniclers to emphasize Coloman's failures and to hide his successes.
6814:
6662:
6224:
6096:
6086:
6046:
6031:
3586:
3440:
3400:
3360:
3318:
2456:
is a medieval Latin word of Greek origin, its meaning is uncertain. It is included in the
1791:
1637:
1536:
1300:
1255:
1052:
The 14th-century chronicle composition preserved an unfavorable image of Coloman, his son
976:
956:
707:
577:
339:
6738:
6622:
6587:
6501:
6491:
6356:
6320:
6290:
3818:
3723:
3711:
3706:
In contrast, historian József Gerics highlighted that Anonymus tangentially mentions the
2578:
Samuel Aba ordered to massacre his opponents "without repentance or confession". In 428,
1149:
790:
773:
335:
192:
5522:
B. Kovács, Péter (2020). "A Gesta Ladislai regis néhány bibliai eredetű hasonlatáról ".
991:
discovered a slight pro-German tone, due to a possible ethnic origin of the chronicler.
6718:
6642:
6531:
6431:
6416:
6406:
6386:
6330:
6315:
6305:
6295:
6056:
5749:
5668:
A Szent László-kori Gesta Ungarorum és a XII–XIII. századi leszármazói: Forrástanulmány
3626:
3219:
3111:
was a member of the royal household. The office is mentioned throughout the Árpád era.
2801:
2754:
2587:
2503:
2311:
1864:
1739:
1698:
1550:
1475:
1459:
1370:
987:
981:
804:
727:
314:
was completed during the reign of Andrew I. He claimed that the 13th-century historian
256:(1868) considered that historical records were made already in the last decades of the
1790:
as an example of old Ottoman historiographical traditions, in order to ideologize the
488:
in that year. László Veszprémy agreed with Gerics, considering that the author of the
6888:
6859:
6773:
6753:
6526:
6441:
6340:
6192:
6124:
6051:
6026:
6021:
3785:. Győry also considered the phrase "full account of his deeds" is identical with the
3471:
3236:
3228:
3018:
2931:
2662:
2499:
2407:
as "robbers and brigands". This phrase also appears in this form in the 49th Book of
2187:(20 cases) reflects medieval Latin linguistic phenomenon. There is also the usage of
1895:
1633:
1548:("The Deeds of the Christian Hungarians"), which contained information of an eastern
1402:
912:
731:
Linguist János Bollók (1986) accepted Hóman's argument, when analyzed the virtues of
703:
184:
161:
2657:
The chapter narrates Saint Ladislaus' death and the reconstruction of the church of
1957:). Both works projected knightly virtue back to much earlier times (e.g. the era of
899:
and criticized Madzsar, who did not separate the later interpolations in his study.
702:
József Deér (1937) and Péter Váczy (1938) accepted Hóman's theory. Polish historian
6521:
6366:
5998:
5850:
Történetírás és történetírók az Árpád-kori Magyarországon (XI–XIII. század közepe)
3496:
3491:
3420:
3046:
2725:
2303:
2249:
2112:
until the hypothetical early 13th-century redaction) in her 2022 academic thesis.
1990:
1844:
1471:
532:
484:
was compiled around 1066 or 1067, and its last chapter was the consecration of the
265:
253:
117:
5646:
Nagy Szülejmán udvari emberének magyar krónikája (A Tarih-i Ungurus és kritikája)
2171:
The chronicler exhibits all tense structures in his work. He used most frequently
676:
124:(1948), János Horváth, Jr. (1954), Tibor Klaniczay (1964), György Szabados (2009)
837:
as an example. Veszprémy (just like Gerics and Csóka before that) considered the
6788:
6612:
6582:
6118:
3807:
several authors can be discovered in the text of the chronicle, Szabados argued.
3481:
2257:
2241:
2002:
1677:
1479:
5602:
Grzesik, Ryszard (2010). "Gesta Ungarorum deperdita". In Dunphy, Graeme (ed.).
3505:
by Augustine of Hippo, in addition to medieval narrative and liturgical works)
1684:
after his death. One of the monks (superior general John?), a supporter of the
1323:'s refusal to crown him). László Veszprémy discovered similarities between the
3249:
2926:
became more significant in Hungary at the beginning of the 13th century (e.g.
2923:
2381:
2229:
2060:
1288:
1130:
477:
5819:
5636:
5577:
5535:
25:
Family tree of the Hungarian chronicles until the 14th century, according to
6401:
3524:
3425:
3392:
3372:
3356:
3269:
2905:
2714:
2682:
sed astutus et docilis, ispidus, pilosus, luscus, gibosus, claudus et blesus
2160:
2040:
1998:
1982:
680:
527:, but later data, however, are inaccurate and superficial. Csóka argued the
2464:, László Veszprémy argued Anonymus met this word connection in the work of
5673:
The Gesta Ungarorum of Saint Ladislaus and its 12–13th-Century Derivatives
4019:
4017:
1111:
3532:
3368:
3326:
3308:
3295:
3224:
2245:
2233:
2133:
1681:
1292:
6391:
5869:
3582:
3528:
3466:
3384:
3142:
2591:
2338:. Later, Simon of Kéza extracted this part into his own work. The term
1283:
Gyula Pauler argued that an author, who functioned during the reign of
808:
630:
429:
276:
refers to "the ancient books about the deeds of the Hungarians", while
2498:
in 1081, indirectly by the theory of the "reluctant king", located in
1981:
mention foreigners with condemning epithets. The former refers to the
1713:) family preserved a longer text through the original chronicle text (
3461:
3376:
3300:
2706:
2418:
1970:
1836:
1743:
1409:. Gyula Pauler also argued in favor of a chronicle of Andrew II; the
1217:
672:
668:
446:
261:
5751:
The Medieval Hungarian Historians: A Critical & Analytical Guide
1610:
György Györffy discovered that the chronicle text was continued by
1405:
and Andrew's participation (1217–1218), but it omit to mention the
5591:
Problems of the Date of Compilation of the Earliest Gesta Editions
3956:
3954:
3578:
3274:
2910:
2719:
2472:, or it already appeared in the late 12th-century chronicle text.
2469:
2426:
2025:
1986:
1918:
1877:
1654:
1595:
1539:
1520:
additionally, thereby significantly modifying the presentation of
1489:
1369:
1315:) can be reconstructed via foreign sources and official charters.
1265:
1196:
1031:
955:
891:
767:
742:
635:
581:
494:
455:
433:
297:
230:
20:
5778:] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Tudománytörténeti tanulmányok 5,
5728:
Magyar historiográfia I. Történetírás a középkori Magyarországon
5405:
5403:
2984:("courtly retinue"), the chronicler borrowed the phrase from the
1717:
with continuations and interpolations, most recently from Ákos).
1516:
to present pre-Christian Hungary. His contemporary Anonymus used
423:
Gyula Sebestyén (1904) was the first scholar, who considered the
3476:
3435:
3330:
2611:
cum cordis contritione et satifactione de peccatis suis penituit
2583:
2175:(1293 instances) as a main clause predicate, while the usage of
2083:). Rarely used words also occur in the two texts (for instance,
2013:
also appear in both works relating to the foreigners. The topos
1618:
916:
5873:
5587:
Legkorábbi gesta-szerkesztéseinek keletkezésrendjének problémái
3817:
Coloman and his court against the claim of his younger brother
1772:(1488). In addition, Mahmud Tercüman also added the history of
543:
received an extract of this chronicle. According to Csóka, the
3797:. The same applies to the work of Alberic after the year 1041.
1303:
during Stephen II's Byzantine campaign. Because of the terms "
831:
Central European works (see above), Veszprémy gave the Danish
4696:
4694:
1961:). Dániel Bagi analyzed the story of Duke Béla's duel with a
922:
Péter Rokay (1999) rejected the existence of an 11th-century
510:
s political goal was to present the legitimacy of the ruling
382:
Classical philologist János Horváth, Jr. (1954) claimed that
5375:
5373:
5371:
5238:
5236:
5187:
5185:
5183:
4191:, pp. 29, 32, 45, 52, 59, 70, 74–75, 83, 327, 329, 331.
3149:("buzzard") appears in Emese's dream, narrated by Anonymus'
3145:, "captured a crow by sending after it a buzzard". The word
2039:
Both Anonymus and the Hungarian chronicle are well aware of
5814:(1). Szentpétery Imre Történettudományi Alapítvány: 59–96.
2649:
eis rector et gubernator in exercitu lesu Christi existeret
1570:
redaction took place sometime after 1213, but before 1235.
5623:
Györffy, György (1993). "Az Árpád-kori magyar krónikák ".
4436:
4434:
860:
chronicle. She considered there was a short history text (
310:
Sándor Domanovszky (1930s) listed three arguments why the
4855:
4853:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4535:
4533:
4382:
4380:
4247:
4245:
4097:
4095:
4070:
4068:
3527:, the early life of Cyrus by Herodotos, the biography of
1660:Ákos' contemporary, Simon of Kéza plausibly obtained the
1344:
served as common sources for the Hungarian chronicle and
621:. Historian Ubul Kállay (1915) claimed the author of the
5549:(in Hungarian). ELKH Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont.
5390:
5388:
5014:
5012:
3887:
3885:
3883:
2913:(1st century). In the Middle Ages, it was first used by
2403:
The text describes those Hungarians who had fled to the
2047:
and its derivatives proves it, in addition to the terms
1535:
One Ricardus's report (1237) of a journey of a group of
979:
regarding the origin of the Hungarians and the style of
357:. Györffy argued that Anonymus, Alberic, Riccardus, the
334:
up to 1046. Zoltán Tóth (1933) argued that the scene at
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3017:, Géza II was also girded with a sword in token of his
1997:("vile"), while the latter uses the same phrase to the
1024:
in order to mitigate its basic anti-German perception.
706:(1947) analyzed the parallels between the chronicle of
4409:
4407:
4160:
4158:
2605:
Et quantum iuste humanitatis arbitratu pensari potest,
1871:
regarding narrative chroniclers and liturgical works (
1705:) family derived from Ákos' shorter gesta through its
183:
Raimund Friedrich Kaindl (1893), László Geréb (1950),
5545:
A magyar krónika Árpád-kori szakaszának latin nyelve
3929:
3927:
3902:
3900:
3829:, which reached its peak during the reign of Coloman.
2757:. The chronicler borrowed the legal phrases from the
571:(1068). Szovák argued the chronicler represented the
555:, this is where the philological connection with the
5694:
Stylistic Problems of the Árpád-Era Latin Literature
3418:
The queen mother foretells the downfall of his son (
3013:
a sword and mounting his horse". Shortly before the
349:(1948) also expressed that the ancient gesta or the
6797:
6706:
6555:
6349:
6278:
6217:
6201:
6185:
6159:
6143:
6105:
6079:
6014:
5981:
5914:
5711:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 381–382.
2357:
Meaning "servitude". Accordingly, Peter said that "
2137:there are also signs of fragmentation of the text.
643:, author of the first academic monograph about the
5829:Ismeretlen Árpád-kor: Püspökök, legendák, króniák
5748:
2736:sed lex ab ea eum separavit, quam reatus acusavit,
1357:used this Béla-era chronicle as a primary source.
1190:, who functioned as a royal notary and provost of
5690:Árpád-kori latinnyelvű irodalmunk stílusproblémái
3153:. György Györffy analyzed that this re-Latinized
1258:, and Ladislaus II and Stephen IV, respectively.
907:events from the 11–12th centuries (for instance,
3753:József Gerics placed this date to the year 1059.
2816:ut adulterinam progeniem ecclesia non communicat
1808:It was succeeded by rhythmic prose (also called
1738:("History of the Hungarians") is a 16th-century
1413:uses present tense when mentions the wedding of
295:. Later, he modified his viewpoint (see below).
160:(1925), József Deér (1937), Péter Váczy (1938),
3589:of Duke Béla's duel with a Pomeranian warrior.
3311:by poisoning, also used by e.g. Lucan, Cicero,
2809:, which is based on biblical (Jewish) proverb.
1361:Large-scale redaction in the early 13th century
5789:Identitás és kultúra a török hódoltság korában
5707:Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század)
2824:The Hungarian envoys disputed Boris' right to
2637:Suis itaque terminis contentus esse maluit ...
1941:contain chivalrous elements and phrases (e.g.
1831:and the various hagiographies of St. Stephen.
1067:continuation when Stephen II was still alive.
960:The first page of the earliest version of the
855:historical records which were utilized by the
5885:
8:
5631:(3–4). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 391–412.
5530:(5). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 1083–1104.
5302:
5078:
4883:
4784:
4500:
4359:
3960:
3562:Beside the style element of Hebraisms (e.g.
3455:Stephen I as "reverential and gloomy" king (
2199:) appears most frequently. The conjunctions
210:Henrik Marczali (1880), Imre Madzsar (1926)
5927:Establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany
5791:. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó. pp. 40–49.
2359:Hoc nomen Hungaria derivatum est ab angaria
1965:warrior: he found contemporary parallels –
1794:, acquiring the past through rewriting it.
1574:Textual survival in 14th-century chronicles
392:establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany
304:establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany
5892:
5878:
5870:
5572:(2). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 301–332.
4630:
4544:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrzesik2010 (
4212:
4035:
3872:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrzesik2010 (
2676:Erat namque habitu corporis contemtibilis,
1542:in the early 1230s refers to a chronicle,
850:. Historian Dániel Bagi (2005) argued the
722:, the works of chroniclers Simon of Kéza,
563:Historian Kornél Szovák (2004) argued the
5493:
5481:
5457:
5445:
5433:
5421:
5409:
5379:
5266:
5227:
5174:
5162:
5138:
5054:
5030:
4618:
4594:
4488:
4224:
4188:
4137:
4125:
4047:
2421:). Roman law make a disntinction between
2191:in various places of the text. Regarding
2092:Szovák found only four such terms in the
1336:), which was completed around 1140. Both
156:Gyula Pauler (1899), Ubul Kállay (1915),
73:Compilation, continuations and redactions
4089:, pp. 22, 28–30, 66–68, 83–84, 106.
3175:
2850:
2545:
2272:
1692:(r. 1308–1342), continued Ákos' shorter
1668:(in historiography, it is also known as
88:
4748:
4736:
4724:
4712:
4700:
4539:
4512:
4398:
4059:
3867:
3841:
3657:
2310:acted as a judge in the absence of the
2208:the meaning "in turn". The conjunction
2120:Based on the examination of the text's
1882:Medievalist philologist Béla Karácsonyi
1776:to the beginning of the work, based on
971:Váczy considered that the 14th-century
472:According to József Gerics (1961), the
90:Position of historians (summary table)
5776:The Thuróczy Chronicle and its Sources
5605:Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle
5314:
5278:
4907:
4844:
4673:
4606:
4570:
4524:
4440:
4425:
4371:
4311:
4275:
4176:
4113:
4023:
3984:
3918:
3855:
3726:, in contrast, considered the Ecgbert
2643:leges convenieni vigore sanctiendo ...
2631:Non transgrediaris terminos patrum ...
2582:wrote in his letter to the bishops of
695:until the year 1063. Hóman argued the
5505:
5469:
5394:
5362:
5350:
5338:
5326:
5290:
5254:
5242:
5215:
5203:
5191:
5150:
5126:
5114:
5102:
5090:
5066:
5042:
5018:
5003:
4991:
4979:
4967:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:
4895:
4871:
4859:
4832:
4820:
4808:
4796:
4772:
4760:
4685:
4661:
4649:
4582:
4558:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4413:
4386:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4299:
4287:
4263:
4251:
4236:
4200:
4164:
4149:
4101:
4086:
4074:
4008:
3996:
3972:
3945:
3933:
3906:
3891:
3305:pocula dire mortis eisdem propinarunt
2742:culpa dampnavit, maleficium coartavit
1366:Chronicle of Andrew II (r. 1205–1235)
7:
3355:; various motives from the works of
2788:Non est bonum reddere malum pro bono
2326:). The chronicler was well aware of
449:invasion of Hungary to the reign of
260:in the 10th century, in addition to
5909:The list is by chronological order.
5608:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 701–702.
4787:, pp. 48–69, 240–249, 306–315.
2479:affectuosissimis et instanttissimis
1709:, while the Illuminated Chronicle (
2179:is only occasional. The structure
1707:Franciscan (Minorite) continuation
14:
5650:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó.
4362:, pp. 296, 315–316, 320–322.
4026:, pp. 9, 20, 28, 64, 69, 79.
2342:first appears in a 1298 charter.
1450:the author was well aware of the
1297:1071–1072 Byzantine–Hungarian War
966:preserved in a 12th-century codex
868:, the first Hungarian chronicle.
5696:] (in Hungarian). Budapest:
3383:; "peace-loving" Count Ernyei =
1869:fall of the Western Roman Empire
1419:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
1395:Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia
1129:
1110:
1091:
463:as depicted in the 15th-century
440:as their father. Nagy said this
3708:1051 German invasion of Hungary
2768:et infectum est altare sanguine
655:(1925). He called this work as
5772:A Thuróczy-krónika és forrásai
5755:. Cambridge University Press.
3558:Biblical phrases and parallels
663:, since Hóman referred to the
432:were the illegitimate sons of
1:
5944:Anonymus (notary of Béla III)
5854:(in Hungarian). Line Design.
5833:(in Hungarian). L'Harmattan.
5780:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
5698:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
5681:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
5595:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
2380:The chronicle text tell that
1564:Gesta Ungarorum Christianorum
1545:Gesta Ungarorum Christianorum
5967:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum
5688:Horváth, Jr., János (1954).
4688:, pp. 307–308, 311–312.
3614:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum
3599:List of Hungarian chronicles
2900:Ch. 71, 81, 93, 165 (twice).
2195:, conjunctive coordination (
1903:Lexicography and phraseology
1748:occupation of Székesfehérvár
1670:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum
1584:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum
1277:Real Academia de la Historia
904:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum
846:and the three annals of the
675:(today Oradea, Romania) and
283:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum
168:(1953), János Bollók (1986)
6910:11th-century books in Latin
2570:nec contritos nec confessos
2517:mediam capitis diminutionem
1926:'s legendary duel with the
1762:is a direct translation of
1721:Identification theory with
1381:in a contemporary depiction
1083:Álmos branch (r. 1131–1172)
1046:Chronicle of the Hungarians
848:Formulary Book of Somogyvár
754:Chronicle of the Hungarians
551:) utilized the text of the
78:Date of the first chronicle
6931:
6905:11th-century history books
6876:Category:Hungarian writers
5989:Minorite Chronicle of Buda
5848:Veszprémy, László (2019).
5827:Thoroczkay, Gábor (2016).
5679:(in Hungarian). Budapest:
3730:remained in use until the
3371:; "intriguer" Count Vid =
3045:As a non-Christian habit,
2166:Nominativus cum infinitivo
2144:accusativus cum infinitivo
1727:
1588:Minorite Chronicle of Buda
1577:
1512:utilized Regino of Prüm's
1445:against his older brother
1233:, and possibly studied in
935:12th-century continuations
608:Ladislaus I (r. 1077–1095)
316:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
268:monasteries. Toldy argued
6873:
5939:Funeral Sermon and Prayer
5907:
5747:Macartney, C. A. (1953).
5543:Benei, Bernadett (2022).
4116:, pp. 51, 53, 57–60.
2723:. Its Latin version, the
2067:frequently use the term "
1174:, the Battle of Kemej or
1028:Stephen II (r. 1116–1131)
596:and the late 9th-century
6070:Epitome rerum Hungarorum
5770:Mályusz, Elemér (1967).
5732:(in Hungarian). Osiris.
4910:, pp. 72–74, 94–97.
4374:, pp. 80–83, 88–94.
4128:, pp. 16–17, 21–22.
3640:Epitome rerum Hungarorum
3549:Gottfried von Strassburg
3336:Annales Quedlinburgenses
3246:Siege of Belgrade (1071)
3215:camps on the mountaintop
3141:Duke Álmos, residing in
3118:clericum suum litteratum
2116:Analysis and conclusions
1470:" and references to the
1212:Bálint Hóman argued the
716:Carlile Aylmer Macartney
394:, was the author of the
235:Coronation of Andrew I (
166:Carlile Aylmer Macartney
6900:11th century in Hungary
6113:Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos
5585:Gerics, József (1961).
4467:, pp. 72, 106–107.
3827:Investiture Controversy
3452:gloomy and tearful king
3157:word is of Italian and
2834:Decretals of Gregory IX
2701:), the commentaries of
1823:Roger of Torre Maggiore
1632:equal in rank with the
1262:Béla III (r. 1172–1196)
1159:Byzantine–Hungarian War
762:Gesta Vetera Hungarorum
735:in the chronicle text.
733:Saint Emeric of Hungary
629:(Cupan), descendant of
436:and deliberately named
258:Principality of Hungary
227:Andrew I (r. 1046–1060)
48:Gesta Hungarorum vetera
5726:Kristó, Gyula (2002).
5665:Hóman, Bálint (1925).
5644:Hazai, György (1996).
3789:, and the Latin word "
3787:Saint Ladislaus legend
3710:regarding the name of
3314:Historia Langobardorum
3196:effeminati enervatique
3104:
2395:predones et latrunculi
2214:subordinate structures
2126:Demonstrative pronouns
2043:, the frequent use of
2036:
1934:
1883:
1621:, during the reign of
1607:
1508:
1485:
1452:Rule of Saint Benedict
1382:
1355:Saint Ladislaus legend
1280:
1209:
1049:
967:
952:Coloman (r. 1095–1116)
884:Principality of Halych
776:
757:
739:Coloman (r. 1095–1116)
648:
604:, as primary sources.
503:
501:Zselicszentjakab Abbey
486:Zselicszentjakab Abbey
469:
419:Solomon (r. 1063–1074)
307:
242:
220:László Erdélyi (1933)
60:
30:
6245:Mihály Csokonai Vitéz
5484:, pp. 1093–1096.
5424:, pp. 1101–1103.
4290:, pp. 62–66, 84.
3568:in saecula saeculorum
3000:Ch. 64, 66, 116, 165.
2869:marcis auri purissimi
2193:coordinate structures
2177:praeteritum perfectum
2029:
1959:Hungarian land-taking
1922:
1881:
1783:Historiae Philippicae
1599:
1493:
1486:Gyula Kristó's theory
1454:and the biography of
1432:and Koppány's war in
1399:first Mongol invasion
1373:
1269:
1247:Illuminated Chronicle
1200:
1035:
1010:Chronicon Zagrabiense
973:Illuminated Chronicle
959:
928:Illuminated Chronicle
834:Chronicon Roskildense
771:
746:
665:Illuminated Chronicle
639:
521:Chronicon Varadinense
517:Chronicon Zagrabiense
498:
459:
390:, who formulated the
365:Illuminated Chronicle
301:
274:Illuminated Chronicle
252:. Literary historian
238:Illuminated Chronicle
234:
66:Illuminated Chronicle
24:
6895:Hungarian chronicles
6855:László Krasznahorkai
5973:Lamentations of Mary
5922:Old Hungarian script
5901:Hungarian literature
5412:, pp. 106, 110.
4621:, pp. 274, 278.
4215:, pp. 111, 113.
4038:, pp. 105, 112.
3732:end of the Árpád era
3353:Gesta Ladislai regis
3287:Sidonius Apollinaris
3283:Ammianus Marcellinus
3092:Ch. 82, 92, 95, 155.
3015:Battle of the Fischa
2936:Frederick Barbarossa
2919:Chronicon universale
2564:fecit eos obtruncari
2485:precibus compulerunt
2372:sine iudicii examine
2329:Corpus Juris Civilis
1914:per me reges regnant
1522:Hungarian prehistory
1498:, the author of the
1411:Chronicon Dubnicense
1391:Elizabeth of Hungary
1291:before the Siege of
1018:Gesta Ladislai regis
747:Coloman depicted in
712:Bolesław I the Brave
661:Gesta Ladislai regis
537:Abbey of Pannonhalma
6707:20th – 21st century
6350:19th – 20th century
6218:18th – 19th century
6186:17th – 18th century
6144:16th – 17th century
6080:15th – 16th century
6063:Chronica Hungarorum
5472:, pp. 303–312.
5460:, pp. 137–138.
5448:, pp. 123–126.
5365:, pp. 293–294.
5329:, pp. 291–292.
5317:, pp. 247–248.
5305:, pp. 158–187.
5269:, pp. 248–257.
5257:, pp. 288–289.
5245:, pp. 287–288.
5218:, pp. 285–287.
5194:, pp. 281–283.
5177:, pp. 101–102.
5153:, pp. 279–280.
5129:, pp. 278–279.
5069:, pp. 273–274.
5057:, pp. 212–215.
5045:, pp. 272–273.
5006:, pp. 269–270.
4994:, pp. 268–269.
4982:, pp. 329–332.
4970:, pp. 323–324.
4958:, pp. 322–323.
4946:, pp. 321–322.
4934:, pp. 320–321.
4922:, pp. 319–320.
4886:, pp. 280–282.
4874:, pp. 225–232.
4703:, pp. 400–403.
4527:, pp. 103–109.
4503:, pp. 272–280.
4050:, pp. 132–134.
3963:, pp. 305–315.
3664:also translated as
3633:Chronica Hungarorum
3564:accintus est gladio
3541:Konrad von Würzburg
3233:Historiae Alexandri
3177:
3172:Classical antiquity
3030:anachronistic way.
2995:accintus est gladio
2852:
2798:Louis VII of France
2547:
2468:during his stay in
2274:
2155:ablativus absolutus
2130:possessive pronouns
2104:Linguistic analysis
1993:with the indicator
1792:conquest of Hungary
1788:Chronica Hungarorum
1774:Alexander the Great
1769:Chronica Hungarorum
1764:Johannes de Thurocz
1556:Gertrude of Merania
1426:Uros of Pannonhalma
1415:Constance of Aragon
1407:Golden Bull of 1222
963:Legenda Hartviciana
844:Annales Posonienses
821:Annales Posonienses
817:Annales Posonienses
625:was court chaplain
617:and the heroism of
466:Chronica Hungarorum
377:Vata pagan uprising
360:Annales Posonienses
91:
16:Hungarian chronicle
3795:Annales Altahenses
3783:Annales Altahenses
3348:Battle of Mogyoród
3323:Augustine of Hippo
3260:Battle of Mogyoród
3187:Classical analogy
3184:Phrase/Description
3176:
3010:Pope Benedict VIII
2986:Annales Altahenses
2982:falanges aulicorum
2972:falangos aulicorum
2955:Hungarian nobility
2945:magnates Hungariae
2851:
2796:Géza II permitted
2703:Isidore of Seville
2546:
2335:Codex Theodosianus
2273:
2173:praesēns perfectum
2149:Battle of Mogyoród
2037:
2030:First page of the
1935:
1884:
1674:Battle of Lake Hód
1608:
1509:
1506:Vajdahunyad Castle
1468:barones et optimes
1456:Benedict of Nursia
1383:
1321:Lucas of Esztergom
1281:
1210:
1077:Republic of Venice
1059:Byzantine campaign
1050:
968:
828:Annales Altahenses
813:St. Stephen legend
777:
758:
693:Annales Altahenses
649:
557:Annales Altahenses
541:Annales Altahenses
531:was compiled by a
504:
470:
438:Ladislaus the Bald
400:Annales Altahenses
369:Annales Altahenses
331:Annales Altahenses
308:
243:
89:
31:
6882:
6881:
6810:László L. Lőrincz
6618:Miklós Szentkuthy
6487:Dezső Kosztolányi
6286:Mihály Vörösmarty
6177:Nádasdy Mausoleum
6037:Johannes Thuróczy
5956:Ákos (chronicler)
5861:978-963-480-004-0
5840:978-963-414-212-6
5798:978-86-7743-139-6
5762:978-0-521-08051-4
5739:978-963-389-261-9
5556:978-963-416-343-5
5303:Horváth, Jr. 1954
5079:Horváth, Jr. 1954
4898:, pp. 94–98.
4884:Horváth, Jr. 1954
4862:, pp. 91–92.
4847:, pp. 89–95.
4823:, pp. 88–89.
4811:, pp. 85–87.
4799:, pp. 80–85.
4785:Horváth, Jr. 1954
4775:, pp. 47–49.
4763:, pp. 11–15.
4751:, pp. 57–60.
4727:, pp. 52–55.
4715:, pp. 46–50.
4652:, pp. 58–60.
4609:, pp. 40–42.
4585:, pp. 52–53.
4515:, pp. 39–40.
4501:Horváth, Jr. 1954
4491:, pp. 31–32.
4479:, pp. 49–50.
4455:, pp. 47–49.
4443:, pp. 36–37.
4401:, pp. 36–38.
4389:, pp. 44–45.
4360:Horváth, Jr. 1954
4350:, pp. 42–43.
4302:, pp. 54–55.
4278:, pp. 40–46.
4254:, pp. 36–37.
4179:, pp. 31–36.
4104:, pp. 29–30.
4077:, pp. 25–26.
4062:, pp. 25–26.
4011:, pp. 23–24.
3999:, pp. 20–22.
3961:Horváth, Jr. 1954
3921:, pp. 52–53.
3894:, pp. 15–16.
3693:Reflecting this,
3684:in academic works
3646:Nádasdy Mausoleum
3555:
3554:
3457:oratio lacrimarum
3325:, hagiography of
3169:
3168:
2847:Age-marking terms
2844:
2843:
2830:Decretum Gratiani
2807:Decretum Gratiani
2759:Decretum Gratiani
2711:Decretum Gratiani
2699:Book of Leviticus
2667:Decretum Gratiani
2622:Decretum Gratiani
2596:Burchard of Worms
2539:
2538:
2527:deminutio capitis
2508:Codex Iustinianus
2458:Codex Iustinianus
2405:Holy Roman Empire
2264:Historical layers
1967:Galbert of Bruges
1912:Biblical phrase "
1828:Carmen miserabile
1703:Chronicon Budense
1580:Ákos (chronicler)
1342:Decretum Gratiani
1338:Historia Roderici
1333:Decretum Gratiani
1326:Historia Roderici
1272:Historia Roderici
1188:John, son of Both
1141:
1122:
1103:
926:. He claimed the
789:, respectively).
724:Thomas Ebendorfer
590:Gisela of Hungary
539:. Authors of the
246:Stephan Endlicher
224:
223:
207:
180:
153:
136:
114:Stephan Endlicher
110:
6922:
6850:Lajos Parti Nagy
6840:Zsuzsa Rakovszky
6673:Ágnes Nemes Nagy
6537:Sándor Szathmári
6497:Frigyes Karinthy
6437:Menyhért Lengyel
6265:István Széchenyi
6255:Károly Kisfaludy
6250:Dániel Berzsenyi
6240:Sándor Kisfaludy
6172:István Gyöngyösi
6130:Péter Bornemisza
6005:Chronicon Pictum
5950:Gesta Hungarorum
5894:
5887:
5880:
5871:
5865:
5844:
5823:
5802:
5783:
5766:
5754:
5743:
5722:
5701:
5684:
5678:
5661:
5640:
5627:(in Hungarian).
5619:
5598:
5581:
5568:(in Hungarian).
5560:
5539:
5526:(in Hungarian).
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5398:
5392:
5383:
5377:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4537:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3895:
3889:
3878:
3877:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3830:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3721:
3715:
3704:
3698:
3691:
3685:
3674:primordial gesta
3662:
3621:Chronicon Pictum
3607:Gesta Hungarorum
3487:Valerius Flaccus
3415:after the battle
3212:
3202:Consolatio ad se
3178:
3151:Gesta Hungarorum
3135:
3120:
3089:
3059:
3057:collecta/exactio
3039:
3027:Otto of Freising
2997:
2974:
2947:
2928:Gesta Hungarorum
2922:emphasized that
2915:Ekkehard of Aura
2897:
2894:furor Teutonicus
2884:Gesta Hungarorum
2871:
2853:
2818:
2790:
2770:
2751:Euphemia of Kiev
2744:
2738:
2694:Historia Augusta
2684:
2678:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2613:
2607:
2580:Pope Celestine I
2572:
2566:
2548:
2519:
2496:Pope Gregory VII
2487:
2481:
2466:Alexander Neckam
2450:Gesta Hungarorum
2442:
2397:
2374:
2351:
2322:(local judge or
2296:
2275:
2254:Gesta Hungarorum
2094:Gesta Hungarorum
2033:Gesta Hungarorum
2016:furor Teutonicus
1969:' chronicle and
1939:Gesta Hungarorum
1889:similiter cadens
1798:Linguistic style
1711:Chronicon Pictum
1666:Gesta Hungarorum
1592:Chronicon Pictum
1526:Gesta Hungarorum
1518:Exordia Scythica
1501:Gesta Hungarorum
1430:Battle of Vértes
1350:Gesta Hungarorum
1139:
1133:
1120:
1114:
1101:
1095:
1073:Duchy of Bohemia
1057:about Stephen's
787:Cosmas of Prague
720:Gerard of Csanád
594:Exordia Scythica
569:Battle of Kerlés
325:Gesta Hungarorum
320:anonymous author
205:
178:
151:
149:
134:
108:
92:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6869:
6865:György Dragomán
6815:Endre Kukorelly
6793:
6779:Péter Esterházy
6702:
6683:Éva Janikovszky
6668:János Pilinszky
6663:Ferenc Karinthy
6551:
6547:János Kodolányi
6517:Sándor Reményik
6427:Zsigmond Móricz
6362:Kálmán Mikszáth
6345:
6311:Zsigmond Kemény
6274:
6225:Ferenc Kazinczy
6213:
6197:
6181:
6155:
6139:
6101:
6097:Nicolaus Olahus
6087:Antonio Bonfini
6075:
6047:Codex of Munich
6032:Janus Pannonius
6010:
5994:John of Küküllő
5977:
5910:
5903:
5898:
5868:
5862:
5847:
5841:
5826:
5805:
5799:
5786:
5769:
5763:
5746:
5740:
5725:
5719:
5704:
5687:
5676:
5664:
5658:
5643:
5622:
5616:
5601:
5584:
5563:
5557:
5542:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5401:
5393:
5386:
5378:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5265:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5234:
5226:
5222:
5214:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5190:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5077:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4637:
4631:Thoroczkay 2016
4629:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4334:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4227:, p. 1085.
4223:
4219:
4213:Thoroczkay 2016
4211:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4140:, p. 1084.
4136:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4036:Thoroczkay 2016
4034:
4030:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3738:
3722:
3718:
3705:
3701:
3692:
3688:
3670:primaeval gesta
3666:ancestral gesta
3663:
3659:
3654:
3595:
3587:trial by ordeal
3560:
3537:Excidium Troiae
3513:Béla's blinding
3441:Gesta Francorum
3431:Ab urbe condita
3401:Petrus Comestor
3319:Paul the Deacon
3293:("hard horse",
3210:
3174:
3131:
3116:
3085:
3062:Ch. 72, 82, 94.
3055:
3035:
2993:
2970:
2943:
2930:, Golden Bull,
2891:
2867:
2849:
2814:
2786:
2766:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2544:
2515:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2438:
2425:(enemies, e.g.
2393:
2370:
2347:
2314:. In the text,
2289:
2271:
2266:
2118:
2106:
2081:totus exercitus
1905:
1805:
1800:
1760:Tarih-i Üngürüs
1756:Tarih-i Üngürüs
1736:Tarih-i Üngürüs
1732:
1730:Tarih-i Üngürüs
1726:
1723:Tarih-i Üngürüs
1657:'s horn myth).
1638:Rabbits' Island
1617:, a provost of
1594:
1578:Main articles:
1576:
1488:
1368:
1363:
1301:Battle of Haram
1264:
1203:Henry of Mügeln
1180:Henry of Mügeln
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1085:
1030:
977:Alexius of Rome
954:
937:
874:
741:
708:Gallus Anonymus
697:Gesta Ungarorum
685:Gesta Ungarorum
657:Gesta Ungarorum
610:
578:Hunor and Magor
421:
351:Gesta Ungarorum
340:Ecgbert of York
264:from the first
229:
204:
177:
150:
145:
133:
107:
80:
75:
42:Gesta Ungarorum
17:
12:
11:
5:
6928:
6926:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6887:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6764:György Moldova
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6734:Sándor Kányádi
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6648:László Kálnoky
6645:
6640:
6635:
6633:Miklós Radnóti
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6387:Ferenc Herczeg
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6306:Ede Szigligeti
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6260:Ferenc Kölcsey
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6235:Mihály Fazekas
6232:
6230:János Batsányi
6227:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6135:Bálint Balassi
6132:
6127:
6122:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6057:Buda Chronicle
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5874:
5867:
5866:
5860:
5845:
5839:
5824:
5803:
5797:
5784:
5767:
5761:
5744:
5738:
5723:
5717:
5702:
5685:
5662:
5656:
5641:
5620:
5614:
5599:
5582:
5561:
5555:
5540:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5508:, p. 313.
5498:
5496:, p. 111.
5494:Veszprémy 2019
5486:
5482:B. Kovács 2020
5474:
5462:
5458:Veszprémy 2019
5450:
5446:Veszprémy 2019
5438:
5434:Veszprémy 2019
5426:
5422:B. Kovács 2020
5414:
5410:Veszprémy 2019
5399:
5397:, p. 298.
5384:
5382:, p. 114.
5380:Veszprémy 2019
5367:
5355:
5353:, p. 293.
5343:
5341:, p. 292.
5331:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5293:, p. 290.
5283:
5271:
5267:Veszprémy 2019
5259:
5247:
5232:
5230:, p. 172.
5228:Veszprémy 2019
5220:
5208:
5206:, p. 284.
5196:
5179:
5175:Veszprémy 2019
5167:
5165:, p. 165.
5163:Veszprémy 2019
5155:
5143:
5141:, p. 274.
5139:Veszprémy 2019
5131:
5119:
5117:, p. 278.
5107:
5105:, p. 277.
5095:
5093:, p. 275.
5083:
5081:, p. 280.
5071:
5059:
5055:Veszprémy 2019
5047:
5035:
5033:, p. 108.
5031:Veszprémy 2019
5023:
5021:, p. 271.
5008:
4996:
4984:
4972:
4960:
4948:
4936:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4888:
4876:
4864:
4849:
4837:
4825:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4739:, p. 406.
4729:
4717:
4705:
4690:
4678:
4666:
4654:
4635:
4633:, p. 127.
4623:
4619:Veszprémy 2019
4611:
4599:
4595:Macartney 1953
4587:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4542:, p. 702.
4529:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4489:Macartney 1953
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4430:
4428:, p. 101.
4418:
4403:
4391:
4376:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4316:
4304:
4292:
4280:
4268:
4256:
4241:
4229:
4225:B. Kovács 2020
4217:
4205:
4193:
4189:Veszprémy 2019
4181:
4169:
4154:
4142:
4138:B. Kovács 2020
4130:
4126:Macartney 1953
4118:
4106:
4091:
4079:
4064:
4052:
4048:Veszprémy 2019
4040:
4028:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3950:
3938:
3923:
3911:
3896:
3879:
3870:, p. 701.
3860:
3858:, p. 382.
3840:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3809:
3799:
3774:
3765:
3755:
3746:
3736:
3716:
3699:
3695:György Györffy
3686:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3627:Buda Chronicle
3624:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3416:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3321:, writings of
3267:("war horse",
3262:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3227:, writings of
3220:De re militari
3216:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3139:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3093:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3063:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3006:Székesfehérvár
3001:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2978:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2951:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2901:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2875:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2822:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2794:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2748:
2745:
2731:
2730:
2688:
2685:
2671:
2670:
2655:
2652:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2614:
2600:
2599:
2588:Rabanus Maurus
2576:
2573:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2523:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2504:Pope Gregory I
2491:
2488:
2474:
2473:
2446:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2401:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2355:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2340:iudex pedaneus
2308:iudex pedaneus
2300:
2297:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2117:
2114:
2105:
2102:
1975:Vita Mathildis
1904:
1901:
1865:Harry Bresslau
1810:stilus Romanus
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1754:, because the
1728:Main article:
1725:
1719:
1699:Buda Chronicle
1575:
1572:
1551:Magna Hungaria
1487:
1484:
1476:Teutonic Order
1460:Pope Gregory I
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1299:, then at the
1275:, ms. 9/4922,
1263:
1260:
1201:Page (18r) of
1140:(r. 1162–1172)
1135:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:(r. 1141–1162)
1116:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1102:(r. 1131–1141)
1097:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1041:János Thuróczy
1029:
1026:
982:Song of Roland
953:
950:
936:
933:
913:royal servants
873:
872:Other theories
870:
749:János Thuróczy
740:
737:
619:Opos the Brave
609:
606:
598:Regino of Prüm
474:longer version
420:
417:
388:Bishop of Győr
347:György Györffy
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
212:
211:
208:
206:(r. 1141–1162)
197:
196:
189:György Györffy
181:
179:(r. 1095–1116)
170:
169:
154:
152:(r. 1077–1095)
141:
140:
137:
135:(r. 1063–1074)
126:
125:
122:György Györffy
111:
109:(r. 1046–1060)
100:
99:
96:
79:
76:
74:
71:
27:György Györffy
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6927:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6877:
6872:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6860:Attila Bartis
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6805:Ágnes Gergely
6803:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6784:György Károly
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:István Csukás
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6759:György Konrád
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6749:Sándor Csoóri
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6729:Ferenc Juhász
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:György Faludy
6712:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6688:Péter Zsoldos
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6653:Sándor Weöres
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6638:István Örkény
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6608:Attila József
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6578:László Németh
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6563:István Fekete
6561:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6457:Mihály Babits
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6442:Margit Kaffka
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:Ferenc Molnár
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6397:Miklós Bánffy
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6382:Géza Gárdonyi
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6372:Zoltán Ambrus
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6341:Gergely Csiky
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6326:Sándor Petőfi
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:József Eötvös
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6270:József Katona
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6209:József Kármán
6207:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6193:Kelemen Mikes
6191:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:Miklós Zrínyi
6165:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6151:Péter Pázmány
6149:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6092:Gáspár Heltai
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6052:Zirc Bestiary
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6042:Codex of Bécs
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6027:Hussite Bible
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5961:Simon of Kéza
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:Early sources
5913:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5890:
5888:
5883:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5863:
5857:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5718:963-05-6722-9
5714:
5710:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5657:963-057-407-1
5653:
5649:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5615:90-04-18464-3
5611:
5607:
5606:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5507:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5439:
5436:, p. 57.
5435:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5281:, p. 52.
5280:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4838:
4835:, p. 90.
4834:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4676:, p. 66.
4675:
4670:
4667:
4664:, p. 61.
4663:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4597:, p. 33.
4596:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4576:
4573:, p. 39.
4572:
4567:
4564:
4561:, p. 51.
4560:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4419:
4416:, p. 46.
4415:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4338:, p. 72.
4337:
4332:
4329:
4326:, p. 42.
4325:
4320:
4317:
4314:, p. 18.
4313:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4266:, p. 38.
4265:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4239:, p. 41.
4238:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4203:, p. 35.
4202:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4167:, p. 32.
4166:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4152:, p. 31.
4151:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3990:
3987:, p. 63.
3986:
3981:
3978:
3975:, p. 89.
3974:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3948:, p. 18.
3947:
3942:
3939:
3936:, p. 17.
3935:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3909:, p. 27.
3908:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3678:primary gesta
3675:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3472:Metamorphoses
3468:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:Curtius Rufus
3234:
3230:
3229:Julius Caesar
3226:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:coming of age
3016:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:Oath of Bereg
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:, the Bible (
2696:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:Old Testament
2660:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:Pastoral Care
2497:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:legenda maior
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:Peter Orseolo
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:synezeugmenon
2235:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:Kossuth Prize
1892:
1890:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:Ludwig Traube
1838:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:Magyar tribes
1631:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:Fifth Crusade
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1207:Ungarnchronik
1204:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Ungarnchronik
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:Vác Cathedral
1169:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1138:
1132:
1119:
1113:
1100:
1094:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
984:
983:
978:
974:
965:
964:
958:
951:
949:
947:
942:
939:Whenever the
934:
932:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
905:
900:
898:
893:
889:
885:
880:
871:
869:
867:
863:
858:
853:
849:
845:
840:
836:
835:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
798:style of the
796:
792:
788:
783:
775:
770:
766:
763:
756:
755:
750:
745:
738:
736:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Marian Plezia
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
646:
642:
638:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
607:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
570:
566:
561:
558:
554:
550:
549:Legenda minor
546:
542:
538:
535:friar in the
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
512:Árpád dynasty
509:
502:
497:
493:
491:
490:Legenda maior
487:
483:
479:
475:
468:
467:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
418:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
305:
300:
296:
294:
289:
285:
284:
279:
278:Simon of Kéza
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
240:
239:
233:
226:
219:
217:
216:Simon of Kéza
214:
213:
209:
203:
199:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:Marian Plezia
182:
176:
172:
171:
167:
163:
162:Marian Plezia
159:
155:
148:
143:
142:
138:
132:
128:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
106:
102:
101:
97:
94:
93:
87:
85:
77:
72:
70:
68:
67:
62:
58:
54:
53:ancient gesta
50:
49:
44:
43:
38:
37:
28:
23:
19:
6835:Miklós Vámos
6830:Ádám Nádasdy
6825:György Spiró
6798:Contemporary
6744:Gábor Görgey
6739:Imre Kertész
6623:Mária Szepes
6598:Sándor Török
6593:Jolán Földes
6588:Gyula Illyés
6573:Sándor Márai
6568:Lőrinc Szabó
6556:20th century
6522:Lajos Zilahy
6512:József Nyírő
6502:Lajos Áprily
6492:Lajos Kassák
6452:Gyula Juhász
6377:Sándor Bródy
6367:Elek Benedek
6321:Mihály Tompa
6291:József Bajza
6279:19th century
6202:18th century
6160:17th century
6117:
6106:16th century
6068:
6061:
6015:15th century
6003:
5999:Mark of Kalt
5982:14th century
5965:
5948:
5932:
5931:
5852:
5849:
5831:
5828:
5811:
5807:
5788:
5775:
5771:
5750:
5730:
5727:
5709:
5706:
5693:
5689:
5672:
5667:
5648:
5645:
5628:
5624:
5603:
5590:
5586:
5569:
5565:
5547:
5544:
5527:
5523:
5501:
5489:
5477:
5465:
5453:
5441:
5429:
5417:
5358:
5346:
5334:
5322:
5310:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5262:
5250:
5223:
5211:
5199:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5110:
5098:
5086:
5074:
5062:
5050:
5038:
5026:
4999:
4987:
4975:
4963:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4915:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4867:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4792:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4749:Mályusz 1967
4744:
4737:Györffy 1993
4732:
4725:Mályusz 1967
4720:
4713:Mályusz 1967
4708:
4701:Györffy 1993
4681:
4669:
4657:
4626:
4614:
4602:
4590:
4578:
4566:
4554:
4540:Grzesik 2010
4520:
4513:Mályusz 1967
4508:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4421:
4399:Mályusz 1967
4394:
4367:
4355:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4232:
4220:
4208:
4196:
4184:
4172:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4082:
4060:Mályusz 1967
4055:
4043:
4031:
4004:
3992:
3980:
3968:
3941:
3914:
3868:Grzesik 2010
3863:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3782:
3777:
3768:
3758:
3749:
3739:
3727:
3724:Gyula Kristó
3719:
3712:Vértes Hills
3702:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3638:
3631:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3544:
3536:
3518:
3502:Confessiones
3500:
3497:Aristophanes
3490:
3480:
3470:
3460:
3456:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3411:Solomon and
3352:
3334:
3312:
3304:
3294:
3291:arduus equus
3290:
3278:
3268:
3264:
3232:
3218:
3200:
3195:
3162:
3150:
3146:
3133:astur/austur
3132:
3117:
3108:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3056:
3036:
2994:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2962:
2958:
2944:
2927:
2918:
2904:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2868:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2806:
2787:
2778:
2767:
2758:
2741:
2735:
2726:Ilias Latina
2724:
2718:
2710:
2692:
2681:
2675:
2666:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2569:
2563:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2507:
2484:
2478:
2462:felix embola
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2440:felix embola
2439:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2394:
2385:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2307:
2304:Ancient Rome
2293:
2290:
2253:
2250:alliteration
2222:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:coniunctivus
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2153:
2142:
2139:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2093:
2089:consiliarius
2088:
2087:). The word
2084:
2080:
2077:oratio recta
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:. The terms
1994:
1991:Transylvania
1978:
1974:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1872:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:Max Manitius
1833:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:Rhymed prose
1787:
1781:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1733:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1693:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1627:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1568:
1563:
1560:assassinated
1549:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1499:
1472:Latin Empire
1467:
1464:
1423:
1410:
1384:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1313:Ladislaus IV
1308:
1304:
1282:
1270:
1252:
1246:
1239:Ladislaus II
1227:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1183:
1176:Vid Gutkeled
1167:
1155:
1147:
1069:
1063:
1051:
1044:
1039:depicted in
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1000:
997:Saint Emeric
993:
980:
972:
969:
961:
945:
940:
938:
927:
923:
921:
908:
903:
901:
896:
887:
875:
865:
861:
856:
851:
843:
838:
832:
827:
825:
820:
816:
799:
794:
791:Gyula Kristó
781:
778:
774:Gyula Kristó
761:
759:
752:
701:
696:
692:
684:
664:
660:
656:
653:Bálint Hóman
650:
644:
641:Bálint Hóman
622:
611:
601:
593:
572:
564:
562:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
528:
524:
520:
516:
507:
505:
489:
481:
471:
464:
441:
424:
422:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
381:
372:
368:
364:
358:
350:
344:
329:
323:
311:
309:
281:
273:
254:Ferenc Toldy
244:
236:
193:Gyula Kristó
158:Bálint Hóman
118:Ferenc Toldy
83:
81:
64:
52:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
34:
32:
18:
6820:Péter Nádas
6789:Erno Polgar
6724:András Sütő
6719:Magda Szabó
6698:Gáspár Nagy
6693:Ervin Lázár
6678:László Nagy
6643:Géza Ottlik
6613:Albert Wass
6583:Antal Szerb
6542:Áron Tamási
6532:Béla Hamvas
6472:Béla Balázs
6432:Ferenc Móra
6422:Dezső Szabó
6417:Gyula Krúdy
6407:Miksa Fenyő
6336:János Vajda
6331:Imre Madách
6316:János Arany
6296:János Garay
6119:Tripartitum
5315:Gerics 1961
5279:Kristó 2002
4908:Kristó 2002
4845:Kristó 2002
4674:Kristó 2002
4607:Kristó 2002
4571:Kristó 2002
4525:Gerics 1961
4441:Kristó 2002
4426:Gerics 1961
4372:Gerics 1961
4312:Kristó 2002
4276:Gerics 1961
4177:Kristó 2002
4114:Gerics 1961
4024:Gerics 1961
3985:Gerics 1961
3919:Gerics 1961
3856:Kristó 1994
3482:Argonautica
3359:(Solomon =
2838:Liber Extra
2417:written by
2258:Cistercians
2242:antonomasia
2185:infinitivus
2141:instead of
1814:Gregorianus
1678:Franciscans
1480:Charlemagne
1458:written by
1295:during the
1164:Stephen III
1137:Stephen III
988:János Arany
886:, thus the
728:Jan Długosz
615:Ják kindred
533:Benedictine
355:Ladislaus I
345:Initially,
266:Benedictine
147:Ladislaus I
98:Historians
95:Compilation
6915:Lost books
6889:Categories
6845:Béla Markó
6774:Tamás Cseh
6754:Anna Jókai
6658:Iván Mándy
6628:Géza Képes
6603:Jenő Rejtő
6527:Tibor Déry
6507:Milán Füst
6482:Géza Csáth
6477:Árpád Tóth
6467:Géza Gyóni
6462:Károly Kós
6447:Lajos Nagy
6125:Érdy Codex
6022:John Vitéz
5506:Benei 2022
5470:Benei 2022
5395:Benei 2022
5363:Benei 2022
5351:Benei 2022
5339:Benei 2022
5327:Benei 2022
5291:Benei 2022
5255:Benei 2022
5243:Benei 2022
5216:Benei 2022
5204:Benei 2022
5192:Benei 2022
5151:Benei 2022
5127:Benei 2022
5115:Benei 2022
5103:Benei 2022
5091:Benei 2022
5067:Benei 2022
5043:Benei 2022
5019:Benei 2022
5004:Benei 2022
4992:Benei 2022
4980:Benei 2022
4968:Benei 2022
4956:Benei 2022
4944:Benei 2022
4932:Benei 2022
4920:Benei 2022
4896:Benei 2022
4872:Hóman 1925
4860:Benei 2022
4833:Benei 2022
4821:Benei 2022
4809:Benei 2022
4797:Benei 2022
4773:Sudár 2012
4761:Hazai 1996
4686:Csákó 2015
4662:Benei 2022
4650:Benei 2022
4583:Benei 2022
4559:Benei 2022
4477:Benei 2022
4465:Hóman 1925
4453:Benei 2022
4414:Benei 2022
4387:Benei 2022
4348:Benei 2022
4336:Hóman 1925
4324:Benei 2022
4300:Benei 2022
4288:Szőcs 2007
4264:Benei 2022
4252:Benei 2022
4237:Benei 2022
4201:Benei 2022
4165:Benei 2022
4150:Benei 2022
4102:Benei 2022
4087:Hóman 1925
4075:Benei 2022
4009:Benei 2022
3997:Benei 2022
3973:Szőcs 2007
3946:Benei 2022
3934:Benei 2022
3907:Benei 2022
3892:Benei 2022
3837:References
3543:'s poem),
3413:his mother
3279:praestolor
3265:dextrarius
3250:Trojan War
3205:by Cicero
2980:Correctly
2924:xenophobia
2709:, and the
2532:Institutes
2431:latrunculi
2415:institutio
2382:Samuel Aba
2230:epistrophe
2122:morphology
2061:Trojan War
2057:legittimus
2053:sceleratus
1963:Pomeranian
1930:leader in
1928:Pomeranian
1697:so-called
1688:claim and
1646:Jenő Szűcs
1558:, who was
1494:Statue of
1289:Greek fire
1279:, f. 75r.º
1243:Stephen IV
1054:Stephen II
1037:Stephen II
815:) and the
772:Historian
573:legitimist
6402:Endre Ady
6357:Mór Jókai
5820:1217-8020
5637:0039-8098
5578:0039-8098
5536:0039-8098
3682:old gesta
3539:(through
3525:Sophocles
3426:Aeschylus
3393:Demaratus
3389:Artabanus
3381:Mardonius
3373:Democedes
3357:Herodotos
3270:Pharsalia
3101:Hungarian
2959:optimates
2906:Pharsalia
2802:crusaders
2715:Thersites
2542:Canon law
2269:Roman law
2161:gerundive
2041:Roman law
2021:de genere
1999:Pechenegs
1955:gloriosus
1690:Charles I
1650:de genere
1623:Stephen V
1537:Dominican
1530:Duke Béla
1514:Chronicon
1387:Andrew II
1379:Andrew II
1346:Anonymus'
1231:canon law
681:metrology
677:Somogyvár
602:Chronicon
499:Ruins of
270:Stephen I
57:Hungarian
5625:Századok
5566:Századok
5524:Századok
3823:potestas
3593:See also
3533:Plutarch
3327:Cuthbert
3309:Socrates
3296:Georgica
3225:Vegetius
3138:Ch. 148.
3123:Ch. 117.
3068:collecta
3023:Henry IV
2963:proceres
2859:Location
2832:and the
2821:Ch. 166.
2800:and his
2793:Ch. 166.
2773:Ch. 151.
2747:Ch. 149.
2687:Ch. 143.
2654:Ch. 139.
2616:Ch. 136.
2554:Location
2522:Ch. 157.
2506:and the
2490:Ch. 131.
2445:Ch. 103.
2324:billogos
2320:pedaneos
2312:governor
2281:Location
2246:metonymy
2234:pleonasm
2226:anaphora
2181:coepisse
2134:Hebraism
2069:magister
2011:superbus
2007:superbia
2003:Székelys
2001:and the
1947:largitas
1642:Margaret
1612:magister
1602:magister
1600:Seal of
1496:Anonymus
1474:and the
1443:rebelled
1434:Veszprém
1375:Gertrude
1293:Belgrade
1285:Béla III
1075:and the
892:Biblical
508:Urgesta'
384:Nicholas
363:and the
250:Andrew I
191:(1969),
187:(1959),
164:(1947),
116:(1827),
105:Andrew I
61:ősgeszta
6392:Ignotus
5933:Urgesta
5515:Sources
3583:Goliath
3545:Tristan
3529:Romulus
3520:Oedipus
3467:Plautus
3385:Croesus
3211:102–103
3181:Chapter
3159:Occitan
3155:Romance
3107:), the
3097:hayward
3077:exactio
3072:exactio
3042:Ch. 82.
2977:various
2950:various
2917:in his
2874:Ch. 66.
2592:Ansbert
2575:Ch. 75.
2429:) from
2410:Digesta
2400:Ch. 76.
2377:Ch. 75.
2363:angaria
2354:Ch. 71.
2349:angaria
2299:Ch. 71.
2294:pedanes
2291:iudices
2110:Urgesta
2073:Urgesta
2065:Urgesta
1979:Urgesta
1951:audacia
1909:Urgesta
1875:) too.
1818:Urgesta
1752:Urgesta
1740:Ottoman
1715:Urgesta
1686:Angevin
1662:Urgesta
1307:" and "
1222:Urgesta
1214:Urgesta
1168:Urgesta
1118:Géza II
1099:Béla II
1064:Urgesta
1022:Urgesta
1014:Urgesta
1001:Urgesta
946:Urgesta
941:Urgesta
924:Urgesta
909:castrum
897:Urgesta
888:Urgesta
879:Béla II
866:Urgesta
857:Urgesta
852:Urgesta
839:Urgesta
809:Hartvik
800:Urgesta
795:Urgesta
782:Urgesta
689:Croatia
645:Urgesta
631:Vecelin
627:Koppány
623:Urgesta
565:Urgesta
560:Abbey.
553:Urgesta
545:Urgesta
529:Urgesta
525:Urgesta
482:Urgesta
478:Koppány
461:Solomon
451:Géza II
442:Urgesta
430:Levente
425:Urgesta
412:Urgesta
404:Urgesta
396:Urgesta
373:Urgesta
336:Várkony
322:of the
312:Urgesta
288:Solomon
202:Géza II
175:Coloman
131:Solomon
84:Urgesta
39:, also
36:Urgesta
5858:
5837:
5818:
5795:
5759:
5736:
5715:
5675:]
5654:
5635:
5612:
5576:
5553:
5534:
3492:Eirene
3462:Rudens
3421:Persai
3397:Justin
3377:Atossa
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1971:Donizo
1932:Poland
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1873:oratio
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