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more on one side than on the other). The animals–hooded rats–still consistently chose the shallow side. As a test of the role of the patterned surface they replaced it on either side of the centerboard with a homogeneous gray surface. Confronted with this choice, the rats showed no preference for either the shallow or the deep side. They also eliminated the optical difference between the two sides of the board by placing the patterned surface directly against the undersurface of the glass on each side. The rats then descended without preference to either side. When we lowered the pattern 10 inches below the glass on each side, they stayed on the board.
781:, like rats, are nocturnal animals, sensitive to tactual cues from their vibrissae. But the cat, as a predator, must rely more strongly on its sight. Kittens proved to have excellent depth-discrimination. At four weeks–about the earliest age that a kitten can move about with any facility–they invariably choose the shallow side of the cliff. On the glass over the deep side, they either freeze or circle aimlessly backward until they reach the center board.
813:, be it at varying times in different species and members of the species, as up to 6 months in humans. Most rely on visual cues for depth perception. The rat, however, relies predominantly on t a ctual cues (being nocturnal) but will fall back on sound vision when needed. Next, the experimenters wanted to find out which visual cues played the decisive role in depth perception. Using dark-reared animals, they concluded
1075:
770:
preference for the shallow side so long as they can feel the glass with their vibrissae. Placed upon the glass over the deep side, they move about normally. But when we raise the center board several inches, so that the glass is out of reach of their whiskers, they evince good visual depth-discrimination: 95 to 100 per cent of them descend on the shallow side.
756:
were analyzed. A significant surface effect was found, with longer crossing times and longer durations of visual attention and tactile exploration in the condition with the visual appearance of a deep cliff. Although the two groups of infants did not differ on any of the timed measures, infants born
720:
was concealed in the design of the visual cliff Gibson and Walk conducted a number of control experiments. In one of them they eliminated reflections from the glass by lighting the patterned surfaces from below the glass (to accomplish this they dropped the pattern below the glass on both sides, but
353:
There is some evidence that gunfighters of the Old West did not actually shoot two-handed. They would draw and fire with their strong hand, and when they had emptied the first gun, they drew the second gun with their weak hand and passed it over to their strong hand. In modern firearms terminology
797:
of
Harvard University found in 1904 that aquatic turtles have somewhat poorer depth-discrimination than land turtles. On the visual cliff one might expect an aquatic turtle to respond to the reflections from the glass as it might to water and so prefer the deep side. They showed no such preference:
769:
does not depend predominantly upon visual cues like some other animals studied. Its nocturnal habits lead it to seek food largely by smell, when moving about in the dark, it responds to tactual cues from the stiff whiskers (vibrissae) on its snout. Hooded rats tested on the visual cliff show little
703:
in human and animal species, which allowed them to experimentally adjust the optical and tactical stimuli associated with a simulated cliff while protecting the subjects from injury. The visual cliff consists of a sheet of plexiglas that covers a cloth with a high-contrast checkerboard pattern. On
17:
Jw07334 is a psychology student at
Georgia Southern university, Jw07334 started this wikipedia account for one of his english/composition classes in which he will be editing and creating wikipedia pages for assignments. He enjoys reading fictional novels, chinese food, and Doctor who when he isn't
512:
is a notable exception, in that the player models are seen externally to fire akimbo
Berettas from the hip, but appear to be firing from shoulder level from the first-person perspective. There is no conformity on whether the word should precede or follow the name of the object it describes: both
367:
With modern shooting techniques, there is very little value to shooting with a weapon in each hand. Using modern full capacity firearms, a shooter can fire more shots with greater accuracy using a single gun in a two-handed grip than two guns with one-handed grips. Also, modern semi-automatic
346:
his gun, this expended all his shots even faster and made him even more inaccurate than normal. Use of two guns was therefore a reasonable compromise, as this allowed one gun to be cocked as the other is being fired, in practical terms doubling the rate of fire and the available number of
798:
76 per cent of the aquatic turtles crawled off the board on the shallow side. The relatively large minority that choose the deep side suggests either that this turtle has poorer depth-discrimination than other animals, or that its natural habitat gives it less occasion to "fear" a fall.
708:, this is a visual cliff rather than an actual cliff. Using a visual cliff apparatus, Gibson and Walk examined possible perceptual differences at crawling age between human infants born preterm and human infants born at term without documented visual or motor impairments.
368:
pistols take only a few seconds to reload. At best, the technique is only effective at extremely close ranges of five to ten feet, since the recoil would make it hard to keep both weapons straight, and using the sights on the guns is next to impossible.
757:
at term demonstrated a larger number of motor strategies and avoidance behaviors by simple tally. This study indicates that infants born at term and those born preterm can perceive a visual cliff and adapt their responses accordingly.
380:
It is unknown when dual wielding was first used in fiction, but it was likely from early western novels before spilling over into other works. In the early 20th century, numerous examples abound of heroes and heroines of
464:, this tactic was developed further, allowing the player to wield two dissimilar weapons at once, firing each one independently. Dual wielded weapons have become the trademark of some game characters, most notably
744:
Sixteen infants born at term and 16 born preterm were encouraged to crawl to their caregivers on a modified visual cliff. Successful trials, crossing time, duration of visual attention, duration of
338:
holding only six rounds of ammunition were the highest capacity handguns available and reloading was a slow process. Being single action weapons, they needed to be cocked for each shot, so the
364:
officers issued a pair of revolvers. However, the invention of smaller, cheaper submachineguns around the 1950s rendered the tactic largely obsolete and it fell into relative obscurity.
18:
busy with school work. When school isn't in session he enjoys playing music, mainly piano, percussion instruments, and guitar. He was apart of the 2011 WGI world finialist MID.
506:
firing their twin revolvers from the hip, in games this posture is almost never reflected, with almost all game characters firing twin guns at shoulder level, straight-armed.
360:. This also evolved as a method of increasing rate of fire, more in order to force the enemy to take cover than to try to accurately hit them, and was generally practiced by
704:
one side the cloth is placed immediately beneath the plexiglas, and on the other, it is dropped about 4 feet below. Since the plexiglas alone would easily support the
480:
498:. Technically, it is inaccurate, since the word literally refers to a stance where a person stands with their elbows bent and their hands on their hips (
354:
this is often called a "New York reload" after the practice of New York Police
Department officers carrying second (and even third) guns as backup.
1116:
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400:
The use of two pistols simultaneously was even used in the movie adaptation of the Spider character (a contemporary of the Shadow),
1058:
809:
Gibson and Walk discovered that all species tested can perceive and avoid a sharp drop by the time they take up independent
404:. It is unknown when the style came out of fashion until being resurrected by Hong Kong cinema, notably movies directed by
97:
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456:
110:
Score based on how adequately the article is illustrated, within the constraints of acceptable copyright status.
1109:
891:
Lin, Yuan-Shan (2010). "Responses to a
Modified Visual Cliff by Pre-Walking Infants Born Preterm and at Term".
841:
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reference?? A possible example of actual use of two guns firing at the same time is "Dual wield", practiced by
26:
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Jumping around in the heading, should be a sub heading. and overall lacking consistency in the article point.
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using the nickname? became more acceptable and achieved somewhat of a cult status after much influence from
316:
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This study was not only applicable to human infants. It was applicable to many other different and varying
502:)- not a posture well suited to shooting. While this does bear some similarity with the classic posture of
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Historically, the use of two guns at once, one in each hand, is most associated with the
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161:"Responses to a Modified Visual Cliff by Pre-Walking Infants Born Preterm and at Term"
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Gibson, E.J. & Walk, R.D. (April 1960). The "Visual Cliff". Scientific
American.
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Gibson, E.J. & Walk, R.D. (April 1960). The "Visual Cliff". Scientific
American.
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Gibson, E.J. & Walk, R.D. (April 1960). The "Visual Cliff". Scientific
American.
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It is also possible that the phrase predates both of these and refers instead to
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Names random extra party, this practice is dismissed as extremely ineffective.
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Score based on how fully the articl e covers significant aspects of the topic.
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281:{{Multiple issues|original research=October 2008|refimprove=February 2007}}
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but can refer to any other weapon that can be held in one hand such as
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The animals that showed the poorest performance in the study were the
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232:"Avoidance of Heights on the Visual Cliff in Newly Walking Infants"
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There is some confusion over the origin of this usage of the word
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is an innate cue for depth discrimination, whereas responses to
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419:, as up till then it was thought to look cumbersome. The use of
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action movies and eventually migrated to the gaming lexicon.
307:
of that name. This most commonly refers to matched pairs of
85:
Score based on how readable and well-written the article is.
393:
depicted wielding two pistols, most notably the pulp hero,
260:
74:. Scores decline rapidly with any problems with neutrality.
1053:
315:
and even melee weapons, although this is more common in
1090:
430:
Naturally, action films have been a major influence on
370:
Among the majority of professional firearms instructors
1007:
Fantz, R.L. (1961). "The origin of form perception".
893:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics
415:The use of this tactic was initially a rarity in
165:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics
513:"akimbo pistols" and "pistols akimbo" are used.
484:Portrait of a man with arms akimbo, painting by
303:style, though it has little resemblance to the
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8:
943:Gibson, E.J. (April 1960). "Visual Cliff".
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342:was also low, and while a shooter could
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695:apparatus was created by psychologists
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594:(in Russian). Center "Zdorovye Naroda"
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716:To eliminate the notion that hidden
1089:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
586:Simonov, Nikolay (February 2001).
261:http://en.wikipedia.org/Psychology
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1059:Complete Article at wadsworth.com
1021:10.1038/scientificamerican0561-66
957:10.1038/scientificamerican0460-64
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645:"Guide to airsoft akimbo combat"
533:suggests the word originated in
454:to integrate akimbo pistols. In
446:, both released on December 21,
297:a dual wield may also be called
70:Score based on adherence to the
230:witherington, David C. (2005).
98:Knowledge (XXG) Manual of Style
728:The Study in different species
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699:and R.D. Walk to investigate
819:differential pattern-density
72:Neutral Point of View policy
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987:CS1 maint: date and year (
643:Mok, Herman (2001-10-03).
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248:10.1207/s15327078in0703_4
177:10.3109/01942630903291170
842:Developmental psychology
317:role-playing video games
27:Developmental psychology
647:. Arnie's Airsoft.co.uk
425:Hong Kong action cinema
159:Lin, Yuan-Shan (2010).
1085:-related article is a
821:may be learned later.
543:Cowboy action shooting
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457:Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.²
358:Russian special forces
195:Check date values in:
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452:first-person shooters
180:. Retrieved 9/13/2011
563:Hyoho Niten Ichi-ryu
450:, were the earliest
408:and often featuring
1009:Scientific American
945:Scientific American
754:avoidance behaviors
746:tactile exploration
1054:Visual Cliff Video
972:Unknown parameter
920:Unknown parameter
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242:(3): 14, 285–298.
207:Unknown parameter
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697:Eleanor J. Gibson
437:Rise of the Triad
332:American Old West
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980:suggested) (
965:cite journal
951:(4): 64–71.
948:
944:
938:
928:suggested) (
913:cite journal
899:(1): 66–78.
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865:
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774:Cats/Kittens
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743:
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693:visual cliff
692:
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686:Visual Cliff
685:
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649:. Retrieved
596:. Retrieved
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410:Chow Yun Fat
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24:
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793:. The late
568:Main-gauche
545:techniques.
500:arms akimbo
321:Reference?
139:PSYCHOLOGY
129:responses
82:Readability
1083:psychology
858:References
852:Psychology
811:locomotion
651:2007-08-14
598:2007-02-24
574:References
466:Lara Croft
462:Shadow Man
395:the Shadow
387:paperbacks
132:avoidence
93:Formatting
67:Neutrality
976:ignored (
924:ignored (
535:Hong Kong
531:Bey Logan
517:The book
486:Rembrandt
476:Etymology
336:revolvers
211:ignored (
1029:13698138
831:See also
805:Findings
660:cite web
607:cite web
552:See also
443:Marathon
406:John Woo
385:novels,
347:bullets.
334:, where
309:handguns
273:/Sandbox
56:Sourcing
791:turtles
785:Turtles
734:species
504:cowboys
325:History
236:Infancy
1027:
752:, and
706:infant
558:Gun fu
523:
495:akimbo
488:, 1658
421:akimbo
391:comics
300:akimbo
295:gaming
291:weapon
40:Score
1081:This
470:Dante
376:Media
146:notes
118:Total
1087:stub
1025:PMID
989:link
982:help
930:help
779:Cats
765:The
761:Rats
718:bias
691:The
673:help
627:link
620:help
521:ISBN
468:and
460:and
448:1994
440:and
389:and
383:pulp
362:NKVD
217:help
201:help
1017:doi
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953:doi
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901:doi
767:rat
529:by
344:fan
244:doi
173:doi
123:16
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.