Far Eastern Party - Knowledge (XXG)

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until 6 January did they make any more progress; they went two miles (3.2 km) before Mertz collapsed. The following day Mawson placed Mertz onto the sledge in his sleeping bag and continued, but was forced to stop and camp when Mertz's condition again deteriorated. Mawson recorded: "He is very weak, becomes more and more delirious, rarely being able to speak coherently. He will eat or drink nothing. At 8 pm he raves & breaks a tent pole. Continues to rave & call 'Oh Veh, Oh Veh' for hours. I hold him down, then he becomes more peaceful & I put him quietly in the bag. He dies peacefully at about 2 am on morning of 8th."

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and Mertz pushed on. Starving, the dogs began to struggle; two more—Johnson and Mary—were shot and divided between men and dogs over the following days. Mawson and Mertz found most of the meat tough, but enjoyed the liver; it, at least, was tender. With the pulling power of the dogs now severely depleted, Mertz stopped making trail and instead helped Mawson to pull the sledge. Despite the challenges, they made good progress; in the first four nights, they travelled 60 miles (97 km). As they approached the Ninnis Glacier on 21 December, Haldane—once the largest and strongest of the dogs—was shot.

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the food left uneaten in the sledge—and, as the sledge stopped without coming down, I thought of Providence again giving me a chance. The chance looked very small as the rope had sawed into the overhanging lid, my finger ends all damaged, myself weak ... With the feeling that Providence was helping me I made a great struggle, half getting out, then slipping back again several times, but at last just did it. Then I felt grateful to Providence ... who has so many times already helped me."

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previous ones we had passed during the last weeks. I cried out "crevasse!", moved at right angle, and went forward. Around five minutes later, I looked behind. Mawson was following, looking at his sledge in front of him. I couldn't see Ninnis, so I stopped to have a better look. Mawson turned round to know the reason I was looking behind me. He immediately jumped out of his sledge, and rushed back. When he nodded his head, I followed him, driving back his sledge."

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still stands, although the crossbar has required reattaching several times, and the plaque was replaced with a replica in 1986. The two glaciers the Far Eastern Party crossed—previously unnamed—were named by Mawson for Mertz and Ninnis. At a celebration in the centre of Adelaide on his return from Antarctica, Mawson praised his dead companions: "The survivors might have an opportunity of doing something more, but these men had done their all".

714:. A typical speaker stated that "Mawson has returned from a journey that was absolutely unparalleled in the history of exploration—one of the greatest illustrations of how the sternest affairs of Nature were overcome by the superb courage, power and resolve of man". Including the Far Eastern Party, sledging parties from the Cape Denison base covered over 2,600 miles (4,200 km) of previously unexplored land; the expedition's 513: 308: 5775: 690:—that Mawson may have eaten Mertz after his death—surfaced during Mawson's lecture tour of the United States following the expedition. Several reports in American newspapers quoted Mawson as saying he considered eating Mertz, but these claims were denied by Mawson, who labelled them "outrageous" and an "invention". Mawson's biographers believe the suggestion of cannibalism is probably wrong; 470: 402:. By Wilkes' reckoning, Mawson recorded in his diary, "We now appear to be off the real continent edge." Concerned about overlap with Madigan's party to the north, he turned his party south. They made good progress initially, but beginning on 6 December a blizzard confined them to their tent for three days. On 9 December, they set off again, but Ninnis was struggling. He had developed 246:, the shore party erected their hut and began preparations for the following summer's sledging expeditions. The men readied clothing, sledges, tents and rations, conducted limited survey parties, and deployed several caches of supplies. The most notable of these depots was Aladdin's Cave, excavated from the ice on the slope five and a half miles (9 km) to the south of the main hut. 462:, and hope to meet with Madigan's party; that would considerably lengthen the journey, and the sea ice in summer could not be relied on. Or, pushing slightly to the south of their outward route, they could hope to avoid the worst of the crevasses and aim for speed. Mawson chose the inland route, which meant that in the absence of fresh seal meat they would have to resort to 356:

would the second follow, "otherwise", wrote Mawson, "the dogs in the rear would make a course direct for wherever the front dogs happened to be, cutting across corners and probably dragging their sledge sideways into a crevasse". But despite their precautions Ninnis fell down and was rescued from three crevasses, once when they found they had pitched their tent on its lip.

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of the food—were stored on the new rear sledge; if they were to lose a sledge down a crevasse, they reasoned, it would be the front, less-vital sledge. As the rear sledge was heavier, the strongest of remaining dogs were assigned to pull it. At the camp they left a small amount of supplies, including the abandoned sledge and a tent cover, without the floor or poles.

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companion. They measured the distance to the ledge as 150 feet (46 m), too far for their ropes to reach. "Dog ceased to moan shortly", wrote Mawson in his diary that night. "We called and sounded for three hours, then went a few miles to a hill and took position observations. Came back, called & sounded for an hour. Read the burial service."

419: 295:, who would be crucial if the party was to cover the distance at the speed Mawson intended. Ninnis and Mertz had spent the winter preparing the dogs for the journey, sewing harnesses and teaching them to run in teams with the sledges. Each of the parties was required to return to Cape Denison by 15 January 1913, to allow time for the 455:, and ten days' worth of food. Their best immediate hope was to reach the camp of two days earlier where they had left the abandoned sledge and supplies, 15 miles (24 km) west. They reached it in five-and-a-half-hours, where Mertz used the tent cover, with the runners from the abandoned sledge and a ski as poles, to erect a shelter. 316:

though the wind still blows. We shall get away in an hour's time. I have two good companions, Dr Mertz and Lieut. Ninnis. It is unlikely that any harm will happen to us, but should I not return to you in Australia, please know that I truly loved you. I must be closing now as the others are waiting."

491:—was abandoned. On 29 December, the day they cleared the Ninnis Glacier, the last dog was killed. Mawson recorded: "Had a great breakfast off Ginger's skull—thyroids and brain". Two days later Mawson recorded that Mertz was "off colour"; Mertz wrote that he was "really tired shall write no more". 694:

notes that Mawson nursed Mertz for days, even at the possible risk to his own life. Moreover, he notes, Mawson had no way of knowing why Mertz died; eating his flesh could possibly have been very dangerous. These sentiments are echoed by Philip Ayres, who also notes that with Mertz's death Mawson had

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While hypervitaminosis A is the generally accepted medical diagnosis for Mertz's death and Mawson's illness, the theory has its detractors. Law believed it was "completely unproven ... The symptoms that were described are exactly the ones you get from cold exposure. You don't have to predicate a

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arrived at Cape Denison on 13 January 1913. When Mawson's party failed to return, Davis sailed her east along the coast as far as the Mertz Glacier tongue, searching for the party. Finding no sign and reaching the end of the navigable ice-free water, they returned to Cape Denison. The oncoming winter

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Although supplies had been left in Aladdin's Cave—including fresh fruit—there were not the spare crampons he had expected. Without them he could not hope to descend the steep ice slope to the hut, and so he began to fashion his own, collecting nails from every available source and hammering them into

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On 17 January, he broke through the lid of a crevasse, but the rope around his waist held him to the sledge and halted his fall. "I had time to say to myself "So this is the end" , expecting every moment the sledge to crash on my head and both of us to go to the bottom unseen below. Then I thought of

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On the evening of 13 December Mawson and Mertz rearranged the sledges. The rear-most sledge, which had carried the most weight, was well-worn, and they decided to abandon it. The remaining supplies were re-distributed between the remaining two sledges. Most of the important supplies—the tent and most

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to the east, they travelled about eight miles (13 km) before poor weather forced them to stop and camp. Strong winds confined them to the tent until 13 November, and they were able to travel just a short distance before the weather picked up again. For three more days they remained in their

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For almost a month he pulled his sledge across the Antarctic, crossing the second glacier, despite an illness that increasingly weakened him. Mawson reached the comparative safety of Aladdin's Cave—a food depot five and a half miles (8.9 km) from the main base—on 1 February 1913, only to be

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country the Eskimo method would mean "the whole show—sledges, dogs and men—would be more likely to go down together, whereas by the method only the man would go, and could be hoicked out again." While Ninnis continued to express his reservations about the Yukon method—chiefly that the lines easily

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To save himself from future crevasses, Mawson constructed a rope ladder, which he carried over his shoulder and was attached to the sledge. It paid off almost immediately, and twice in the following days it allowed him to climb from crevasses. Once out of the Mertz Glacier his mileage increased, and

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They made five miles (8.0 km) on 31 December, no progress for the following two days, and five miles more on 3 January. " cold wind frost-bit Mertz's fingers" recorded Mawson, "and he is generally in a very bad condition. Skin coming off legs, etc—so had to camp though going was good." Not

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By noon the next day they had covered 311 miles (501 km) from the Cape Denison hut. Mertz was ahead on skis, breaking trail. Mawson sat on the first sledge; Ninnis walked beside the second. In his diary that night, Mertz recounted: "Around 1 pm, I crossed a crevasse, similar to the hundred

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Following a particularly steep descent the following day, half of Mawson's team of dogs—reattached to his sledges—were almost lost when they fell into a crevasse. They were hauled out, but Mawson decided to camp when one of the dogs, Ginger Bitch, gave birth to the first in a litter of 14 pups.

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Both men were suffering, but Mertz in particular started to feel ill. He complained of stomach pains, and this began to slow them down. Pavlova was killed, leaving only one remaining dog. Mawson decided to lighten their sledge, and much of the equipment—including the camera, photographic films, and

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Allowing Madigan and Stillwell's parties a head-start, Mawson, Ninnis, Mertz and the seventeen dogs left Cape Denison early in the afternoon, reaching Aladdin's Cave four hours later. Stopping for the night, they took on extra supplies and rearranged the sledges. The first team of dogs would haul a

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and were lost. Their supplies now severely compromised, Mawson and Mertz turned back west, gradually shooting the remaining sledge dogs for food to supplement their scarce rations. As they crossed the first glacier on their return journey Mertz became sick, making progress difficult. After almost a

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for the stove, he boiled the remainder of the dog meat. Dragging Mertz's body in the sleeping bag from the tent, Mawson constructed a rough cairn from snow blocks to cover it, and used two spare beams from the sledge to form a cross, which he placed on the top. The following day he read the burial

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Before setting off again they raised the flag—which they had forgotten to do at their furthest point—and claimed the land for the crown. With the temperature rising, they switched to travelling at night to take advantage of the harder surface the cold provided. With the five remaining dogs, Mawson

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arrived to return them to Australia, the men remaining at Cape Denison erected a memorial cross for Mertz and Ninnis on Azimuth Hill to the north-west of the main hut. The cross, constructed from pieces of a broken radio mast, was accompanied by a plaque cut from wood from Mertz's bunk. The cross

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Over the next several days, the party continued across the glacier. They developed a method of crossing the many crevasses; the forerunner, on skis, would cross the snow covering the hole—the lid—and once across the first of the two dog teams would follow. Only after the first dog team was across

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Blizzards prevented the parties from leaving Cape Denison until 10 November 1912, four days after the scheduled start date. In his diary, Mertz recorded the clearing weather as "definitely a good omen". Mawson wrote a short letter to his fiancée, Paquita Delprat: "The weather is fine this morning

466:. The first dog—George—was killed the following morning, and of his meat some was fried for the men and the rest fed to the now starving dogs. "On the whole it was voted good" wrote Mawson of the meat, "though it had a strong, musty taste and was so stringy that it could not be properly chewed". 378:) far larger than the first. As with the first glacier, they had to unhitch the dogs from the sledges and slowly make the treacherous descent. Once at the bottom of the glacier they spent four days crossing fields of crevasses, battling strong winds and poor light that made navigation difficult. 525:

to his feet and wrapping them in several pairs of socks under his boots, he continued. "My whole body is apparently rotting from lack of nourishment" he recorded, "frost-bitten fingertips festering, mucous membrane of nose gone, saliva glands of mouth refusing duty, skin coming off whole body".

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As the weather cleared on 11 January, Mawson continued west, estimating the distance back to Cape Denison at 100 miles (160 km). He travelled two miles (3.2 km) before pain in his feet forced him to stop; he found that the soles of his feet had separated as a complete layer. Applying

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Ninnis, his sledge and dog team had fallen through a crevasse 11 feet (3.4 m) wide with straight, ice walls. On a ledge deep in the hole, Mawson and Mertz could see the bodies of two dogs—one still alive, but seriously injured—and the remains of Ninnis' sledge. There was no sign of their

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tent, unable even to light the stove. When the weather cleared on 16 November, Madigan and Stillwell's parties joined them. The three parties travelled together for much of the following day, before Mawson's party separated and pushed on ahead in the late afternoon.

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by Denise Carrington-Smith suggested it may have been "the psychological stresses related to the death of a close friend and the deaths of the dogs he had cared for", and a switch from a predominately vegetarian diet that killed Mertz, not hypervitaminosis A.

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wood from spare packing cases. Even when completed, a blizzard confined him to the cave, and only on 8 February was he able to begin the descent. Nearing the hut, he was spotted by three men working outside, who rushed up the hill to meet him.

348:, after the leader of the Eastern Coastal Party and the expedition's ship. The following day they began the steep descent to the Mertz Glacier. After the sledges several times overtook the dogs, the huskies were allowed to run free down the slope. 746:, suggests that "for Mawson and Ninnis, who were manoeuvring heavy sledges, this would have been difficult much of the time". In his 1976 foreword to Lennard Bickel's book on the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, explorer and mountaineer Sir 534:

on 28 January, Madigan Nunatak came into view. The following day, after travelling five miles (8.0 km), a cairn covered with black cloth appeared about 300 yards (270 m) to his right. In it he found food and a note from

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From the note, Mawson learned he was 21 miles (34 km) south-east of Aladdin's Cave, and near two further food depots. The note also reported on the other parties of the expedition—all had returned to the hut safely—and on

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so sharp-edged the dogs were useless. Worse still, temperatures rose to 1 °C (34 °F), melting the snow and making pulling difficult; the party switched to travelling at night to avoid the worst of the conditions.

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In the harsh conditions, the dogs began to grow restless; one of them, Shackleton, tore open the men's food bag and devoured a 2.5-pound (1.1 kg) pack of butter, crucial for their nourishment to supplement the

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sufficient rations without having to resort to cannibalism. Law, who knew Mawson well, believed "He was a man of very solid, conservative morals. It would have been impossible for him to have considered it."

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Strong winds prevented Mawson from continuing for two days. Instead, he prepared for travelling alone, removing the rearmost half from the sledge, and rearranging its cargo. To save having to carry excess

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On 27 October 1912, Mawson outlined the summer sledging program. Of the seven sledging parties that would depart from Cape Denison, three would head east. The Eastern Coastal Party, led by the geologist

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The cause of Mawson and Mertz's illnesses remains in part a mystery. At the time, McLean—the expedition's chief surgeon and one of the men who had remained at Cape Denison—attributed their sickness to

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Heading south-east towards the Mertz Glacier, with Mertz skiing ahead and Mawson and Ninnis driving the dogs, the party covered 15 miles (24 km) on 18 November. This was despite encountering

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became tangled and the long line put the farthest dogs out of range of the whip—by late October Mawson had settled on the technique, and Ninnis and Mertz devoted their time to accustoming the dogs.

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concerned Davis, and on 8 February—just hours before Mawson's return to the hut—the ship departed Commonwealth Bay, leaving six men behind as a relief party. Upon Mawson's return, the

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Mawson's diary on 21 November records "Dogs fed with Jappy and pups". Mawson biographer Philip J. Ayres suggests the sledge dogs' consumption of the pups was "normal in these conditions".

340:—ridges in the ice caused by wind—as high as three feet (91 cm), that caused the dogs to slip and the sledges to roll. During the day they passed two peaks, which Mawson named 149:

had sailed on 8 February, just hours before his return to Cape Denison, after waiting for more than three weeks. With a relief party, Mawson remained at Cape Denison until the

737:, devotes two chapters to the Far Eastern Party; one contemporary reviewer commented that "undoubtedly to the general public the interest of the book centres in moving account". 839:

Mawson calculated the weight of the supplies (including sledges) at 1,723 pounds (782 kg), of which food (for humans and dogs) and fuel made up 1,260 pounds (570 kg).

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train of two sledges, which collectively carried half the weight of the party's supplies. The remaining supplies were put on the third sledge, towed by the second dog team.

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in 1908–1909. He hoped to travel about 500 miles (800 km) east, collecting geological data and specimens, mapping the coast, and claiming territory for the crown.

386:. On 30 November, the party reached the eastern limit of the glacier and began the ascent to the plateau beyond, only to find themselves confronted at the top by 422:"We could do nothing," wrote Mertz in his diary after Ninnis' death. "We were standing, helplessly, next to a friend's grave, my best friend of the whole expedition." 5357: 569:

in December 1911. The cairn had been left there just six hours before, when the three men had returned to the hut. Struggling on his injured feet and lacking

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They were faced with two possible routes back to Cape Denison. The first option was to make for the coast, where they could supplement their meagre supplies with

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A later analysis by J. Gordon Hayes, while commending most of the expedition, was critical of Mawson's decision not to use skis, but Fred Jacka, writing in the

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Mertz's last entry in his diary was on 1 January, a week before his death. After he died, Mawson tore the remaining blank pages from the diary to save weight.

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On level ground again, they began to make quick progress. They awoke on the morning of 27 November to find another glacier (later known as the

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method, whereby the dogs were arranged in pairs, attached to a single line, with a man pulling in front, while Ninnis and Mertz preferred the

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returned to Cape Denison the following summer, in mid-December, to take the men home. The delay may have saved Mawson's life; he later told

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From atop the ridge on the eastern side of the Ninnis Glacier, Mawson began to doubt the accuracy of the reports of land to the east by

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The expedition was the first to use wireless radio in the Antarctic—transmitting back to Australia via a relay station established on

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to increase their speed across the ice. Initially they made good progress, crossing two huge glaciers on their route south-east.

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on one of his fingers. The latter was making sleep difficult for him, and, on 13 December, Mawson lanced the finger.

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After Mawson slipped into a crevasse, they began to tie themselves to their sledges as a precaution. Ninnis developed

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described Mawson's month-long journey as "probably the greatest story of lone survival in Polar exploration".

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On 14 December 1912, with the party more than 311 miles (501 km) from the safety of the main base at

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by the names given to them following the expedition. During the expedition itself they remained unnamed.

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method, where the dogs were arranged in a fan-shape. Ninnis recorded that Mawson was concerned that in

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There was division as to which method of securing the dogs to the sledge was best; Mawson favoured the

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Along with the heavy-weather tent, most of their own food and all of the dogs' food, they had lost the

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sweeping down from the plateau prevented the ship's boat from reaching the shore to collect the men.

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The final party, led by Mawson, would push rapidly inland to the south of the Coastal Party towards

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described Mawson's journey as "probably the greatest story of lone survival in Polar exploration".

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The causes of Mertz's death and Mawson's related illness remain uncertain; a 1969 study suggested

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between 1911 and 1914. The expedition's main base was established in January 1912, at

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The Home of the Blizzard: the story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914

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The Home of the Blizzard: the story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914

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Averaging around five miles (8.0 km) a day, he began to cross the Mertz Glacier.

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concluded that the symptoms Mawson described—hair, skin and weight loss, depression,

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theory of this sort to explain the soles coming off your feet." A 2005 article in

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week of making very little headway Mertz died, leaving Mawson to carry on alone.

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to collect them and escape Antarctic waters unencumbered by the winter sea ice.

5535: 5117: 5020: 5004: 4846: 4779: 4680: 4089: 4038: 3998: 3320: 3046: 2974: 2916: 2309: 723: 488: 418: 224: 129:, Ninnis and the sledge he was walking beside broke through the snow lid of a 119: 91: 5662: 5479: 4639: 3476: 3028: 2811: 1919: 661: 653: 459: 403: 217: 213: 165: 143: 98:, the party aimed to explore the area far to the east of their main base in 2070: 2011:, Carlton South, Victoria: Miegunyah Press at Melbourne University Press, 4571: 826: 797: 603: 570: 516:

Mawson's half sledge, which he used during the final stage of the journey

500: 463: 387: 337: 324: 139: 130: 5198: 4578: 3365: 2843: 2819: 2807: 2167: 636:, his official account of the expedition, that Mertz died of fever and 629: 522: 444: 407: 65: Mawson, Mertz and Ninnis' outward progress until 14 December 1912 142:

raged outside. As a result, he missed the ship back to Australia; the

3444: 2769: 822: 451:

overpants and helmet. On Mawson's sledge they had their stove, fuel,

2221: 2159: 2141: 27:

Sledging component of the 1911–14 Australasian Antarctic Expedition

2830: 818: 805: 677: 584: 511: 468: 417: 383: 306: 179: 31: 2204:

Australian Antarctic Division: Australasian Antarctic Expedition

5346: 4021: 2263: 2225: 656:

and persistent skin infections—indicated the men had suffered

2027:

Mawson's Will: The Greatest Polar Survival Story Ever Written

212:. This was much farther west than originally intended; dense 71: Mawson and Mertz's return progress until 8 January 1913 48:, 10 November 1912 – 8 February 1913 2122:

Mawson, Douglas (1988), Jacka, Fred; Jacka, Eleanor (eds.),

1357: 1355: 1353: 184:

Last photo of the Far Eastern Party, 17 November 1912

160:, presumably caused by the men eating the livers of their 2182:, London, New York and Berlin: Bloomsbury Publishing, 1755: 1753: 1441: 1439: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1051: 1049: 783:

For simplicity, this article refers to the Mertz and

153:

returned the following summer in December 1913.

2178:

Racing with death: Douglas Mawson—Antarctic Explorer

77: Mawson's return progress until 8 February 1913 5740: 5679: 5650: 5630: 5580: 5544: 5493: 5387: 5380: 4999: 4730: 4317: 4057: 3430: 2961: 2806: 2304: 2077:Hall, Lincoln; Scanlan, Barbara (research) (2000), 973: 971: 311:

Mawson at Aladdin's Cave during the outward journey

2175: 623:Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions 1926:, National Library of Australia: 16, 4 March 1914 1839:. Australian Antarctic Division. 2 November 2011 1558: 1556: 1537: 1535: 1399: 1397: 1369: 1367: 1334: 1332: 1317:. Australian Antarctic Division. 2 November 2011 710:, in an event attended by the governor-general, 231:—heading west—had rounded the ice tongue of the 102:, pushing about 500 miles (800 km) towards 2108:, Kent Town, South Australia: Wakefield Press, 2043:Carrington-Smith, Denise (5–19 December 2005), 796:The men's sledging rations consisted mainly of 726:, covered a further 800 miles (1,300 km). 589:Mawson shortly after his return to Cape Denison 1953: 1951: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1525: 1523: 1429: 1427: 1305: 1303: 1153: 1151: 1030: 1028: 164:, which are now known to be unusually high in 5358: 2237: 889: 887: 885: 879:Edmund Hillary (1976) in Bickel (2000), p. x. 875: 873: 227:, the original eastern limit. Only after the 8: 2029:, Hanover, New Hampshire: Steerforth Press, 363:(snow-blindness), which Mawson treated with 279:Assisting him on this Far Eastern Party was 5384: 5365: 5351: 5343: 4031: 4018: 2273: 2260: 2244: 2230: 2222: 291:. They were in charge of the expedition's 86:was a sledging component of the 1911–1914 487:all of the scientific equipment save the 323:Heading south the following day to avoid 5302:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 4877:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 2079:Douglas Mawson: The Life of an Explorer 869: 776: 557:, to search for the Far Eastern Party. 706:Mawson's return was celebrated at the 682:Memorial cross erected at Cape Denison 2142:"The Australian Antarctic Expedition" 698:In November 1913, shortly before the 7: 5815:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 4663:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 2860:Norse colonization of North America 2126:, North Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1833:"Mawson's fatal journey: Last gasp" 760:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 406:on the left side of his face and a 4192:United States Exploring Expedition 2063:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb00064.x 1964:Australian Dictionary of Biography 743:Australian Dictionary of Biography 400:United States Exploring Expedition 216:had prevented the expedition ship 25: 5810:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 5374:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 5266:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 4634:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1960:"Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)" 265:, an area he had explored during 190:Australasian Antarctic expedition 138:trapped there for a week while a 88:Australasian Antarctic expedition 18:User:Apterygial/Far Eastern party 5774: 5773: 5160:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 4553:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 2050:The Medical Journal of Australia 1966:. Australian National University 1936:Riffenburgh (2009), pp. 177–178. 1898:Australian Antarctic Data Centre 1872:Australian Antarctic Data Centre 1804:Riffenburgh (2009), pp. 132–133. 1795:Riffenburgh (2009), pp. 131–132. 1786:Carrington-Smith (2005), p. 641. 1580:Riffenburgh (2009), pp. 131–133. 1481:Riffenburgh (2009), pp. 123–124. 1361:Hall and Scanlan (2000), p. 126. 1247:Riffenburgh (2009), pp. 110–111. 1184:Riffenburgh (2009), pp. 108–109. 1175:Riffenburgh (2009), pp. 109–110. 1100:Riffenburgh (2009), pp. 106–107. 671:The Medical Journal of Australia 60:(2 months and 29 days) 1900:. Australian Antarctic Division 1874:. Australian Antarctic Division 5820:History of the Ross Dependency 2140:Mill, Hugh Robert (May 1915), 911:Riffenburgh (2009), pp. 88–89. 1: 5617:Clarence Petersen de la Motte 4539:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 4474:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 4896:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 4712:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 4518:French Antarctic Expeditions 4448:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 4334:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 2452:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 567:attainment of the South Pole 3981:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 3660:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 2525:Andrée's balloon expedition 2174:Riffenburgh, Beau (2009) , 2099:, London: William Heinemann 1984:Mawson (1915), pp. 214–273. 1768:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 137. 1759:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 136. 1738:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 154. 1702:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 144. 1693:Bickel (2000), pp. 229–230. 1684:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 143. 1675:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 142. 1643:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 139. 1625:Mawson (1988), pp. 161–162. 1616:Bickel (2000), pp. 198–199. 1598:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 135. 1517:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 127. 1499:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 125. 1454:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 148. 1445:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 121. 1347:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 115. 1297:Bickel (2000), pp. 109–112. 1279:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 112. 1238:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 110. 1136:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 108. 1127:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 106. 1082:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 105. 1055:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 103. 995:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 107. 464:eating their remaining dogs 287:, and the Swiss ski expert 106:. Accompanying Mawson were 5836: 3182:Franklin's lost expedition 2882:Christian IV's expeditions 2124:Mawson's Antarctic diaries 1166:Bickel (2000), pp. 99–100. 986:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 42. 965:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 99. 947:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 98. 938:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 90. 929:Riffenburgh (2009), p. 87. 447:, the shovel, and Mertz's 5771: 4034: 4030: 4017: 3536:Great Northern Expedition 3212:Rae–Richardson expedition 2412:British Arctic Expedition 2276: 2272: 2259: 2104:Mawson, Douglas (1996) , 2025:Bickel, Lennard (2000) , 2007:Ayres, Philip J. (1999), 1073:Bickel (2000), pp. 90–91. 1043:Bickel (2000), pp. 86–87. 977:Bickel (2000), pp. 78–79. 660:, an excessive intake of 332:Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers 242:that swept down from the 4820:British Antarctic Survey 4814:Captain Arturo Prat Base 4059:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 2215:The Home of the Blizzard 2209:Mawson's Huts Foundation 2147:The Geographical Journal 2095:Mawson, Douglas (1915), 1945:Ayres (1999), pp. 95–96. 1837:Mawson's Huts Foundation 1813:Ayres (1999), pp. 78–79. 1777:Ayres (1999), pp. 80–81. 1720:Ayres (1999), pp. 86–87. 1634:Ayres (1999), pp. 79–80. 1550:Ayres (1999), pp. 76–77. 1421:Ayres (1999), pp. 74–75. 1315:Mawson's Huts Foundation 1311:"Mawson's fatal journey" 735:The Home of the Blizzard 634:The Home of the Blizzard 5296:Pole of inaccessibility 4959:Antarctic Treaty System 3300:2nd Grinnell expedition 2218:at the Internet Archive 2081:, Sydney: New Holland, 223:from landing closer to 114:, and Swiss ski expert 5545:Macquarie Island party 1857:Bickel (2000), p. 254. 1747:Bickel (2000), p. 259. 1729:Bickel (2000), p. 257. 1666:Bickel (2000), p. 215. 1607:Mawson (1988), p. 159. 1562:Mawson (1988), p. 158. 1541:Mawson (1988), p. 156. 1508:Mawson (1988), p. 155. 1490:Bickel (2000), p. 153. 1472:Mawson (1988), p. 152. 1463:Bickel (2000), p. 147. 1403:Bickel (2000), p. 121. 1382:Bickel (2000), p. 119. 1373:Mawson (1988), p. 148. 1338:Bickel (2000), p. 113. 1288:Mawson (1988), p. 140. 1265:Bickel (2000), p. 107. 1256:Bickel (2000), p. 106. 1229:Bickel (2000), p. 105. 1220:Mawson (1996), p. 151. 1211:Bickel (2000), p. 101. 1202:Mawson (1996), p. 146. 1193:Bickel (2000), p. 102. 1145:Mawson (1988), p. 134. 1118:Mawson (1988), p. 132. 956:Mawson (1996), p. 135. 683: 650:University of Adelaide 640:. A 1969 study by Sir 590: 517: 474: 423: 312: 283:, a lieutenant in the 281:Belgrave Edward Ninnis 256:Frank Leslie Stillwell 235:, was a landing made. 185: 110:, a lieutenant in the 108:Belgrave Edward Ninnis 79: 5748:Adélie Land meteorite 4966:Transglobe Expedition 4865:Operation Deep Freeze 4274:Challenger expedition 3140:Coppermine expedition 2661:Drifting ice stations 1109:Bickel (2000), p. 96. 1091:Bickel (2000), p. 92. 1064:Bickel (2000), p. 87. 1022:Bickel (2000), p. 81. 1013:Bickel (2000), p. 77. 1004:Bickel (2000), p. 67. 902:Bickel (2000), p. 43. 681: 588: 546:had been sent out by 536:Archibald Lang McLean 515: 473:Mertz at Cape Denison 472: 421: 398:during the 1838–1842 369:cocaine hydrochloride 310: 183: 35: 5727:Shackleton Ice Shelf 1993:Mill (1915), p. 424. 1958:Jacka, Fred (1986). 1920:"Dr. Mawson's Reply" 1822:Ayres (1999), p. 78. 1711:Ayres (1999), p. 82. 1657:Ayres (1999), p. 81. 1589:Ayres (1999), p. 79. 1571:Ayres (1999), p. 77. 1529:Ayres (1999), p. 76. 1433:Ayres (1999), p. 75. 1412:Ayres (1999), p. 74. 1391:Ayres (1999), p. 73. 1157:Ayres (1999), p. 72. 1034:Ayres (1999), p. 70. 920:Ayres (1999), p. 67. 893:Ayres (1999), p. 63. 720:Shackleton Ice Shelf 646:R. V. Southcott 606:radio, but powerful 5651:Parties and vessels 5638:Hugh Evelyn Watkins 5136:South magnetic pole 3802:Brusilov expedition 2911:Danish colonization 2349:North magnetic pole 621:, then-director of 196:, explored part of 5805:1913 in Antarctica 5800:1912 in Antarctica 5753:Air-tractor sledge 5702:King George V Land 5671:Western Base Party 5494:Western Base party 4827:Operation Windmill 4808:Operation Highjump 3783:Rusanov expedition 3688:A. E. Nordenskiöld 3432:North East Passage 3236:McClure expedition 2057:(11/12): 638–641, 716:Western Base Party 708:Adelaide Town Hall 684: 658:hypervitaminosis A 632:; Mawson wrote in 591: 518: 475: 424: 313: 186: 158:hypervitaminosis A 80: 5785: 5784: 5658:Far Eastern Party 5646: 5645: 5602:Frank D. Fletcher 5521:Alexander Kennedy 5506:Charles Harrisson 5340: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5331: 4794:Operation Tabarin 4656:Far Eastern Party 4502:Nimrod Expedition 4013: 4012: 4009: 4008: 3572:M. Pronchishcheva 3494:Siberian Cossacks 2963:Northwest Passage 2296:Research stations 2253:Polar exploration 538:, who along with 303:Journey eastwards 293:Greenland huskies 267:Ernest Shackleton 244:Antarctic Plateau 162:Greenland huskies 118:; the party used 84:Far Eastern Party 16:(Redirected from 5827: 5777: 5776: 5707:Macquarie Island 5697:Commonwealth Bay 5552:George Ainsworth 5455:Archibald McLean 5385: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5344: 4841:Ronne Expedition 4326: 4320: 4184:Dumont d'Urville 4032: 4019: 3567:V. Pronchishchev 2274: 2261: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2223: 2192: 2181: 2170: 2136: 2118: 2100: 2091: 2073: 2039: 2021: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1955: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1894:"Ninnis Glacier" 1890: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1530: 1527: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1434: 1431: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1362: 1359: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1307: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1155: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1002: 996: 993: 987: 984: 978: 975: 966: 963: 957: 954: 948: 945: 939: 936: 930: 927: 921: 918: 912: 909: 903: 900: 894: 891: 880: 877: 858: 855: 849: 846: 840: 837: 831: 815: 809: 802:plasmon biscuits 794: 788: 781: 731:Macquarie Island 692:Beau Riffenburgh 602:was recalled by 552: 206:Commonwealth Bay 76: 70: 64: 59: 57: 53: 21: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5781: 5767: 5736: 5722:Queen Mary Land 5675: 5642: 5626: 5622:Norman Toutcher 5597:John King Davis 5576: 5567:Charles Sandell 5562:Harold Hamilton 5540: 5511:Charles Hoadley 5489: 5475:Frank Stillwell 5470:Belgrave Ninnis 5440:Charles Laseron 5435:Sidney Jeffryes 5420:Alfred Hodgeman 5400:Frank Bickerton 5388:Main Base party 5376: 5371: 5341: 5328: 5003: 4995: 4871:McMurdo Station 4740:Modern research 4738: 4726: 4461:O. Nordenskjöld 4324: 4318: 4313: 4229:Ross expedition 4053: 4026: 4005: 3434: 3426: 2967:Northern Canada 2965: 2957: 2810: 2802: 2308: 2300: 2268: 2255: 2250: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2173: 2160:10.2307/1779731 2139: 2134: 2121: 2116: 2103: 2094: 2089: 2076: 2042: 2037: 2024: 2019: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1868:"Mertz Glacier" 1866: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1533: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1365: 1360: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1003: 999: 994: 990: 985: 981: 976: 969: 964: 960: 955: 951: 946: 942: 937: 933: 928: 924: 919: 915: 910: 906: 901: 897: 892: 883: 878: 871: 867: 862: 861: 856: 852: 847: 843: 838: 834: 816: 812: 795: 791: 785:Ninnis Glaciers 782: 778: 773: 768: 756: 686:Suggestions of 608:katabatic winds 583: 555:John King Davis 550: 544:Alfred Hodgeman 510: 484: 441: 416: 414:Death of Ninnis 342:Madigan Nunatak 334: 305: 285:Royal Fusiliers 240:katabatic winds 198:East Antarctica 192:, commanded by 178: 112:Royal Fusiliers 78: 74: 72: 68: 66: 62: 55: 51: 49: 46:Ninnis Glaciers 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5833: 5831: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5792: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5717:Ninnis Glacier 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5501:Charles Dovers 5497: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5485:Leslie Whetter 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5465:Herbert Murphy 5462: 5457: 5452: 5450:Douglas Mawson 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5288:Vostok Station 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5239:Cherry-Garrard 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5079:Southern Cross 5075: 5074: 5073: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5045: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5009: 5007: 5001:Farthest South 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4962: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4698:Ross Sea party 4694: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4659: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4498: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4392:Southern Cross 4385:Southern Cross 4381: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4329: 4327: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4131:Bellingshausen 4121: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3990: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3440: 3438: 3436:Russian Arctic 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3252: 3247: 3232: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2926: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2878: 2873: 2871:Snæbjörn galti 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2773: 2766: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2738: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2664: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2428: 2423: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2306:Farthest North 2302: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2198:External links 2196: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2171: 2154:(5): 419–426, 2137: 2132: 2119: 2114: 2101: 2092: 2087: 2074: 2040: 2035: 2022: 2017: 2009:Mawson: a life 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1924:The Advertiser 1911: 1885: 1859: 1850: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1695: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1659: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1552: 1543: 1531: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1435: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1393: 1384: 1375: 1363: 1349: 1340: 1328: 1299: 1290: 1281: 1267: 1258: 1249: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1204: 1195: 1186: 1177: 1168: 1159: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1066: 1057: 1045: 1036: 1024: 1015: 1006: 997: 988: 979: 967: 958: 949: 940: 931: 922: 913: 904: 895: 881: 868: 866: 863: 860: 859: 850: 841: 832: 810: 789: 775: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 762: 755: 752: 748:Edmund Hillary 582: 579: 563:Roald Amundsen 509: 506: 483: 482:Death of Mertz 480: 440: 437: 415: 412: 396:Charles Wilkes 376:Ninnis Glacier 361:photokeratitis 333: 330: 304: 301: 194:Douglas Mawson 177: 174: 170:Edmund Hillary 96:Douglas Mawson 73: 67: 61: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5832: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5770: 5764: 5763:Mawson's Huts 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5732:Wireless Hill 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5712:Mertz Glacier 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Percival Gray 5610: 5608: 5607:F. J. Gillies 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5592:John H. Blair 5590: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5572:Arthur Sawyer 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531:Andrew Watson 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5445:Cecil Madigan 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5415:Walter Hannam 5413: 5411: 5410:Percy Correll 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419:Discovery Hut 4417: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3949:A. Sibiryakov 3946: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3921:Glavsevmorput 3918: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3223:J. Richardson 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2985:M. Corte-Real 2983: 2981: 2980:G. Corte-Real 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903:C. Richardson 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2712:Georgiy Sedov 2708: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2599:Riiser-Larsen 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2518: 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Ross 2323:Heemskerck 2310:North Pole 766:References 724:Frank Wild 489:theodolite 449:waterproof 274:Expedition 225:Cape Adare 176:Background 92:Cape Adare 56:1913-02-08 52:1912-11-10 5480:Eric Webb 5381:Personnel 5307:Tolstikov 5093:Discovery 5063:HMS 5048:HMS 5030:Adventure 5028:HMS 5013:HMS 4949:Tolstikov 4670:Endurance 4455:Antarctic 4440:Drygalski 4413:Discovery 4406:Discovery 4367:Arctowski 4280:HMS 4253:HMS 4247:Abernethy 4235:HMS 4213:USS 4200:Vincennes 4198:USS 4178:Astrolabe 4118:San Telmo 4099:Adventure 4097:HMS 4082:HMS 4077:Kerguelen 4039:Continent 4024:Antarctic 3901:Urvantsev 3859:Vilkitsky 3712:Jeannette 3710:USS 3702:Jeannette 3666:Weyprecht 3644:Pakhtusov 3594:Chichagov 3587:D. Laptev 3530:Permyakov 3505:Stadukhin 3500:Perfilyev 3477:Mangazeya 3415:H. 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Anna 3723:Melville 3693:Palander 3649:Tsivolko 3609:Sannikov 3604:Billings 3547:Chirikov 3466:Barentsz 3408:St. Roch 3399:Bartlett 3373:Amundsen 3357:Sverdrup 3257:Resolute 3146:Franklin 3074:Kotzebue 2941:Sverdrup 2924:Scoresby 2898:Lindenov 2749:Plaisted 2734:Nautilus 2679:Shirshov 2653:Belyakov 2648:Baydukov 2622:Nautilus 2584:Amundsen 2544:SS 2503:Sverdrup 2498:Johansen 2468:Brainard 2463:Lockwood 2318:Barentsz 2071:16336159 1843:30 March 1321:30 March 798:pemmican 754:See also 722:, under 604:wireless 571:crampons 501:kerosene 388:sastrugi 338:sastrugi 218:SY 214:pack ice 144:SY 140:blizzard 131:crevasse 54: – 5324:Messner 5271:Hillary 5251:Balchen 5199:Polheim 5193:Wisting 5071:Crozier 5043:Weddell 5021:J. Cook 4991:Kapitsa 4972:Fiennes 4914:Klenova 4883:Hillary 4833:Ketchum 4759:BANZARE 4734:· 4579:Polheim 4545:Shirase 4531:Charcot 4341:Belgica 4260:Crozier 4172:Morrell 4167:Weddell 4145:Lazarev 4090:J. Cook 4044:History 3994:Arktika 3970:Krassin 3955:Voronin 3927:Schmidt 3913:Ushakov 3852:Vaygach 3820:Albanov 3789:Rusanov 3770:Kolchak 3765:Matisen 3739:Makarov 3718:De Long 3619:Wrangel 3599:Lyakhov 3552:Malygin 3510:Dezhnev 3337:Pandora 3308:Advance 3275:Kennedy 3270:Belcher 3263:Kellett 3250:McClure 3174:Beechey 3168:Blossom 3161:Simpson 3129:Crozier 3122:Hoppner 3079:J. Ross 3047:J. Cook 2995:Gilbert 2888:J. Hall 2854:Ingólfr 2844:Naddodd 2838:Vikings 2825:Brendan 2820:Pytheas 2808:Iceland 2762:Arktika 2754:Herbert 2719:Badygin 2689:Krenkel 2674:Papanin 2643:Chkalov 2629:Wilkins 2594:Wisting 2538:F. Cook 2444:Markham 2404:Bessels 2393:Polaris 2384:Polaris 2355:J. Ross 2338:Carolus 2286:History 2168:1779731 718:on the 648:of the 630:colitis 523:lanolin 445:pickaxe 408:whitlow 50: ( 5680:Places 5665:Aurora 5583:Aurora 5234:Bowers 5229:Wilson 5188:Hassel 5183:Helmer 5152:Mackay 5142:Mawson 5107:Nimrod 5065:Terror 5050:Erebus 4977:Burton 4772:Rymill 4648:Mawson 4642:Aurora 4621:Lashly 4606:Wilson 4509:Nimrod 4486:Scotia 4293:Murray 4268:Cooper 4255:Terror 4237:Erebus 4206:Wilkes 4157:Palmer 4125:Vostok 4072:Bouvet 3996:-class 3976:Gakkel 3844:Taymyr 3825:Konrad 3794:Kuchin 3732:Yermak 3639:Lavrov 3557:Ovtsyn 3542:Bering 3520:Ivanov 3483:Hudson 3445:Pomors 3422:Cowper 3387:Karluk 3286:Isabel 3280:Bellot 3230:Austin 3198:Terror 3190:Erebus 3086:Griper 3062:Clerke 3022:Baffin 3005:Hudson 2936:Nansen 2849:Garðar 2770:Barneo 2637:ANT-25 2613:Italia 2589:Nobile 2558:Henson 2517:Amedeo 2493:Nansen 2458:Greely 2328:Hudson 2266:Arctic 2186: 2166: 2130: 2112: 2085: 2069: 2033: 2015: 1970:7 July 1904:7 July 1878:7 July 823:Eskimo 700:Aurora 615:Aurora 600:Aurora 595:Aurora 548:Aurora 439:Return 297:Aurora 272:Nimrod 229:Aurora 220:Aurora 151:Aurora 146:Aurora 75: 69: 63: 5741:Other 5631:Other 5314:Crary 5261:Dufek 5224:Oates 5214:Scott 5147:David 5128:Adams 5099:Barne 4920:Mirny 4909:Somov 4719:Quest 4616:Crean 4601:Scott 4480:Bruce 4434:Gauss 4427:Gauss 4301:Jason 4288:Nares 4162:Davis 4139:Mirny 4112:Smith 4067:Roché 3987:Lenin 3907:Sadko 3832:Wiese 3777:Sedov 3748:Zarya 3671:Payer 3634:Litke 3629:Anjou 3562:Minin 3525:Vagin 3515:Popov 3488:Poole 3343:Young 3156:Dease 3101:Hecla 3092:Parry 3017:Bylot 3000:Davis 2975:Cabot 2948:Peary 2930:Jason 2917:Egede 2831:Papar 2743:Skate 2724:Wiese 2704:NP-37 2697:NP-36 2577:Norge 2565:Sedov 2553:Peary 2511:Jason 2426:Nares 2420:Alert 2375:Hayes 2343:Parry 2281:Ocean 2164:JSTOR 819:Yukon 806:hoosh 771:Notes 551:' 508:Alone 384:hoosh 42:Mertz 5758:Dogs 5246:Byrd 5167:Fram 5118:Wild 4800:Marr 4766:BGLE 4753:Byrd 4681:Wild 4560:Fram 4362:Cook 3883:AARI 3868:Maud 3755:Toll 3680:Vega 3366:Gjøa 3351:Fram 3314:Kane 3151:Back 3116:Fury 3107:Lyon 3029:Munk 2668:NP-1 2570:Byrd 2487:Fram 2478:Fram 2370:Kane 2184:ISBN 2128:ISBN 2110:ISBN 2083:ISBN 2067:PMID 2031:ISBN 2013:ISBN 1972:2011 1906:2011 1880:2011 1845:2012 1323:2012 800:and 644:and 613:The 593:The 542:and 367:and 344:and 188:The 82:The 44:and 5663:SY 5581:SY 4943:3rd 4929:2nd 4903:1st 4736:IGY 4732:IPY 3322:Fox 3218:Rae 2784:Mir 2760:NS 2156:doi 2059:doi 2055:183 565:'s 269:'s 204:in 5796:: 3848:/ 2162:, 2152:45 2150:, 2144:, 2065:, 2053:, 2047:, 1962:. 1950:^ 1922:, 1896:. 1870:. 1835:. 1752:^ 1648:^ 1555:^ 1534:^ 1522:^ 1438:^ 1426:^ 1396:^ 1366:^ 1352:^ 1331:^ 1313:. 1302:^ 1270:^ 1150:^ 1048:^ 1027:^ 970:^ 884:^ 872:^ 208:, 5366:e 5359:t 5352:v 4325:" 4319:" 4262:) 4258:( 4249:) 4240:( 2245:e 2238:t 2231:v 2158:: 2061:: 1974:. 1908:. 1882:. 1847:. 1325:. 58:) 20:)

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