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under duress and was a farce in other respects as well. The
Austrian parliament, the Austria Forum, and at least two influential historians, Weissensteiner and Weinzierl, omit Seyss-Inquart from their lists. Plenty of others include him: standard law school textbooks, legal historians, experts on Seyss-Inquart and his era, journalist-historians working for Austria's public broadcaster, independent foreign journalist-historians.
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was a appointed by a president who practically had a gun to his head at the time. The German army had firmly promised invasion and was four hours away from actually crossing the border. Local Nazi thugs had already taken over much of Vienna, including the chancellery. The appointment was clearly made
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was a dead head of government, and the
Austrian Jeremy Irons would never have asked this particular question in the first place. Austrian children do not memorize lists of chancellors and presidents in school. Lists of chancellors and presidents printed in books or hosted on government web sites are
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Why didn't
Austrians ever settle these questions and hammer out some sort of consensus over the decades? Because nobody cares. The questions aren't settled because the debate is still raging; the questions aren't settled because the debate never happened. Nobody has ever even tried to establish any
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One reason
Austrians do not talk about leaders in terms of their numbers is that it never occurred to them; another reason is that they basically can't: there is no canonical numbered list of Austrian chancellors the way there is a canonical numbered list of e.g. US presidents. For one thing, there
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In 1945, do you keep counting where you left off in 1938 or do you reset? The answer to this question implies an answer to the question whether the
Anschluss was an annexation or an occupation. The chain of logic here is somewhat long and has at least one weak link, but a decision to keep counting
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was a caretaker chancellor appointed by the president rather than elected by the
National Council, as would have been the norm at the time. He served for a single day and was succeeded by his own predecessor – whose resignation had either been a feint, a practical joke, or a bone he felt he had to
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list of chancellors in the form of their table of contents, but the authors never claim that their selection of chancellors is the only one that's tenable. In particular, the book omits Seyss-Inquart, but it is clear from both tone and publishing context that this is a comment on Seyss-Inquart's
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Austrians do not think of Ignaz Seipel as "the 6th chancellor" the way
Americans think of John Quincy Adams as "the 6th president." You cannot use "25" (or whatever) as shorthand for "Kurz" in Austria the way you can use "45" as shorthand for "Trump" in the US. The Austrian Samuel L. Jackson
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Assigning numbers to
Austrian chancellors and presidents implies that these numbers play a certain role in Austrian political or historical discourse. They don't. The numbering ascribes a feature to Austrian collective thought that simply is not there.
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for example was either the 3rd chancellor or the 3rd and 8th. Or maybe he was the 3rd, 5th, and 10th, although the case can be made that he was really the 6th, 8th, and 16th. There is a total of ten distinct options.
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on the German
Knowledge (XXG)? Does he appear once if his terms were consecutive and twice if they were not because that's what Americans do with their presidents and therefore what Knowledge (XXG) defaults to more
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describes him as "the 12th" Austrian head of state. These statements are obviously inspired by the US practice of numbering US presidents, but the trope makes no sense in the
Austrian context.
200:. It's not just that no particular variant can be shown from reliable sources to be more widely accepted than others, it's that no particular variant can really be shown to
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There are no explicit lists of Austrian chancellors or presidents in any printed book or paper I'm aware of. There is, in fact, no complete list of Austrian chancellors on
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throw to a bunch of angry nationalists, depending on which biographer you choose to believe. The Austrian parliament omits Breisky from its list of chancellors. The
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as a matter of unambiguous fact, but it's a fact that is almost never specifically mentioned by anybody, so her article does not draw inapposite attention to it.
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can be read as agreeing with the theory that Austria was coercively subjugated by military force – which is not what historians would tell you actually happened.
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political allegiance and not on his constitutional legitimacy. Significantly, the chapters are not numbered. The chancellery list is not numbered either.
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Many chancellors have served multiple terms. Sometimes not all of these terms were consecutive. Does a two-term chancellor appear once, like on the
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A handful of articles currently assign numbers to Austrian chancellors and presidents. The article on
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can end up anywhere from 4th to 9th or anywhere from 13th to 15th. The current incumbent, who is 25th
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At this point, none of the various possible numbering schemes has any solid support from
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means the list is not meant to be authoritative. Weissensteiner and Weinzierl provide an
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in the literature. Any number you assign to any chancellor or president is effectively
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301:(11th ed.). Vienna: Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung. p. 248.
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184:, a nine-day interim chancellor but a chancellor nonetheless, which
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Depending on who you choose to include and how you choose to count,
326:(2nd ed.). Vienna: Böhlau Studienbücher. p. 495.
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Weissensteiner, Friedrich; Weinzierl, Erika, eds. (1983).
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For another thing, there is no consensus on how to count:
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There is no consensus on what anybody's number really is
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No possible numbering is supported by reliable sources
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Die Eingliederung Ă–sterreichs in das Deutsche Reich
351:(2nd ed.). Vienna: Europaverlag. p. 30.
274:Ă–sterreichisches Staatsrecht. Band 1: Grundlagen
160:There is no canonical numbered list of Austrian
376:. Vienna: Kremayr & Scheriau. p. 300.
276:(2nd ed.). Vienna: Springer. p. 88.
399:The Setting of the Pearl. Vienna under Hitler
374:Ă–sterreich I: Band 2: Abschied von Ă–sterreich
324:Ă–sterreichische und deutsche Rechtsgeschichte
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47:would never have guessed that the answer to
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251:. Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Bundesverlag.
157:over there mercifully omits the number.)
272:Adamovich, Ludwig; et al. (2011).
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299:Ă–sterreichische Verfassungsgeschichte
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38:Austria does not number politicians
249:Die österreichischen Bundeskanzler
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121:List of Chancellors of Austria
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164:either, for similar reasons.
151:according to the other place
401:. Oxford University Press.
297:Brauneder, Wilhelm (2009).
225:Bundesregierungen seit 1918
99:because he was technically
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178:the chancellery web site
32:Alexander Van der Bellen
422:Bundeskanzler seit 1945
372:Portisch, Hugo (1989).
347:Botz, Gerhard (1976).
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397:Weyr, Thomas (2005).
322:Hoke, Rudolf (1996).
182:Reinhold Mitterlehner
49:What is 10 out of 20?
89:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
95:Some sources omit
408:978-0-19-514679-0
308:978-3-214-14876-8
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97:Karl Renner
212:References
162:presidents
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128:generally?
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