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a day off, really." His diary was more direct: "Day off. Baloney!" He also discussed the press conference from this day, "…that was rough! They asked some mean questions, mainly concerning Bill's sickness, our mistakes, our demands for time off, etc. They also asked some rather philosophical questions about our view of the world, our inner selves, and the mission. We fielded them but felt bad because the critical questions indicated to us that we have been labeled as screw-ups and slackers. We were also feeling like the managers weren't behind us, either, otherwise the press wouldn't be asking so many critical questions." He spoke to his wife that day and received assurance that they were well received and fully supported by
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647:, who had recently run a symposium on "industrialization and settlement of space" panned Cooper for succumbing to the temptation to dramatize a mundane event. She explained experiment M487, the "Habitability Experiment," in which astronauts were asked for their comments on a wide range of topics including housekeeping procedures, the color scheme of the lab, and plenty more. Bluth asserts that M487 diffuses "much of the 'rebellious' attitude of the crew," and concludes, "Cooper's revolt dissolves along with the mist of the 'strange alchemy of space,' leaving us again to marvel even more at the fact of people's capability for work and survival in space."
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observation photos as they were flying over Japan. Solar physicist Gibson spent much of the day observing the sun. "Now today was the kind of day off I've been harping for," wrote Pogue. He described some
Kohoutek observations and much gazing at earth through the window. The "Purple" flight control shift concluded their day awarding the crew with a the "One-Armed Paper Hanger Award." "Apparently, it was a poster with a cartoon of a guy doing many things at once and cussing out the ground. They complemented us on getting so much done last week. This is the way the mission should have run—with everyone enjoying themselves."
126:, two years after the mission, interpreted events as a "strike" or "rebellion," astronauts, doctors, mission controllers, and authors have disputed that characterization. This mission has been raised as case study in various fields of endeavor including space medicine, team management, and psychology. Man-hours in space were, and continued to be into the 21st century, profoundly expensive; a single day on Skylab was worth about $ 22.4 million in 2017 dollars. Difficulties on this mission also affected the planning of future space missions, especially long-term missions.
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some catching up, without feeling that they have to keep up with a flight plan time' schedule." Organization of the myriad tools and equipment onboard was a high priority, as were other housekeeping tasks. Carr's diary says they're mostly adjusted to spaceflight, though congestion remains. "Our biggest problem right now is mental attitude. We're so damn mad at the guys on the ground that are scheduling this mission. It looks like they're trying to get everything finished early or something." Carr says they've been informing
Mission Control of the scheduling problem.
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were restored." He follows that with quotes from the
January 2 press conference, including Pogue saying, "I'm a fallible human being". Thomas later referenced his earlier work and mentioned a "strike". Thomas cites Schoonhoven, who in turn cites Balbaky and Cooper. Schoonhoven writes, "On Friday, December 27, 1973, the Apollo 3 astronauts conducted the first day-long, sit-down strike in space, closing down communication with mission control for 24 hours and refusing to work until management in mission control had set priorities for its work demands."
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take a slower pace than the Skylab 3 crew because they would be in "an endurance situation" and they were "low-key people, less energetic than the SL-3 crew." "Because we felt we had to produce, we did not call the situation to a halt early enough." He expressed dismay that
Mission Control didn't allow time for adjusting to the new environment and expected them to work at the pace the previous crew left off. He found fault with crew for not assessing and taking action quickly enough to remedy the situation.
518:). On Skylab 4, one problem was that the crew was pushed even harder as they fell behind on their workload, creating an increasing level of stress. Even though none of the astronauts returned to space, there was only one more NASA spaceflight in the decade and Skylab was the first and last all-American space station. NASA was planning larger space stations but its budget shrank considerably after the moon landings, and the Skylab orbital workshop was the only major execution of Apollo application projects.
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The guys on the ground contributed, but it doesn't make him feel any better. He was really shattered when h realized that he had forgotten to put the filter in the cameras. I really felt for him because he had to swallow his pride and send word down that he had screwed up royally. It brought back the chaos of the first week we spent here and all the unhappy and frustrated feelings we had because we couldn't keep up and were making so many mistakes. I really feel bad, and I knew he felt worse."
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686:, alleges a mutiny and gives it as a "perfect" example of "Us Versus Them Syndrome" in space medicine. In this footnote, Clément only cites Shayler who doesn't devote much ink to the alleged mutiny, but quotes Carr saying, "We went over one of our ground stations with our radios off. The press picked up on that immediately and called that mutiny.… But 's not what really happened that day."
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The crew has been reluctant to work on their day off." Skylab program director
Schneider refuted these reports in a news conference three days later. He said the crew were "'performing well' and he stoutly defended them against published reports that they had made more mistakes than previous crews," the Associated Press reported.
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Four months after splashdown, Carr recalled workload issues, and, "Finally, on day 48 or 50, we rebelled, we just stopped everything. We did just what we wanted to do all day long. It was the day of the great camera orgy." (On their "earned" day off, mission day 56, January 10, Carr said, "Right now
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noted that things had been going "as smooth as glass" for the past two weeks. Truly noted that science opportunities were missed because the crew insisted on rest time before sleep and after waking, and undisturbed exercise. Carr explained that his crew worked better with those restrictions, and he
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The crew that had planned to take one rest day every 10 days took another rest day on
December 26, 1973. Carr also recorded this day-off in his diary, including mention of work on the post-EVA procedure pushing dinner to 8:00 pm. He added, "…Today was a pretty nice day. The schedulers laid off
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December 10, the mission's 25th day, was another scheduled day off, with several hours of experiments scheduled. Planned tasks for this rest day included solar and comet observations, housekeeping, showers, and a conference with scientists at
Mission Control. Also that day, it came to light that some
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On
December 8, it came to light that Pogue had forgotten to put lens filters on the cameras and quite a few days' worth of Earth observation pictures were ruined. Carr's diary included, "Today Bill uncovered a mistake that he made on day 4 or 5 which degrades all the EREP data we have gotten so far.
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On the ninth day of the mission, Mission
Control gave a "rest" day during which few tasks were scheduled, and the crew was delighted. They were still having difficulty locating items on the station, including meals and tools. During this day, Hutchinson explained they were expected to "'…rest or do
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E. Mary Lou
Balbaky of Harvard Business School wrote a popular exercise "Strike in Space" which relies extensively on Cooper. Balbaky reiterates Cooper's characterization of the crew as "hostile, irritable, and downright grumpy", Balbaky adds, in conclusion, "When complaints and blistering language
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The crew had a "day off" on January 2, but Carr expressed disappointment, saying later in the week, "I think that last day off was kind of a shock to us. I don't think we expected to be doing quite as much as we did. The day off boiled down to about two free hours and a shower. That's not much of
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had finished all their work and asked for more work—this may have led NASA to have a higher expectation for the next crew. However, the next crew were all "rookies"; they had not been in space before. Both previous crews had veteran members and both previous crews had one member that had been to the
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The crew undertook a debriefing on February 22. This report covered everything from liftoff to splashdown, their experiences with equipment on the flight, and their work with Mission Control. In the section on mission planning, Carr said he'd "told everybody I spoke to" that they were planning to
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by video link about their observations of the comet he discovered, and earlier in the day joked with mission control as they passed the halfway point in their journey. This evening, Carr called for an assessment to understand if they were behind, and if so, how far. Carr's diary recorded the same
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December 17 was another day off for the crew, but they planned to go heavy on solar observations after working overtime the day before to monitor the especially active sun and get ahead on housekeeping tasks. Carr was disappointed with the lack of rest, and planned to raise the concern with ground
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On December 11, Reuters reported doctors considered the crew's lethargy, and some privately expressed concern that they weren't adapting as quickly as previous crews had. The reporter wrote, "Everyone involved in the Skylab 3 mission has noticed the slowness of the crew and the lack of enthusiasm.
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was a 56 day earth-based duration test of both Skylab's equiptment and personnel, conducted in 1972. But each Skylab pushed farther into the unknown of space medicine, and it was difficult to make predictions about the reaction of the human body to prolonged weightlessness and isolation. The first
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Flight director Neil Hutchison said "There have been a couple of books written that stated that there was a strike in space even though that was clearly not the case. There is even a Harvard Business School case about it. If you get an MBA at Stanford or somewhere, you're likely to get the Harvard
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and wrote the chapter "Working in Space: Skylab". In it, he references Cooper among others and relates a 24 hour work stoppage alternately mentioning "strike" and "mutiny", figuring the cost of the lost time at $ 2.5 million. Thomas also says, "On 30 December, communications with Mission Control
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NASA flight surgeon William K. Douglas found fault with Cooper's reporting for its emotional tone and rush to find (or invent) failure while overlooking greatness. Douglas observed that almost all articles covering the psychology of spaceflight lament the paucity of factual information available,
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The crew had been over-scheduled. The crew was scheduled for 24 science man-hours per day, to increase to 28 after day 18. "All parties involved should have realized that 24 hours was an overly ambitious goal," concluded the mission report. Workload was reduced to 24 hours per day on mission day
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On January 4, chief astronaut Deke Slayton called to the crew to congratulate them on setting a record for time in space. He also said, “As far as we're concerned down here, you're doing an outstanding job all the way. Just keep up the good work stay loose and enjoy it.” He added, “I think if you
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Carr discussed this exchange in his diary, noting "They were trying to get the same output from us at the beginning that they were getting from the SL-3 crew at the end of their mission.… The truth of the matter is that we equaled the SL-3 pace. No wonder we were fit to be tied! On about day 30,
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The next week, Gibson reflected on the initial workload, "Our first seven or eight days up here were not something I would want to go through again." Several experiments had been added to the schedule with little or no training, including stereo and infrared photos, volume measurements, and blood
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The crew's initial task of unloading and stowing the thousands of items needed for their lengthy mission proved to be overwhelming, especially undertaken during space motion sickness. The schedule for the activation sequence dictated lengthy work periods with a large variety of tasks, and the crew
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In line with January 10, flight day 56, Carr's biographer included the commander's comments about the radio being unattended for a pass over a ground station. Carr disputes there was a mutiny. Carr said he left NASA, "because it looked like we were facing six to eight more years before the next
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provided a "more dramatic" account describing a "strike at the end of the sixth week." Cooper also dubs Carr's inquiry as to how far behind schedule they might be as "sort of a declaration of independence". (NASA reports this inquiry on the evening of December 28. The Associated Press described
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Ben Evans addresses the radio being off for "a pass," quotes Carr's explanation of crew taking turns with the radio, and calls claims of "strike, on the brink of mutiny" "sensationalist." He writes, "It was an unfair accusation which led to a stigma that would hang over Carr's crew for decades."
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Some sources compare "rebellion" (Cooper) vs. "necessary readjustment" (Bluth) without attempting to reconcile them. Connors et al find "some agreement that the Skylab 4 crew appeared to be under an unusual degree of pressure, and that there was an unanticipated degree of friction between this
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The third crew aboard Skylab launched with an ambitious schedule. Doctors seemed sure their measures would prevent space motion sickness and Mission Control was confident that the new crew would begin operations at a similar pace to the ending pace of the recently-departed crew. A month before
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failed to get their message across, the astronauts turned off the radio and would not talk to ground control Houston," and provides a timeline explaining that the "Skylab declaration of independence" was on December 27 and giving December 28 as the date for "Sixth week in space for third crew"
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Cancelling the day off on visit day 4 removed the "crew's best opportunity to consolidate their position and organize themselves for the remainder of the visit." The crew suggests limiting workload and task complexity early in the mission and gradually ramping up, ensuring early and continued
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On December 30, the crew had a "soul-baring session" talking to mission control about the workload. Mission Control sent a status report to the crew saying, "Accomplishments to date in the mission are less than planned for earth resources , medical and corollary experiments." "We felt the
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fell behind the aggressive schedule and worked through several planned days off. Other factors likely also contributed to crew frustration. The crew pushed back and got some schedule relief mid-December, then described their rest days as not especially restful near new year. Mission Control
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Lessons learned focused on balancing workload with crew psychology and stress level. One factor that affects disaster planning is the process of lessons learned from past incidents. Two contrasting pressures are the desire to hide a problem to avoid issues such as reprimands verses the honest
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By January 10, the 56th day, the crew "enjoyed the closest thing to a day off in eight weeks." Flight Director Philip Shaffer said they'd "earned" a nearly entirely unscheduled day. For the day, Mission Control prepared a "shopping list" of optional jobs to complete and scheduled some earth
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The crew had "much work, little play" on their rest day of December 17, 1973, with some sleeping late and about 2 hours unscheduled. On December 18, the crew and Mission Control appeared to have settled their differences. Mistakes were down and efficiency was up. Skylab program director
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Houston's December 30 reply.) Others give strike dates of December 25, December 27, 28, or December 29–30. Some add that the radio was off, some say for a whole day. And some accounts further conclude that these astronauts did not return to space because of their rebellion.
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earth observation pictures were overexposed due to Pogue's error. Johnson Space Center chief physician Dr. Royce Hawkins cited individual variations in performance. Carr's diary said the day included late sleep and light work until noon, shower, and looking out the window.
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CAPCOM Robert Crippen said, "Even though we all initially got off on the wrong foot, Jerry, Bill, and Ed did super once we got things back on track. And no, there was no rebellion. I think the rest of the flight directors and the Capcoms would certainly say the same thing."
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Gibson said, "We had several 18-hour work days at the beginning. We were up and working for 18 hours and did not have time to wind down before it was time to go to sleep As a result, we got only 4 or 5 hours of good sleep. That begain to add up after awhile."
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The crew had another rest day on December 2, mission day 17, but it wasn't very restful. Photo passes, solar telescope photos, and housekeeping chores kept the crew busy. Each also took their weekly showers. Carr wrote, "For a day off we sure were busy today."
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Mission Control planned extra work for the rookie crew, and placed considerable faith in measures to hasten their adaptation to working in space. The crew's days were scheduled at rates near the ending rate of the previous crew. The three-man crew, Commander
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Estimating the time to accomplish tasks was a problem. A variety of medical tests had never been performed before, and estimates for their time were incorrect. Adjustments to estimates took two days to work into a flight plan because of the planning cycle.
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It takes 10 to 14 days to become acclimated to the environment of space, and likewise to become re-acclimated to one-g, much like, but more pronounced than, adjusting between sea level and high altitude. During this time, stamina is diminished.
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Van Dongen, HP; Maislin, G; Mullington, JM; Dinges, DF (2003). "The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: Dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation".
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and that they instead refer to "anecdotal evidence of emotional problems" with references to popular press, but not to astronaut statements in scientific literature. He drew strong parallels between Cooper's coverage of Skylab 4 and the novel
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The final Skylab mission became known for the large amount of work accomplished during the long mission. Skylab orbited for six more years before decaying in 1979 due to higher-than-anticipated solar activity. The next U.S. spaceflight was the
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The crew returned to earth on February 8. Several reports mentioned the vomit cover-up and/or workload issues but omitted any rebellion. At the time, all of the astronauts were up for consideration for future flight, though, at the time, the
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On December 5, the crew's chief physician, Dr. Jerry Hordinsky, said "They're at least performing up to the normal standards we're expecting. I expect that to improve. They're in very good health. And their mental health is excellent."
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moon and back. That the astronauts were reprimanded for concealing motion sickness early on may have also contributed to difficulties. The crew increasingly became bothered by having every hour of their trip duration scheduled.
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by Nordhoff and Hall, and notes that in both cases, popular literature has a tendency to overlook factual accounts in favor of the more dramatic, introducing errors into the popular understanding of the actual events.
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Carr's diary mentioned overwork and mistakes on mission days three, four, and six. He also mentioned being behind on day 7 - Thanksgiving Day, when they conducted the longest EVA to date, 6 hours and 33 minutes.
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On December 14, Pogue complained of being overworked, detailing steps involved in various activities and explaining that he was not pleased that he was rushed and having difficulty completing tasks correctly.
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Kurtzman, Clifford R.; Akin, David L.; Kranzler, David; Erlanson, Edith (1986-07-31). "Study of Onboard Expert Systems to Augment Space Shuttle and Space Station Autonomy" (Document). p. 1.
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Behavioral problems during a spaceflight are of concern to mission planners, because they can trigger a mission failure. NASA has studied things that affect crew social dynamics such as
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they finally wised up and quit trying to get 28 man-hours of science per day out of us and dropped it to 24. Then everything smoothed out. We felt the pressure come off immediately."
323:“We literally made it hard for those guys in the first few days. It probably started the crew out a little behind because they had a lot of things that they had to pick up and stow.”
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I don't like being put in an incredible position where I'm taking somebody's expesnive equipment and thrashing about wildly with it and trying to act like a one-armed paper hanger.
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if they scheduled a rest day so full again. UPI reported "Carr and Pogue had harsh words" for doctors on the ground about the doctors' interpretation of space motion sickness.
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Ed Gibson asserted, "There was no 'strike in space' by any stretch of the imagination." He blamed media, specifically Cooper and Harvard Business School, for exaggerations.
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Hard requirements for low-priority experiments should be deferred until later in the mission lest they interfere with activation activities or high-priority experiments.
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Crew shifts, for example, two on and two off on 12-hour cycles, could enable experiments around the clock. Much information was lost because of rigid sleep time.
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created a "shopping list" of tasks that could be worked any time, and allowed for a genuine rest day on January 10, and the mission proceeded smoothly afterward.
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writes, "The famous 'Skylab-4 Strike' in 1973 has been overblown, but the actual event was in fact symptomatic of Earth-space tensions and festering ill will."
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Tasks with appropriate training can be estimated with a 50% time cushion. If there has been little or no training, a factor of 2 to 2½ is more appropriate.
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manned Skylab mission set a spaceflight record with its 28-day mission, and Skylab 3 roughly doubled that to 59 days; no one had spent this long in orbit.
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Skylab flight surgeon William K. Douglas found strong parallels between Nordhoff & Hall's novel "Mutiny on the Bounty" and Cooper's account of Skylab.
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The 84-day stay of the Skylab 4 mission was a human spaceflight record that was not exceeded for over two decades by a NASA astronaut; the 96-day Soviet
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reprimanded them for this omission, saying they "had made a fairly serious error in judgement." Pogue later described this exchange as "humiliating."
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We need more time to rest. We need a schedule that is not so packed. We don't want to exercise after a meal. We need to get things under control.
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The diversity of tasks planned for a given crew member should be limited in the first days in orbit to accelerate their coming up to speed.
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28. The report blamed "reluctance to speak forthrightly over the air-to-ground communications loop" for the delay in solving the problem.
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In addition to those addressing specific sources as mentioned previously, some responded more generally to the idea of a strike in space.
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A "shopping list" of tasks that aren't tied to a fixed schedule will allow the crew flexibility to manage some of their schedule onboard.
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Pogue (vertical) and Gibson, holding a trash bag, work together on one of many housekeeping tasks: waste disposal through an airlock.
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January 31 was their last day off before splashdown. The crew held a news conference and conducted an earth resources survey pass.
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Different sources use different terminology for the "incident": "necessary readjustment", "rebellion", "strike", and "mutiny".
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had praise, "The crew was just impeccable. All in all I think it was a remarkable day. We managed to salvage another experiment."
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Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations, Outward Odyssey, a People's History of Spaceflight
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pressure ease off when you shifted gears down there," said Carr, "We feel like we've been more efficient up here."
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Cooper did not speak to the Skylab 4 astronauts before writing his book, but got his information from transcripts.
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3842:(Ph.D. thesis). Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 15.
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this draft, with the caveat that edit history may be lost in the move to main space if/when that happens. See
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article, and if it were in the draft space, it would wind up being a separate article then we'd need a merge.
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January 14, CBS News gave a report summarizing the mission to date, mentioning vomiting and workload issues.
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Astronauts and flight controllers discuss procedures for repairing the coolant system early in the mission.
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soon found themselves tired and behind schedule. Skylab 3 was also behind schedule in the first few days.
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and author of eight books provides a "more dramatic account" of astronauts "staging" a "strike" in his
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conversation, and included, "Spent the afternoon getting ready for tomorrow's EVA… should be routine."
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The day off boiled down to about two free hours and a shower. That's not much of a day off, really.
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extended the duration record by almost one more month. None of the crew had been to space before.
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conducted in July 1975, and after a human spaceflight gap, the first Space Shuttle orbital flight
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us pretty well, so we got our showers and relaxation and can start another hard week tomorrow."
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Among the complicating factors was the interplay between management and subordinates (see also
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keep going the way you've been going, why, it'll be one of the best missions we've ever seen.”
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Gibson did not relish the first week in space. Here, he operates the Apollo Telescope Mount.
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was planned, and Shuttle development consumed the remainder of manned spaceflight budget.
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promised more definite suggestions for working some during those times by the next day.
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January 26 afforded another break during which the crew took earth observation photos.
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Figure 3-2. Performance lapses for time in bed (TIB) over 14 days of sleep restriction.
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we're having a camera orgy." After the Mission Control shift change, the new CAPCOM,
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Time and Resource Constrained Scheduling, with Applications to Space Station Planning
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Things got off to a bad start after the crew attempted to hide Pogue's early
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Carr and Pogue demonstrate a position that would be impossible with gravity.
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Balbaky, E. Mary Lou; McCaskey, Michael B. (1981-11-01). "Strike in Space".
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Crew psychology has been a point of study for Mars analog missions such as
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Twelve-week length of stay (the longest stay by astronauts up to that time)
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3666:"Henry S. F. Cooper Jr., Space Reporter With Literary Lineage, Dies at 82"
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Benson, Charles Dunlap; Compton, W. David (1983). "17: The Last Mission".
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4000:
3995:
3990:
3349:
2848:
Fink, Donald E. (1974-03-04). "SL-4 Further Enriches Skylab Data Trove".
1612:
1437:
1172:
938:
534:
508:
445:
Pogue climbs out of the Command Module, all grins, and with a full beard.
190:
99:
95:
91:
3847:
3643:. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 156.
3483:
3462:
3188:
335:
On December 27, Gibson and Pogue remarked about their observations of
4181:
3982:
3968:
3482:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 144 – via
2967:
2965:
339:. Carr's diary noted that they kept up with the flight plan all day.
135:
79:
2718:. Nashville, Tennessee: The Tennesseean. UPI. 1974-01-11. p. 12
3550:"William Pogue, Astronaut Who Staged a Strike in Space, Dies at 84"
2998:"Skylab: America's First Home in Space Launched 40 Years Ago Today"
605:
527:
498:
470:
440:
428:
305:
247:
66:
47:
3804:
The New Superleadership : Leading Others to Lead Themselves
2869:. Vol. 103, no. 6. 1974-02-11. p. 78 – via
1718:"Psychological stress measurement through voice output analysis"
487:
Crew cited a change in the schedule after day 28 (December 13).
83:
33:
article, in the user space because it's intended to replace the
3941:
3499:"Mutiny in Space: Why These Skylab Astronauts Never Flew Again"
622:. Nearly the same text previously appeared in The New Yorker.
3604:"Psychological and Sociological Aspects of Manned Spaceflight"
3354:(1st ed.). London: International Thomson Business Press.
2142:"Skylab 3 Astronauts Practice Maneuvers, Prepare for Kohoutek"
1695:
390:
349:
279:
206:
Mission controllers packed the typical day full of activities.
3288:"The day when three NASA astronauts staged a strike in space"
1504:"All the King's Horses: The Final Mission to Skylab (Part 3)"
1074:"Skylab Crew, Mission Control Have Settled Their Differences"
1002:"Did 3 NASA Astronauts Really Hold a 'Space Strike' in 1973?"
910:"Night in Apollo, Pills to Prevent Astronaut Motion Sickness"
2292:"Skylab 3's Officials Pleased with Crew after First 28 Days"
2092:"UPI: Astronaut Forgets Filters; Most of Skylab Photos Lost"
1380:"The Bizarre Story Of The 'Mutiny' On Board A Space Station"
853:"Skylab 3 Astronauts are Welded Together by a Single Thread"
211:
launch, planners deleted a "day-off" for the crew on day 4.
90:
to the orbiting space laboratory. The first crewed mission,
3187:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press – via
2501:
Skylab Split Screen Telecast conference with Luboš Kohoutek
1895:"Gyroscope Failure Aboard Skylab May Hamper Earth Research"
1776:"Skylab Team Sorts and Stows Myriad Items for Long Mission"
3348:
Thomas, Alan Berkeley (1996). "Working in Space: Skylab".
3937:
3788:
Living Aloft: Human Requirements for Extended Spaceflight
2067:"Skylab Astros Speculate on Life Beyond Our Solar System"
1692:"How the Most Expensive Structure in the World was Built"
2548:
SP-4208 Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab
3919:"The Space Review: Review: Around the World in 84 Days"
3786:
Connors, M. M.; Harrison, A. A.; Aikens, F. R. (1985).
3209:"Skylab Crew's Mutiny Forced a Change in Space Program"
496:
evaluation of the issue to prevent future occurrences.
372:
December 29 included an EVA to look at Comet Kohoutek.
2568:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 262.
2565:
At Home in Space: The Late Seventies into the Eighties
2495:
2493:
1412:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 260.
1409:
At Home in Space: The Late Seventies into the Eighties
150:
Possible contributing factors to crew unrest include:
3458:
Controversies in Management: Issues, Debates, Answers
1921:"Skylab Crew Takes Day Off; Maneuver Problem Studied"
1667:"Skylab Astronauts Are Reprimanded In 1st Day Aboard"
1660:
1658:
752:
Team composition and cohesion in spaceflight missions
747:
Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight
2808:"Wobbly Skylab Astronauts End 84‐Day Orbital Flight"
2242:"Specialists Plan Ways to Retake Lost Skylab Photos"
1577:"Skylab 4 Rang in the New Year with Mutiny in Orbit"
1138:"Skylab Astronauts Receive Day Off From Experiments"
1029:
Harrison, Albert A.; Connors, Mary M. (1984-11-12).
4256:
4221:
4190:
4152:
4113:
4078:
4043:
4036:
3975:
3610:. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 81–87.
3019:
3017:
2608:"Astronauts Debate Work Schedules With Controllers"
2551:. NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch.
2448:"Skylab Studies Kohoutek During Midpoint of Flight"
1439:
Pioneering space : living on the next frontier
762:
List of spaceflight records#Duration of spaceflight
707:When asked if the "strike" story was true, CAPCOM
2861:
2859:
2662:"Crew, Controllers Agree on Speeding Skylab Pace"
2590:"Spacewalking Astronauts View "Flaming" Kohoutek"
1971:"Skylab 3 Crew Rests Up for 11 Weeks of Research"
1354:. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Program Office.
1221:Hitt, David; Garriott, Owen; Kerwin, Joe (2008).
3424:"On Edge in Outer Space? It Has Happened Before"
2801:
2799:
2217:"Astronaut Goofs, Ruins Earth Study Photographs"
1529:"Behavioral Problems in Early Human Spaceflight"
833:. Orlando, Florida. UPI. 1973-11-16. p. 4-A
475:The crew rests shortly after returning to Earth.
295:— William R. Pogue, December 14, 1973,
237:After the Thanksgiving Day EVA, Flight Director
2687:"Skylab 3 Crew Near a Record for Time in Space"
2117:"Astronauts on Skylab 3 are Taking the Day Off"
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
3720:Harrison, Albert A.; Connors, Mary M. (1984).
3461:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge – via
2779:"Astronauts Say They Feel Great After 77 Days"
2314:
2312:
682:Giles Clément, in a footnote of his 2011 book
674:MIT's Kurtzman reiterated Cooper and Balbaky.
342:On December 28, the crew talked to astronomer
98:doubled this record, to 59 days. At 84 days,
3953:
3807:. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
3597:
3595:
3530:. Cocoa, Florida. p. §Mission to Mir p.7
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
2420:"Astronauts Rest Up after Comet Picture Work"
1553:"Second crew on Skylab: Breaking all records"
639:B.J. Bluth, Ph.D., an associate professor of
172:Crew inexperience (all first-time astronauts)
8:
2596:. Associated Press. 1973-12-30. p. 14C.
1999:"Skylab Trio Adjusting After Early Overwork"
1993:
1991:
1488:See author's correction in comments section.
1436:Oberg, James E.; Oberg, Alcestis R. (1986).
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1098:
1096:
1094:
973:"Skylab Trio Adjusting after Early Overwork"
3450:
3448:
3446:
2442:
2440:
1634:
1632:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1068:
1066:
932:
930:
4156:
4040:
3960:
3946:
3938:
3836:Kurtzman, Clifford Roger (February 1988).
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3164:"Skylab 4 PAO Mission Commentary 20 of 32"
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
2668:. Associated Press. 1973-12-31. p. 14
2540:
2538:
1716:Older, Harry; Jenney, Larry (1975-03-01).
1641:"Skylab, Outpost on the Frontier of Space"
1547:
1545:
1319:"The Truth about the Skylab Crew "Revolt""
1312:
1310:
1308:
1035:Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
1024:
1022:
3246:The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3061:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2832:Skylab 4 Part 4 of 4 Evening News Reports
2760:. Associated Press. 1974-01-26. p. 1
2630:
2628:
1690:Hollingham, Richard (December 21, 2015).
1665:Wilford, John Noble (November 18, 1973).
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
875:
873:
544:mission broke Skylab 4's record in 1978.
3240:Schoonhoven, Claudia Bird (1986-07-01).
3202:
3200:
3198:
3158:
3156:
3130:
3128:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2401:. Alexandria, Louisiana. UPI. 1973-12-18
1950:Hobbs Daily News-Sun (Hobbs, New Mexico)
1769:
1767:
1431:
1429:
1401:
1399:
719:Business School case about Skylab III."
201:
169:Workload expectations of mission control
142:, and how to solve problems as a group;
25:
4311:Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test
2376:. Kingsport, Tennessee. UPI. 1973-12-18
2345:"On Skylab it's Much Work, Little Play"
1373:
1371:
904:
902:
782:
3899:
3887:
3875:
3864:
3790:. Washington, D.C.: NASA. p. 290.
3768:
3757:
3404:
3393:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3084:"Duration of the Longest Space Flight"
2887:
2876:
2758:Indiana (Pennsylvania) Evening Gazette
2518:"Dr. Kohoutek Hails Findings on Comet"
2324:Ft. Lauderdale News & Sun-Sentinel
2267:"Lethargy of Skylab 3 Crew Is Studied"
2221:The Morning News, Wilmington, Delaware
2146:The Times and Democrat, Orangeburg, SC
2005:. Associated Press. November 29, 1973.
1946:"Tired Skylab Crew Takes Saturday Off"
1753:
1743:
1142:Florence (South Carolina) Morning News
651:particular crew and mission control."
3351:The Organizational Behaviour Casebook
3025:"Skylab: Everything You Need to Know"
2940:. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books.
2934:Steven-Boniecki, Dwight, ed. (2016).
2320:"Hectic Pace Upsets Skylab Astronaut"
1857:. Associated Press. November 19, 1973
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1531:. Spacesafetymagazine.com. 2015-08-29
1498:
1496:
1494:
1442:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 23.
757:Effects of sleep deprivation in space
665:The Organizational Behaviour Casebook
365:— Gerald Carr, December 29,
7:
2737:Skylab 4 Part 3 Evening News Reports
2395:"Skylab Astronauts 'Growing Taller'"
2017:"Skylab Astronauts Test Laser Beams"
1378:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (2018-04-21).
995:
993:
166:Workload expectations of Skylab team
3801:Manz, Charles; Sims, Henry (2001).
3422:Broad, William J. (July 16, 1997).
2349:The Daily Tribune, Wisconsin Rapids
2098:. Moline, Illinois. UPI. 1973-12-10
2046:Daily Press, Newport News, Virginia
827:"Skylab Surpasses All Expectations"
2850:Aviation Week and Space Technology
2806:McElheny, Victor K. (1974-02-09).
1975:Valley News (Van Nuys, California)
1875:Wilford, John Noble (1973-07-31).
1737:Skylab Mission Report, Third Visit
1613:"Skylab: First U.S. Space Station"
1283:. Burlington, Ont.: Apogee Books.
1108:Tyrone (Pennsylvania) Daily Herald
24:
4269:Apollo command and service module
2273:. Reuters. 1973-12-12. p. 14
2121:Daily News-Sun, Hobbs, New Mexico
2021:Sunday Telegram, Elmira, New York
1877:"Skylab 2 "Walk" Postponed Again"
1471:Lafleur, Claude (March 8, 2010).
943:. London: Springer. p. 241.
671:Manz and Sims reiterate Balbaky.
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
3641:Spacefaring: The Human Dimension
3548:Vitello, Paul (March 10, 2014).
3184:Spacefaring: The Human Dimension
2973:"James Oberg's Pioneering Space"
2712:"Skylab Trio Has Light Work Day"
2643:. Associated Press. p. 11-A
1851:"Astronauts Try to Make Up Time"
1225:. University of Nebraska Press.
859:. Associated Press. p. 24-A
772:Timeline of longest spaceflights
3522:Cabbage, Michael (1995-01-30).
2637:"Skylab Output Behind Schedule"
2635:Benedict, Howard (1973-12-31).
2167:"Skylab 3 Crew Takes a Holiday"
1919:Benedict, Howard (1973-11-24).
1826:"William R. Pogue Oral History"
1031:"Groups in Exotic Environments"
940:Skylab: America's Space Station
916:. Associated Press. p. 7-A
614:Cooper, regular contributor to
4284:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment
3608:From Antarctica to Outer Space
3455:Thomas, Alan Berkeley (2003).
3058:Fundamentals of Space Medicine
3055:Clément, Gilles (2011-07-15).
2614:. Associated Press. 1973-12-31
2524:. Associated Press. 1973-12-29
2477:Wilmington (Ohio) News Journal
2454:. Associated Press. 1973-12-28
2426:. Associated Press. 1973-12-26
2351:. Associated Press. 1973-12-17
2298:. Associated Press. 1973-12-15
2192:"Midnight Duty Set for Skylab"
2173:. Associated Press. 1973-12-11
2148:. Associated Press. 1973-12-10
2123:. Associated Press. 1973-12-10
2048:. Associated Press. 1973-12-03
2042:"Skylab 3 Crew Busy on Sunday"
2023:. Associated Press. 1973-12-02
1952:. Associated Press. 1973-11-25
1639:Canby, Thomas (October 1974).
1473:"Costs of US Piloted Programs"
1317:Bluth, B.J. (September 1979).
1144:. Associated Press. 1974-01-11
1080:. Associated Press. 1973-12-19
979:. Associated Press. 1973-11-29
684:Fundamentals of Space Medicine
663:Alan Berkeley Thomas compiled
588:, also mentioned the "orgy.")
198:Skylab 4 contemporary timeline
1:
4169:Teleoperator Retrieval System
3732:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60142-2
3723:Groups in Exotic Environments
2452:Bridgeport (Connecticut) Post
2370:"Astronauts on Solar 'Vigil'"
1782:. Associated Press. p. 5
1722:NASA Technical Reports Server
1047:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60142-2
3726:. Elsevier. pp. 49–87.
3639:Harrison, Albert A. (2001).
3602:Douglas, William K. (1991).
3574:Chopra, Samir (2013-11-02).
3213:Atlanta Journal Constitution
3207:Stanley, Dick (1984-04-08).
3181:Harrison, Albert A. (2001).
1645:National Geographic Magazine
1171:Cooper, Henry S. F. (1978).
1110:. UPI. 1974-01-10. p. 8
882:"Skylab Shot Today Ends Era"
880:Osinski, Bill (1973-11-16).
4301:Manned Space Flight Network
4264:Apollo Applications Program
3664:Roberts, Sam (2016-02-08).
3616:10.1007/978-1-4612-3012-0_9
3497:Eschner, Kat (2017-02-08).
3321:"The Skylab 4 mutiny, 1973"
3135:Ivins, Molly (1974-06-30).
2792:– via Newspapers.com.
2767:– via Newspapers.com.
2754:"Skylab 3 Works on Day Off"
2408:– via Newspapers.com.
2383:– via Newspapers.com.
2196:The Odessa (Texas) American
2155:– via Newspapers.com.
2105:– via Newspapers.com.
2055:– via Newspapers.com.
1959:– via Newspapers.com.
1350:Vakoch, Douglas A. (2009).
1151:– via Newspapers.com.
1104:"Skylab Crew Earns Day Off"
1000:Giamio, Cara (2017-08-28).
923:– via newspapers.com.
840:– via Newspapers.com.
645:California State University
187:spacecraft to the station.
4350:
3917:Foust, Jeff (2008-12-10).
3576:"On Strike in Outer Space"
3524:"Overworked? Try a Mutiny"
3258:10.1177/002188638602200307
2871:EBSCO Information Services
1774:Recer, Paul (1973-11-19).
851:Recer, Paul (1973-11-23).
4248:(Habitability consultant)
4159:
4007:
3694:"Life in a Space Station"
2562:Evans, Ben (2011-09-28).
2473:"Skylab Duo in Spacewalk"
1406:Evans, Ben (2011-09-28).
1041:. Academic Press: 49–87.
767:Space adaptation syndrome
524:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
461:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
404:
363:
293:
3215:. Cox News. p. 58-A
406:— Gerald Carr,
163:Microgravity environment
160:Design of the spacecraft
4274:Apollo/Skylab spacesuit
3874:Cite document requires
3109:"Soyuz 26 and Soyuz 27"
2886:Cite magazine requires
2666:Spokane Daily Chronicle
2594:Odessa (Texas) American
1805:Green Bay Press-Gazette
1277:Shayler, David (2008).
937:Shayler, David (2001).
257:pressure measurements.
86:’s transition from the
75:The launch of the U.S.
4306:Skylab 4 human factors
4291:Apollo Telescope Mount
4240:(Parasol fix designer)
3923:www.thespacereview.com
3403:Cite journal requires
3113:www.globalsecurity.org
2996:Staff, Wired Science.
2867:"A Farewell to Skylab"
2424:Sentinel Star, Orlando
2003:Sentinel Star, Orlando
977:Sentinel Star, Orlando
914:Sentinel Star, Orlando
886:Sentinel Star, Orlando
805:10.1093/sleep/26.2.117
611:
592:Henry S. F. Cooper Jr.
579:More dramatic accounts
504:
476:
446:
434:
311:
253:
207:
72:
64:
3476:Chladek, Jay (2017).
2641:Abilene Reporter-News
2171:The Asheville Citizen
1508:Space Safety Magazine
609:
502:
474:
444:
432:
309:
251:
205:
130:Background and causes
70:
51:
4323:Searching for Skylab
4229:William C. Schneider
3029:www.armaghplanet.com
1925:The Nashua Telegraph
693:Additional responses
632:Mutiny on The Bounty
317:William C. Schneider
175:No transition period
157:Isolated environment
4296:Crawler-transporter
3692:(August 30, 1976).
3690:Cooper, Henry S. F.
1780:Schenectady Gazette
1177:. London: Panther.
655:Business curriculum
4326:(2019 documentary)
4232:(Program director)
3898:Unknown parameter
3886:Unknown parameter
3767:Unknown parameter
3554:The New York Times
3429:The New York Times
3286:Hiltzik, Michael.
2977:www.jamesoberg.com
2479:. Associated Press
2071:Lebanon Daily News
1927:. Associated Press
1223:Homesteading Space
612:
505:
477:
447:
435:
312:
254:
208:
82:, in 1973, marked
73:
65:
43:Talk:Skylab mutiny
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4055:
3987:
3293:Los Angeles Times
3088:hypertextbook.com
2785:. UPI. 1974-02-01
2693:. UPI. 1974-01-05
2326:. UPI. 1973-12-15
2248:. UPI. 1973-12-11
2223:. UPI. 1973-12-10
2073:. UPI. 1973-12-06
1977:. UPI. 1973-11-25
1801:"A Skylab Answer"
1361:978-0-16-088358-3
1232:978-0-8032-2434-6
420:Kenny Kleinknecht
411:
410:
370:
369:
300:
299:
140:stress management
88:lunar competition
27:Draft in progress
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2783:Arizona Republic
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2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2246:Shreveport Times
2238:
2232:
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2229:
2228:
2213:
2207:
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2204:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1830:www.jsc.nasa.gov
1822:
1816:
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1813:
1812:
1797:
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1687:
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1680:
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1652:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1583:. Archived from
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1518:
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1515:
1500:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1477:The Space Review
1468:
1462:
1461:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1375:
1366:
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1347:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1314:
1303:
1302:
1274:
1237:
1236:
1218:
1197:
1196:
1174:A House in Space
1168:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1134:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1006:atlasobscura.com
997:
988:
987:
985:
984:
969:
963:
962:
934:
925:
924:
922:
921:
906:
897:
896:
894:
893:
877:
868:
867:
865:
864:
848:
842:
841:
839:
838:
823:
817:
816:
787:
742:Space psychology
620:A House in Space
602:A House in Space
407:
391:
366:
350:
296:
280:
116:William R. Pogue
112:Edward G. Gibson
110:, Science Pilot
61:William R. Pogue
57:Edward G. Gibson
4349:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4252:
4213:
4186:
4144:
4132:(Science Pilot)
4109:
4097:(Science Pilot)
4074:
4062:(Science Pilot)
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4005:
3971:
3966:
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3392:
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3307:
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3196:
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3126:
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3092:
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3053:
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3015:
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2995:
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2990:
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2899:
2888:|magazine=
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2240:
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2201:
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2126:
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2110:
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2085:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1918:
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1824:
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1362:
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1337:
1321:
1316:
1315:
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1291:
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1185:
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1156:
1147:
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1136:
1135:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1008:. Atlas Obscura
999:
998:
991:
982:
980:
971:
970:
966:
951:
936:
935:
928:
919:
917:
908:
907:
900:
891:
889:
888:. pp. 1–A+
879:
878:
871:
862:
860:
850:
849:
845:
836:
834:
825:
824:
820:
789:
788:
784:
780:
738:
732:
695:
689:
680:
657:
604:
581:
493:
491:Lessons learned
469:
467:Post-splashdown
405:
364:
294:
239:Neil Hutchinson
224:Alan B. Shepard
220:flight surgeons
200:
183:and flying the
132:
46:
39:Anyone may edit
28:
22:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
4347:
4345:
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4330:
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4319:
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4266:
4260:
4258:
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4250:
4242:
4234:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4203:
4198:Vance D. Brand
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4171:
4166:
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4073:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3909:
3853:
3828:
3813:
3793:
3778:
3769:|lay-url=
3740:
3712:
3699:The New Yorker
3681:
3670:New York Times
3656:
3649:
3631:
3624:
3591:
3566:
3540:
3514:
3489:
3468:
3442:
3414:
3405:|journal=
3375:
3360:
3333:
3305:
3271:
3225:
3194:
3173:
3152:
3141:New York Times
3124:
3099:
3082:Elert, Glenn.
3074:
3067:
3040:
3013:
2988:
2961:
2946:
2897:
2855:
2840:
2823:
2812:New York Times
2795:
2770:
2745:
2728:
2716:Newspapers.com
2703:
2691:New York Times
2678:
2653:
2624:
2612:New York Times
2599:
2581:
2574:
2554:
2534:
2522:New York Times
2509:
2489:
2464:
2436:
2411:
2386:
2374:Kingsport News
2361:
2336:
2308:
2296:New York Times
2283:
2271:New York Times
2258:
2233:
2208:
2183:
2158:
2133:
2108:
2083:
2058:
2033:
2008:
1987:
1962:
1937:
1911:
1899:Newspapers.com
1886:
1881:New York Times
1867:
1855:New York Times
1842:
1817:
1792:
1763:
1727:
1708:
1682:
1671:New York Times
1654:
1628:
1597:
1568:
1541:
1520:
1490:
1463:
1448:
1425:
1418:
1395:
1367:
1360:
1335:
1304:
1289:
1238:
1231:
1198:
1183:
1154:
1120:
1090:
1078:New York Times
1062:
1055:
1018:
989:
964:
949:
926:
898:
869:
857:Newspapers.com
843:
818:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
737:
734:
709:Story Musgrave
694:
691:
679:
678:Space medicine
676:
656:
653:
616:The New Yorker
603:
600:
586:Robert Crippen
580:
577:
492:
489:
468:
465:
409:
408:
402:
401:
398:
395:
368:
367:
361:
360:
357:
354:
344:Luboš Kohoutek
337:Comet Kohoutek
325:
324:
298:
297:
291:
290:
287:
284:
216:space sickness
199:
196:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
131:
128:
122:Though author
108:Gerald P. Carr
53:Gerald P. Carr
26:
23:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4346:
4337:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4245:Raymond Loewy
4243:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:Skylab Rescue
4189:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4174:Skylab Rescue
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4153:Contingencies
4151:
4138:
4137:William Pogue
4135:
4130:
4129:Edward Gibson
4127:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4094:Owen Garriott
4092:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4059:Joseph Kerwin
4057:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3868:
3867:cite document
3857:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3814:9781605097152
3810:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3761:
3753:
3743:
3741:9780120152186
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3650:0-520-22453-1
3646:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3625:9781461277590
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3581:
3580:OPEN Magazine
3577:
3570:
3567:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3529:
3528:Florida Today
3525:
3518:
3515:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3449:
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3443:
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3430:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3397:
3386:
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3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3344:
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3340:
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3295:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:(3): 271–86.
3251:
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3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3199:
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3129:
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3110:
3103:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3068:9781441999054
3064:
3060:
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3051:
3049:
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3026:
3020:
3018:
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3003:
2999:
2992:
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2968:
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2957:
2953:
2949:
2947:9781926592299
2943:
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2918:
2916:
2914:
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2898:
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2880:
2879:cite magazine
2872:
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2800:
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2739:
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2707:
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2600:
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2577:
2575:9781441988102
2571:
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2400:
2399:The Town Talk
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2159:
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2143:
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2134:
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