842:
882:
822:
33:
872:
55:
832:
450:, for example, may exceed 3 meters (9.8 ft) in length. Colours vary depending on the species, from straw-coloured, yellow-green or pale green through green or greyish-green to reddish or variegated red and green. Unlike other similar-looking fruticose lichens, species in this genus have an elastic chord or axis running through the middle of the thallus that can be revealed by gently pulling a filament apart from either end.
862:
852:
653:
observed at various concentrations, while mice experienced liver toxicity, ovarian atrophy, and changes in reproductive cycles at higher doses. Additionally, both species showed weight loss at elevated exposure levels, and mice exhibited potential
550:
often grows on sick or dying trees due to the pre-existing loss of canopy leaves, allowing for greater photosynthesis by the lichen's algae; this leads some gardeners to mistakenly blame the lichen for the tree's leaf loss and illness.
2474:
spp., at one time widespread and luxuriant, almost entirely disappeared from a major area of
England and Wales covering at least 68 000 km² and at least 6 000 km² of lowland Scotland, mainly as a result of the increase in atmospheric
565:. Under poor growing conditions, such as areas high in pollution, they may grow no larger than a few millimetres, if they survive at all. Where the air is unpolluted, they can grow to 10–20 cm long. It can sometimes be used as a
371:
published in 1936 and 1947 listed 451 species. By 2006, the genus contained more than 600 species, which made it one of the largest genera within the family
Parmeliaceae. However, many former species are now regarded as
342:
2583:
lichens containing (+/−)-usnic acid (CASRN 125-46-2) administered in feed to F344/N Nctr rats and B6C3F1/Nctr mice (Report). 105. Research
Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program.
3413:
3465:
3309:
222:
3066:
789:, particularly in the winter, when other plant material was not readily available. They ground it into powdery "flour" to make bread or ate it as mush.
677:
for textiles. This wide variety of possible colors can be achieved due to variations in chemical composition depending on the species, locality, and
3387:
3426:
2720:
Fryday, Alan M.; Øvstedal, Dag O. (2012). "New species, combinations and records of lichenized fungi from the
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)".
3501:
3567:
3044:
3036:
2968:
2940:
2902:
2881:
2858:
2335:
2123:
286:
2541:
Adverse reactions are uncommon in appropriate amounts. Poisoning can be possible, although signs of poisoning have not yet been described.
3067:"Wild Mushrooms and Lichens used as Human Food for Survival in War Conditions; Podrinje - Zepa Region (Bosnia and Herzegovina, W. Balkan)"
813:
in some parts of its range. Where these lichens have declined due to air pollution, the bird has also vanished as a breeding species.
2921:
2649:
2457:
2423:
2296:
612:
3514:
380:
has decreased for this reason, for example, dropping from 34 in 1951 to 25 in 1963 and only 12 in 2000. In addition, some former
634:
to cure lung problems. The lichen is macerated in alcohol and rubbed onto the body of those suffering from "nervous fragility".
3562:
3188:
Wirtz, Nora; Printzen, Christian; Sancho, Leopoldo G.; Lumbsch, Thorsten H. (1 May 2006). "The phylogeny and classification of
496:. They can often be found on the ground in areas with where trees or branches have recently been cut, such as orchards (after
2824:
2534:
200:
3431:
3452:
649:
lichens containing usnic acid for three months at various concentrations. Rats suffered severe toxicity, with significant
3055:
520:
3557:
642:
779:
species have been used as food sources during times of scarcity. For example, people in Bosnia and
Herzegovina ate
356:
3470:
2352:
438:
3143:
Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022).
963:
54:
973:
516:
390:
1547:
841:
747:
has been used in cosmetic production for its antimicrobial and antifungal properties as a preservative and
3552:
3262:
2511:
1227:
987:
881:
334:
133:
1877:
1777:
1737:
1687:
1627:
903:
3547:
2330:. Technical advisors: Jo Kirby and Catherine Higgitt. London: Archetype Publications. pp. 524–525.
1977:
1947:
1807:
1767:
1537:
1487:
1467:
1307:
1277:
1167:
493:
2037:
2027:
1997:
1987:
1957:
1937:
1917:
1787:
1727:
1677:
1577:
1527:
1357:
1257:
1217:
1047:
913:
728:
32:
2077:
2047:
1967:
1927:
1897:
1707:
1657:
1607:
1567:
1367:
1347:
1127:
1117:
1027:
933:
893:
871:
3519:
3480:
3335:
2067:
2057:
1907:
1867:
1857:
1837:
1797:
1717:
1697:
1647:
1597:
1517:
1097:
1067:
1017:
524:
462:
373:
41:
3093:
2771:
2017:
1557:
1477:
1417:
1407:
1237:
1037:
1007:
997:
923:
3379:
3118:
2760:
1747:
1587:
1507:
1387:
1267:
1207:
1197:
1107:
1087:
1077:
1057:
781:
532:
3506:
1337:
1177:
1157:
1137:
943:
821:
3223:
3176:
3081:
3019:
2812:
2737:
1887:
1617:
1457:
1287:
1147:
305:
278:
187:
49:
2870:
645:
evaluated the issue, undertaking research involved feeding male and female rats and mice ground
543:. The growth rate of lichens in nature is slow, but can be increased in laboratory conditions.
3488:
3418:
3322:
3215:
3040:
2974:
2964:
2936:
2917:
2898:
2877:
2854:
2804:
2645:
2637:
2530:
2453:
2419:
2394:
2331:
2292:
2286:
2119:
1327:
1187:
802:
659:
569:, because it tends to only grow in those regions where the air is clean, and of high quality.
482:
338:
242:
3493:
2447:
2413:
3207:
3166:
3156:
3102:
3009:
2999:
2951:
2796:
2729:
2592:
2584:
2412:
Brodo, Irwin M.; Sylvia Duran
Sharnoff; Stephen Sharnoff; Canadian Museum of Nature (2001).
2285:
Brodo, Irwin M.; Sylvia Duran
Sharnoff; Stephen Sharnoff; Canadian Museum of Nature (2001).
1847:
1667:
1637:
1497:
1397:
1297:
981:
953:
486:
446:
433:
264:
238:
831:
3198:
2787:
2579:
National
Toxicology Program (NTP) (2022). NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of
1757:
1437:
798:
394:
in 2004. By 2022, the overall number of species assigned to the genus had dropped to 355.
96:
368:
3366:
861:
3542:
3374:
3127:
2832:
2597:
2007:
1827:
1817:
1317:
717:
694:
686:
678:
655:
603:
562:
540:
330:
137:
3314:
376:
varieties and adaptations to local circumstances. The number of recognized species in
3536:
3180:
3144:
3023:
1247:
722:
690:
597:
558:
481:
lichens are widely distributed in both the northern and southern hemisphere, in both
351:
346:
159:
3161:
2741:
2487:
658:
after two weeks at high concentrations. A safe exposure level was established at 60
1427:
650:
566:
457:
414:
282:
146:
116:
3327:
2118:
Field Guide to
California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014,
3300:
2892:
2848:
2529:(3rd ed.). Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Facility. pp. 1048–1049.
409:, meaning moss or lichen, though it may also mean "rope-like". Based on a fossil
3457:
3400:
3294:
2527:
Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database
1447:
1377:
786:
764:
701:
106:
436:. Structurally they are shrubby, often with many branches, and can be erect or
3004:
2987:
2733:
851:
588:
536:
467:
86:
3285:
3219:
2978:
2808:
2398:
3361:
3348:
2525:
Jellin, JM; Gregory P.; Batz F.; Hitchens, K.; et al. (2000). "USNEA".
810:
748:
631:
623:
616:
360:
163:
66:
712:
generally to obtain orange and brown hues. The Tarahumura use them to dye
3439:
3279:
2588:
673:
species have been used to create yellow, orange, green, blue, and purple
528:
3227:
3085:
3014:
439:
3392:
3171:
2986:
Kaasalainen, Ulla; Rikkinen, Jouko; Schmidt, Alexander R. (July 2020).
2816:
2553:
705:
501:
497:
377:
3405:
3211:
3065:
Redzic, Sulejman; Barudanovic, Senka; Pilipovic, Sasa (Winter 2010).
2383:
G. Awasthi to Increase Biomass and Antioxidant Metabolite Production"
418:
402:
275:
267:
211:
76:
3256:
2800:
700:
Many indigenous peoples of Central and South America, including the
3444:
3353:
2868:
Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001).
3236:
2988:"Fossil Usnea and similar fruticose lichens from Palaeogene amber"
2378:
2206:
880:
870:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
444:. Some trailing species can grow to considerable size; strands of
271:
260:
226:
2853:(2 ed.). McMinnville, Oregon: Robin & Russ Handweavers.
2268:
2266:
713:
615:. It is also effective against a bacterium that commonly causes
337:, whose earlier published description did not meet the rules of
3260:
343:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
3340:
2452:. Ecological Reviews. Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
732:
was historically used for dyeing in Peru, and a lichen called
726:
to obtain orange. There is also anthropological evidence that
674:
460:, so much so that the latter's Latin name is derived from it (
2933:
Lichens:An Illustrated Guide to the British and Irish Species
697:, and alectorialic acids, all of which can affect dye color.
587:
According to Paul Bergner, Author of Medical Herbalism, "the
611:
a valuable addition to herbal formulas for sore throats and
641:, in high concentrations, could possess some toxicity. The
2695:
2683:
2245:
2170:
2328:
Natural Dyes: Sources, Tradition, Technology and Science
2229:
2227:
285:. It grows all over the world. Members of the genus are
417:, the genus is known to date back to at least the late
384:
species have been moved to other genera; for instance,
303:
Members of the genus are similar to those of the genus
367:
species have been described. A three-volume series by
2257:
1502:
Herrera-Camp., Bungartz, Truong & P.Clerc (2018)
595:
is effective against gram positive bacteria such as
363:. Since the establishment of the genus, hundreds of
3269:
3031:McCarthy, Patrick M.; Mallett, Katie, eds. (2004).
2446:Batty, Lesley C.; Hallberg, Kevin B., eds. (2010).
2869:
3235:Yavuz, Mustafa; Çobanoğlu, Gülşah (Summer 2010).
662:, below which no adverse effects were observed.
309:. A distinguishing test is that the branches of
2916:. Lebanon NH: University Press of New England.
2707:
2379:"Optimization of Culture Conditions for Lichen
2272:
2042:(I.M.Lamb) Wirtz, Printzen & Lumbsch (2008)
3145:"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021"
2957:in East Fennoscandia and Pacific North America
2912:DeGraaf, Richard M.; Yamasaki, Mariko (2001).
2218:
3237:"Ethnological uses and etymology of the word
281:on bark or twigs. The genus is in the family
8:
3035:. Vol. 56A Lichens 4. Collingwood VIC:
2780:s.l. (Parmeliaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes)"
1642:Bungartz, Herrera-Camp. & P.Clerc (2018)
2291:. Yale University Press. pp. 709–710.
1632:K.Mark, S.Will-Wolf & T.Randlane (2016)
1452:Bungartz, Truong & Herrera-Camp. (2018)
763:lichens are flammable and can be used as a
3257:
2963:. Oulu, Finland: Oulu University Library.
1892:Truong, P.Clerc & Herrera-Camp. (2018)
313:are somewhat elastic, but the branches of
31:
20:
3170:
3160:
3013:
3003:
2623:
2596:
2418:. Yale University Press. pp. 57–58.
2876:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2765:. Vol. v. 1-2. Paris: Chez Vincent.
2696:Redzic, Barudanovic & Pilipovic 2010
2684:Redzic, Barudanovic & Pilipovic 2010
2246:Kaasalainen, Rikkinen & Schmidt 2020
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
681:of a particular specimen. Specifically,
622:Bolivian traditional healers called the
492:They appear in areas with low levels of
333:in 1763. He used the name designated by
3196:(Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) revisited".
2644:. Synapse Info Resources. p. 437.
2194:
2182:
2134:
2092:
3241:in Ebubekir Razi's "Liber Almansoris""
2611:
2233:
2158:
708:people, have a history of dyeing with
3037:Australian Biological Resources Study
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
7:
3481:5a98f187-8b2a-422f-bd2c-d039b9b82fa7
2554:"Testing Status: Usnea lichen 09063"
2359:. Calicut University. pp. 87–90
1432:(Imshaug) Wirtz & Lumbsch (2011)
805:which breeds in North America, uses
359:in 1780, has been designated as the
2897:. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
2770:Articus, Kristina (November 2004).
2258:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001
1922:(Motyka) Swinscow & Krog (1979)
1742:G.N.Stevens & R.W.Rogers (1979)
809:lichens in the construction of its
2671:
14:
2891:Casselman, Karen Diadick (2001).
1882:(D.J.Galloway) F.J. Walker (1985)
2894:Lichen Dyes: The New Source Book
2638:"Lichen (Usnea barbata) extract"
2636:Ash, Michael; Irene Ash (2004).
2512:"Lymphatic and antibiotic herbs"
2351:Marand, Sajan (5 January 2010).
720:hues, and the Mapuche have used
456:looks very similar to the plant
345:. However, he did not specify a
53:
3245:British Lichen Society Bulletin
2935:. Slough: Richmond Publishing.
2558:Testing Status of Agents at NTP
2449:Ecology of Industrial Pollution
2357:A Text Book of Botany: Vol. III
1182:J.M. Rodr. & P.Clerc (2011)
968:A. Gerlach & P.Clerc (2017)
1972:A.Gerlach & P.Clerc (2017)
1812:J.M.Rodr. & P.Clerc (2011)
1732:Lendemer & I.I.Tav. (2003)
1602:A.Gerlach & P.Clerc (2019)
1462:J.M.Rodr. & P.Clerc (2011)
1412:A.Gerlach & P.Clerc (2017)
1382:(L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg. (1780)
1362:A.Gerlach & P.Clerc (2017)
1252:(L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg. (1780)
1242:A.Gerlach & P.Clerc (2017)
421:, about 34 million years ago.
1:
2560:. National Toxicology Program
401:is probably derived from the
270:that grow like leafless mini-
263:of mostly pale grayish-green
3568:Taxa named by Michel Adanson
2953:Studies on the lichen genus
2850:Lichens for Vegetable Dyeing
1332:(Nyl. ex Vain.) Vain. (1925)
179:
2708:DeGraaf & Yamasaki 2001
2273:McCarthy & Mallett 2004
2012:Hook.f. & Taylor (1844)
1962:Truong & P.Clerc (2015)
1942:Truong & P.Clerc (2013)
1912:Truong & P.Clerc (2011)
1872:Truong & P.Clerc (2016)
1782:Truong & P.Clerc (2016)
1772:Truong & P.Clerc (2011)
1352:Truong & P.Clerc (2011)
1302:Truong & P.Clerc (2011)
1232:Truong & P.Clerc (2012)
1112:Truong & P.Clerc (2011)
1102:Truong & P.Clerc (2013)
948:Truong & P.Clerc (2016)
736:was used near Mexico City.
643:National Toxicology Program
3584:
2847:Bolton, Eileen M. (1991).
2326:Cardon, Dominique (2007).
2219:Yavuz & Çobanoğlu 2010
2022:(Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1930)
1802:Swinscow & Krog (1979)
1722:(Asahina) Y. Ohmura (2011)
1622:Wirtz & Lumbsch (2011)
1522:Wirtz & Lumbsch (2011)
918:(Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1930)
357:Friedrich Heinrich Wiggers
3162:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2
3005:10.1017/s0024282920000286
2931:Dobson, Frank S. (2011).
2734:10.1017/s0024282912000163
2642:Handbook of Preservatives
2207:Wijayawardene et al. 2022
2052:P.Clerc & Otte (2018)
2032:(Stirt.) Müll.Arg. (1889)
1512:(Stirt.) G.Awasthi (1985)
193:
186:
176:
171:
152:
145:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
3039:& CSIRO Publishing.
2872:Lichens of North America
2759:Adanson, Michel (1763).
2415:Lichens of North America
2387:Food Technol. Biotechnol
2288:Lichens of North America
2062:Mont. & Bosch (1856)
1682:(Asahina) P.Clerc (2004)
1402:(A.Massal.) Jatta (1909)
1292:(Räsänen) Räsänen (1935)
474:Distribution and habitat
355:, moved to the genus by
2950:Halonen, Pekka (2000).
2146:
2099:
964:Usnea aurantiaciparvula
391:Dolichousnea longissima
3563:Taxa described in 1763
3057:Lichenum generis usnea
3054:Motyka, Józef (1936).
1202:(Stirt.) Motyka (1936)
974:Usnea austrocampestris
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
716:blankets in brown and
515:lichens reproduce via
341:as established by the
335:Johann Jacob Dillenius
2776:and the phylogeny of
1992:Nyl. ex Motyka (1937)
1548:Usnea neuropogonoides
1492:(Vain.) Motyka (1937)
884:
874:
864:
854:
844:
834:
824:
583:Traditional medicines
557:is very sensitive to
329:was circumscribed by
3074:Human Ecology Review
2914:New England Wildlife
2762:Familles des Plantes
2589:10.22427/NTP-TOX-105
2002:(Hepp) Motyka (1938)
1282:Hav. ex Lynge (1921)
1228:Usnea flavorubescens
988:Usnea bismolliuscula
546:Like other lichens,
463:Tillandsia usneoides
1878:Usnea subcapillaris
1778:Usnea rubriglabrata
1738:Usnea ramulosissima
1688:Usnea propagulifera
1628:Usnea parafloridana
1322:(Ach.) Vain. (1915)
904:Usnea alboverrucata
3558:Lecanorales genera
3033:Flora of Australia
2626:, pp. 33, 36.
1978:Usnea subrubicunda
1948:Usnea subfloridana
1888:Usnea subcomplecta
1862:G.N.Stevens (1999)
1808:Usnea saxidilatata
1768:Usnea rubricornuta
1618:Usnea pallidocarpa
1582:G.N.Stevens (1999)
1538:Usnea myrmaiacaina
1488:Usnea marivelensis
1468:Usnea macaronesica
1308:Usnea geissleriana
1288:Usnea fulvoreagens
1278:Usnea fragilescens
1168:Usnea esperantiana
1162:G.N.Stevens (1991)
1142:G.N.Stevens (1999)
958:(L.) Hoffm. (1796)
908:G.N.Stevens (1999)
889:
879:
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
793:By other organisms
637:Some believe that
466:, the 'Usnea-like
317:snap cleanly off.
3530:
3529:
3489:Open Tree of Life
3263:Taxon identifiers
3046:978-0-643-09056-9
2992:The Lichenologist
2970:978-951-42-5523-6
2942:978-0-85546-315-1
2904:978-0-486-41231-3
2883:978-0-300-08249-4
2860:978-1-56659-001-3
2722:The Lichenologist
2393:(1): 7–12. 2009.
2337:978-1-904982-00-5
2171:Wirtz et al. 2006
2124:978-0-300-19500-2
2038:Usnea ushuaiensis
2028:Usnea trachycarpa
1998:Usnea tamborensis
1988:Usnea subscabrosa
1958:Usnea subglabrata
1938:Usnea subflaveola
1918:Usnea subeciliata
1788:Usnea rubrotincta
1728:Usnea quasirigida
1692:C.W. Dodge (1948)
1678:Usnea praetervisa
1578:Usnea oncodeoides
1528:Usnea molliuscula
1358:Usnea grandispora
1328:Usnea glabrescens
1258:Usnea floriformis
1218:Usnea flavocardia
1188:Usnea filipendula
1048:Usnea chaetophora
914:Usnea amblyoclada
886:Usnea subscabrosa
826:Usnea amblyoclada
803:New World warbler
729:Usnea cocca sonca
660:parts per million
339:valid publication
252:
251:
141:
3575:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3458:NHMSYS0001501147
3448:
3447:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3258:
3252:
3231:
3212:10.2307/25065584
3184:
3174:
3164:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3103:Species Fungorum
3089:
3071:
3061:
3050:
3027:
3017:
3007:
2982:
2962:
2946:
2927:
2908:
2887:
2875:
2864:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2825:"Beard Lichens (
2820:
2784:
2766:
2746:
2745:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2381:Usnea ghattensis
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2116:
2103:
2100:Species Fungorum
2097:
2083:
2078:Usnea xanthopoga
2073:
2063:
2053:
2048:Usnea viktoriana
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1968:Usnea subparvula
1963:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1928:Usnea subflammea
1923:
1913:
1903:
1898:Usnea subcornuta
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1848:Usnea sphacelata
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1708:Usnea pycnoclada
1703:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1668:Usnea poliothrix
1663:
1658:Usnea perplexans
1653:
1643:
1638:Usnea patriciana
1633:
1623:
1613:
1608:Usnea pacificana
1603:
1593:
1583:
1573:
1568:Usnea nidulifera
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1498:Usnea mayrhoferi
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1398:Usnea intermedia
1393:
1383:
1373:
1368:Usnea himantodes
1363:
1353:
1348:Usnea grandisora
1343:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1298:Usnea galapagona
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1262:C.W.Dodge (1948)
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1128:Usnea diplotypus
1123:
1118:Usnea cylindrica
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1028:Usnea cedrosiana
1023:
1013:
1003:
993:
982:Falkland Islands
979:
969:
959:
954:Usnea articulata
949:
939:
934:Usnea antarctica
929:
919:
909:
899:
894:Usnea acromelana
866:Usnea intermedia
836:Usnea antarctica
447:Usnea longissima
441:
386:Usnea longissima
246:
230:
215:
204:
132:
58:
57:
35:
21:
16:Genus of lichens
3583:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3518:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3265:
3255:
3234:
3187:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3092:
3069:
3064:
3053:
3047:
3030:
2985:
2971:
2960:
2949:
2943:
2930:
2924:
2911:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2867:
2861:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2823:
2801:10.2307/4135560
2782:
2769:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2492:www.lichens.net
2488:"Usnea Lichens"
2486:
2485:
2481:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2117:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2071:
2068:Usnea wasmuthii
2061:
2058:Usnea vrieseana
2051:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1908:Usnea subdasaea
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1868:Usnea subaranea
1861:
1858:Usnea subalpina
1851:
1841:
1838:Usnea silesiaca
1831:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1798:Usnea sanguinea
1791:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1758:Usnea rubicunda
1751:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1718:Usnea pygmoidea
1711:
1701:
1698:Usnea pulvinata
1691:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1648:Usnea pendulina
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1598:Usnea oreophila
1591:
1581:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1518:Usnea messutiae
1511:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1438:Usnea lapponica
1431:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1101:
1098:Usnea crenulata
1091:
1081:
1071:
1068:Usnea clerciana
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1018:Usnea cavernosa
1011:
1001:
991:
978:Øvstedal (2012)
977:
967:
957:
947:
938:Du Rietz (1926)
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
819:
801:, a species of
799:northern parula
795:
773:
757:
742:
668:
613:skin infections
585:
580:
575:
510:
476:
443:
427:
323:
290:old man's beard
287:commonly called
236:
221:
210:
199:
167:
156:
131:
97:Lecanoromycetes
52:
42:Usnea cavernosa
17:
12:
11:
5:
3581:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3511:
3498:
3485:
3475:
3462:
3449:
3436:
3423:
3410:
3397:
3384:
3371:
3358:
3345:
3332:
3319:
3306:
3291:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3253:
3232:
3206:(2): 367–376.
3185:
3140:
3128:Index Fungorum
3115:
3090:
3080:(2): 175–187.
3062:
3051:
3045:
3028:
2998:(4): 319–324.
2983:
2969:
2947:
2941:
2928:
2922:
2909:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2865:
2859:
2844:
2833:Woodland Trust
2821:
2795:(4): 925–934.
2767:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2728:(4): 483–500.
2712:
2710:, p. 219.
2700:
2698:, p. 180.
2688:
2686:, p. 182.
2676:
2672:Woodland Trust
2664:
2650:
2628:
2624:Casselman 2001
2616:
2604:
2571:
2545:
2535:
2517:
2503:
2479:
2458:
2438:
2424:
2404:
2370:
2343:
2336:
2311:
2297:
2277:
2262:
2250:
2248:, p. 319.
2238:
2236:, p. 445.
2223:
2211:
2209:, p. 151.
2199:
2197:, p. 932.
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2147:Index Fungorum
2139:
2137:, p. 616.
2127:
2104:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2072:Räsänen (1931)
2064:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2024:
2018:Usnea torulosa
2014:
2008:Usnea taylorii
2004:
1994:
1984:
1982:P.Clerc (2011)
1974:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1932:P.Clerc (2006)
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1828:Usnea scabrida
1824:
1818:Usnea scabrata
1814:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1704:
1694:
1684:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1612:Halonen (2000)
1604:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1558:Usnea nidifica
1554:
1544:
1542:P.Clerc (2007)
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1478:Usnea maculata
1474:
1472:P.Clerc (2006)
1464:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1422:P.Clerc (2006)
1418:Usnea krogiana
1414:
1408:Usnea kalbiana
1404:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1318:Usnea glabrata
1314:
1312:P.Clerc (2006)
1304:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1238:Usnea fleigiae
1234:
1224:
1222:Räsänen (1936)
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1172:P.Clerc (1992)
1164:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1122:P.Clerc (2011)
1114:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1082:Asahina (1956)
1074:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1038:Usnea ceratina
1034:
1032:P.Clerc (2007)
1024:
1014:
1012:P.Clerc (2007)
1008:Usnea brattiae
1004:
1002:P.Clerc (2015)
998:Usnea boomiana
994:
992:Zahlbr. (1930)
984:
970:
960:
950:
940:
930:
924:Usnea angulata
920:
910:
900:
876:Usnea scabrata
846:Usnea ceratina
818:
815:
794:
791:
772:
769:
756:
753:
741:
738:
667:
664:
656:genetic damage
604:Staphylococcus
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
563:sulfur dioxide
541:spermatogonium
535:means through
527:means through
519:means through
509:
506:
475:
472:
437:
426:
423:
349:; the species
331:Michel Adanson
322:
319:
250:
249:
248:
247:
237:E.A.Thomas ex
231:
216:
205:
191:
190:
184:
183:
174:
173:
169:
168:
157:
150:
149:
143:
142:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3580:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:Lichen genera
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3155:(1): 53–453.
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2923:0-87451-957-8
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2653:
2651:9781890595661
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2614:, p. 27.
2613:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2461:
2459:9780521514460
2455:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2427:
2425:9780300082494
2421:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2300:
2298:9780300082494
2294:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2275:, p. 80.
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:, p. 11.
2259:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2185:, p. 13.
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:Stirt. (1882)
1950:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:Stirt. (1881)
1900:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1842:Motyka (1930)
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:Taylor (1844)
1830:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:Stirt. (1881)
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:Stirt. (1881)
1760:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:Usnea roseola
1745:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:Kremp. (1874)
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:Stirt. (1881)
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:Motyka (1936)
1650:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:Stirt. (1881)
1590:
1589:
1588:Usnea oncodes
1585:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:Motyka (1937)
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:Taylor (1847)
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:Motyka (1936)
1550:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1532:Stirt. (1883)
1530:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:Usnea mekista
1505:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:Stirt. (1882)
1480:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:Motyka (1936)
1390:
1389:
1388:Usnea inermis
1385:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:Stirt. (1883)
1370:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:Motyka (1930)
1340:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1268:Usnea foveata
1265:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:Usnea florida
1245:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:Stirt. (1881)
1210:
1209:
1208:Usnea flammea
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:Usnea firmula
1195:
1192:Stirt. (1881)
1190:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:Motyka (1936)
1150:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:Usnea crocata
1105:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:Usnea cornuta
1085:
1080:
1079:
1078:Usnea confusa
1075:
1072:Truong (2016)
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:Motyka (1937)
1060:
1059:
1058:Usnea cirrosa
1055:
1052:Stirt. (1883)
1050:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1000:
999:
995:
990:
989:
985:
983:
976:
975:
971:
966:
965:
961:
956:
955:
951:
946:
945:
941:
936:
935:
931:
926:
925:
921:
916:
915:
911:
906:
905:
901:
898:Stirt. (1898)
896:
895:
891:
890:
887:
883:
877:
873:
867:
863:
857:
853:
847:
843:
837:
833:
827:
823:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
792:
790:
788:
784:
783:
782:Usnea barbata
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
754:
752:
750:
746:
745:Usnea barbata
739:
737:
735:
731:
730:
725:
724:
723:Usnea florida
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
689:, squamatic,
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
663:
661:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
600:
599:
598:Streptococcus
594:
590:
582:
577:
572:
570:
568:
564:
561:, especially
560:
559:air pollution
556:
552:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:fragmentation
518:
514:
507:
505:
503:
500:) and active
499:
495:
494:air pollution
490:
488:
484:
480:
473:
471:
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
451:
449:
448:
442:
435:
431:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:morphological
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:
352:Usnea florida
348:
347:type specimen
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
307:
301:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
257:
244:
240:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
195:
194:
192:
189:
185:
182:
181:
175:
170:
165:
161:
155:
154:Usnea florida
151:
148:
144:
139:
135:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3548:Parmeliaceae
3270:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3152:
3148:
3134:21 September
3132:. Retrieved
3126:
3120:
3109:24 September
3107:. Retrieved
3101:
3095:
3077:
3073:
3056:
3032:
3015:10138/318424
2995:
2991:
2956:
2952:
2932:
2913:
2893:
2871:
2849:
2836:. Retrieved
2826:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2761:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2641:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2580:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2557:
2548:
2540:
2526:
2520:
2506:
2495:. Retrieved
2491:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2463:. Retrieved
2448:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2414:
2407:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2356:
2346:
2327:
2302:. Retrieved
2287:
2280:
2253:
2241:
2221:, p. 4.
2214:
2202:
2195:Articus 2004
2190:
2183:Halonen 2000
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2135:Adanson 1763
2130:
2095:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1852:R.Br. (1823)
1846:
1836:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1766:
1756:
1752:Vain. (1921)
1746:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1712:Vain. (1909)
1706:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1656:
1646:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1442:Vain. (1925)
1436:
1428:Usnea lambii
1426:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1338:Usnea glauca
1336:
1326:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1272:Vain. (1928)
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1178:Usnea exigua
1176:
1166:
1158:Usnea elixii
1156:
1146:
1138:Usnea effusa
1136:
1132:Vain. (1925)
1126:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1092:Körb. (1859)
1086:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1022:Tuck. (1850)
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
972:
962:
952:
944:Usnea aranea
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
892:
885:
875:
865:
855:
845:
835:
825:
806:
796:
780:
776:
774:
765:fire starter
760:
758:
755:Firestarters
744:
743:
733:
727:
721:
709:
699:
685:can contain
682:
670:
669:
651:liver damage
646:
638:
636:
627:
621:
608:
602:
596:
592:
586:
567:bioindicator
554:
553:
547:
545:
512:
511:
491:
478:
477:
461:
458:Spanish moss
453:
452:
445:
432:lichens are
429:
428:
415:Baltic amber
410:
406:
398:
396:
389:
388:was renamed
385:
381:
369:Józef Motyka
364:
350:
326:
324:
314:
310:
304:
302:
297:
294:beard lichen
293:
289:
283:Parmeliaceae
255:
254:
253:
233:
218:
207:
196:
177:
153:
147:Type species
127:
126:
117:Parmeliaceae
40:
24:
18:
3401:iNaturalist
3295:Wikispecies
3172:10481/76378
2612:Bolton 1991
2234:Dobson 2011
2159:Motyka 1936
2082:Nyl. (1876)
1822:Nyl. (1875)
1458:Usnea lutii
1448:Usnea leana
1378:Usnea hirta
1148:Usnea elata
1042:Ach. (1810)
928:Ach. (1814)
856:Usnea hirta
787:Bosnian War
785:during the
734:cuaxapaxtle
425:Description
321:Systematics
107:Lecanorales
3537:Categories
3190:Neuropogon
3149:Mycosphere
2774:Neuropogon
2657:6 December
2564:5 December
2536:0967613647
2497:2018-04-06
2475:pollution.
2465:4 December
2431:6 December
2363:6 December
2304:6 December
2088:References
1702:Fr. (1846)
759:When dry,
702:Tarahumura
628:Kaka sunka
589:usnic acid
537:ascogonium
517:vegetative
468:Tillandsia
325:The genus
298:beard moss
234:Usneomyces
219:Neuropogon
87:Ascomycota
83:Division:
3362:FloraBase
3310:AusLichen
3220:0040-0262
3181:249054641
3024:225403038
2979:0355-3191
2829:species)"
2809:0040-0262
2399:1330-9862
749:deodorant
740:Cosmetics
695:salazinic
687:thamnolic
632:decoction
624:Kallawaya
617:pneumonia
607:, making
578:By humans
489:regions.
483:temperate
434:fruticose
413:found in
397:The name
361:lectotype
315:Alectoria
306:Alectoria
265:fruticose
197:Alectoria
164:F.H.Wigg.
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
3440:MycoBank
3375:Fungorum
3315:30020216
3280:Wikidata
3228:25065584
3086:24707664
2742:87490768
691:barbatic
487:tropical
279:anchored
208:Eumitria
188:Synonyms
172:Species
113:Family:
63:Domain:
3494:5345512
3419:1004200
3393:2605982
3286:Q121799
3251:: 3–12.
2817:4135560
2752:Sources
2598:9638892
2353:"Usnea"
817:Species
706:Mapuche
529:soredia
525:asexual
508:Ecology
504:areas.
502:logging
498:pruning
440:pendent
378:Finland
276:tassels
268:lichens
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
3520:240589
3507:USNEA2
3502:PLANTS
3478:NZOR:
3432:190765
3354:1USNEG
3226:
3218:
3179:
3084:
3043:
3022:
2977:
2967:
2939:
2920:
2901:
2880:
2857:
2838:27 May
2815:
2807:
2740:
2648:
2595:
2533:
2456:
2422:
2397:
2334:
2295:
2122:
718:russet
710:Usnea,
533:sexual
419:Eocene
407:Ushnah
403:Arabic
272:shrubs
245:(1953)
243:Tomas.
241:&
229:(1834)
225:&
214:(1881)
212:Stirt.
203:(1833)
166:(1780)
140:(1763)
138:Adans.
3543:Usnea
3515:WoRMS
3471:86620
3414:IRMNG
3406:67747
3367:22592
3341:22267
3301:Usnea
3271:Usnea
3239:Usnea
3224:JSTOR
3199:Taxon
3194:Usnea
3177:S2CID
3121:Usnea
3096:Usnea
3082:JSTOR
3070:(PDF)
3020:S2CID
2961:(PDF)
2955:Usnea
2827:Usnea
2813:JSTOR
2788:Taxon
2783:(PDF)
2778:Usnea
2738:S2CID
2581:Usnea
2472:Usnea
807:Usnea
777:Usnea
775:Some
761:Usnea
683:Usnea
671:Usnea
647:Usnea
639:Usnea
609:Usnea
593:Usnea
555:Usnea
548:Usnea
531:, or
513:Usnea
479:Usnea
454:Usnea
430:Usnea
411:Usnea
405:word
399:Usnea
382:Usnea
365:Usnea
327:Usnea
311:Usnea
296:, or
261:genus
259:is a
256:Usnea
227:Flot.
134:Dill.
128:Usnea
77:Fungi
25:Usnea
3466:NCBI
3445:5692
3427:ITIS
3388:GBIF
3380:5692
3349:EPPO
3328:85FL
3216:ISSN
3192:and
3136:2022
3111:2022
3041:ISBN
2975:ISSN
2965:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2855:ISBN
2840:2023
2805:ISSN
2659:2012
2646:ISBN
2566:2012
2531:ISBN
2467:2012
2454:ISBN
2433:2012
2420:ISBN
2395:ISSN
2365:2012
2332:ISBN
2306:2012
2293:ISBN
2120:ISBN
811:nest
797:The
771:Food
714:wool
704:and
679:race
675:dyes
666:Dyes
626:use
601:and
573:Uses
539:and
485:and
470:').
239:Cif.
223:Nees
201:Link
180:text
178:See
136:ex.
3453:NBN
3336:EoL
3323:CoL
3249:106
3208:doi
3167:hdl
3157:doi
3010:hdl
3000:doi
2797:doi
2730:doi
2593:PMC
2585:doi
630:in
619:."
591:in
274:or
3539::
3517::
3504::
3491::
3468::
3455::
3442::
3429::
3416::
3403::
3390::
3377::
3364::
3351::
3338::
3325::
3312::
3297::
3282::
3247:.
3243:.
3222:.
3214:.
3204:55
3202:.
3175:.
3165:.
3153:13
3151:.
3147:.
3125:.
3100:.
3078:17
3076:.
3072:.
3018:.
3008:.
2996:52
2994:.
2990:.
2973:.
2831:.
2811:.
2803:.
2793:53
2791:.
2785:.
2736:.
2726:44
2724:.
2640:.
2591:.
2556:.
2539:.
2490:.
2469:.
2391:47
2389:.
2385:.
2355:.
2314:^
2265:^
2226:^
2107:^
980:–
767:.
751:.
693:,
523:,
300:.
292:,
162:)
160:L.
3230:.
3210::
3183:.
3169::
3159::
3138:.
3123:"
3119:"
3113:.
3098:"
3094:"
3088:.
3060:.
3049:.
3026:.
3012::
3002::
2981:.
2945:.
2926:.
2907:.
2886:.
2863:.
2842:.
2819:.
2799::
2772:"
2744:.
2732::
2674:.
2661:.
2601:.
2587::
2568:.
2514:.
2500:.
2435:.
2401:.
2367:.
2340:.
2308:.
2173:.
2161:.
2149:.
2102:.
158:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
