779:
803:
552:) between the arteries of the ureter, particularly in the adventitia, which means damage to a single vessel does not compromise the blood supply of the ureter. Venous drainage mostly parallels that of the arterial supply; that is, it begins as a network of smaller veins in the adventitia; with the renal veins draining the upper ureters, and the vesicular and gonadal veins draining the lower ureters.
285:
38:
688:. The lamina propria is made up of loose connective tissue with many elastic fibers interspersed with blood vessels, veins and lymphatics. The ureter is surrounded by two muscular layers, an inner longitudinal layer of muscle, and an outer circular or spiral layer of muscle. The lower third of the ureter has a third muscular layer. Beyond these layers sits an
646:
701:
1284:
1311:, which occurred in 1964. The insertion of a drainage tube into the renal pelvis, bypassing the ureters and urinary tract, called nephrostomy, was first described in 1941. Such an approach differed greatly from the open surgical approaches within the urinary system employed during the preceding two millennia.
622:, and the lower ureter receives branches from the lower hypogastric plexus and nerve. The plexus is in the adventitia. These nerves travel in individual bundles and along small blood vessels to form the ureteric plexus. Sensation supplied is sparse close to the kidneys and increases closer to the bladder.
928:
should be used, and whether surgery is recommended. One reason is most instances of vesicoureteral reflux improve by themselves. If surgery is considered, it generally involves reattaching the ureters to a different spot on the bladder, and extending the part of the ureter that it is within the wall
1332:
material visible to X-rays inserted into the ureters, and in the early 20th century when contrasts were injected externally into the urinary tract (retrograde pyelograms). Unfortunately, much of the earlier retrograde pyelograms were complicated by significant damage to the kidneys as a result of
838:
due to blocked flow of urine. It is classically described that there are three sites in the ureter where a kidney stone will commonly become stuck: where the ureter meets the renal pelvis; where the iliac blood vessels cross the ureters; and where the ureters enter the urinary bladder, however a
219:
are tubes composed of smooth muscle that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In an adult human, the ureters typically measure 20 to 30 centimeters in length and about 3 to 4 millimeters in diameter. They are lined with urothelial cells, a form of transitional epithelium, and
752:. The urinary bladder forms from the urogenital sinus. Over time, as the bladder enlarges, it absorbs the surrounding parts of the primitive ureters. Finally, the entry points of the ureters into the bladder move upwards, owing to the upward migration of the kidneys in the developing embryo.
737:. Over time, the buds elongate, moving into surrounding mesodermal tissue, dilate, and divide into left and right ureters. Eventually, successive divisions from these buds form not only the ureters, but also the pelvis, major and minor calyces, and collecting ducts of the kidneys.
1120:
Injuries to the ureter can occur after penetrating abdominal injuries, and injuries at high speeds followed by an abrupt stop (such as a high speed car accident). The ureter can be injured during surgery to nearby structures. It is injured in 2 per 10,000 cases of vaginal
937:
Blockage, or obstruction of the ureter can occur, as a result of narrowing within the ureter, or compression or fibrosis of structures around the ureter. Narrowing can result of ureteric stones, masses associated with cancer, and other lesions such as
778:
393:. They then pass down along the sides of the pelvis and finally curve forward and enter the bladder from its left and right sides at the back of the bladder. The ureters are 1.5โ6 mm (0.06โ0.24 in) in diameter and surrounded by a layer of
1267:. The anatomical structure of the ureter was noted by 40 AD. However, the terms "ureter" and "urethra" were variably used to refer to each other thereafter for more than a millennium. It was only in the 1550s that anatomists such as
1275:
began to use the terms to specifically and consistently refer to what are in modern
English called the ureter and the urethra. Following this, in the 19th and 20th centuries, multiple terms relating to the structures such as
1182:
have two kidneys located behind the abdomen that produce urine, and have a way of excreting it, so that waste products within the urine can be removed from the body. The structure specifically called the ureter is present in
1149:
Several forms of medical imaging are used to view the ureters and urinary tract. Ultrasound may be able to show evidence of blockage because of hydronephrosis of the kidneys and renal pelvis. CT scans, including ones where
704:
Image showing the bottom part of an embryo 4โ5 weeks old. Here, the ureter (in orange) can be seen emerging from the bottom of the mesonephric duct (labelled "Wolffian duct"), connected to the primitive bladder. Image from
238:
that affect the ureters can include the development of two ureters on the same side or abnormally placed ureters. Additionally, reflux of urine from the bladder back up the ureters is a condition commonly seen in children.
1291:
Kidney stones have been identified and recorded about as long as written historical records exist. The urinary tract including the ureters, as well as their function to drain urine from the kidneys, has been described by
567:
near the gonadal vessels. The middle part of the ureter drains into the right paracaval and interaortocaval nodes on the right, and the left paraaortic nodes on the left. In the lower ureter, lymph may drain into the
2030:
Faenza, A.; Nardo, Bruno; Catena, Fausto; Scolari, Maria P.; d'Arcangelo, Giovanni
Liviano; Buscaroli, Andrea; Rossi, Cristina; Zompatori, Maurizio (1 October 1999). "Ureteral stenosis after kidney transplantation".
1822:
Ordon, Michael; Schuler, Trevor D.; Ghiculete, Daniela; Pace, Kenneth T.; Honey, R. John D'A. (March 2013). "Third Place: Stones Lodge at Three Sites of
Anatomic Narrowing in the Ureter: Clinical Fact or Fiction?".
1039:. It is usually due to cancer of the urothelium, the cells that line the surface of the ureters. Urothelial cancer is more common after the age of 40, and more common in men than women; other risk factors include
1322:, although this was made more difficult by the thick abdomen, which the low power of the original X-rays could not penetrate enough to produce clear images. More useful images were able to be produced when
1353:
in the late 1920s of relatively nontoxic contrast media, with controversy surrounding publication as to who was the primary discoverer. Side-effects associated with imaging improved even more when
900:, particularly in children, and is present in up to 28โ36% of children to some degree. A number of forms of medical imaging are available for diagnosis of the condition, with modalities including
1166:
is where dye is injected into the urinary tract via a catheter, and flows backwards into the ureters. More invasive forms of imaging include ureteroscopy, which is the insertion of a flexible
1158:
to better show the ureters, and with contrast to better show lesions, and to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Dye may also be injected directly into the ureters or renal tract; an
400:
The ureters enter the bladder from its back surface, traveling 1.5โ2 cm (0.6โ0.8 in) before opening into the bladder at an angle on its outer back surface at the slit-like
2719:
1357:
published a ground-breaking thesis in 1969 based on the less toxic low-osmolar contrast media, developed based on swimming experiences in lakes with different salinity.
1108:
to remove the affected ureter and kidney if it is involved; or, if the lesion is small, it may be removed via ureteroscopy. Prognosis can vary markedly depending on the
404:. This location is also called the vesicoureteric junction. In the contracted bladder, they are about 25 mm (1 in) apart and about the same distance from the
3544:
1662:
1431:
1012:
imaging is conducted to investigate many causes. This may involve reinserting the ureters into a new place on the bladder (reimplantion), or widening of the ureter. A
606:
directly (T9โ12, L1, and S2-4), as well as branches from other nerve plexuses and nerves; specifically, the upper third of the ureter receives nerve branches from the
2116:
1170:
into the urinary tract to view the ureters. Ureteroscopy is most commonly used for medium to large-sized stones when less invasive methods of removal cannot be used.
1872:
1591:
1576:
1529:
915:. Whether these investigations are performed at the first time a child has an illness, or later and depending on other factors (such as if the causal bacteria is
870:
411:
A number of structures pass by, above, and around the ureters on their path down from the kidneys to the bladder. In its upper part, the ureter travels on the
191:
256:. It is, however, only since the 1500s that the term "ureter" has been consistently used to refer to the modern structure, and only since the development of
4007:
4002:
2319:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W.; Hobson, Richard P. (eds.) (2018). "Investigation of renal and urinary tract disease:Imaging".
1345:, in which contrast is injected into a vein and highlights the kidney and, when excreted, the urinary tract. Things improved with the development by
220:
feature an extra layer of smooth muscle in the lower third to aid in peristalsis. The ureters can be affected by a number of diseases, including
2712:
806:
A giant ureteral stone with dimensions of approximately 6โรโ5โรโ4โcm and weighing 61โgrams extracted from the left ureter of a 19-year-old male
637:
of T11 โ L2, namely the back and sides of the abdomen, the scrotum (males) or labia majora (females) and upper part of the front of the thigh.
2685:
2496:
2469:
2435:
2328:
2158:
1959:
1786:
1756:
1601:
167:
3537:
1950:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W.; Hobson, Richard P. (eds.) (2018). "Diseases of the collecting system and ureters".
1393:
Arthur D. Smith (Editor), Glenn
Preminger (Editor), Gopal H. Badlani (Editor), Louis R. Kavoussi (Editor) (2019). "38. Ureteral Anatomy".
431:
sit to the midline of the right and left ureters, respectively. In the lower part of the abdomen, the right ureter sits behind the lower
1004:
might be seen to decrease. These are considered situations when surgery is needed. Medical imaging, including urinary tract ultrasound,
1070:
Investigations performed usually include collecting a sample of urine for an inspection for malignant cells under a microscope, called
447:. As the ureters enter the pelvis, they are surrounded by connective tissue, and travel backward and outward, passing in front of the
495:
The arteries which supply the ureter vary along its course. The upper third of the ureter, closest to the kidney, is supplied by the
2705:
2408:
1724:
1690:
1646:
1552:
1505:
1402:
1059:
may be otherwise normal, except in late disease. Ureteral cancer is most often due to cancer of the cells lining the ureter, called
716:
102:
2004:
3804:
4044:
3814:
3809:
3530:
3971:
3896:
3776:
3672:
1067:
if the type of cells lining the urethra have changed due to chronic inflammation, such as due to stones or schistosomiasis.
3702:
186:
2485:
Withers, Philip C.; Cooper, Christine E.; Maloney, Shane K.; Bozinovic, Francisco; Neto, Ariovaldo P. Cruz (2016-11-10).
1911:
3756:
3662:
2740:
1130:
476:
4014:
1060:
768:, produced by the kidneys, travels along the ureters to the bladder. It does this through regular contractions called
619:
615:
3794:
3441:
1055:. When cancer is present, the most common symptom is blood in the urine; it may not cause symptoms, and a physical
1020:
may be required, which is the insertion of a tube connected to the renal pelvis which directly drains urine into a
979:
develops (usually in that location). If the ureters have been resited as a result of surgery, for example due to a
581:
577:
3989:
3966:
3873:
3401:
528:
460:
405:
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that is capable of responding to stretches in the ureters. The transitional epithelium may appear as a layer of
242:
The ureters have been identified for at least two thousand years, with the word "ureter" stemming from the stem
3821:
3409:
2626:
Nahon, I; Waddington, G; Dorey, G; Adams, R (2011). "The history of urologic surgery: from reeds to robotics".
2149:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W.; Hobson, Richard P. (eds.) (2018). "Urothelial tumours".
958:
954:
904:
573:
269:
235:
221:
150:
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have been able to view the ureters. The ureters are also seen from the inside using a flexible camera, called
377:
The ureters are tubular structures, approximately 20โ30 cm (8โ12 in) in adults, that pass from the
4087:
3697:
3631:
1064:
925:
897:
673:
611:
569:
524:
448:
94:
1299:
The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was
3922:
3826:
3609:
3335:
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3092:
1126:
564:
464:
198:
174:
162:
1777:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W.; Hobson, Richard P. (eds.) (2018). "Urolithiasis".
924:
Management is also variable, with differences between international guidelines on issues such as whether
4024:
3677:
3142:
1159:
893:
520:
500:
896:
refers to the reflux of fluid from the bladder into the ureters. This condition can be associated with
3886:
3371:
3107:
1163:
532:
452:
4049:
3994:
3751:
3746:
3682:
3667:
3120:
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1342:
1323:
1300:
1268:
1056:
741:
634:
420:
390:
350:
1354:
929:
of the bladder, with the most common surgical option being Cohen's cross-trigonal reimplantation.
885:, and those with complications such as hydronephrosis or infection may require surgery to remove.
519:
in women. The lower third of the ureter, closest to the bladder, is supplied by branches from the
4034:
3717:
3312:
3183:
2945:
2936:
2922:
2550:
2338:
2219:
2168:
2056:
1969:
1903:
1796:
1656:
1570:
1523:
1412:
1346:
1304:
901:
835:
818:
and become lodged inside the ureter, which can block the flow of urine, as well as cause a sharp
784:
681:
677:
563:. Those vessels closer to the kidney drain into renal collecting vessels, and from here into the
456:
424:
412:
408:; in the distended bladder, these measurements may be increased to about 50 mm (2 in).
342:
2367:
2290:
4029:
3831:
3646:
3511:
3501:
3213:
3191:
3032:
2829:
2681:
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2608:
2542:
2492:
2486:
2465:
2459:
2431:
2425:
2404:
2324:
2271:
2211:
2154:
2097:
2048:
1955:
1895:
1840:
1782:
1752:
1746:
1720:
1686:
1642:
1597:
1558:
1548:
1511:
1501:
1398:
1350:
1204:
1134:
1091:
980:
966:
866:
707:
560:
512:
354:
2673:
1078:. If a concerning lesion is seen, a flexible camera may be inserted into the ureters, called
4082:
3943:
3766:
3712:
3478:
2985:
2968:
2849:
2799:
2794:
2635:
2598:
2588:
2532:
2261:
2253:
2203:
2087:
2040:
1887:
1832:
1009:
917:
908:
745:
726:
480:
468:
4092:
3961:
3932:
3738:
3626:
3486:
3434:
3386:
3317:
3307:
2904:
2732:
2350:
2180:
1981:
1808:
1424:
1328:
1208:
1036:
1001:
946:
912:
862:
851:
749:
657:
599:
548:
504:
428:
367:
346:
313:
257:
114:
51:
907:.Factors that affect which of these are selected depends if a child is able to receive a
1203:. The duct that connects the kidney to excrete urine in these animals is the ureter. In
1096:
4061:
4054:
4039:
3953:
3836:
3604:
3554:
3363:
3253:
3097:
3075:
3048:
2894:
2749:
2603:
2576:
2266:
2241:
1272:
1151:
1138:
1101:
1048:
1013:
993:
847:
831:
761:
685:
625:
Sensation to the ureters is provided by nerves that come from T11 โ L2 segments of the
516:
508:
436:
397:
for 1โ2 cm (0.4โ0.8 in) near their ends just before they enter the bladder.
291:
98:
82:
2076:"Ureteric stents: Overview of current clinical applications and economic implications"
1891:
983:
or due to past surgery for vesicoureteric reflux, that site may also become narrowed.
4076:
3948:
3848:
3843:
3799:
3599:
3582:
3506:
3346:
3171:
3159:
3146:
3130:
2884:
2819:
1338:
1244:
962:
939:
840:
630:
535:, branches directly from the aorta, and, in women, the uterine and vaginal arteries.
444:
394:
325:
321:
138:
2639:
2554:
2223:
2060:
988:
961:
can also result in narrowing or the ureters. Congenital disorders of the ureter and
802:
787:
showing a jet of urine entering the bladder (large black section) through the ureter
230:
3881:
3863:
3786:
3707:
3657:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3491:
2814:
2762:
1907:
1308:
1228:
1122:
1109:
1105:
1079:
976:
965:
affect 10% of infants. These include partial or total duplication of the ureter (a
950:
942:
811:
722:
607:
602:
that lies in the adventitia of the ureters. This plexus is formed from a number of
496:
381:
of each kidney into the bladder. From the renal pelvis, they descend on top of the
378:
334:
301:
273:
225:
77:
70:
971:
660:. A large amount of muscle fibres can be seen surrounding the epithelium, and the
483:
travel on top for a short (2.5 cm (1 in)) period. They then pass by the
2207:
531:. The arterial supply can be variable, with arteries that contribute include the
155:
3858:
3853:
3616:
3522:
3419:
3268:
3248:
3063:
3058:
2998:
1260:
1200:
1155:
1017:
882:
827:
769:
626:
594:
386:
382:
253:
555:
Lymphatic drainage depends on the position of lymphatic vessels in the ureter.
471:
to enter the bladder near the trigone. In females, the ureters pass behind the
3692:
3621:
3327:
3196:
3166:
3115:
3020:
2728:
1277:
1216:
1179:
1075:
1005:
997:
843:
689:
669:
661:
653:
629:. When pain is caused, for example by spasm of the ureters or by a stone, the
603:
543:
416:
338:
265:
65:
2257:
2052:
1562:
1515:
1016:
may be inserted to relieve an obstruction. If the cause cannot be removed, a
467:. From here, in males, they cross under the vas deferens and in front of the
179:
3891:
3771:
3290:
3085:
2866:
2461:
Vertebrate
Biology: Systematics, Taxonomy, Natural History, and Conservation
1315:
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1021:
874:
649:
432:
284:
249:
244:
37:
2697:
2647:
2612:
2546:
2275:
2215:
2101:
1899:
1844:
1259:, meaning "urine", and the first use of the word is seen during the era of
854:
did not show many stones at the place where the iliac blood vessels cross.
826:. Pain often comes in waves lasting up to two hours, then subsides, called
2593:
2044:
1836:
3761:
3466:
3429:
3424:
3351:
3223:
2804:
2789:
2767:
1641:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia & Toronto: Elsevier Mosby. p. 324.
1196:
1071:
881:. Small stones (< 4mm) may pass themselves; larger stones may require
730:
645:
3981:
3729:
3636:
3496:
3414:
3391:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3218:
3201:
3154:
2859:
2809:
2784:
2537:
2520:
1264:
1224:
1212:
1188:
1184:
1087:
1040:
858:
823:
472:
440:
317:
234:
is when a ureter is narrowed, due to for example chronic inflammation.
22:
2092:
2075:
3562:
3451:
3446:
3376:
3322:
3258:
3206:
3125:
3015:
3003:
2958:
2917:
2912:
2854:
2779:
2194:
Stein, D. M.; Santucci, R. A. (July 2015). "An update on urotrauma".
1334:
1254:
1220:
1083:
1032:
878:
815:
734:
539:
484:
371:
297:
89:
47:
700:
1681:
Young, Barbara; O'Dowd, Geraldine; Woodford, Phillip (2013-11-04).
1283:
1162:
is when contrast is injected directly into the renal pelvis, and a
975:) ureter; or where the junction with the bladder is malformed or a
3461:
3456:
3341:
3068:
2975:
2876:
2834:
2824:
2773:
1319:
1293:
1282:
1192:
819:
801:
765:
699:
644:
556:
363:
283:
261:
204:
126:
109:
43:
1719:(14th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 256โ266.
996:). Associated symptoms may include recurrent infections, pain or
3228:
2963:
2839:
2757:
1307:
who is the first published use of a flexible endoscope based on
3526:
2701:
1545:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
1498:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
1112:, with a worse prognosis associated with an ulcerating lesion.
592:
The ureters are richly supplied by nerves that form a network (
542:
that supply the ureters end in a network of vessels within the
3263:
3080:
2844:
2577:"The History of Urinary Stones: In Parallel with Civilization"
1044:
2074:
Sali, Gaurav Mohan; Joshi, Hrishikesh B (23 September 2019).
1397:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 455โ464.
1248:
1231:
in male placental mammals, but dorsal to the vas deferens in
873:
because it can detect almost all stones. Management includes
2117:"Nursing care and management of patients with a nephrostomy"
1772:
1770:
1768:
2401:
Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution
1745:
Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, A. M. R. (2013).
2403:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 546โ552.
1199:. These animals possess an adult kidney derived from the
692:
containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and veins.
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
1683:
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas
252:
and seen in written records since at least the time of
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
1341:. Hryntshalk in 1929 pioneered the development of the
559:
collects in submucosal, intramuscular and adventitial
1685:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 314.
744:, which over the course of development splits into a
986:
A narrowed ureter may lead to ureteric enlargement (
969:), or the formation of a second irregularly placed (
475:
and then travel in the lower midline section of the
455:. They then travel inward and forward, crossing the
419:. As it passes down the muscle, it travels over the
3980:
3931:
3913:
3872:
3785:
3737:
3728:
3645:
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3477:
3400:
3362:
3239:
3182:
3141:
3106:
3047:
2984:
2944:
2935:
2903:
2875:
2748:
2739:
1500:(41st ed.). Philadelphia. pp. 1251โ1254.
614:, the middle part receives branches from the upper
499:. The middle part of the ureter is supplied by the
185:
173:
161:
149:
137:
125:
120:
108:
88:
76:
64:
59:
30:
2488:Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Mammals
2399:Kardong, Kenneth (2019). "The urogenital system".
1751:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 300.
2672:Thomas, Adrian M. K.; Banerjee, Arpan K. (2013).
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1074:, as well as medical imaging by a CT urogram or
16:Tubes used in the urinary system in most animals
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2521:"Uro-words making history: Ureter and urethra"
2321:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
2151:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1952:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1779:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1676:
1674:
1672:
1326:in 1908 pioneered the use of tubes covered in
684:when distended. Below the epithelium sits the
3538:
2713:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2323:(23rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 389โ390.
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1547:(41st ed.). Philadelphia. p. 1259.
42:The ureters (labeled 4) are tubes that carry
8:
2430:. University of Chicago Press. p. 583.
2235:
2233:
2005:"Ureteral obstruction - Symptoms and causes"
1661:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
546:of the ureters. There are many connections (
2519:Marx, Franz Josef; Karenberg, Axel (2010).
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2240:Burks, F. N.; Santucci, R. A. (June 2014).
2153:(23rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 435โ6.
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1954:(23rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 433โ4.
1781:(23rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 431โ2.
1740:
1738:
1736:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
921:) differ between US, EU and UK guidelines.
869:. The first recommended investigation is a
740:The mesonephric duct is connected with the
3734:
3567:
3545:
3531:
3523:
2941:
2745:
2720:
2706:
2698:
2242:"Management of iatrogenic ureteral injury"
1575:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1528:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
36:
2602:
2592:
2575:Tefekli, Ahmet; Cezayirli, Fatin (2013).
2536:
2265:
2091:
1430:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1090:will be performed of other body parts (a
1082:, in order to view the lesion and take a
1063:, although it can more rarely occur as a
830:. The affected kidney could then develop
487:, traveling inward towards the bladder.
288:Structures that are near the ureters. 1.
1496:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). "Ureter".
1219:, urine flows from the ureters into the
1092:CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis
2115:R, Martin; Baker, H (14 October 2019).
1596:. BI Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 61.
1366:
774:
2427:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
2424:Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992).
2346:
2336:
2176:
2166:
1977:
1967:
1804:
1794:
1654:
1626:(10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 31.
1568:
1521:
1420:
1410:
439:, and the left ureter sits behind the
202:
27:
2362:
2360:
1715:Sadley, TW (2019). "Urinary system".
1637:Lowe, Alan Stevens, James S. (2005).
1137:, where the ureter runs close to the
992:) and cause swelling of the kidneys (
949:. Things outside the ureters such as
933:Anatomical and surgical abnormalities
857:Most stones are compounds containing
834:, should a part of the kidney become
572:, or lower down in the pelvis to the
276:, which was first described in 1964.
260:in the 1900s that techniques such as
7:
2674:"Contrast media and the renal tract"
1873:"Vesicoureteric reflux in children"
760:The ureters are a component of the
656:(purple cells) sitting next to the
389:. Here, they cross in front of the
850:, of where stones lodged based on
725:, which are outpouchings from the
14:
1303:in 1929. This was improved on by
1243:The word "ureter" comes from the
717:Development of the urinary system
511:; the gonadal arteries being the
103:ureteral branches of renal artery
2458:Linzey, Donald W. (2020-08-04).
2080:International Journal of Urology
1280:and ureterography, were coined.
1131:suspensory ligament of the ovary
777:
2640:10.7257/1053-816X.2011.31.3.173
2246:Therapeutic Advances in Urology
1395:Smith's textbook of endourology
879:nonsteroidal antiinflammatories
729:. This is a duct, derived from
3897:Extraglomerular mesangial cell
3777:Intraglomerular mesangial cell
1871:Tullus, Kjell (January 2015).
1543:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016).
1211:, whence urine leaves via the
1:
1892:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60383-4
1593:Essentials of Nephrology, 2/e
1100:lesions. After the cancer is
957:can also compress them. Some
721:The ureters develop from the
3757:Glomerular basement membrane
2581:The Scientific World Journal
2208:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000184
1717:Langman's medical embryology
1255:
822:in the back, side, or lower
477:broad ligament of the uterus
2491:. Oxford University Press.
1748:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1139:blood vessels of the uterus
1125:and 13 per 10,000 cases of
1061:transitional cell carcinoma
1035:of the ureters is known as
652:of the ureter, showing the
503:, direct branches from the
4109:
3795:Proximal convoluted tubule
2372:National Kidney Foundation
2196:Current Opinion in Urology
1590:Visveswaran, kasi (2009).
1296:in the second century AD.
1249:
714:
582:internal iliac lymph nodes
491:Blood and lymphatic supply
20:
3990:Internal urethral orifice
3967:Median umbilical ligament
3874:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1094:) to look for additional
911:, and whether a child is
650:Microscopic cross-section
529:inferior vesical arteries
415:and sits just behind the
406:internal urethral orifice
197:
35:
3822:Distal convoluted tubule
2678:The History of Radiology
2258:10.1177/1756287214526767
2033:Transplant International
1127:abdominal hysterectomies
1104:, treatment may involve
959:congenital abnormalities
955:retroperitoneal fibrosis
926:prophylactic antibiotics
905:urinary tract ultrasound
898:urinary tract infections
570:common iliac lymph nodes
479:. For a short part, the
236:Congenital abnormalities
222:urinary tract infections
21:Not to be confused with
3698:Peritubular capillaries
1065:squamous cell carcinoma
674:transitional epithelium
668:The ureter is lined by
521:internal iliac arteries
449:internal iliac arteries
95:Superior vesical artery
3923:Ureteropelvic junction
3827:Collecting duct system
3610:medullary interstitium
3172:Lymphoid immune system
2741:Musculoskeletal system
1825:Journal of Endourology
1624:Campbell-Walsh Urology
1622:Wein, Alan J. (2011).
1327:
1318:of the ureters was by
1288:
1095:
987:
970:
871:CT scan of the abdomen
807:
712:
665:
593:
547:
465:middle rectal arteries
374:
243:
229:
199:Anatomical terminology
3887:Juxtaglomerular cells
3160:Myeloid immune system
2946:Cardiovascular system
2289:Santucci, Richard A.
2045:10.1007/s001470050236
1837:10.1089/end.2012.0201
1286:
1207:, it connects to the
894:Vesicoureteral reflux
805:
793:Clinical significance
733:, found in the early
703:
680:when relaxed, and of
648:
501:common iliac arteries
391:common iliac arteries
287:
3512:Islets of Langerhans
3372:Genitourinary system
3108:Integumentary system
1316:radiological imaging
1164:retrograde pyelogram
631:pain may be referred
565:lateral aortic nodes
533:middle rectal artery
453:internal iliac veins
385:muscle to reach the
4050:Lacunae of Morgagni
3995:Urethral sphincters
3402:Reproductive system
3121:Subcutaneous tissue
2890:Cartilaginous joint
2594:10.1155/2013/423964
1343:intravenous urogram
1324:Edwin Hurry Fenwick
1269:Bartolomeo Eustachi
1160:antegrade pyelogram
1129:, usually near the
1057:medical examination
1000:; and when tested,
678:column-shaped cells
421:genitofemoral nerve
351:Common iliac artery
3184:Respiratory system
2937:Circulatory system
2538:10.1002/pros.21129
2349:has generic name (
2179:has generic name (
1980:has generic name (
1807:has generic name (
1423:has generic name (
1333:contrast based on
1289:
1223:. The ureters are
998:blood in the urine
814:can move from the
808:
713:
666:
616:hypogastric plexus
425:inferior vena cava
413:psoas major muscle
387:brim of the pelvis
375:
359:With transparency:
343:Inferior vena cava
320:. (Left side with
4070:
4069:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3832:Connecting tubule
3520:
3519:
3043:
3042:
3033:Glymphatic system
2931:
2930:
2687:978-0-19-166971-2
2498:978-0-19-109268-8
2471:978-1-4214-3734-7
2437:978-0-226-87013-7
2330:978-0-7020-7028-0
2291:"Ureteral Trauma"
2160:978-0-7020-7028-0
2093:10.1111/iju.14119
1961:978-0-7020-7028-0
1886:(9965): 371โ379.
1788:978-0-7020-7028-0
1758:978-1-4511-1945-9
1603:978-81-7225-323-3
1351:Leopold Lichtwitz
1205:placental mammals
1135:cardinal ligament
981:kidney transplant
867:calcium phosphate
664:sits beyond this.
598:) of nerves, the
561:lymphatic vessels
513:testicular artery
402:ureteric orifices
213:
212:
208:
4100:
3944:Vesical arteries
3767:Filtration slits
3752:Bowman's capsule
3735:
3568:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3524:
3479:Endocrine system
3241:Digestive system
2986:Lymphatic system
2969:Lymphatic vessel
2942:
2746:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2669:
2652:
2651:
2628:Urologic Nursing
2623:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2572:
2559:
2558:
2540:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2146:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1947:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1910:. Archived from
1877:
1868:
1849:
1848:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1712:
1697:
1696:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1608:
1607:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1493:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1390:
1263:to refer to the
1258:
1252:
1251:
1043:and exposure to
1010:nuclear medicine
909:urinary catheter
781:
746:urogenital sinus
727:mesonephric duct
509:gonadal arteries
481:uterine arteries
469:seminal vesicles
461:inferior vesical
205:edit on Wikidata
46:and connect the
40:
28:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4045:navicular fossa
3976:
3962:Detrusor muscle
3927:
3901:
3868:
3815:Thick ascending
3781:
3739:Renal corpuscle
3724:
3641:
3627:Cortical lobule
3557:
3553:Anatomy of the
3551:
3521:
3516:
3473:
3435:Seminal vesicle
3396:
3358:
3308:Small intestine
3235:
3178:
3137:
3102:
3039:
2980:
2927:
2905:Muscular system
2899:
2871:
2750:Skeletal system
2735:
2726:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2671:
2670:
2655:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2574:
2573:
2562:
2518:
2517:
2506:
2499:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2345:
2335:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2175:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2128:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1966:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1852:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1700:
1693:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1653:
1649:
1639:Human histology
1636:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1604:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1567:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1520:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1368:
1363:
1241:
1209:urinary bladder
1176:
1147:
1118:
1049:aromatic amines
1037:ureteral cancer
1030:
1002:kidney function
947:schistosomiasis
935:
891:
863:calcium oxalate
852:medical imaging
800:
798:Ureteral stones
795:
788:
782:
758:
750:anorectal canal
719:
698:
643:
600:ureteric plexus
590:
515:in men and the
505:abdominal aorta
493:
429:abdominal aorta
368:Large intestine
361:
357:
347:Abdominal aorta
332:
328:
322:frontal section
314:Urinary bladder
282:
258:medical imaging
209:
115:Ureteric plexus
55:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4106:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4088:Urinary system
4085:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4062:Urinary meatus
4059:
4058:
4057:
4055:urethral gland
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:Vaginal artery
3951:
3946:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3837:Papillary duct
3834:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3810:Thin ascending
3807:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3555:urinary system
3552:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3364:Urinary system
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Laryngopharynx
3283:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Salivary gland
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3149:
3147:immune systems
3143:Haematopoietic
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3093:Somatic system
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3076:Sensory system
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3051:
3049:Nervous system
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3028:CNS equivalent
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2895:Synovial joint
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2680:. OUP Oxford.
2653:
2618:
2560:
2531:(9): 952โ958.
2504:
2497:
2477:
2470:
2450:
2436:
2416:
2409:
2384:
2368:"Ureteroscopy"
2356:
2329:
2304:
2281:
2229:
2186:
2159:
2126:
2107:
2066:
2039:(5): 334โ340.
2022:
1987:
1960:
1927:
1850:
1831:(3): 270โ276.
1814:
1787:
1764:
1757:
1732:
1725:
1698:
1691:
1668:
1647:
1629:
1609:
1602:
1582:
1553:
1535:
1506:
1437:
1403:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1273:Jacques Dubois
1240:
1237:
1175:
1172:
1152:contrast media
1146:
1143:
1123:hysterectomies
1117:
1114:
1029:
1026:
1014:ureteric stent
994:hydronephrosis
934:
931:
913:toilet trained
890:
887:
848:primary source
832:hydronephrosis
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
783:
776:
762:urinary system
757:
754:
708:Gray's Anatomy
697:
694:
686:lamina propria
642:
639:
589:
586:
517:ovarian artery
497:renal arteries
492:
489:
437:terminal ileum
292:urinary system
281:
278:
211:
210:
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
99:vaginal artery
92:
86:
85:
83:Urinary system
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4105:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:pre-prostatic
4023:
4022:
4021:Male urethra
4020:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Vesical veins
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Renal papilla
3847:
3845:
3844:Tubular fluid
3842:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:Loop of Henle
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Medullary ray
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Biliary tract
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3131:Mammary gland
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Fibrous joint
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:Human systems
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:(3): 173โ80.
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2464:. JHU Press.
2463:
2462:
2454:
2451:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2410:9781260092042
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:|first4=
2340:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:(3): 115โ24.
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:(4): 323โ30.
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2177:|first4=
2170:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2121:Nursing Times
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:|first4=
1971:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1917:on 2020-07-06
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1805:|first4=
1798:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:9781496383907
1722:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:9780702047473
1688:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1650:
1648:0-3230-3663-5
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:9780702052309
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1507:9780702052309
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1414:
1406:
1404:9781119245193
1400:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:sodium iodide
1336:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:Hampton Young
1297:
1295:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1246:
1245:Ancient Greek
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1174:Other animals
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:intravenously
1153:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
973:
968:
967:duplex ureter
964:
963:urinary tract
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:
940:endometriosis
932:
930:
927:
922:
920:
919:
914:
910:
906:
903:
899:
895:
888:
886:
884:
880:
877:, often with
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
846:, which is a
845:
842:
841:retrospective
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
804:
797:
792:
786:
780:
775:
773:
771:
767:
763:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:ureteric buds
718:
711:1918 edition.
710:
709:
702:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
682:flatter cells
679:
675:
671:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
612:aortic plexus
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
550:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
523:, mainly the
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:sigmoid colon
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
395:smooth muscle
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:
369:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
327:
326:Adrenal gland
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
293:
286:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:
240:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
218:
206:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
181:
178:
176:
172:
169:
166:
164:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
130:
128:
124:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
4035:intermediate
3940:Circulation
3914:
3882:Macula densa
3864:Renal pelvis
3787:Renal tubule
3678:interlobular
3658:Renal artery
3381:
3334:
3302:
3275:
3027:
3010:
2993:
2953:
2677:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2584:
2580:
2528:
2525:The Prostate
2524:
2487:
2480:
2460:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2426:
2419:
2400:
2376:. Retrieved
2371:
2320:
2295:. Retrieved
2284:
2249:
2245:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2150:
2120:
2110:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2008:
1951:
1919:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1883:
1879:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1778:
1747:
1716:
1682:
1638:
1632:
1623:
1592:
1585:
1544:
1538:
1497:
1421:|last1=
1394:
1355:Tosten Almen
1313:
1309:fiber optics
1298:
1290:
1242:
1229:vas deferens
1177:
1154:is injected
1148:
1133:or near the
1119:
1110:tumour grade
1106:open surgery
1080:ureteroscopy
1069:
1031:
985:
977:ureterocoele
951:constipation
943:tuberculosis
936:
923:
918:E. coli
916:
892:
856:
812:kidney stone
809:
759:
739:
720:
706:
672:, a type of
667:
641:Microanatomy
624:
608:renal plexus
591:
588:Nerve supply
554:
537:
494:
410:
401:
399:
376:
358:
335:Renal artery
329:
309:
305:
302:Renal pelvis
289:
274:ureteroscopy
248:relating to
241:
226:kidney stone
216:
214:
168:A08.2.01.001
143:
131:
71:Ureteric bud
18:
3859:Major calyx
3854:Minor calyx
3647:Circulation
3502:Parathyroid
3202:Nasopharynx
3064:Spinal cord
2999:Bone marrow
2768:Collar bone
2086:(1): 7โ15.
2009:Mayo Clinic
1347:Moses Swick
1329:radioopaque
1305:VF Marshall
1261:Hippocrates
1201:metanephros
1180:vertebrates
1018:nephrostomy
883:lithotripsy
828:renal colic
770:peristalsis
696:Development
627:spinal cord
604:nerve roots
549:anastamoses
383:psoas major
254:Hippocrates
121:Identifiers
4077:Categories
3805:Descending
3747:Glomerulus
3713:interlobar
3703:Vasa recta
3693:Renal vein
3668:interlobar
3281:Oropharynx
3021:Lymph node
2954:peripheral
2800:Metatarsus
2795:Metacarpus
2774:Thigh bone
2770:(clavicle)
2587:: 423964.
2378:2020-07-04
2293:. Medscape
1921:2020-07-06
1880:The Lancet
1361:References
1314:The first
1278:ureteritis
1233:marsupials
1217:monotremes
1187:, meaning
1097:metastatic
1076:ultrasound
844:case study
785:Ultrasound
715:See also:
690:adventitia
670:urothelium
662:adventitia
654:epithelium
635:dermatomes
544:adventitia
417:peritoneum
270:ultrasound
4030:prostatic
3999:External
3892:Mesangium
3772:Mesangium
3663:segmental
3654:Arteries
3487:Pituitary
3336:accessory
3291:Esophagus
3011:secondary
2923:Diaphragm
2867:Cartilage
2815:Phalanges
2339:cite book
2169:cite book
2053:1432-2277
1970:cite book
1797:cite book
1657:cite book
1571:cite book
1563:920806541
1524:cite book
1516:920806541
1413:cite book
1168:endoscope
1053:aldehydes
1022:stoma bag
875:analgesia
457:umbilical
433:mesentery
280:Structure
250:urinating
66:Precursor
4015:Internal
3956:(female)
3762:Podocyte
3718:efferent
3683:afferent
3605:pyramids
3467:Placenta
3430:Testicle
3425:Prostate
3352:Pancreas
3313:Appendix
3303:lower GI
3276:upper GI
3224:Bronchus
3167:Lymphoid
2850:Vertebra
2805:Ossicles
2790:Mandible
2648:21805756
2613:24348156
2555:32778667
2547:20166127
2297:11 April
2276:24883109
2224:26994715
2216:26049876
2102:31549458
2061:71928271
1900:25164069
1845:22984899
1197:reptiles
1185:amniotes
1086:, and a
1072:cytology
1047:such as
989:dilation
861:such as
756:Function
748:and the
731:mesoderm
578:external
540:arteries
525:superior
443:and the
435:and the
427:and the
330:Vessels:
231:Stenosis
4083:Abdomen
3982:Urethra
3972:Trigone
3933:Bladder
3915:Ureters
3730:Nephron
3708:arcuate
3673:arcuate
3637:Nephron
3600:Medulla
3583:Capsule
3563:Kidneys
3507:Adrenal
3497:Thyroid
3415:Scrotum
3392:Urethra
3387:Bladder
3296:Stomach
3219:Trachea
3155:Myeloid
2994:primary
2860:Sternum
2810:Patella
2785:Humerus
2776:(femur)
2604:3856162
2267:4003841
1908:1733077
1287:Ureters
1265:urethra
1239:History
1227:to the
1225:ventral
1213:urethra
1189:mammals
1145:Imaging
1088:CT scan
1041:smoking
972:ectopic
902:doppler
859:calcium
836:swollen
824:abdomen
633:to the
473:ovaries
441:jejunum
318:Urethra
217:ureters
156:D014513
144:ฮฟแฝฯฮทฯฮฎฯ
60:Details
52:bladder
50:to the
48:kidneys
23:urethra
4093:Kidney
4040:spongy
4008:female
3689:Veins
3593:column
3588:Cortex
3578:Fascia
3571:Layers
3492:Pineal
3452:Vagina
3447:Uterus
3442:Female
3382:Ureter
3377:Kidney
3323:Rectum
3259:Tongue
3207:Larynx
3126:Breast
3098:Tissue
3016:Spleen
3004:Thymus
2959:Artery
2918:Tendon
2913:Muscle
2877:Joints
2855:Pelvis
2830:Tarsus
2820:Radius
2780:Fibula
2763:Carpus
2733:organs
2684:
2646:
2611:
2601:
2553:
2545:
2495:
2468:
2434:
2407:
2374:. 2020
2327:
2274:
2264:
2222:
2214:
2157:
2100:
2059:
2051:
2015:6 July
2011:. 2020
1958:
1906:
1898:
1843:
1785:
1755:
1723:
1689:
1645:
1600:
1561:
1551:
1514:
1504:
1401:
1335:silver
1320:X-rays
1221:cloaca
1116:Injury
1102:staged
1084:biopsy
1033:Cancer
1028:Cancer
889:Reflux
816:kidney
742:cloaca
735:embryo
595:plexus
574:common
507:, and
485:cervix
463:, and
423:. The
379:pelvis
372:Pelvis
370:, 14.
366:, 13.
349:, 11.
345:, 10.
324:), 7.
310:Ureter
298:Kidney
290:Human
268:, and
132:ureter
90:Artery
78:System
31:Ureter
3617:Sinus
3462:Ovary
3457:Vulva
3420:Penis
3342:Liver
3318:Colon
3269:Tooth
3249:Mouth
3214:Lower
3192:Upper
3069:Nerve
3059:Brain
2976:Heart
2835:Tibia
2825:Skull
2551:S2CID
2443:6 May
2220:S2CID
2057:S2CID
1915:(PDF)
1904:S2CID
1876:(PDF)
1294:Galen
1256:ouron
1250:ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮฝ
1247:noun
1215:. In
1193:birds
820:cramp
766:Urine
658:lumen
620:nerve
580:, or
557:Lymph
364:Liver
341:, 9.
316:, 6.
312:, 5.
300:, 3.
262:X-ray
203:[
139:Greek
127:Latin
110:Nerve
44:urine
4003:male
3622:Lobe
3410:Male
3328:Anus
3229:Lung
3197:Nose
3145:and
3116:Skin
2964:Vein
2840:Ulna
2758:Bone
2731:and
2682:ISBN
2644:PMID
2609:PMID
2585:2013
2543:PMID
2493:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2445:2013
2432:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2351:help
2325:ISBN
2299:2012
2272:PMID
2212:PMID
2181:help
2155:ISBN
2098:PMID
2049:ISSN
2017:2020
1982:help
1956:ISBN
1896:PMID
1841:PMID
1809:help
1783:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1663:link
1643:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1577:link
1559:OCLC
1549:ISBN
1530:link
1512:OCLC
1502:ISBN
1432:link
1425:help
1399:ISBN
1349:and
1271:and
1195:and
1178:All
1051:and
1045:dyes
953:and
945:and
865:and
618:and
610:and
538:The
527:and
451:and
362:12.
355:vein
353:and
339:vein
337:and
245:uro-
224:and
215:The
192:9704
180:3394
163:TA98
151:MeSH
3264:Lip
3086:Eye
3081:Ear
2845:Rib
2636:doi
2599:PMC
2589:doi
2533:doi
2262:PMC
2254:doi
2204:doi
2088:doi
2041:doi
1888:doi
1884:385
1833:doi
1337:or
1008:or
333:8.
296:2.
187:FMA
175:TA2
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2656:^
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