967:
900:(MOX, no thorium). For RGPu and WGPu, the initial amount of U-233 and its decay around a million years can be seen. This has an effect in the total activity curve of the three fuel types. The initial absence of U-233 and its daughter products in the MOX fuel results in a lower activity in region 3 of the figure on the bottom right, whereas for RGPu and WGPu the curve is maintained higher due to the presence of U-233 that has not fully decayed.
629:
778:
3594:
834:
850:
3582:
3606:
990:. In the United States, SFPs and casks containing spent fuel are located either directly on nuclear power plant sites or on Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installations (ISFSIs). ISFSIs can be adjacent to a nuclear power plant site, or may reside away-from-reactor (AFR ISFSI). The vast majority of ISFSIs store spent fuel in dry casks. The
1166:
the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission has instituted a series of rules mandating that all fuel pools be impervious to natural disaster and terrorist attack. As a result, used fuel pools are encased in a steel liner and thick concrete, and are regularly inspected to ensure resilience to earthquakes,
1024:, and the reagents or solidifiers introduced in the reprocessing itself. If these constituent portions of spent fuel were reused, and additional wastes that may come as a byproduct of reprocessing are limited, reprocessing could ultimately reduce the volume of waste that needs to be disposed.
818:
for a year or more (in some sites 10 to 20 years) in order to cool it and provide shielding from its radioactivity. Practical spent fuel pool designs generally do not rely on passive cooling but rather require that the water be actively pumped through heat exchangers. If there is a prolonged
895:
curve of the SNF around a million years. A comparison of the activity associated to U-233 for three different SNF types can be seen in the figure on the top right. The burnt fuels are
Thorium with Reactor-Grade Plutonium (RGPu), Thorium with Weapons-Grade Plutonium (WGPu) and
284:. Research has been conducted by several different countries into segregating the rare isotopes in fission waste including the "fission platinoids" (Ru, Rh, Pd) and silver (Ag) as a way of offsetting the cost of reprocessing; this is not currently being done commercially.
1413:
Testimony of Robert Meyers
Principal deputy Assistant Administrator for the Office of Air and Radiation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency before the subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality Committee on Energy and Commerce U. S. House of Representatives, July 15,
1148:
as high as 24,000 years. For example 10 years after removal from a reactor, the surface dose rate for a typical spent fuel assembly still exceeds 10,000 rem/hour—far greater than the fatal whole-body dose for humans of about 500 rem received all at once.
811:. About 1 hour after shutdown, the decay heat will be about 1.5% of the previous core power. After a day, the decay heat falls to 0.4%, and after a week it will be 0.2%. The decay heat production rate will continue to slowly decrease over time.
31:
1763:
754:. The amount formed depends greatly upon the nature of the fuel used and the conditions under which it was used. For instance, the use of MOX fuel (Pu in a U matrix) is likely to lead to the production of more
2357:
660:, not weapons-grade: it contains more than 19% Pu and less than 80% Pu, which makes it not ideal for making bombs. If the irradiation period has been short then the plutonium is weapons-grade (more than 93%).
1347:
1159:
In the rare occurrence of a fuel failure during normal operation, the primary coolant can enter the element. Visual techniques are normally used for the postirradiation inspection of fuel bundles.
819:
interruption of active cooling due to emergency situations, the water in the spent fuel pools may therefore boil off, possibly resulting in radioactive elements being released into the atmosphere.
2545:
944:
waste can), the oxidation of hydrogen at the nanoparticles will exert a protective effect on the uranium dioxide. This effect can be thought of as an example of protection by a
2072:
2367:
868:
Long-lived radioactive waste from the back end of the fuel cycle is especially relevant when designing a complete waste management plan for SNF. When looking at long-term
88:
after 1–2 years of core irradiation, unsafe to approach unless under many feet of water shielding. This makes their invariable accumulation and safe temporary storage in
3248:
172:
of Mo-Tc-Ru-Pd tend to form in the fuel. Other solids form at the boundary between the uranium dioxide grains, but the majority of the fission products remain in the
1426:
1738:
1663:
1570:"Biosorption of Strontium from Simulated Nuclear Wastewater by Scenedesmus spinosus under Culture Conditions: Adsorption and Bioaccumulation Processes and Models"
1339:
648:
resulting from conversion of U, which may be considered either as a useful byproduct, or as dangerous and inconvenient waste. One of the main concerns regarding
2052:
1767:
1711:
Huang, W. H.; Krause, T. W.; Lewis, B. J. (10 April 2017). "Laboratory Tests of an
Ultrasonic Inspection Technique to Identify Defective CANDU Fuel Elements".
2374:
1805:
961:
693:, with a half-life of 159,200 years (unless this uranium is removed from the spent fuel by a chemical process). The presence of U will affect the long-term
1079:
have not shown selectivity between calcium and strontium, often becoming saturated with calcium, which is present in greater quantities in nuclear waste.
2140:
1490:
708:
fuel, fissile component starts at 0.7% U concentration in natural uranium. At discharge, total fissile component is still 0.5% (0.2% U, 0.3% fissile Pu,
1039:, where it has to be shielded and packaged to prevent its migration to humans' immediate environment for thousands of years. On March 5, 2009, however,
2643:
1279:
807:. For this reason, at the moment of reactor shutdown, decay heat will be about 7% of the previous core power if the reactor has had a long and steady
1036:
668:
96% of the mass is the remaining uranium: most of the original U and a little U. Usually U would be less than 0.8% of the mass along with 0.4% U.
161:) fuel, the xenon tends to diffuse out of the plutonium-rich areas of the fuel, and it is then trapped in the surrounding uranium dioxide. The
2067:
975:
887:. Th-232 is a fertile material that can undergo a neutron capture reaction and two beta minus decays, resulting in the production of fissile
1689:
2889:
1050:
2806:
1568:
Liu, Mingxue; Dong, Faqin; Kang, Wu; Sun, Shiyong; Wei, Hongfu; Zhang, Wei; Nie, Xiaoqin; Guo, Yuting; Huang, Ting; Liu, Yuanyuan (2014).
2882:
2352:
2317:
3504:
3088:
1120:
capacity for strontium of S. spinosus, suggesting that it may be appropriate for use of nuclear wastewater. A study of the pond alga
2168:
2047:
1314:
1040:
932:
of Mo-Tc-Ru-Pd have a strong effect on the corrosion of uranium dioxide fuel. For instance his work suggests that when hydrogen (H
701:, the activity around one million years in the cycles with thorium will be higher due to the presence of the not fully decayed U.
3398:
3263:
1798:
1185:
129:
is highest, while the lower-boiling fission products move to the edge of the pellet. The pellet is likely to contain many small
3341:
3175:
3013:
2777:
2655:
2312:
2173:
1156:
is susceptible to incidents such as earthquakes or terrorist attacks that could potentially result in a release of radiation.
799:
and the nuclear fission chain reaction has ceased, a significant amount of heat will still be produced in the fuel due to the
3331:
3180:
2638:
872:, the actinides in the SNF have a significant influence due to their characteristically long half-lives. Depending on what a
3637:
3105:
2938:
2362:
2290:
1372:
1343:
3610:
1434:
1060:
In
Switzerland, the Federal Council approved in 2008, the plan for the deep geological repository for radioactive waste.
3448:
3185:
2894:
2648:
2145:
1742:
971:
841:
for three fuel types. In the case of MOX, the U-233 increases for the first 650,000 years as it is produced by decay of
93:
1667:
1645:
3598:
3511:
3483:
3440:
3405:
3243:
3070:
3008:
2833:
2737:
2623:
2091:
1791:
208:
or may be separated further for various industrial and medical uses. The fission products include every element from
3642:
3291:
2970:
2488:
2445:
2297:
1032:
905:
873:
865:
The use of different fuels in nuclear reactors results in different SNF composition, with varying activity curves.
853:
Total activity for three fuel types. In region 1 we have radiation from short-lived nuclides, and in region 2 from
828:
796:
2943:
1046:
told a Senate hearing that "the Yucca
Mountain site no longer was viewed as an option for storing reactor waste."
3586:
3268:
2877:
2660:
762:
3516:
3358:
3258:
3170:
2379:
2265:
2225:
2037:
653:
3137:
1412:
3388:
3363:
2977:
2754:
2560:
2483:
2440:
2423:
2384:
2307:
1017:
937:
657:
637:
1619:
1290:
3632:
3253:
2540:
2084:
3547:
3283:
3238:
2700:
2628:
2555:
2550:
2515:
2302:
2270:
2057:
1984:
649:
1099:
and spent nuclear fuel. The half life is long, around 30 years, and is classified as high-level waste.
3458:
3432:
3233:
3218:
2535:
2493:
2329:
2235:
2163:
1461:
1261:
Dong-Joo Kim, Jae-Ho Yang, Jong-Hun Kim, Young-Woo Rhee, Ki-Won Kang, Keon-Sik Kim and Kun-Woo Song,
1163:
997:
901:
769:, the isotope inventory will vary based on in-core fuel management and reactor operating conditions.
288:
81:
3557:
3393:
3368:
3153:
2747:
2615:
2418:
2275:
2042:
2004:
1837:
1021:
1001:
671:
58:
3537:
3273:
3110:
3037:
2848:
2468:
2452:
2435:
2079:
1969:
1917:
1867:
1814:
1697:
679:
77:
70:
2605:
2398:
2285:
2260:
2198:
2155:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1832:
1601:
1550:
1028:
945:
892:
869:
694:
205:
3453:
2508:
2473:
2230:
2220:
2108:
2096:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1720:
1591:
1581:
1540:
1530:
1469:
1242:
1190:
1088:
1013:
991:
987:
966:
925:
804:
766:
628:
216:; much of the fission yield is concentrated in two peaks, one in the second transition row (
114:
62:
3093:
2933:
2872:
76:
Nuclear fuel rods become progressively more radioactive (and less thermally useful) due to
3421:
3351:
3311:
2838:
2765:
2593:
2579:
2503:
2478:
2324:
2117:
2009:
1974:
1852:
1842:
1317:. Radioactive Waste Management Advisory Committee (RWMAC). 3 November 2002. Archived from
1153:
1139:
1103:
1009:
983:
815:
735:
719:
have built up and the fuel becomes significantly less able to sustain a nuclear reaction.
716:
705:
173:
89:
66:
54:
2843:
1318:
1465:
777:
3326:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3046:
2953:
2922:
2904:
2428:
2334:
2280:
2245:
2178:
2125:
1979:
1872:
1857:
1847:
1596:
1569:
1545:
1518:
1076:
1027:
Alternatively, the intact spent nuclear fuel can be directly disposed of as high-level
814:
Spent fuel that has been removed from a reactor is ordinarily stored in a water-filled
723:
713:
177:
1368:
3626:
3491:
2782:
2188:
2029:
1247:
1226:
1180:
1096:
1092:
808:
755:
712:). Fuel is discharged not because fissile material is fully used-up, but because the
709:
645:
277:
265:
197:
130:
85:
833:
84:
pellets (which can be safely handled with gloved hands) will become a highly lethal
3057:
2193:
2135:
2062:
2014:
1884:
1315:"RWMAC's Advice to Ministers on the Radioactive Waste Implications of Reprocessing"
1080:
929:
904:
can remove the actinides from the spent fuel so they can be used or destroyed (see
880:
633:
591:
269:
46:
726:, and need to be reprocessed because long-term storage and disposal is difficult.
17:
3468:
3115:
2705:
2212:
2183:
1117:
1108:
1084:
888:
838:
690:
675:
273:
201:
193:
181:
143:
126:
122:
264:). Many of the fission products are either non-radioactive or only short-lived
1427:"Nuclear waste won't be going to Nevada's Yucca Mountain, Obama official says"
1144:
Spent nuclear fuel stays a radiation hazard for extended periods of time with
1122:
1043:
800:
790:
597:
466:
447:
292:
281:
213:
50:
3463:
2826:
2816:
1944:
1897:
1862:
1586:
1145:
1072:
1005:
922:
849:
747:
743:
739:
594:
585:
506:
475:
469:
409:
371:
261:
253:
229:
221:
217:
162:
118:
3321:
1605:
1554:
758:
and heavier nuclides than a uranium/thorium based fuel (U in a Th matrix).
268:, but a considerable number are medium to long-lived radioisotopes such as
678:, which is not found in nature; this is one isotope that can be used as a
3552:
3346:
3195:
3190:
3130:
2799:
2727:
2710:
2695:
2670:
2413:
1902:
1724:
1535:
994:
is currently the only ISFSI with a spent fuel pool in the United States.
897:
698:
656:, to produce nuclear weapons. If the reactor has been used normally, the
603:
600:
487:
352:
3521:
3473:
3336:
3316:
2715:
2690:
2130:
2019:
1961:
1949:
1927:
1892:
1225:
Lucuta, P.G.; Verrall, R.A.; Matzke, Hj.; Palmer, B.J. (January 1991).
884:
876:
is fueled with, the actinide composition in the SNF will be different.
686:
547:
481:
472:
428:
390:
333:
330:
245:
225:
138:
1474:
1449:
299:
nanoparticles slightly increase the thermal conductivity of the fuel.
30:
3125:
3120:
3100:
3080:
3065:
2948:
2685:
2665:
2633:
1783:
1168:
1127:
858:
842:
751:
588:
566:
525:
484:
478:
295:
oxides tend to lower the thermal conductivity of the fuel, while the
257:
249:
237:
233:
73:, it will have different isotopic constituents than when it started.
137:
migrates to these voids. Some of this xenon will then decay to form
2675:
845:
that was created in the reactor by absorption of neutrons by U-235.
722:
Some natural uranium fuels use chemically active cladding, such as
3542:
3499:
3162:
3018:
2821:
2811:
1113:
1068:
1054:
965:
949:
941:
854:
848:
832:
782:
776:
689:
fuel to produce fissile U, the SNF (Spent
Nuclear Fuel) will have
627:
528:
296:
241:
169:
134:
80:
as they are fissioned, or "burnt", in the reactor. A fresh rod of
29:
952:
reacting and dissolving it is the hydrogen gas that is consumed.
3023:
2912:
2722:
2680:
1126:
using non-radioactive strontium found that varying the ratio of
209:
110:
3418:
2590:
2577:
1787:
1227:"Microstructural features of SIMFUEL – Simulated high-burnup UO
1116:) in simulated wastewater. The study claims a highly selective
141:, hence many of these bubbles contain a large concentration of
2996:
2860:
891:. Its radioactive decay will strongly influence the long-term
654:
other than those already established as nuclear weapons states
158:
1213:
1666:. Council on Foreign Relations. June 7, 2003. Archived from
1450:"Death and succession among Finland's nuclear waste experts"
785:
from full power at time 0, using two different correlations
308:
The chemical forms of fission products in uranium dioxide
1395:. Shoesmith research group, University of Western Ontario
1392:
632:
Spent nuclear fuel stored underwater and uncapped at the
96:
and a major ongoing issue for future permanent disposal.
861:. On the far right we see the decay of Np-237 and U-233.
652:
is to prevent this plutonium from being used by states,
184:"uranium active" simulation of spent oxide fuel exists.
27:
Nuclear fuel that's been irradiated in a nuclear reactor
1626:. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). 2021-06-23
1130:
to strontium in water improved strontium selectivity.
133:-like pores that form during use; the fission product
1000:
can separate spent fuel into various combinations of
1519:"HAZARDOUS WASTE: Pond Algae Sequester Strontium-90"
1152:
There is debate over whether spent fuel stored in a
3530:
3482:
3439:
3381:
3282:
3212:
3161:
3152:
3079:
3045:
3036:
2995:
2988:
2968:
2921:
2903:
2859:
2764:
2746:
2614:
2528:
2461:
2406:
2397:
2345:
2253:
2244:
2211:
2154:
2116:
2107:
2028:
1960:
1883:
1825:
1393:"Electrochemistry and corrosion studies at Western"
781:Decay heat as fraction of full power for a reactor
2546:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1207:
1205:
113:, intense temperature gradients exist that cause
1491:"Sectoral Plan for Deep Geological Repositories"
1690:"How Safe Is Nuclear-Fuel Storage in the U.S.?"
1646:"Fukushima's Spent Fuel Rods Pose Grave Danger"
192:3% of the mass consists of fission products of
180:. A paper describing a method of making a non-
3249:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
1799:
1739:"Fact Sheet on Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel"
742:other than uranium and plutonium and include
236:) and the other later in the periodic table (
8:
962:List of nuclear waste treatment technologies
823:Fuel composition and long term radioactivity
3415:
3226:
3158:
3042:
2992:
2985:
2761:
2587:
2574:
2403:
2250:
2113:
1822:
1806:
1792:
1784:
1031:. The United States has planned disposal
734:Spent reactor fuel contains traces of the
61:). It is no longer useful in sustaining a
1595:
1585:
1544:
1534:
1512:
1510:
1473:
1246:
1049:Geological disposal has been approved in
879:An example of this effect is the use of
306:
121:tends to move to the centre of the fuel
34:Spent fuel pool at a nuclear power plant
1201:
1037:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
982:Spent nuclear fuel is stored either in
291:properties of the uranium dioxide; the
3176:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
1664:"Are Nuclear Spent Fuel Pools Secure?"
1489:SFOE, Swiss Federal Office of Energy.
1075:in studies, where most plants used in
917:Noble metal nanoparticles and hydrogen
69:and, depending on its point along the
3181:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
1644:Parenti, Christian (March 15, 2011).
976:Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
7:
3605:
936:) concentration is high (due to the
906:Long-lived fission product#Actinides
697:of the spent fuel. If compared with
287:The fission products can modify the
3186:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
1620:"Backgrounder on Radioactive Waste"
1280:"Solution of Fission Products in UO
2146:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
761:For highly enriched fuels used in
25:
2169:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
2068:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
1688:Benjamin, Mark (March 23, 2011).
1448:Ialenti, Vincent (October 2017).
1016:, remnants of zirconium or steel
3604:
3593:
3592:
3580:
3269:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
1186:Spent nuclear fuel shipping cask
956:Storage, treatment, and disposal
795:When a nuclear reactor has been
2358:Historical stockpiles and tests
1574:Int J Environ Res Public Health
1350:from the original on 2011-04-20
1102:Researchers have looked at the
644:About 1% of the mass is Pu and
200:(also indirect products in the
3259:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
2141:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
1340:"Nuclear Crisis in Japan FAQs"
168:Also metallic particles of an
1:
3587:Nuclear technology portal
1373:University of Western Ontario
1344:Union of Concerned Scientists
1033:in deep geological formations
3449:Field-reversed configuration
3059:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
1248:10.1016/0022-3115(91)90455-G
1235:Journal of Nuclear Materials
157:In the case of mixed oxide (
94:high level radioactive waste
3406:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
2353:States with nuclear weapons
1167:tornadoes, hurricanes, and
948:, where instead of a metal
3659:
3244:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
2368:Tests in the United States
1137:
1071:has shown selectivity for
959:
829:Long-lived fission product
826:
788:
658:plutonium is reactor-grade
3574:
3429:
3369:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
3264:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
3229:
3071:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
2601:
2586:
2573:
1821:
921:According to the work of
3274:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
2890:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
2226:Electron-beam processing
1764:"Nuclear Waste Disposal"
928:David W. Shoesmith, the
682:for spent reactor fuel.
204:); these are considered
165:tends to not be mobile.
3389:Organic nuclear reactor
2561:Nuclear power phase-out
2484:Nuclear decommissioning
2424:Reactor-grade plutonium
2174:Targeted alpha-particle
2053:Accidents and incidents
1587:10.3390/ijerph110606099
1523:Environ Health Perspect
1095:. It is a component of
105:Nanomaterial properties
1517:Potera, Carol (2011).
1123:Closterium moniliferum
1087:byproduct produced by
979:
862:
846:
786:
641:
303:Table of chemical data
41:, occasionally called
35:
2551:Anti-nuclear movement
969:
852:
836:
780:
773:Spent fuel decay heat
650:nuclear proliferation
631:
33:
3638:Nuclear reprocessing
3459:Reversed field pinch
3254:Traveling-wave (TWR)
2738:Supercritical (SCWR)
2236:Gemstone irradiation
1725:10.13182/NT11-A13320
1536:10.1289/ehp.119-a244
1369:"David W. Shoesmith"
1231:-based nuclear fuel"
1164:September 11 attacks
1109:Scenedesmus spinosus
998:Nuclear reprocessing
912:Spent fuel corrosion
902:Nuclear reprocessing
100:Nature of spent fuel
82:low enriched uranium
2624:Aqueous homogeneous
2419:Reprocessed uranium
2092:Safety and security
1466:2017PhT....70j..48I
1022:activation products
1002:reprocessed uranium
978:on 27 November 2013
970:Spent fuel pool at
672:Reprocessed uranium
309:
59:nuclear power plant
3538:Dense plasma focus
2453:Actinide chemistry
1918:Isotope separation
1815:Nuclear technology
1713:Nuclear Technology
1700:on March 25, 2011.
1425:Hebert, H. Josef.
1263:Thermochimica Acta
980:
863:
847:
787:
642:
307:
92:a prime source of
78:neutron activation
71:nuclear fuel cycle
39:Spent nuclear fuel
36:
3643:Radioactive waste
3620:
3619:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3517:Magnetized-target
3414:
3413:
3377:
3376:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3148:
3147:
3032:
3031:
2964:
2963:
2569:
2568:
2524:
2523:
2393:
2392:
2380:Weapon-free zones
2207:
2206:
2199:Radiopharmacology
1475:10.1063/PT.3.3728
1321:on 29 August 2008
1029:radioactive waste
946:sacrificial anode
940:corrosion of the
870:radioactive decay
767:research reactors
714:neutron-absorbing
695:radioactive decay
621:
620:
206:radioactive waste
43:used nuclear fuel
18:Used nuclear fuel
16:(Redirected from
3650:
3608:
3607:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3495:
3454:Levitated dipole
3424:
3416:
3364:Helium gas (GFR)
3227:
3222:
3159:
3043:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2596:
2588:
2580:Nuclear reactors
2575:
2474:High-level (HLW)
2404:
2251:
2231:Food irradiation
2221:Atomic gardening
2114:
2097:Nuclear meltdown
1923:Nuclear material
1913:Fissile material
1908:Fertile material
1823:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1766:. Archived from
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1741:. Archived from
1735:
1729:
1728:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1696:. Archived from
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1580:(6): 6099–6118.
1565:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1495:www.bfe.admin.ch
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1433:. Archived from
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1289:. Archived from
1288:
1276:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1191:Nuclear meltdown
1106:of strontium by
1089:nuclear reactors
1041:Energy Secretary
1014:fission products
992:Morris Operation
984:spent fuel pools
898:Mixed Oxide fuel
805:fission products
717:fission products
310:
188:Fission products
153:
150:
149:
117:to migrate. The
115:fission products
90:spent fuel pools
63:nuclear reaction
21:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3581:
3579:
3562:
3526:
3493:
3478:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3373:
3278:
3223:
3216:
3215:
3200:
3144:
3075:
3050:
3028:
3000:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2960:
2926:
2917:
2899:
2864:
2855:
2769:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2656:Natural fission
2610:
2609:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2565:
2541:Nuclear weapons
2520:
2479:Low-level (LLW)
2457:
2389:
2341:
2240:
2203:
2150:
2103:
2024:
1956:
1879:
1817:
1812:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1431:Chicago Tribune
1424:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1260:
1256:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1215:, January 2006.
1211:Large, John H:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1177:
1142:
1140:Spent fuel pool
1136:
1104:bioaccumulation
1066:
1010:minor actinides
964:
958:
935:
919:
914:
874:nuclear reactor
831:
825:
816:spent fuel pool
793:
775:
763:marine reactors
736:minor actinides
732:
730:Minor actinides
706:natural uranium
666:
626:
325:Solid solution
305:
212:through to the
190:
178:solid solutions
174:uranium dioxide
148:
146:
145:
144:
142:
107:
102:
67:thermal reactor
65:in an ordinary
55:nuclear reactor
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Muon-catalyzed
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:Integral (IFR)
3236:
3230:
3224:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2983:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2556:Uranium mining
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2429:Minor actinide
2426:
2421:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Autoradiograph
2122:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:Atomic nucleus
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1755:
1730:
1719:(3): 452–461.
1703:
1680:
1655:
1636:
1611:
1560:
1506:
1481:
1440:
1437:on 2011-03-24.
1417:
1405:
1384:
1360:
1331:
1306:
1281:
1271:
1254:
1228:
1217:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1135:
1132:
1077:bioremediation
1065:
1062:
1035:, such as the
957:
954:
933:
926:electrochemist
918:
915:
913:
910:
827:Main article:
824:
821:
789:Main article:
774:
771:
731:
728:
665:
662:
625:
622:
619:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
582:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
522:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
406:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
304:
301:
189:
186:
147:
106:
103:
101:
98:
57:(usually at a
49:that has been
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3655:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Nuclear fuels
3631:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3505:electrostatic
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3284:Generation IV
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Breeder (FBR)
3232:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3211:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Nuclear power
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2516:Transmutation
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:high-altitude
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Proliferation
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Brachytherapy
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Cross section
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
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1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1770:on 2012-07-06
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1745:on 2014-10-27
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1694:Time Magazine
1691:
1684:
1681:
1670:on 2011-04-12
1669:
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1615:
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1513:
1511:
1507:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:(10): 48–53.
1459:
1455:
1454:Physics Today
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1394:
1388:
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1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1296:on 2008-09-10
1292:
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1264:
1258:
1255:
1249:
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1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:Nuclear power
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:nuclear waste
1094:
1093:nuclear power
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
993:
989:
986:(SFPs) or in
985:
977:
973:
968:
963:
955:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
931:
930:nanoparticles
927:
924:
916:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:nuclear fuels
877:
875:
871:
866:
860:
856:
851:
844:
840:
835:
830:
822:
820:
817:
812:
810:
809:power history
806:
802:
798:
792:
784:
779:
772:
770:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
727:
725:
720:
718:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
674:will contain
673:
669:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
635:
630:
623:
616:
613:
610:
607:
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599:
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587:
584:
583:
579:
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564:
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557:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
541:
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532:
530:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
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510:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
489:
486:
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471:
468:
465:
464:
460:
457:
454:
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438:
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430:
427:
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419:
416:
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411:
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403:
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389:
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381:
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365:
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346:
343:
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337:
335:
332:
329:
328:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:radioisotopes
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
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207:
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183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
155:
152:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:In the oxide
104:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
86:gamma emitter
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
3609:
3597:
3578:
3558:Pyroelectric
3512:Laser-driven
3292:Sodium (SFR)
3219:fast-neutron
3058:
2604:
2498:
2494:Reprocessing
2375:WMD treaties
2194:Radiosurgery
2164:Fast-neutron
2136:Scintigraphy
1772:. Retrieved
1768:the original
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1733:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1698:the original
1693:
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1658:
1649:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1526:
1522:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1484:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1435:the original
1430:
1420:
1408:
1397:. Retrieved
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1363:
1352:. Retrieved
1334:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1274:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1241:(1): 48–60.
1238:
1234:
1220:
1212:
1161:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1121:
1107:
1101:
1081:Strontium-90
1067:
1059:
1053:, using the
1048:
1026:
996:
981:
920:
878:
867:
864:
837:Activity of
813:
794:
760:
738:. These are
733:
721:
703:
684:
670:
667:
643:
634:Hanford site
286:
191:
167:
156:
108:
75:
47:nuclear fuel
42:
38:
37:
3469:Stellarator
3433:confinement
3327:Superphénix
3154:Molten-salt
3106:VHTR (HTGR)
2883:HW BLWR 250
2849:R4 Marviken
2778:Pressurized
2748:Heavy water
2732:many others
2661:Pressurized
2616:Light water
2318:underground
2276:Disarmament
2184:Tomotherapy
2179:Proton-beam
2043:Power plant
2005:Temperature
1838:Engineering
1624:www.nrc.gov
1529:(6): A244.
1118:biosorption
1085:radioactive
1064:Remediation
685:If using a
680:fingerprint
214:lanthanides
202:decay chain
182:radioactive
127:temperature
3627:Categories
3494:(acoustic)
3111:PBR (PBMR)
2499:Spent fuel
2489:Repository
2469:Fuel cycle
2436:Activation
2213:Processing
2080:Propulsion
2038:by country
1970:Activation
1774:2012-06-05
1749:2017-06-25
1674:2011-04-05
1650:The Nation
1630:2021-05-10
1500:2020-10-19
1399:2008-05-18
1378:2008-05-18
1354:2011-04-19
1325:2008-05-18
1300:2008-05-18
1269:, 123–128.
1197:References
1162:Since the
1146:half-lifes
1138:See also:
1044:Steven Chu
960:See also:
801:beta decay
791:Decay heat
638:Washington
293:lanthanide
220:, Mo, Tc,
125:where the
51:irradiated
3464:Spheromak
3163:Fluorides
2827:IPHWR-700
2822:IPHWR-540
2817:IPHWR-220
2606:Moderator
2286:Explosion
2261:Arms race
2048:Economics
2000:Reflector
1995:Radiation
1990:Generator
1945:Plutonium
1898:Deuterium
1863:Radiation
1833:Chemistry
1073:strontium
1057:process.
1006:plutonium
988:dry casks
938:anaerobic
923:corrosion
797:shut down
748:americium
744:neptunium
740:actinides
624:Plutonium
163:neodymium
119:zirconium
3599:Category
3553:Polywell
3484:Inertial
3441:Magnetic
3196:TMSR-LF1
3191:TMSR-500
3171:Fuji MSR
3131:THTR-300
2971:Graphite
2834:PHWR KWU
2800:ACR-1000
2728:IPWR-900
2711:ACPR1000
2706:HPR-1000
2696:CPR-1000
2671:APR-1400
2462:Disposal
2414:Actinide
2407:Products
2266:Delivery
2109:Medicine
1938:depleted
1933:enriched
1903:Helium-3
1868:ionizing
1606:24919131
1555:21628117
1348:Archived
1265:, 2007,
1175:See also
1091:used in
1018:cladding
893:activity
699:MOX fuel
297:metallic
3611:Commons
3522:Z-pinch
3492:Bubble
3474:Tokamak
3337:FBR-600
3317:CFR-600
3312:BN-1200
2978:coolant
2905:Organic
2790:CANDU 9
2787:CANDU 6
2755:coolant
2716:ACP1000
2691:CAP1400
2629:Boiling
2594:Fission
2441:Fission
2385:Weapons
2325:Warfare
2308:Testing
2298:History
2291:effects
2246:Weapons
2156:Therapy
2131:RadBall
2118:Imaging
2010:Thermal
1975:Capture
1962:Neutron
1950:Thorium
1928:Uranium
1893:Tritium
1873:braking
1853:Fission
1843:Physics
1826:Science
1597:4078568
1546:3114833
1462:Bibcode
1169:seiches
1051:Finland
885:thorium
783:SCRAMed
687:thorium
664:Uranium
313:Element
289:thermal
139:caesium
3422:Fusion
3382:Others
3322:Phénix
3307:BN-800
3302:BN-600
3297:BN-350
3126:HTR-PM
3121:HTR-10
3101:UHTREX
3066:Magnox
3061:(UNGG)
2954:Lucens
2949:KS 150
2686:ATMEA1
2666:AP1000
2649:Kerena
2529:Debate
2281:Ethics
2271:Design
2254:Topics
2085:rocket
2063:Fusion
2058:Policy
2020:Fusion
1980:Poison
1858:Fusion
1604:
1594:
1553:
1543:
1128:barium
859:Cs-137
843:Np-237
752:curium
724:Magnox
131:bubble
123:pellet
3543:Migma
3531:Other
3500:Fusor
3399:Piqua
3394:Arbus
3352:PRISM
3094:MHR-T
3089:GTMHR
3019:EGP-6
3014:AMB-X
2989:Water
2934:HWGCR
2873:HWLWR
2812:IPHWR
2783:CANDU
2644:ESBWR
2399:Waste
2363:Tests
2346:Lists
2330:Yield
2073:MMRTG
2030:Power
1294:(PDF)
1287:(PDF)
1134:Risks
1114:algae
1083:is a
1069:Algae
1055:KBS-3
972:TEPCO
950:anode
942:steel
889:U-233
883:with
855:Sr-90
839:U-233
322:Oxide
319:Metal
170:alloy
135:xenon
53:in a
45:, is
3359:Lead
3342:CEFR
3332:PFBR
3214:None
3024:RBMK
3009:AM-1
2939:EL-4
2913:WR-1
2895:AHWR
2839:MZFR
2807:CVTR
2796:AFCR
2723:VVER
2681:APWR
2676:APR+
2639:ABWR
2509:cask
2504:pool
2446:LLFP
2335:TNTe
2015:Fast
1885:Fuel
1602:PMID
1551:PMID
1414:2008
1154:pool
857:and
765:and
750:and
704:For
640:, US
617:Yes
580:Yes
520:Yes
423:Yes
404:Yes
385:Yes
280:and
210:zinc
196:and
111:fuel
3431:by
3347:PFR
3138:PMR
3116:AVR
3038:Gas
2976:by
2944:KKN
2878:ATR
2793:EC6
2753:by
2701:EPR
2634:BWR
1721:doi
1717:176
1592:PMC
1582:doi
1541:PMC
1531:doi
1527:119
1470:doi
1267:455
1243:doi
1239:178
974:'s
908:).
803:of
636:in
577:Yes
558:Yes
552:Yes
533:Yes
517:Yes
514:Yes
511:Yes
495:Yes
458:Yes
455:Yes
439:Yes
420:Yes
382:Yes
363:Yes
357:Yes
338:Yes
316:Gas
176:as
159:MOX
3629::
3081:He
3047:CO
2923:CO
2844:R3
1715:.
1692:.
1648:.
1622:.
1600:.
1590:.
1578:11
1576:.
1572:.
1549:.
1539:.
1525:.
1521:.
1509:^
1493:.
1468:.
1458:70
1456:.
1452:.
1429:.
1371:.
1346:.
1342:.
1237:.
1233:.
1204:^
1171:.
1020:,
1012:,
1008:,
1004:,
756:Am
746:,
710:Pu
646:Pu
604:Eu
601:Sm
598:Pm
595:Nd
592:Pr
589:Ce
586:La
567:Ba
561:-
548:Cs
542:-
529:Xe
507:Te
501:-
488:Sb
485:In
482:Cd
479:Ag
476:Pd
473:Rh
470:Ru
467:Tc
461:-
448:Mo
442:-
429:Nb
410:Zr
372:Sr
366:-
353:Rb
347:-
334:Kr
331:Br
278:Tc
276:,
274:Cs
272:,
270:Sr
262:Nd
260:,
258:Ce
256:,
254:La
252:,
250:Ba
248:,
246:Cs
244:,
242:Xe
240:,
234:Ag
232:,
230:Pd
228:,
226:Rh
224:,
222:Ru
218:Zr
198:Pu
154:.
151:Cs
3221:)
3217:(
3049:2
3001:O
2999:2
2997:H
2925:2
2865:O
2863:2
2861:H
2770:O
2768:2
2766:D
1807:e
1800:t
1793:v
1777:.
1752:.
1727:.
1723::
1677:.
1652:.
1633:.
1608:.
1584::
1557:.
1533::
1503:.
1478:.
1472::
1464::
1402:.
1381:.
1357:.
1328:.
1303:.
1284:"
1282:2
1251:.
1245::
1229:2
1112:(
934:2
691:U
676:U
614:-
611:-
608:-
574:-
571:-
555:-
539:-
536:-
526:I
498:-
492:-
452:-
436:-
433:-
417:-
414:-
401:-
398:-
395:-
391:Y
379:-
376:-
360:-
344:-
341:-
282:I
238:I
194:U
20:)
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