V-2 rocket - Knowledge (XXG)

2418: 601: 2862: 2668: 1460: 1709: 1919: 1976:, the V-2's speed and trajectory made it practically invulnerable to anti-aircraft guns and fighters, as it dropped from an altitude of 100–110 km (62–68 mi) at up to three times the speed of sound at sea level (approximately 3,550 km/h (2,206 mph)). Nevertheless, the threat of what was then code-named "Big Ben" was great enough that efforts were made to seek countermeasures. The situation was similar to the pre-war concerns about manned bombers and resulted in a similar solution, the formation of the Crossbow Committee, to collect, examine and develop countermeasures. 2660: 949:, forced the alcohol and oxygen into the combustion chamber at 125 liters (33 US gallons) per second, where they were ignited by a spinning electrical igniter. Thrust increased from 8 tons during this preliminary stage whilst the fuel was gravity-fed, before increasing to 25 tons as the turbopump pressurised the fuel, lifting the 13.5 ton rocket. Combustion gases exited the chamber at 2,820 °C (5,100 °F), and a speed of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) per second. The oxygen to fuel mixture was 1.0:0.85 at 25 tons of thrust, but as 1439:

According to Dornberger, "Serious damage to the works, contrary to first impressions, was surprisingly small." Work resumed after a delay of four to six weeks, and because of camouflage to mimic complete destruction, there were no more raids during the next nine months. The raid resulted in 735 lives lost, with heavy losses at Trassenheide, while 178 were killed in the settlement, including Dr. Thiel, his family, and Chief Engineer Walther. The Germans eventually moved production to the underground

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while being shortened from 6 to 1-foot in length, and the connection to the nozzle was made cone shaped. The resultant 1.5 ton chamber operated at a combustion pressure of 1.52 MPa (220 psi). Thiel's 1.5 ton chamber was then scaled up to a 4.5 ton motor by arranging three injection heads above the combustion chamber. By 1939, eighteen injection heads in two concentric circles at the head of the 3 mm (0.12 in) thick sheet-steel chamber, were used to make the 25 ton motor.

1951: 2276: 2499: 609: 1089:). For velocity measurement, Professor Wolman of Dresden created an alternative of his Doppler tracking system in 1940–41, which used a ground signal transponded by the A-4 to measure the velocity of the missile. By 9 February 1942, Peenemünde engineer Gerd deBeek had documented the radio interference area of a V-2 as 10,000 metres (33,000 feet) around the "Firing Point", and the first successful A-4 flight on 3 October 1942, used radio control for 2542: 2108:... those of us who were seriously engaged in the war were very grateful to Wernher von Braun. We knew that each V-2 cost as much to produce as a high-performance fighter airplane. We knew that German forces on the fighting fronts were in desperate need of airplanes, and that the V-2 rockets were doing us no military damage. From our point of view, the V-2 program was almost as good as if Hitler had adopted a policy of unilateral disarmament. 2349: 861: 2510:, undertook the recruitment of approximately thirty German engineers, who had previous experience working on rocket programs for Nazi Germany at the Peenemünde Army Research Center. Much like their counterparts in the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union, France's objective was to acquire and advance the rocket technology developed by Germany during World War II. The initial initiative, known as the 3229: 3187: 1533: 1171: 2460:, a duplicate of the V-2 manufactured completely in the USSR, which was launched first during October 1948. From 1947 until the end of 1950, the German team elaborated concepts and improvements for extended payload and range for the projects G-1, G-2 and G-4. The German team had to remain on Gorodomlya island until as late as 1952 and 1953. In parallel, Soviet work emphasized larger missiles, the 2607: 1280: 1116: 3215: 3201: 2386:. The test launch was a partial success; the V-2 went off the pad but splashed down in the ocean only some 10 km (6 mi) from the carrier. The launch setup on the Midway's deck is notable in that it used foldaway arms to prevent the missile from falling over. The arms pulled away just after the engine ignited, releasing the missile. The setup may look similar to the 51: 2143:, who in November 1944 while returning from a nighttime air mission over Holland saw a V-2 in flight on its way to strike London: "It resembled a meteor, streaming red sparks and whizzing past us as though the aircraft were motionless. I became convinced that it was only a matter of time until rockets would expose the United States to direct, transoceanic attack." 2020:. However, the Committee suggested that a test not be performed as no technique for tracking the missiles with sufficient accuracy had yet been developed. By March this had changed significantly, with 81% of incoming missiles correctly allotted to the grid square each fell into, or the one beside it. At a 26 March meeting Pile was directed to a subcommittee with 1095:. Although Hitler commented on 22 September 1943 that "It is a great load off our minds that we have dispensed with the radio guiding-beam; now no opening remains for the British to interfere technically with the missile in flight", about 20% of the operational V-2 launches were beam-guided. The Operation Pinguin V-2 offensive began on 8 September 1944, when 1000: 1266:, with parts of it transported to London for tests.) Initially, the German developers suspected excessive alcohol tank pressure, but by April 1944, after five months of test firings, the cause was still not determined. Major-General Rossmann, the Army Weapons Office department chief, recommended stationing observers in the target area – 1677:, five V-2s were launched on 15 and 16 September, with one more successful and one failed launch on the 18th. That same date, a transport carrying a missile took a wrong turn and ended up in Serooskerke itself, giving a villager the opportunity to surreptitiously take some photographs of the weapon; these were smuggled to London by the 2680: 985:, but even so it could still explode during the re-entry phase. The warhead weighed 975 kilograms (2,150 lb) and contained 910 kilograms (2,010 lb) of explosive. The warhead's percentage by weight that was explosive was 93%, a very great percentage when compared with other types of munition. 2078:

The German V-weapons (V-1 and V-2) cost the equivalent of about US$ 500 million. Given the relatively smaller size of the German economy, this represented an industrial effort equivalent to but slightly less than that of the U.S. Manhattan Project that produced the atomic bomb. 6,048 V-2s were built,

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An estimated 2,754 civilians were killed in London by V-2 attacks with another 6,523 injured, which is two people killed per V-2 rocket. However, this understates the potential of the V-2, since many rockets were misdirected and exploded harmlessly. Accuracy increased during the war, particularly for

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A production line was nearly ready at Peenemünde when the Operation Hydra attack occurred. The main targets of the attack included the test stands, the development works, the Pre-Production Works, the settlement where the scientists and technicians lived, the Trassenheide camp, and the harbor sector.

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and film cooling. Film cooling admitted alcohol into the combustion chamber and exhaust nozzle under slight pressure through four rings of small perforations. The mushroom-shaped injection head was removed from the combustion chamber to a mixing chamber, the combustion chamber was made more spherical

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to launch V-2 missiles against United States cities, though only with considerable effort (and limited effect). Hitler, in July 1944 and Speer, in January 1945, made speeches alluding to the scheme, though Germany did not possess the capability to fulfill these threats. These schemes were met by the

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With the war all but lost, regardless of the factory output of conventional weapons, the Nazis resorted to V-weapons as a tenuous last hope to influence the war militarily (hence Antwerp as V-2 target), as an extension of their desire to "punish" their foes and most importantly to give hope to their

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Early on, it was believed that the V-2 employed some form of radio guidance, a belief that persisted in spite of several rockets being examined without discovering anything like a radio receiver. This resulted in efforts to jam this non-existent guidance system as early as September 1944, using both

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Antwerp, Belgium was a target for a large number of V-weapon attacks from October 1944 through to the virtual end of the war in March 1945, leaving 1,736 dead and 4,500 injured in greater Antwerp. Thousands of buildings were damaged or destroyed as the city was struck by 590 direct hits. The largest

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assembled a small number of V-2 missiles and launched three of them from a site in northern Germany. The engineers involved had already agreed to relocate to the US when the test firings were complete. The Backfire report, published in January 1946, contains extensive technical documentation of the

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were available to produce a barrage of fire in the rocket's path, but only if provided with a reasonable prediction of the trajectory. The first estimates suggested that 320,000 shells would have to be fired for each rocket. About 2% of these were expected to fall back to the ground, almost 90 tons

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Neufeld 1995, pp. 190–191. Neufeld provides by far the most detailed analysis of the price of the project. Other price estimates of "$ 2 billion," or "50% more than the Manhattan Project" can be found elsewhere on the internet, but are not credible. For a more detailed analysis, see this article's

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began thinking of a much larger rocket in the summer of 1936, based on a projected 25,000 kg (55,000 lb) thrust engine. In addition, Dornberger specified the military requirements needed to include a 1-ton payload, a range of 172 miles with a dispersion of 2 or 3 miles, and transportable

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In addition to V-2 hardware, the U.S. Government delivered German mechanization equations for the V-2 guidance, navigation, and control systems, as well as for advanced development concept vehicles, to U.S. defence contractors for analysis. During the 1950s, some of these documents were useful to

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After the Nazi defeat, German engineers were relocated to the United States, the USSR, France and the United Kingdom where they further developed the V-2 rocket for military and civilian purposes. The V-2 rocket also laid the foundation for the liquid fuel missiles and space launchers used later.

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pilot defending against the massive New Year's Day 1945 Operation Bodenplatte strike by the Luftwaffe over the northern German attack route near the town of Lochem on 1 January 1945. Possibly, from the potential sighting of the American fighter by the missile's launch crew, the rocket was quickly

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A committee was formed with military and civilian scientists to review payload proposals for the reassembled V-2 rockets. By January 1946, the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps invited civilian scientists and engineers to participate in developing a space research program using the V-2. The committee was

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Pile continued studying the problem and returned with a proposal to fire only 150 shells at a single rocket, with those shells using a new fuse that would greatly reduce the number that fell back to Earth unexploded. Some low-level analysis suggested that this would be successful against 1 in 50

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decreased with flight altitude, thrust increased until it reached 29 tons. The turbopump assembly contained two centrifugal pumps, one for the alcohol, and one for the oxygen, The turbine connects directly by a shaft to the alcohol pump and through a flexible joint and shaft to the oxygen pump.

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May/June, Dornberger and von Braun set up a camp at the centre of the Poland target zone. After moving to the Heidekraut, SS Mortar Battery 500 of the 836th Artillery Battalion (Motorized) was ordered on 30 August to begin test launches of eighty 'sleeved' rockets. Testing confirmed that the

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to retrieve as many V-2 rockets and staff as possible. Three hundred rail-car loads of V-2s and parts were captured and shipped to the United States and 126 of the principal designers, including Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger, were captives of the Americans. Von Braun, his brother

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According to the BBC television presenter Raymond Baxter, who served with the RAF during the war, in February 1945 his squadron was performing a mission against a V2 launch site, when they saw one missile being launched. One member of Baxter's squadron opened fire on it, without effect.

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At launch the A4 propelled itself for up to 65 seconds on its own power, and a program motor held the inclination at the specified angle until engine shutdown, after which the rocket continued on a ballistic free-fall trajectory. The rocket reached a height of 80 km (50 mi) or

2124:'s fuel alcohol production and major portions of other critical technologies: to distil the fuel alcohol for one V-2 launch required 30 tonnes of potatoes at a time when food was becoming scarce. Due to a lack of explosives, some warheads were simply filled with concrete, using the 2032:

With the Germans no longer in control of any part of the continent that could be used as a launching site capable of striking London, they began targeting Antwerp. Plans were made to move the Pile system to protect that city, but the war ended before anything could be done.

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on 7 March 1945, the Germans were desperate to destroy it. On 17 March 1945, they fired eleven V-2 missiles at the bridge, their first use against a tactical target and the only time they were fired on a German target during the war. They could not employ the more accurate

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U.S. contractors in developing direction cosine matrix transformations and other inertial navigation architecture concepts that were applied to early U.S. programs, such as the Atlas and Minuteman guidance systems as well as the Navy's Subs Inertial Navigation System.

1431:. Hitler then gave Peenemünde top priority in the German armaments program stating, "Why was it I could not believe in the success of your work? if we had had these rockets in 1939 we should never have had this war..." Hitler also wanted a second launch bunker built. 1297:

On 27 March 1942, Dornberger proposed production plans and the building of a launching site on the Channel coast. In December, Speer ordered Major Thom and Dr. Steinhoff to reconnoitre the site near Watten. Assembly rooms were established at Peenemünde and in the

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implying that the rockets were over-shooting their London target by 10 to 20 miles (16 to 32 km). This tactic worked; more than half of the V-2s aimed at London landed outside the London Civil Defence Region. Most landed on less-heavily populated areas in

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and Ellis to further develop the statistics. Three days later the team returned a report stating that if the guns fired 2,000 rounds at a missile there was a 1 in 60 chance of shooting it down. Plans for an operational test began, but as Pile later put it,

2468:, based on further developing the V-2 technology with using ideas of the German concept studies. Details of Soviet achievements were unknown to the German team and completely underestimated by Western intelligence until, in November 1957, the satellite 1041:, or the Walter Wolman radio control system, to control engine cutoff at a specified velocity. Other gyroscopic systems used in the A-4 included Kreiselgeräte's SG-66 and SG-70. The V-2 was launched from a pre-surveyed location, so the distance and 1347:. Both weapons had reached the final stage of development, and the commission decided to recommend to Hitler that both weapons be mass-produced. As Dornberger observed, "The disadvantages of the one would be compensated by the other's advantages." 1052:", radio signals transmitted from the ground, to keep the missile on course, but the first models used a simple analog computer that adjusted the azimuth for the rocket, and the flying distance was controlled by the timing of the engine cut-off, 2139:, which made a characteristic buzzing sound). There was no effective defence and no risk of pilot or crew casualties. An example of the impression it made is in the reaction of American pilot and future nuclear strategist and Congressional aide 2050:

and V-2s aimed at London to less populated areas east of the city. This was done by sending deceptive reports on the sites hit and damage caused via the German espionage network in Britain, which was secretly controlled by the British (the

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Hydrogen peroxide converted to steam, using a sodium permanganate catalyst powered the pump, which delivered 55 kg (121 lb) of alcohol and 68 kg (150 lb) of liquid oxygen per second to a combustion chamber at 1.5

2525:, which became the first liquid-fuel research rocket in Western Europe and was ultimately capable of carrying a 100 kg (220 lb) payload to an altitude of 320 km (200 mi). The Véronique program then led to the 1926:

The final two rockets exploded on 27 March 1945. One of these was the last V-2 to kill a British civilian and the final civilian casualty of the war on British soil: Ivy Millichamp, aged 34, killed in her home in Kynaston Road,

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due to erroneous recalibration. For the remainder of the war, British intelligence maintained the ruse by repeatedly sending bogus reports implying that the rockets were now striking the British capital with heavy loss of life.

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that the A-4 development was "practically complete/concluded", but even by the middle of 1944, a complete A-4 parts list was still unavailable. Hitler was sufficiently impressed by the enthusiasm of its developers, and needed a

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rocket car demonstrations, that he constructed and launched his own homemade toy rocket car in a crowded sidewalk and was later taken in for questioning by the local police, until released to his father for disciplinary action.

1642:, concerned about spreading panic or giving away vital intelligence to German forces, initially attempted to conceal the cause of the explosions by making no official announcement, and euphemistically blaming them on defective 1646:

mains. The public did not believe this explanation and therefore began referring to the V-2s as "flying gas mains". The Germans themselves finally announced the V-2 on 8 November 1944 and only then, on 10 November 1944, did

708:'s research. Before 1939, German engineers and scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions. Von Braun used Goddard's plans from various journals and incorporated them into the building of the 2514:

program, had plans for four rocket variants capable of achieving ranges of up to 3,600 km (2,200 mi) and carrying warheads weighing up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). However, this program was canceled in 1948.

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was begun during August 1943 and completed by February 1944). The missile could be launched practically anywhere, roads running through forests being a particular favourite. The system was so mobile and small that only one

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ground and air-based jammers flying over the UK. In October, a group had been sent to jam the missiles during launch. By December it was clear these systems were not having any obvious effect, and jamming efforts ended.

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in Kent. A scientific reconstruction performed in 2010 demonstrated that the V-2 creates a crater 20 metres (66 feet) wide and 8 metres (26 feet) deep, ejecting approximately 3,000 tons of material into the air.

1843:(radio guide beam) system was used. Missile strikes that hit targets could cause large numbers of deaths – 160 were killed and 108 seriously injured in one explosion at 12:26 pm on 25 November 1944, at a 2417: 1101:(English: 'Training and Testing Battery 444') launched a single rocket guided by a radio beam directed at Paris. Wreckage of combat V-2s occasionally contained the transponder for velocity and fuel cutoff. 6134: 2041:

The only effective defences against the V-2 campaign were to destroy the launch infrastructure—expensive in terms of bomber resources and casualties—or to cause the Germans to aim at the wrong place by

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Saur planned to build 2,000 rockets per month, between the existing three factories and the Nordhausen Mittelwerk factory being built. However, alcohol production was dependent upon the potato harvest.

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camp 11, Dornberger was recorded saying that he had begged the Führer to stop the V-weapon propaganda, because nothing more could be expected from one ton of explosive. To this Hitler had replied that

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replica incorporates many original components along with re-manufactured ones and was put together by a group that included Reinhold Krüger, who worked as an apprentice at Peenemünde during the war.

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that were provided with pre-configured firing data for 2.5-mile (4.0-kilometre) grids of the London area. After the trajectory was determined, the guns would aim and fire between 60 and 500 rounds.

1425:. The briefing included von Braun narrating a movie showing the successful launch on 3 October 1942, with scale models of the Channel coast firing bunker, and supporting vehicles, including the 6279: 1066:. Thus, range was a function of engine burn time, which ended when a specific velocity was achieved. Just before engine cutoff, thrust was reduced to eight tons, in an effort to avoid any 4900: 7235: 4551: 2005:

rockets, provided that accurate trajectories were forwarded to the gunners in time. Work on this basic concept continued and developed into a plan to deploy a large number of guns in

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One engine complete with steering pallets, feed lines and tank bottoms, plus one cut-out thrust chamber and one cut-out turbopump at the Snecma (Space Engines Div.) museum in Vernon.

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A protective layer of glass wool was also used for the fuel tanks so the A-4 did not have a tendency to form ice, a problem which plagued other early ballistic missiles such as the

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The USSR captured a number of V-2s and staff, letting them stay in Germany for a time. The first work contracts were signed in the middle of 1945. During October 1946 (as part of

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being out of range). Because of their inaccuracy, these V-2s did not hit their target cities. Soon after that only London and Antwerp remained as designated targets as ordered by

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After Hitler's 29 August 1944 declaration to begin V-2 attacks as soon as possible, the offensive began on 7 September 1944 when two were launched at Paris (which the Allies had

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The first successful test flight was on 3 October 1942, reaching an altitude of 84.5 kilometres (52.5 miles). On that day, Walter Dornberger declared in a meeting at Peenemünde:

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Dr. Thiel's development of the 25 ton rocket motor relied on pump feeding, rather than on the earlier pressure feeding. The motor used centrifugal injection, while using both

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was used to measure the A4's aerodynamic characteristics and center of pressure, using a model of the A4 within a 40 square centimeter chamber. Measurements were made using a

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Several large components, like hydrogen peroxide tank and reaction chamber, the propellant turbopump and the HWK rocket engine chamber (partly cut-out) are displayed at the

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and was not published until 1960. By the end of 1934, his group had successfully launched two rockets that reached heights of 2.2 and 3.5 km (1.4 and 2.2 mi).

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I will take it on myself to start at once with the building of the launching site on the Channel coast," and established an A-4 production committee under Degenkolb.

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with several variations, but at the end of the war a plain olive green rocket was also used. During tests the rocket was painted in a characteristic black-and-white

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without burn-through was developed by using centrifugal injection nozzles, a mixing compartment, and a converging nozzle to the throat for homogeneous combustion.

1194:. The highest altitude reached during the war was 174.6 kilometres (108.5 miles) (20 June 1944). Test launches of V-2 rockets were made at Peenemünde, Blizna and 7220: 6982: 6131: 5193: 1716:, London, left by the penultimate V-2 to strike the city on 27 March 1945; the rocket killed 134 people. The final V-2 to fall on London killed one person at 1540:, Belgium, on 27 November 1944. A British military convoy was passing through the square at the time; 126 people (including 26 Allied soldiers) were killed. 892:. The water reduced the flame temperature, acted as a coolant by turning to steam and augmented the thrust, tended to produce a smoother burn, and reduced 1524:

It was estimated that a sustained rate of 350 V-2s could be launched per week, with 100 per day at maximum effort, given sufficient supply of the rockets.

4921: 5882: 5771: 2738:. In this collection are also a launching table and some loose parts, as well as the remains of a V-2 that crashed in The Hague immediately after launch. 7169: 5152:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 2. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 180. 2849: 55: 2861: 4541: 689:, arranged an Ordnance Department research grant for von Braun, who from then on worked next to Dornberger's existing solid-fuel rocket test site at 6919: 6276: 3128: 5512: 2364:

Only 68 percent of the V-2 trials were considered successful. A supposed V-2 launched on 29 May 1947 landed near Juarez, Mexico and was actually a

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which entered US service in 1959. The tanks held 4,173 kilograms (9,200 lb) of ethyl alcohol and 5,553 kilograms (12,242 lb) of oxygen.

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Konstruktive, theoretische und experimentelle Beiträge zu dem Problem der Flüssigkeitsrakete. Raketentechnik und Raumfahrtforschung, Sonderheft 1

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transported the captured V-2 parts to the United States. At the close of the Second World War, more than 300 rail cars filled with V-2 engines,

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of rounds, which would cause far more damage than the missile. At a 25 August 1944 meeting of the Crossbow Committee, the concept was rejected.

661:. The “Rocket Rumble” was highly influential on von Braun as a teenage space enthusiast. He was so enthusiastic after seeing one of the public 7240: 5299: 4897: 547:—the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union—raced to seize major German manufacturing facilities, procure the Germans' 4345: 1623:. Two more launches by the 485th followed, including one from The Hague against London on the same day at 6:43 pm. – the first landed at 7200: 6712: 6479: 6438: 6415: 5665: 5638: 5363: 5332: 5132: 5055: 4470: 4252: 4214: 4016: 3965: 3933: 3702: 3335: 466: 4766: 2168: 4875: 1494:

were dismissed in favour of mobile launching. Eight main storage dumps were planned and four had been completed by July 1944 (the one at

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in the northwest Netherlands, to ensure that the technology was not captured by the Allies. From Gaasterland V-2s were launched against

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so-called 'tin trousers' – a tube designed to strengthen the forward end of the rocket cladding – reduced the likelihood of air bursts.

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alone for destruction, and sometimes the warhead contained photographic propaganda of German citizens who had died in Allied bombings.

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assumed final technical data would be ready by July 1943. However, many issues still remained to be solved even by the autumn of 1943.

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launch procedure but in the case of the R-7 the trusses hold the full weight of the rocket, rather than just reacting to side forces.

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According to decrypted messages from the Japanese embassy in Germany, twelve dismantled V-2 rockets were shipped to Japan. These left

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Ensuring that the fuel pipes had tension-free curves reduced the likelihood of explosions at 1,200–1,800 m (4,000–6,000 ft).

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The propulsion unit from a V-2 that broke up in air on display (with exhaust-exit pointed up) Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum

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directed a group of 150 engineers. In October 1947, a group of German scientists supported the USSR in launching rebuilt V-2s in

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at Peenemünde possessed the technologies essential to the success of the A-4. The four main technologies for the A-4 were large

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To control trajectory at liftoff and supersonic speeds, heat-resistant graphite vanes were used as rudders in the exhaust jet.

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V-2 display including engine, parts, rocket body and many documents and photographs relating to the development and use at

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and is painted with a yellow and black paint scheme resembling that of the first V-2 launched at WSMR on 16 April 1946.

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One rocket body no engine, one complete engine, one lower engine section and one wrecked engine on display in museum

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On 3 March 1945, the Allies attempted to destroy V-2s and launching equipment in the "Haagse Bos" in The Hague by a

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device because it was oriented towards Antwerp and could not be easily adjusted for another target. Fired from near

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C. Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), pp 35.

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in July 1936, Braun specified the A-4 performance in 1937, and, after an "extensive" series of test firings of the

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resulted in the deaths of an estimated 9,000 civilians and military personnel, while a further 12,000 laborers and

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himself, Antwerp being targeted in the period of 12 to 20 October, after which time the unit moved to The Hague.

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Files of Hermann Ludewig, Deputy of Design Chief and later Chief of Acceptance and Inspection on the V-2 program

4132: 2686: 2257:) to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot dead by the Nazis to prevent their capture. 7215: 7205: 7025: 6972: 6880: 4376: 1580:). Combat operations commenced in Sept. 1944, when training Batterie 444 deployed. On 2 September 1944, the SS 678: 552: 525: 446: 429: 6511:

Hall, Charlie (2022). 'Flying Gas Mains': Rumour, Secrecy, and Morale during the V-2 Bombardment of Britain',

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loss of life by a single rocket attack during the war came on 16 December 1944, when the roof of the crowded

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1.86 blowdown nozzle on 8 August 1940. Tests at Mach numbers 1.56 and 2.5 were made after 24 September 1940.

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laborers for the rocket program. More people died manufacturing the V-2 than were killed by its deployment.

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Relay contacts were made more durable to withstand vibration and prevent thrust cut-off just after lift-off.

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Ruggles, Richard; Brodie, Henry (1947). "An Empirical Approach to Economic Intelligence in World War II".

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One engine in the Exhibit Hall adjacent to the Blockhouse building on the Historic Cape Canaveral Tour in

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At a Crossbow meeting on 15 January 1945 Pile's updated plan was presented with some strong advocacy from

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Captured V-2 on public display in Antwerp, 1945. Exhaust vanes and external rudders in tail section shown.

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Fuel combustion chamber recovered from the sea near Clacton at the East Essex Aviation Museum, St Oysth.

2430: 2140: 1993: 1989: 1506: 959: 670: 5597: 5455: 3819: 2519: 1521:

described flying over a site during a launch and his wingman firing at the missile without hitting it.

3805: 2236:, bound for Japan in May 1945 when the war ended in Europe. The fate of these V-2 rockets is unknown. 2099:, had a reputation for brutality and had originated the idea of using concentration camp prisoners as 1950: 1651:

inform Parliament, and the world, that England had been under rocket attack "for the last few weeks".

1252:

Through mid-March 1944, only four of the 26 successful Blizna launches had satisfactorily reached the

771:

rocket engines, supersonic aerodynamics, gyroscopic guidance and rudders in jet control. At the time,

7138: 6836: 3242: 2878: 2493: 2406: 2334: 1557: 1324: 1166:

This third day of October, 1942, is the first of a new era in transportation, that of space travel...

653:, a collaborator of Oberth, by experimenting with rockets, including public demonstrations of manned 6583:

Hermann Ludewig Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

5295: 2755:

A reconstruction of a V-2 missile containing multiple original recovered parts is on display at the

1922:

The extent of damage caused to a London residential area due to a single V-2 strike in January 1945.

7045: 7035: 6931: 6885: 6821: 6239: 5324:

Space Policy in Developing Countries: The Search for Security and Development on the Final Frontier

4341: 3160: 3091: 3062: 3051: 2882: 2800: 2714:

transporter. The rocket has the most complete set of guidance components of all surviving A4s. The

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Construction, Theoretical, and Experimental Solution to the Problem of the Liquid Propellant Rocket

567: 422: 31: 2275: 1560:

was responsible for the operational use of V-2. Three launch battalions were formed in late 1943,

7195: 7088: 7010: 6941: 6909: 6897: 6601: 4758: 4287: 3745:

Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990

3206: 3109: 3008: 2590: 2376: 2372: 2187: 2026: 1941: 1225: 1191: 1120: 1105: 1038: 845: 837: 810: 779: 3408:"Am Anfang war die V2. Vom Beginn der Weltraumschifffahrt in Deutschland". In: Utz Thimm (ed.): 2438: 1635:

Bernard Browning on leave from the Royal Engineers, and one that hit Epping with no casualties.

4867: 2498: 1478:

After the Operation Crossbow bombing, initial plans for launching from the massive underground

1262:) on re-entry into the atmosphere. (As mentioned above, one rocket was collected by the Polish 7145: 7124: 6739: 6734: 6582: 6553: 6530: 6501: 6475: 6456: 6434: 6411: 6393: 6385: 6369: 6339: 5661: 5634: 5359: 5328: 5128: 5051: 5047: 4629: 4537: 4519: 4466: 4321: 4248: 4210: 4186: 4012: 3961: 3929: 3777: 3748: 3723: 3698: 3668: 3656: 3576: 3497: 3435: 3413: 3331: 3135: 2434: 2330: 2006: 1997: 1896: 1892: 1879: 1648: 1620: 1514: 1317: 1011:

vanes in the jet stream at the exit of the motor. These 8 control surfaces were controlled by

919: 705: 686: 624: 608: 595: 591: 485: 474: 442: 71: 5913: 5425: 5353: 5322: 4944: 4317: 4310: 4154: 1112:

pattern, which aided in determining if the rocket was spinning around its longitudinal axis.

6722: 6547: 5699: 4511: 4279: 3121: 3019: 2814: 2720:

is the most complete of the three examples known to exist. Another A4 was on display at the

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From 1950 to 1969, the research done on the Super V-2 program was repurposed to develop the

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The psychological effect of the V-2 was considerable, as the V-2, traveling faster than the

1678: 1413:

On 7 July 1943, Major General Dornberger, von Braun, and Dr. Steinhof briefed Hitler in his

1240:

Fins were shaped with clearance to prevent damage as the exhaust jet expanded with altitude.

1012: 950: 734: 730: 710: 563: 536: 450: 439: 4594: 2375:

attempted to launch a German V-2 rocket at sea—- one test launch from the aircraft carrier

2151:. The V-2 did not affect the outcome of the war, but it resulted in the development of the 1127:

The original German designation of the rocket was "V2", unhyphenated – exactly as used for

981:. Amatol had the advantage of stability, and the warhead was protected by a thick layer of 763:

to initiate the funding of university research to solve rocket problems. By late 1941, the

7098: 7020: 6951: 6936: 6696: 6640: 6558: 6283: 6138: 5799: 5443: 5432: 5101: 4951: 4904: 4159: 4072: 4032: 3381: 3369: 3234: 3192: 2522: 2450: 2394: 2383: 2280: 2136: 2047: 1973: 1945: 1729:

During the succeeding months about 3,172 V-2 rockets were fired at the following targets:

1491: 1340: 1328: 1316:

On 8 January 1943, Dornberger and von Braun met with Speer. Speer stated, "As head of the

1299: 1137: 1082: 1016: 540: 410: 5960: 5535: 4789: 3362: 3327: 2852:

in Peenemünde, where it is displayed near what remains of the factory where it was built.

1221:

To reduce tank pressure and weight, rapid flow turbopumps were used to increase pressure.

574:

hardware to build approximately 80 of the missiles. The Soviets gained possession of the

6362: 5815: 4976: 4499: 7057: 6904: 6809: 6783: 6754: 6310:. U.S. Air Force Space Command: Government Printing Office. p. 143. Archived from 5741: 5223: 5078:. U.S. Air Force Space Command: Government Printing Office. p. 143. Archived from 4841: 4500:"'Flying Gas Mains': Rumour, Secrecy, and Morale during the V-2 Bombardment of Britain" 3220: 3029: 2937: 2839: 2672: 2506:

Between May and September of 1946, CEPA, the forerunner to today's French space agency

2446: 2365: 2348: 2167:

A submarine-towed launch platform was tested successfully, making it the prototype for

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beat us to it", as the attacks ended with the Allied capture of their launching areas.

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After successes at Kummersdorf with the first two Aggregate series rockets, Braun and

7189: 7103: 7083: 7078: 7015: 6946: 6788: 6778: 6744: 5907: 5262: 5040: 5016: 4676: 4066:

Helmut Hoelzer's Fully Electronic Analog Computer used in the German V2 (A4) rockets.

3861:

Peter Broucek (2008). "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945", p 163.

2912: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2178: 2113: 1954: 1753: 1624: 1605: 1495: 1448: 1217:

Various design issues were identified and solved during V-2 development and testing:

1078: 1063: 955: 915: 879: 802: 760: 722: 306: 132: 115: 4380: 1532: 473:

rocket also became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the

7131: 6729: 6671: 6624: 4977:"V2ROCKET.COM – Den Haag (The Hague, Wassenaar, Hoek van Holland (Hook of Holland)" 4650: 3895: 3608: 2997: 2710: 2550: 2477: 2442: 2387: 2245: 2121: 2088: 2067: 2013: 1871: 1702: 1585: 1472: 1332: 1310: 1211: 1170: 1067: 1054: 989: 978: 772: 742: 658: 454: 396: 137: 81: 3958:

Preludes to U.S. Space-Launch Vehicle Technology: Goddard Rockets to Minuteman III

2593:

was a licensed copy of the Soviet R-2; this design was produced during the 1960s.

2562:

rocket, including all support procedures, tailored vehicles and fuel composition.

1045:

to the target were known. Fin 1 of the missile was aligned to the target azimuth.

484:

Research of military use of long-range rockets began when the graduate studies of

6427: 6405: 6333: 5655: 5566: 3320: 6977: 6831: 6429:

The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era

6303: 5916:(in German). Förderverein Peenemünde „Peenemünde – Geburtsort der Raumfahrt" e.V 5071: 3928:. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 740–753. 3322:

The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era

3004: 2964:

A steam generating chamber on display at the National Space Centre in Leicester.

2721: 2606: 2148: 1907: 1713: 1686: 1666: 1422: 1279: 1115: 1049: 1007:

The V-2 was guided by four external rudders on the tail fins, and four internal

993: 904: 791: 768: 738: 690: 612: 489: 5793:

Australia's Nazi rockets: How German V-2 flying bombs made their way Down Under

794:" to maintain German morale, so he authorized its deployment in large numbers. 7050: 6967: 6846: 6804: 6654: 6588: 6235: 6213: 5598:"Helmut Groettrup … the captured Russian who was Russian POW rocket scientist" 3290: 3250: 3182: 3025: 2838:

One rusty engine in the original V-2 underground production facilities at the

2783: 2357: 2314: 2302: 2080: 1811: 1483: 1292: 1109: 1026: 982: 798: 733:

project was postponed due to unfavorable aerodynamic stability testing of the

654: 650: 180: 165: 6154: 4523: 2305:

tanks, gyroscopes, and associated equipment were brought to the railyards in

2244:

At the end of the war, a competition began between the United States and the

1661:

Positions of the German launch units changed a number of times. For example,

1631:, killing 63-year-old Mrs. Ada Harrison, three-year-old Rosemary Clarke, and 6987: 6628: 6325: 3139: 2955: 2671:

A rusty V-2 engine in the original underground production facilities at the

2511: 2469: 2096: 1928: 1848: 1793: 1717: 1655: 1609: 1565: 1444: 1344: 1331:

and V-2 automatic long-range weapons. In attendance were Speer, Air Marshal

1263: 1034: 942: 833: 776: 501: 458: 415: 110: 4515: 775:

was not particularly impressed by the V-2; he opined that it was merely an

50: 5685: 5436: 4065: 551:, and capture the V-2s' launching sites. Von Braun and more than 100 core 6856: 6851: 6771: 6252: 3116:

Combustion chambers and other components plus a U.S. built engine at the

2776: 2298: 2209: 2156: 2092: 2021: 1830: 1741: 1643: 1628: 1303: 1174:

A sectioned V-2 engine on display at the Deutsches Museum, Munich (2006).

1141:

magazine were using the hyphenated form "V-2" as early as December 1944.

1008: 935: 889: 662: 513: 478: 6593: 999: 492:. A series of prototypes culminated in the A4, which went to war as the 6816: 5701:

Report on operation 'Backfire' Recording and analysis of the trajectory

4546: 4291: 2961:

A turbo pump unit on display at the National Space Centre in Leicester.

2941: 2631: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2570: 2526: 2333:. Devices were sent aloft to sample the air at all levels to determine 2253:, and seven others decided to surrender to the United States military ( 2225: 2100: 1851:, south-east London. British intelligence sent false reports via their 1821: 1801: 1775: 1771: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1694: 1690: 1670: 1584:

500 was formed, and by October, the SS under the command of SS Lt. Gen

1569: 1537: 1309:

On 22 December 1942, Hitler signed the order for mass production, when

1253: 1074: 1042: 931: 923: 869: 849: 741:

scale test model, using a motor redesigned from the troublesome A-3 by

509: 294: 58: 6311: 5420:

See: Johan A.M. Bleeker, Johannes Geiss, and Martin C.E. Huber, ed.s,

5102:"The 8th of September 1944 AD, First German V2 rocket lands on London" 5079: 4842:""The Watch on the Rhine" Everyday Life of the Soldiers at the Bridge" 3881:"Operation Crossbow – Preliminary missions for the Operation Overlord" 2663:

V-2 rocket located at the Australian War Memorial Treloar Centre Annex

938:. Both the alcohol and oxygen tanks were an aluminum-magnesium alloy. 6382:

Impact: An Operational History of Germany's V Weapons in World War II

4818: 4816: 4128: 4054:

The History of Spacecraft Computers from the V-2 to the Space Station

3770:

Planet Dora: A Memoir of the Holocaust and the Birth of the Space Age

3546:. New York: The Viking Press, Inc. pp. 17–18, 120, 122–123, 132. 2923: 2818: 2182: 1767: 1698: 1654:

In September 1944, control of the V-2 mission was transferred to the

1632: 1593: 1510: 974: 715: 505: 262: 5883:"Geek Pilgrimage: V2 rocket engine – Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin" 5631:

Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961

5424:, vol. 1 (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001) 4283: 1552:

formed during the last days of November 1943 in France commanded by

6324:

24,000 fighters could have been produced instead of the inaccurate

4628:(in Dutch). Middelburg: Den Boer Middelburg/Uitgevers. p. 98. 4043:

War machine encyclopedia, Limited publishing, London 1983 p 1690–92

3848:

Hansjakob Stehle (5 January 1996). "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus".

2679: 1875:

launch trailer was observed being elevated to launch position by a

1231:

Film cooling was used to prevent burn-through at the nozzle throat.

17: 5482: 5224:"Hitler's Rocket U-boat Program – history of WW2 rocket submarine" 5197: 2860: 2724:

at Point Cook outside Melbourne. Both rockets are now in Canberra.

2678: 2666: 2658: 2540: 2497: 2416: 2347: 2338: 2274: 2194: 1949: 1917: 1876: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1757: 1707: 1531: 1458: 1323:

On 26 May 1943, the Long-Range Bombardment Commission, chaired by

1278: 1182:, the remnants of which landed in Sweden on 13 June 1944, and one 1169: 1114: 998: 973:

The warhead was another source of trouble. The explosive used was

859: 607: 599: 300: 6567:"Reconstruction, restoration & refurbishment of a V-2 rocket" 6335:

Despatch on War Operations: 23rd February, 1942, to 8th May, 1945

3363:"Long-range" in the context of the time. See NASA history article 3279:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 27, 74. 2888:

The RAF Museum has two rockets, one of which is displayed at its

2502:

Véronique R rocket, derived from the Super-V2 program, circa 1950

1471:

For a description of the V-2 launch equipment and procedure, see

824:

managed to send exact drawings of the V-2 rocket to the American

558:

personnel surrendered to the Americans, and many of the original

337:

206 km (128 mi) maximum altitude if launched vertically

334:

88 km (55 mi) maximum altitude on long-range trajectory

5269: 4569:

History of the European Axis nations during the Second World War

2933:, Carlisle Airport as part of the Blue Streak Rocket exhibition. 2507: 1857: 1682: 718:, named for the German word for mechanism or mechanical system. 704:

At the time, many Germans were interested in American physicist

539:, impacted without audible warning, and proved unstoppable. No 6597: 6206:"V-2 Rocket on Display at the White Sands Missile Range Museum" 5660:. German Canadian Museum of Applied History. pp. 179–180. 4163:. Vol. 17, no. 26. 25 December 1944. pp. 46–48. 3410:

Warum ist es nachts dunkel? Was wir vom Weltall wirklich wissen

4624:

van Dijk, A.H.; Eekman, P.G.; Roelse, J.; Tuynman, J. (1984).

2734:

One example, partly skeletonized, is in the collection of the

2600: 2135:, gave no warning before impact (unlike bombing planes or the 517: 6455:. Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. 5399: 681:

motor tests. Von Braun was working on his doctorate when the

645:

or "Rocket Rumble" fad in the popular media was initiated by

3960:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 67–76. 2569:

proposed an enlarged man-carrying version of the V-2, named

6566: 4185:# (Polish) Michał Wojewódzki, Akcja V-1, V-2, Warsaw 1984, 3145:

One engine in the Auburn University Engineering Laboratory.

2940:

segment of one discovered in April 2012 was donated to the

2228:

in December 1944. A civilian V-2 expert was a passenger on

345: 6364:

Impact: The History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II

5657:

The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program

4312:

Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945

4094:. New York: Arco Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 51, 52. 2046:. The British were able to convince the Germans to direct 1029:, based on electrical signals from the gyros. The Siemens 2433:) they were obliged to relocate to Branch 1 of NII-88 on 1505:

was ever caught in action by Allied aircraft, during the

4898:"65th anniversary of the V2 rocket landing in Orpington" 2382:

was performed on 6 September 1947 as part of the Navy's

1536:

One of the victims of a V-2 that struck Teniers Square,

1302:

facilities of Zeppelin Works. In 1943, a third factory,

6306:; Sullivan, Dr. Brian R (original draft) (March 1999). 4129:"A4 (V2) Raketenfertigung in Friedrichshafen 1942–1945" 4033:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgiMu8A3pi0&t=2036s

3797: 3722:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 100–104. 2904:, a Strabo crane, and a firing table with towing dolly. 1883:

lowered from a near launch-ready 85° elevation to 30°.

1135:

German aircraft design – but U.S. publications such as

578:

manufacturing facilities after the war, re-established

427:'Vengeance Weapon 2'), with the technical name 6527:

The Nazi Rocketeers: Dreams of Space and Crimes of War

2341:

were present. Other instruments measured the level of

2309:, so they could be placed on trucks and driven to the 2095:

had constructed several concentration camps including

1673:) in September 1944. From a field near the village of 3642: 3640: 3157:

Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology

2944:

Sailing Club after they found it buried in a mudflat.

1062:

system or by different types of on-board integrating

604:

Wernher von Braun at Peenemünde Army Research Center.

530:

forced participation in the production of the weapons

6579:, spherical panoramas of the process and milestones. 6498:

V-2: A Combat History of the First Ballistic Missile

5716:"How a Nazi rocket could have put a Briton in space" 4011:. Periscope Film LLC. 2012. pp. 8–9, 135, 144. 3492:; Sharpe, Mitchell R. (2003). Godwin, Robert (ed.). 2577:

similar to, but at least a decade earlier than, the

2070:

quarter was destroyed, killing 511 Dutch civilians.

7162: 7116: 7071: 7003: 6996: 6960: 6870: 6797: 6705: 6664: 6368:. Rockville Centre, New York: Sarpedon Publishers. 6011:"More pictures of V2 recovery operation at Harwich" 4868:"V-2s on Remagen; Attacks on the Ludendorff Bridge" 4782:"Flying Bombs and Rockets, V2 Woolworths New Cross" 4114:

The Birth of the Missile: The Secrets of Peenemünde

3631:

The Peenemünde Raid: The Night of 17–18 August 1943

2813:One complete V2 rocket and several engines at the 1588:, took operational control of all units. He formed 1447:where 5,200 V-2 rockets were built with the use of 1327:director Petersen, met at Peenemünde to review the 387: 363: 344: 327: 315: 286: 269: 257: 249: 241: 233: 225: 220: 209: 192: 172: 161: 151: 146: 103: 92: 87: 77: 66: 41: 6426: 6361: 5039: 4945:"Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence, 1942–2002" 4719:"V2Rocket.com "Antwerp, The City of Sudden Death"" 4309: 3470:. The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press, p.110. 3319: 2845:One rusty engine in Buchenwald concentration camp. 2421:R-1 rocket (V-2 rebuilt by the Soviet Union) on a 1104:The painting of the operational V-2s was mostly a 836:. This information was particularly important for 697:(dated 16 April 1934), was kept classified by the 5805:, 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017. 5194:"This Week in EUCOM History: February 6–12, 1959" 1283:23 June 1943 RAF reconnaissance photo of V-2s at 6562:article on US use of V-2 for scientific research 6407:Tools of War: History of Weapons in Modern Times 5704:. Vol. 5. Ministry of Supply. January 1946. 3991: 3989: 3776:by Béon & Richard L. Fague. Westview Press. 3747:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 72–74. 1178:Two test launches were recovered by the Allies: 785:During early September 1943, Braun promised the 6550:Information Film of Operation Backfire from IWM 5125:Hitler's Terror Weapons: The Price of Vengeance 4271:Journal of the American Statistical Association 4155:"V-2: Nazi Rocket Details Are Finally Revealed" 4116:. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. p. 47. 4009:A-4/V-2 Rocket, Instruction Manual (in English) 3695:Hitler's Terror Weapons: The Price of Vengeance 2193:While interned after the war by the British at 2106: 2087:in 2011) each; 3,225 were launched. SS General 1996:, studied the problem and proposed that enough 1164: 911:264,000 ft after shutting off the engine. 685:gained power in Germany. An artillery captain, 496:. Beginning in September 1944, more than 3,000 6287:National Museum of the United States Air Force 6142:National Museum of the United States Air Force 5458:. U.S. Army, White Sands Missile Range. 2010. 5167:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 357. 4092:German Guided Missiles of the Second World War 3624: 3622: 3099:National Museum of the United States Air Force 2988:National Museum of the United States Air Force 2159:, which were also used for space exploration. 1833:was struck, leaving 567 dead and 291 injured. 1681:. After that the unit moved to the woods near 1129:any Third Reich-era "second prototype" example 582:production, and moved it to the Soviet Union. 378:Müller-type pendulous gyroscopic accelerometer 6609: 6384:.) Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount Publishers. 5961:"V2 (VERGELTUNGS-WAFFE 2) ROCKET (SECTIONED)" 5148:Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969). 4465:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 53–56. 3720:A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 2445:. The German team was indirectly overseen by 2360:launched by US scientists on 24 October 1946. 918:, and the steam was produced by concentrated 914:The fuel and oxidizer pumps were driven by a 832:in order to enable Allied bombers to perform 8: 7236:Peenemünde Army Research Center and Airfield 4737:"Air Raid Precautions – Deaths and injuries" 3615:. London: William Kimber and Co. p. 17. 3496:. Apogee Books Space Series 36. p. 32. 3432:Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War 2991: 2899: 2893: 2770: 2715: 2695:At least 20 V-2s still existed during 2014. 2684: 2172: 1901: 1838: 1500: 1426: 1257: 1096: 1090: 1033:LEV-3 guidance system consisted of two free 1020: 750: 477:(edge of space) with the vertical launch of 380:for engine cutoff on most production rockets 6474:. New Vanguard. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 5914:"Reinhold Krüger (18.02.1930 – 29.05.2005)" 4003: 4001: 3926:History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2850:Historical and Technical Information Centre 1155:For a description of a test explosion, see 356:At impact: 2,880 km/h (1,790 mph) 7000: 6616: 6602: 6594: 6360:King, Benjamin; Kutta, Timothy J. (1998). 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4759:"Mobile Firing Operations & Locations" 4540:, Prime Minister (10 November 1944). 4381:"A Rocket a Day Keeps the High Costs Away" 4200: 4198: 3667:. New York: Harper & Row. p. 45. 3537: 3535: 3533: 3277:Vengeance Weapon 2: The V-2 Guided Missile 2918:A propulsion unit (minus injectors) is in 2472:was launched successfully to orbit by the 2397:rocket is a direct descendant of the V-2. 1349: 848:. The group was gradually captured by the 782:with a longer range and much higher cost. 745:, A-4 design and construction was ordered 596:Wernher von Braun § Career in Germany 199:16 March 1942 – 1945 (Nazi) 38: 30:"V-2" redirects here. For other uses, see 27:World's first long-range ballistic missile 7256:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1944 6332:Harris, Arthur T; Cox, Sebastion (1995). 6234:The White Sands Missile Range exhibit is 6112:Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum 5248:Article in San Diego Times c.25 July 1944 5165:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 4705: 4085: 4083: 4081: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3919: 3917: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3270: 3268: 2647:Learn how and when to remove this message 2177:("Test stand XII"), sometimes termed the 1865:Possible use during Operation Bodenplatte 669:Starting in 1930, von Braun attended the 353:Maximum: 5,760 km/h (3,580 mph) 6392:. Da Capo Press; Reprint edition, 2003: 5182:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 11. 4209:. New York: Stein and Day. p. 100. 3688: 3686: 3684: 3035:One (yellow and black) at Missile Park, 2799:One complete rocket in WWII wing of the 2589:The first Chinese Dongfeng missile, the 2212:in August 1944 on the transport U-boats 2079:at a cost of approximately 100,000 7266:World War II guided missiles of Germany 5341:from the original on 20 September 2017. 4626:Walcheren onder vuur en water 1939–1945 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4056:, 2010, PRB Publishing, ASIN B004L626U6 3404: 3402: 3264: 3112:in about 2005 when the museum closed). 2181:. If deployed, it would have allowed a 852:and most of the members were executed. 566:, where they were relocated as part of 7170:Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum 5489:from the original on 30 September 2011 5372:from the original on 20 September 2017 5074:; Sullivan, Dr. Brian R (March 1999). 4963: 4848:from the original on 23 September 2015 4485: 4207:V-1, V-2: Hitler's Vengeance on London 3633:. New York: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 19. 3393: 2950:A gyroscope unit is on display at the 1256:target area due to in-flight breakup ( 749:1938–39. During 28–30 September 1939, 5722:from the original on 14 November 2016 5610:from the original on 27 February 2020 5515:from the original on 20 February 2014 5462:from the original on 2 September 2013 5112:from the original on 7 December 2009. 4987:from the original on 23 February 2018 4878:from the original on 14 November 2014 4844:. Friedensmuseum Brücke von Remagen. 4687:from the original on 15 December 2013 4575:from the original on 17 November 2018 3430:Neufeld, Michael (11 November 2008). 3326:. New York: The Free Press. pp. 3293:rockets used a guide beam for cutoff. 3255: – German surface-to-air missile 2597:Surviving V-2 examples and components 2169:submarine-launched ballistic missiles 2066:, but due to navigational errors the 1869:At least one V-2 missile on a mobile 1617:liberated less than two weeks earlier 1070:problems a rapid cutoff could cause. 639:The Rocket into Interplanetary Spaces 7: 7221:German inventions of the Nazi period 5856:"A-4-Rakete ("V2"), 1945 (Original)" 5748:from the original on 30 October 2016 4822:Blitz Street; Channel 4, 10 May 2010 4769:from the original on 13 August 2007. 4657:from the original on 4 February 2016 4387:from the original on 3 November 2008 4348:from the original on 4 February 2009 3344:from the original on 28 October 2019 3247: – 1973 novel by Thomas Pynchon 2848:One replica was constructed for the 2629:adding citations to reliable sources 528:prisoners died as a result of their 438:), was the world's first long-range 6548:"The German A4 Rocket (Main Title)" 6238:rocket #FZ04/20919 captured during 5546:from the original on 4 January 2016 5302:from the original on 23 August 2009 4554:from the original on 20 April 2014. 4316:. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 2920:Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum 2413:German influence on Soviet rocketry 2153:intercontinental ballistic missiles 1984:Anti-aircraft gun system (proposed) 1568:, Artillerie Abteilung 485 (Mot.), 1490:bunkers or from fixed pads such as 592:Wernher von Braun § Early life 562:team transferred their work to the 6589:German footage of V-2 launch tests 6021:from the original on 1 April 2012. 5774:from the original on 20 March 2016 5596:Cutter, Paul (29 September 2009). 5577:from the original on 10 April 2016 5567:"History of the Gorodomlya Island" 5027:from the original on 19 July 2013. 4747:from the original on 8 March 2007. 4498:Hall, Charlie (28 February 2022). 4167:from the original on 28 April 2016 3830:from the original on 12 April 2020 3822:[On the traitor network]. 3808:from the original on 29 June 2014. 3434:. Vintage. pp. 52–54, 62–64. 3168:New Mexico Museum of Space History 3106:United States Army Ordnance Museum 2482:intercontinental ballistic missile 1184:recovered by the Polish resistance 1098:Lehr- und Versuchsbatterie No. 444 293:3,810 kg (8,400 lb) 75% 253:3.56 m (11 ft 8 in) 25: 6513:Twentieth Century British History 5881:Turner, Adam (6 September 2015). 5768:"Treloar Centre ACT. 7 July 2009" 5230:from the original on 3 April 2010 5200:. 6 February 2012. Archived from 4831:Ordway & Sharpe 1979, p. 256. 4725:from the original on 3 July 2015. 4504:Twentieth Century British History 4442:from the original on 25 July 2019 4407:"Antwerp, "City of Sudden Death"" 4112:Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (1965) . 2842:concentration camp memorial site. 2708:, Canberra, including a complete 2675:concentration camp memorial site. 2456:The first Soviet missile was the 1417:. Also in attendance were Speer, 1190:and transported to the UK during 797:The V-2s were constructed at the 787:Long-Range Bombardment Commission 449:engine, was developed during the 374:Gyroscopes to determine direction 245:1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) 237:14 m (45 ft 11 in) 6842:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten) 6210:White Sands Missile Range Museum 5770:. NSW Rocketry Association Inc. 5629:Maddrell, Paul (February 2006). 4911:, Orpington, Kent, 2 April 2010. 4413:from the original on 3 July 2015 4135:from the original on 5 June 2019 3902:from the original on 31 May 2011 3227: 3213: 3199: 3185: 3003:One (chessboard-painted) at the 2786:museum, Wizernes, Pas de Calais. 2605: 2557:During October 1945, the Allied 2037:Direct attack and disinformation 844:, both preliminary missions for 634:Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen 467:Allied bombings of German cities 49: 7031:Upper Atmosphere Research Panel 6983:WWII guided missiles of Germany 6257:Stafford Air & Space Museum 5355:APOLLO: A Decade of Achievement 4605:from the original on 1 May 2018 4547:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3166:One engine and tail section at 3077:Stafford Air & Space Museum 2616:needs additional citations for 2354:first photo of Earth from space 2293:recruited German engineers and 1891:After the US Army captured the 1372:15 September to 29 October 1944 677:), where he assisted Oberth in 623:During the late 1920s, a young 305:4,910 kg (10,820 lb) 265:(explosive weight: 910 kg) 261:1,000 kg (2,200 lb); 229:12,500 kg (27,600 lb) 156:Peenemünde Army Research Center 7246:Short-range ballistic missiles 7041:White Sands V-2 Launching Site 6554:'"Chute Saves Rockets Secrets" 6472:V-2 Ballistic Missile, 1942–52 6083:"V-2 Steam Generating Chamber" 5565:Zak, Anatoly (5 August 2012). 4810:Jones RV; Most Secret War 1978 3657:Braun, Wernher von (Estate of) 3468:The Race for Hitler's X-Planes 3129:Museum of Science and Industry 3088:U.S. Space & Rocket Center 3059:U.S. Space & Rocket Center 2757:Armia Krajowa Museum in Kraków 2567:British Interplanetary Society 1968:Big Ben and Operation Crossbow 1509:attack on 1 January 1945 near 1396:15 January to 15 February 1945 1388:24 November to 15 January 1945 1380:29 October to 24 November 1944 1188:Blizna V-2 missile launch site 570:. The US also captured enough 520:documentary, the attacks from 504:against Allied targets, first 465:cities as retaliation for the 210: 1: 7241:Ballistic missiles of Germany 7063:Operations Sandy and Pushover 6518:Huzel, Dieter K. (ca. 1965). 6451:; Sharpe, Mitchell R (1979). 6184:National Air and Space Museum 5986:"German Army V2 (Assembly 4)" 5327:. Routledge. pp. 34–35. 4550:. Commons. col. 1653-4. 4463:German V-Weapon Sites 1943–45 4366:Ordway & Sharpe 1979 p256 4342:"V-Weapons Crossbow Campaign" 3983:V2 Factory: Nordhausen 070723 3772:. translated from the French 3016:National Air and Space Museum 2833:Deutsches Historisches Museum 1960:Deutsches Historisches Museum 1887:Tactical use on German target 1267: 813:where 20,000 prisoners died. 746: 675:Technische Universität Berlin 7201:German V-2 rocket facilities 6682:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 6529:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 6525:Piszkiewicz, Dennis (1995). 6433:. New York: The Free Press. 6425:Neufeld, Michael J. (1995). 6289:. Retrieved: 3 January 2017. 6144:. Retrieved: 3 January 2017. 6108:"Mittelwerk GmbH V-2 Rocket" 5422:The Century of Space Science 5046:. Harper & Row. p. 3629:Middlebrook, Martin (1982). 3275:Kennedy, Gregory P. (1983). 3048:Marshall Space Flight Center 2929:A complete turbo-pump is at 2449:, one of the leaders of the 2120:The V-2 consumed a third of 1123:cut-away diagram of the V-2. 1077:of Berlin developed the V-2 1073:Dr. Friedrich Kirchstein of 826:Office of Strategic Services 445:. The missile, powered by a 6410:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. 5633:. Oxford University Press. 4922:"Barking and Dagenham Post" 4595:"A4/V2 Sites in Westerwald" 4542:"German Long-Range Rockets" 4090:Pocock, Rowland F. (1967). 3542:Dornberger, Walter (1954). 3318:Neufeld, Michael J (1995). 3118:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center 2826:German Museum of Technology 2311:White Sands Proving Grounds 2201:might not expect more, but 2171:. The project codename was 1406: 1398: 1390: 1382: 1374: 1366: 1204:White Sands Proving Grounds 1025:, via electrical-hydraulic 617:German Museum of Technology 7287: 7251:Space programme of Germany 6687:LXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht) 6338:. F. Cass. p. xliii. 5511:. centennialofflight.net. 5321:Robert C. Harding (2012). 5261:concerning the sinking of 3826:(in German). 4 June 2010. 3466:Christopher, John (2013). 3457:(1960), Stuttgart, Germany 3104:(one was transferred from 2981:Flying Heritage Collection 2491: 2410: 2404: 2268: 1939: 1470: 1290: 1154: 1148: 589: 29: 6635: 6496:Dungan, Tracy D. (2005). 6282:26 September 2015 at the 6186:. Smithsonian Institution 6137:27 September 2015 at the 5798:29 September 2017 at the 5281:"We Want with the West", 5106:information-britain.co.uk 4950:20 September 2017 at the 4903:10 September 2016 at the 4786:flyingbombsandrockets.com 4245:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 3585:English translation 1954. 3037:White Sands Missile Range 2892:. The Museum also owns a 2736:Nationaal Militair Museum 1665:arrived in the southwest 1492:near the Château du Molay 1151:List of V-2 test launches 1058:, ground-controlled by a 977:detonated by an electric 535:The rockets travelled at 461:" and assigned to attack 323:320 km (200 mi) 281: 78:Place of origin 48: 7211:1944 in military history 6798:Construction and bunkers 6500:. Westholme Publishing. 6132:"V-2 with Meillerwagen". 5442:13 November 2012 at the 5358:. JS Blume. p. 19. 5163:Rhodes, Richard (1995). 5150:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952 4127:Kliebenschedel, Thomas. 3697:. Collins. p. 181. 3412:. Kosmos, 2006, p. 158, 2573:. It could have enabled 2205:(Hitler) certainly did. 2147:sympathizers with their 1198:, and after the war, at 1186:on 30 May 1944 from the 543:existed. Teams from the 447:liquid-propellant rocket 6927:Operation Crossbow Site 6862:Fortress of Mimoyecques 6520:Peenemünde to Canaveral 6515:, 33:1, pp. 52–79. 6470:Zaloga, Steven (2003). 6449:Ordway, Frederick I III 5936:"V2 Rocket, A4 missile" 5842:"V2-Rakete (A4-Rakete)" 5456:"V-2 Rocket Components" 5042:Disturbing the Universe 5038:Dyson, Freeman (1979). 4651:"The last V2 on London" 4461:Zaloga, Steven (2008). 4433:"LXV Armeekorps z.b.V." 4229:Neufeld 1995 pp.221,222 4205:Johnson, David (1982). 3924:Sutton, George (2006). 3896:"The A4-V2 Rocket Site" 3665:Space Travel: A History 3661:Ordway III, Frederick I 3490:Ordway, Frederick I III 3150:Cape Canaveral, Florida 3041:White Sands, New Mexico 2803:(Army Museum) in Paris. 2706:Australian War Memorial 2575:sub-orbital spaceflight 2064:large-scale bombardment 1600:with Art. Abt. 485 and 1364:Up to 15 September 1944 1200:Cuxhaven by the British 673:in Charlottenburg (now 202:Some assembled post-war 7271:London in World War II 5990:Royal Air Force Museum 5654:Reuter, Claus (2000). 5352:Paul I. Casey (2013). 5178:Herken, Gregg (1985). 4241:Inside the Third Reich 4239:Speer, Albert (1995). 4075:(PDF, English, German) 3820:"Im Netz der Verräter" 3368:7 January 2009 at the 3172:Alamogordo, New Mexico 2992: 2931:Solway Aviation Museum 2909:Royal Engineers Museum 2900: 2894: 2866: 2771: 2750:Polish Aviation Museum 2716: 2692: 2685: 2676: 2664: 2554: 2503: 2437:in Lake Seliger where 2426: 2361: 2307:Las Cruces, New Mexico 2287: 2173: 2110: 2018:Charles Drummond Ellis 1964: 1923: 1902: 1839: 1721: 1554:General der Artillerie 1541: 1501: 1468: 1427: 1288: 1258: 1175: 1168: 1124: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1048:Some later V-2s used " 1021: 1004: 901:supersonic wind tunnel 865: 864:Layout of a V2 rocket. 751: 693:. Von Braun's thesis, 620: 615:model of an A4 in the 605: 516:. According to a 2011 414: 179:January 1944: 100,000 6997:Post-WWII development 6920:Bombing of Peenemünde 6847:La Coupole (Wizernes) 6404:Ramsey, Syed (2016). 6308:"'Space Power Theory" 6087:National Space Center 6062:National Space Center 6037:National Space Center 5887:Sydney Morning Herald 5682:"Véronique and Vesta" 5534:Zak, Anatoly (2012). 5431:28 April 2016 at the 5076:"'Space Power Theory" 4706:King & Kutta 1998 4379:(27 September 1993). 4071:28 April 2016 at the 3956:Hunley, J.D. (2008). 3081:Weatherford, Oklahoma 2990:, including complete 2983:, Everett, Washington 2952:National Space Centre 2864: 2682: 2670: 2662: 2544: 2501: 2431:Operation Osoaviakhim 2420: 2351: 2335:atmospheric pressures 2278: 2141:William Liscum Borden 1994:Anti-Aircraft Command 1990:Frederick Alfred Pile 1953: 1921: 1711: 1535: 1507:Operation Bodenplatte 1462: 1282: 1173: 1118: 1002: 863: 726:using road vehicles. 671:Technische Hochschule 611: 603: 590:Further information: 500:were launched by the 185:March 1945: 50,000 RM 6827:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent 6750:Army Research Center 6522:. Prentice Hall Inc. 5965:Imperial War Museums 5940:Science Museum Group 5536:"End of a honeymoon" 5204:on 21 September 2012 4516:10.1093/tcbh/hwab029 4344:. Allworldwars.com. 4247:. pp. 496–497. 3743:Hunt, Linda (1991). 3028:Air Defense Museum, 2879:Cranfield University 2625:improve this article 2531:Ariane rocket family 2494:French space program 2480:, the world's first 2407:Soviet space program 2325:initially named the 2279:US test launch of a 1847:department store in 1837:batteries where the 1720:later that same day. 1712:Ruined buildings at 1592:with Art. Abt. 836, 1574:Artillerie Abteilung 1562:Artillerie Abteilung 1463:A V-2 launched from 1356:Period of production 1224:A short and lighter 1106:ragged-edged pattern 967:regenerative cooling 945:, rotating at 4,000 872:/25% water mixture ( 830:Allied general staff 765:Army Research Center 759:) conference met at 752:Der Tag der Weisheit 679:liquid-fueled rocket 488:were noticed by the 7231:Operation Paperclip 7046:V-2 sounding rocket 7036:Operation Paperclip 6932:Operation Aphrodite 6692:Peenemünde Airfield 6240:Special Mission V-2 5688:on 20 October 2007. 5571:RussianSpaceWeb.com 5540:RussianSpaceWeb.com 5402:on 14 December 2013 5296:"Wernher von Braun" 5123:Irons, Roy (2002). 5017:"Mittelwerk / DORA" 4792:on 14 December 2012 4653:. West End at War. 4436:www.axishistory.com 4052:Stakem, Patrick H. 3981:The History Channel 3883:. 19 February 2016. 3768:Béon, Yves (1997). 3718:Hakim, Joy (1995). 3693:Irons, Roy (2002). 3646:Christopher, p.111. 3583:. New York: Viking. 3161:St. Louis, Missouri 3134:One rocket body at 3097:Two engines at the 3092:Huntsville, Alabama 3063:Huntsville, Alabama 3052:Huntsville, Alabama 2883:Imperial War Museum 2295:Special Mission V-2 2291:Operation Paperclip 2271:V-2 sounding rocket 2255:Operation Paperclip 2053:Double-Cross System 1853:Double-Cross System 1697:from 25 September ( 1663:Artillerie Init 444 1528:Operational history 1517:aircraft, although 1352: 1081:for motor-cut-off ( 928:sodium permanganate 818:Austrian resistance 586:Development history 568:Operation Paperclip 7226:Operation Crossbow 7153:Operation Crossbow 7094:Operation Backfire 7011:Republic-Ford JB-2 6942:Operation Teardrop 6910:Operation Crossbow 6898:Operation Most III 6767:The Bäckebo rocket 6556:, September 1947, 6314:on 3 February 2009 6216:on 3 February 2020 5912:Klaus Felgentreu. 5816:"Ekspozycja stała" 5285:, 9 December 1946. 5082:on 3 February 2009 3798:"Dora and the V–2" 3577:Dornberger, Walter 3207:Spaceflight portal 3127:One engine at the 3110:Aberdeen, Maryland 3086:One engine at the 3075:One engine at the 3009:Hutchinson, Kansas 2867: 2831:One engine at the 2824:One engine at the 2693: 2683:V-2 on display in 2677: 2665: 2559:Operation Backfire 2555: 2546:Operation Backfire 2504: 2427: 2366:Hermes B-1 vehicle 2362: 2288: 2188:Operation Teardrop 2081:ℛ︁ℳ︁ 1998:anti-aircraft guns 1965: 1942:Operation Crossbow 1924: 1722: 1658:and Division z.V. 1640:British government 1542: 1469: 1350: 1289: 1226:combustion chamber 1192:Operation Most III 1180:the Bäckebo rocket 1176: 1125: 1039:PIGA accelerometer 1005: 868:The A4 used a 75% 866: 846:Operation Overlord 838:Operation Crossbow 811:concentration camp 621: 606: 549:missile technology 526:concentration camp 147:Production history 7261:Wernher von Braun 7183: 7182: 7146:Ministry of Space 7139:Gravity's Rainbow 7125:Battle of the V-1 7112: 7111: 6740:Walter Dornberger 6735:Wernher von Braun 6481:978-1-84176-541-9 6440:978-0-02-922895-1 6417:978-93-86019-83-7 5667:978-1-894643-05-4 5640:978-0-19-926750-7 5509:"Redstone rocket" 5365:978-0-9847163-0-2 5334:978-1-136-25789-6 5226:. Uboataces.com. 5134:978-0-00-711262-3 5057:978-0-465-01677-8 4681:World War 2 Facts 4677:"V2 Rocket Facts" 4538:Winston Churchill 4472:978-1-84603-247-9 4254:978-1-84212-735-3 4216:978-0-8128-2858-0 4018:978-1-937684-76-1 3967:978-0-8130-3177-4 3935:978-1-56347-649-5 3704:978-0-00-711262-3 3380:Neufeld, 1995 pp 3337:978-0-02-922895-1 3244:Gravity's Rainbow 3140:Dover, New Jersey 3136:Picatinny Arsenal 2974:Complete missiles 2657: 2656: 2649: 2581:flights of 1961. 2435:Gorodomlya Island 2331:space exploration 2327:"V2 Rocket Panel" 2163:Unfulfilled plans 1897:Battle of Remagen 1893:Ludendorff Bridge 1880:4th Fighter Group 1649:Winston Churchill 1515:4th Fighter Group 1411: 1410: 1318:Todt organisation 1248:Air burst problem 1210:by the U.S., and 920:hydrogen peroxide 899:Rudolf Hermann's 856:Technical details 757:The Day of Wisdom 706:Robert H. Goddard 687:Walter Dornberger 627:bought a copy of 625:Wernher von Braun 541:effective defense 537:supersonic speeds 486:Wernher von Braun 481:on 20 June 1944. 443:ballistic missile 426: 403: 402: 72:ballistic missile 56:Peenemünde Museum 16:(Redirected from 7278: 7175:Monkeys in space 7001: 6973:Aggregat rockets 6893:Polish Home Army 6723:Greifswalder Oie 6618: 6611: 6604: 6595: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6485: 6466: 6444: 6432: 6421: 6379: 6367: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6290: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6249: 6243: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6212:. Archived from 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6151: 6145: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6058:"V-2 Turbo Pump" 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5860:Deutsches Museum 5852: 5846: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5812: 5806: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5684:. Archived from 5678: 5672: 5671: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5483:"Hermes Program" 5481:Beggs, William. 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5452: 5446: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5398:. Archived from 5392:"V2 Information" 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5292: 5286: 5279: 5273: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5045: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4981:www.v2rocket.com 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4943:Jeremy Stocker, 4941: 4926: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4811: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4788:. Archived from 4780:Stephen Henden. 4777: 4771: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4649:Bisbach, Emily. 4646: 4640: 4639: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4599:www.v2rocket.com 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4409:. v2rocket.com. 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4315: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4202: 4193: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4076: 4063: 4057: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4005: 3996: 3993: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3953: 3940: 3939: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3690: 3679: 3678: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3605: 3586: 3584: 3573: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3508: 3507: 3486: 3471: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3427: 3421: 3406: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3330:, 74, 101, 281. 3325: 3315: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3272: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3122:Dulles, Virginia 3020:Washington, D.C. 2995: 2903: 2897: 2815:Deutsches Museum 2801:Musée de l'Armée 2774: 2772:Cité de l'espace 2719: 2690: 2687:Musée de l'Armée 2652: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2609: 2601: 2579:Mercury-Redstone 2343:cosmic radiation 2337:and to see what 2251:Magnus von Braun 2224:, which reached 2176: 2116: 2086: 1963:, Berlin (2014). 1905: 1842: 1679:Dutch Resistance 1582:Werfer-Abteilung 1504: 1430: 1353: 1269: 1261: 1100: 1094: 1024: 951:ambient pressure 820:group including 754: 748: 581: 577: 573: 564:Redstone Arsenal 561: 557: 523: 499: 495: 472: 459:vengeance weapon 451:Second World War 421: 416:Vergeltungswaffe 347: 212: 53: 44: 39: 21: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7216:1944 in science 7206:1944 in Germany 7186: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7158: 7108: 7099:Project Big Ben 7067: 7021:PGM-11 Redstone 6992: 6961:Related weapons 6956: 6952:Barrage balloon 6937:Operation Diver 6915:Operation Hydra 6874:countermeasures 6866: 6793: 6701: 6697:Kawanishi Baika 6660: 6641:V-1 flying bomb 6631: 6622: 6572: 6570: 6565: 6559:Popular Science 6544: 6493: 6491:Further reading 6488: 6482: 6469: 6463: 6453:The Rocket Team 6447: 6441: 6424: 6418: 6403: 6376: 6359: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6331: 6317: 6315: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6284:Wayback Machine 6275: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6155:"HALL OF SPACE" 6153: 6152: 6148: 6139:Wayback Machine 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6033:"V-2 Gyroscope" 6031: 6030: 6026: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5942: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5825: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5800:Wayback Machine 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5444:Wayback Machine 5433:Wayback Machine 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5396:X-Factorial.com 5390: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5366: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5335: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5280: 5276: 5259:Stalin's Silver 5256: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5180:Counsels of War 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4952:Wayback Machine 4942: 4929: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905:Wayback Machine 4896:Foster, Vicki. 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4571:. 25 May 2013. 4566:"Division z.V." 4564: 4563: 4559: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4284:10.2307/2280189 4267: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4110: 4099: 4089: 4088: 4079: 4073:Wayback Machine 4064: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4007: 4006: 3999: 3995:Zaloga 2003 p19 3994: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3955: 3954: 3943: 3936: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3774:La planète Dora 3767: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3692: 3691: 3682: 3675: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3613:The Mare's Nest 3607: 3606: 3589: 3575: 3574: 3551: 3541: 3540: 3511: 3504: 3494:The Rocket Team 3488: 3487: 3474: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3370:Wayback Machine 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3338: 3317: 3316: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3235:Politics portal 3233: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3193:Rocketry portal 3191: 3186: 3184: 3181: 2971: 2877:One, loaned by 2859: 2810: 2766: 2745: 2731: 2701: 2653: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2622: 2610: 2599: 2587: 2539: 2529:rocket and the 2523:sounding rocket 2496: 2490: 2451:Soviet rocketry 2439:Helmut Gröttrup 2425:at Kapustin Yar 2415: 2409: 2403: 2395:PGM-11 Redstone 2384:Operation Sandy 2356:was taken from 2273: 2267: 2242: 2186:Americans with 2165: 2137:V-1 flying bomb 2118: 2112: 2084: 2076: 2039: 1992:, commander of 1986: 1970: 1948: 1946:Project Big Ben 1940:Main articles: 1938: 1936:Countermeasures 1916: 1889: 1867: 1727: 1558:Erich Heinemann 1530: 1476: 1467:in summer 1943. 1457: 1341:Friedrich Fromm 1339:, Col. General 1300:Friedrichshafen 1295: 1277: 1250: 1160: 1153: 1147: 1017:analog computer 878:) for fuel and 858: 842:Operation Hydra 598: 588: 579: 575: 571: 559: 555: 521: 497: 493: 470: 392: 390: 383: 368: 366: 359: 340: 328:Flight altitude 320: 318: 311: 282: 274: 272: 205: 188: 142: 93:In service 88:Service history 62: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7284: 7282: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7188: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7026:Hermes Project 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6907: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6877: 6875: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6810:Mittelbau-Dora 6801: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6784:Arthur Rudolph 6781: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6755:Test Stand VII 6752: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6580: 6563: 6551: 6543: 6542:External links 6540: 6539: 6538: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6480: 6467: 6461: 6445: 6439: 6422: 6416: 6401: 6380:(Alternately: 6374: 6357: 6344: 6329: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6269: 6244: 6227: 6197: 6171: 6146: 6124: 6099: 6074: 6049: 6024: 6017:. April 2012. 6002: 5977: 5952: 5927: 5899: 5873: 5847: 5833: 5807: 5785: 5759: 5733: 5707: 5691: 5673: 5666: 5646: 5639: 5621: 5588: 5557: 5526: 5500: 5473: 5447: 5413: 5383: 5364: 5344: 5333: 5313: 5298:. 2 May 2001. 5287: 5274: 5250: 5241: 5215: 5185: 5170: 5155: 5140: 5133: 5115: 5093: 5063: 5056: 5030: 5008: 4998: 4968: 4966:, p. 100. 4956: 4927: 4913: 4889: 4859: 4833: 4824: 4812: 4803: 4772: 4750: 4728: 4710: 4708:, p. 281. 4698: 4668: 4641: 4634: 4616: 4586: 4557: 4529: 4490: 4478: 4471: 4453: 4424: 4398: 4368: 4359: 4333: 4326: 4297: 4278:(237): 72–91. 4260: 4253: 4231: 4222: 4215: 4194: 4178: 4146: 4119: 4097: 4077: 4058: 4045: 4036: 4024: 4017: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3966: 3941: 3934: 3913: 3886: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3841: 3811: 3789: 3782: 3760: 3753: 3735: 3728: 3710: 3703: 3680: 3673: 3648: 3636: 3618: 3587: 3549: 3509: 3502: 3472: 3459: 3447: 3441:978-0307389374 3440: 3422: 3398: 3386: 3384:, 160–162, 190 3373: 3355: 3336: 3295: 3282: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3224: 3221:Germany portal 3210: 3196: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3164: 3155:One engine at 3153: 3146: 3143: 3132: 3125: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3084: 3067: 3066: 3055: 3044: 3033: 3030:El Paso, Texas 3022: 3012: 3001: 2984: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2948: 2945: 2934: 2927: 2916: 2905: 2886: 2875: 2872:Science Museum 2858: 2857:United Kingdom 2855: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2840:Dora-Mittelbau 2836: 2829: 2822: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2769:One engine at 2765: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2753: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2700: 2697: 2673:Dora-Mittelbau 2655: 2654: 2637:September 2016 2613: 2611: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2586: 2583: 2548:V-2 rocket on 2538: 2535: 2492:Main article: 2489: 2486: 2474:Sputnik rocket 2447:Sergei Korolev 2405:Main article: 2402: 2399: 2269:Main article: 2266: 2263: 2241: 2238: 2164: 2161: 2149:miracle weapon 2133:speed of sound 2126:kinetic energy 2105: 2075: 2072: 2044:disinformation 2038: 2035: 1985: 1982: 1969: 1966: 1937: 1934: 1915: 1912: 1888: 1885: 1866: 1863: 1826: 1825: 1815: 1805: 1779: 1764:United Kingdom 1761: 1726: 1723: 1621:Porte d'Italie 1529: 1526: 1519:Raymond Baxter 1465:Test Stand VII 1456: 1453: 1419:Wilhelm Keitel 1409: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1291:Main article: 1285:Test Stand VII 1276: 1273: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1222: 1208:Cape Canaveral 1196:Tuchola Forest 1157:Test Stand VII 1146: 1143: 1133:RLM-registered 1064:accelerometers 894:thermal stress 857: 854: 822:Heinrich Maier 807:Mittelbau-Dora 714:(A) series of 647:Fritz von Opel 629:Hermann Oberth 587: 584: 401: 400: 393: 388: 385: 384: 382: 381: 375: 371: 369: 364: 361: 360: 358: 357: 354: 350: 348: 346:Maximum speed 342: 341: 339: 338: 335: 331: 329: 325: 324: 321: 316: 313: 312: 310: 309: 303: 297: 290: 288: 284: 283: 279: 278: 275: 270: 267: 266: 259: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 221:Specifications 218: 217: 214: 207: 206: 204: 203: 200: 196: 194: 190: 189: 187: 186: 183: 176: 174: 173:Unit cost 170: 169: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 144: 143: 141: 140: 135: 130: 128:United Kingdom 119: 118: 113: 107: 105: 101: 100: 94: 90: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 68: 64: 63: 54: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7283: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7104:Ghost rockets 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7058:Bumper Rocket 7056: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7016:MGM-1 Matador 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6947:Project Danny 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6886:Double agents 6884: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6789:Staveley Road 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6779:Rocket U-boat 6777: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6762:Test launches 6760: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6607: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6535:0-275-95217-7 6532: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6506:1-59416-012-0 6503: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6462:1-894959-00-0 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6398:0-306-81292-4 6395: 6391: 6390:1-86227-024-4 6387: 6383: 6377: 6375:1-885119-51-8 6371: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6347: 6345:0-7146-4692-X 6341: 6337: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6277:"V-2 Rocket". 6273: 6270: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6185: 6181: 6180:"V-2 Missile" 6175: 6172: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6128: 6125: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6003: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5874: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5789: 5786: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5695: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5650: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5622: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5589: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5558: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5527: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5474: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5437:SpaceLine.org 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5348: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5314: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5283:Time Magazine 5278: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5260: 5257:Besant, John 5254: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5034: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5006:Talk section. 5002: 4999: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4741:tiscali.co.uk 4738: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4699: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4642: 4637: 4635:90-70027-82-8 4631: 4627: 4620: 4617: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4488:, p. 96. 4487: 4482: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4327:0-241-89746-7 4323: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4191:83-211-0521-1 4188: 4182: 4179: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4134: 4131:(in German). 4130: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3783:0-8133-3272-9 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3754:0-312-05510-2 3750: 3746: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3729:0-19-509514-6 3725: 3721: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3674:0-06-181898-4 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3609:Irving, David 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3503:1-894959-00-0 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3418:3-440-10719-1 3415: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3396:, p. 89. 3395: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3211: 3208: 3197: 3194: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2969:United States 2968: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2913:Chatham, Kent 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2661: 2651: 2648: 2640: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2614:This section 2612: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565:In 1946, the 2563: 2560: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2495: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2277: 2272: 2265:United States 2264: 2262: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2179:rocket U-boat 2175: 2174:Prüfstand XII 2170: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2114:Freeman Dyson 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1957:used by V-2, 1956: 1955:Rocket engine 1952: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1920: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625:Staveley Road 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1606:Burgsteinfurt 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1539: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1496:Mery-sur-Oise 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1474: 1466: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1449:forced labour 1446: 1442: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1386: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1306:, was added. 1305: 1301: 1294: 1286: 1281: 1274: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214:by the USSR. 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079:radio control 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1013:Helmut Hölzer 1010: 1001: 997: 995: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 971: 968: 963: 961: 957: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916:steam turbine 912: 908: 906: 902: 897: 895: 891: 887: 886: 881: 880:liquid oxygen 877: 876: 871: 862: 855: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 816:In 1943, the 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 793: 792:wonder weapon 788: 783: 781: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 753: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 724: 723:Walter Riedel 719: 717: 713: 712: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 664: 660: 659:rocket planes 656: 652: 648: 644: 643:Raketenrummel 641:). In 1928 a 640: 636: 635: 630: 626: 618: 614: 610: 602: 597: 593: 585: 583: 569: 565: 554: 550: 546: 545:Allied forces 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 441: 437: 433: 431: 424: 419: 417: 412: 408: 398: 394: 386: 379: 376: 373: 372: 370: 362: 355: 352: 351: 349: 343: 336: 333: 332: 330: 326: 322: 314: 308: 307:liquid oxygen 304: 302: 298: 296: 292: 291: 289: 285: 280: 276: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 219: 215: 208: 201: 198: 197: 195: 191: 184: 182: 178: 177: 175: 171: 167: 164: 160: 157: 154: 150: 145: 139: 136: 134: 133:United States 131: 129: 126: 125: 124: 123: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 106: 102: 99: 95: 91: 86: 83: 80: 76: 73: 70:Single-stage 69: 65: 60: 57: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7132:633 Squadron 7130: 7123: 6881:Intelligence 6730:Meillerwagen 6672:Argus As 014 6653: 6647: 6646: 6639: 6571:. 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Retrieved 4158: 4149: 4137:. Retrieved 4122: 4113: 4091: 4061: 4053: 4048: 4039: 4027: 4008: 3976: 3957: 3925: 3904:. Retrieved 3889: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3832:. Retrieved 3824:Der Standard 3823: 3814: 3801: 3792: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3744: 3738: 3719: 3713: 3694: 3664: 3651: 3630: 3612: 3580: 3543: 3493: 3467: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3431: 3425: 3409: 3389: 3376: 3358: 3346:. Retrieved 3321: 3285: 3276: 3251: 3243: 3103: 3069: 3068: 2998:Dayton, Ohio 2993:Meillerwagen 2973: 2972: 2895:Meillerwagen 2890:Cosford site 2790: 2717:Meillerwagen 2711:Meillerwagen 2709: 2694: 2643: 2634: 2623:Please help 2618:verification 2615: 2588: 2564: 2556: 2551:Meillerwagen 2549: 2517: 2505: 2455: 2443:Kapustin Yar 2428: 2422: 2392: 2388:R-7 Semyorka 2378: 2370: 2363: 2323: 2319: 2289: 2281: 2259: 2243: 2240:Post-war use 2231: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2166: 2145: 2130: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2091:, who as an 2089:Hans Kammler 2077: 2068:Bezuidenhout 2061: 2057: 2040: 2031: 2014:Roderic Hill 2011: 2003: 1987: 1978: 1971: 1958: 1925: 1890: 1872:Meillerwagen 1870: 1868: 1835: 1827: 1817: 1807: 1781: 1763: 1733: 1728: 1703:Adolf Hitler 1662: 1660: 1653: 1637: 1614: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1586:Hans Kammler 1581: 1577: 1573: 1564:836 (Mot.), 1561: 1553: 1547: 1543: 1523: 1502:Meillerwagen 1477: 1473:Meillerwagen 1455:Launch sites 1440: 1437: 1433: 1428:Meillerwagen 1412: 1333:Erhard Milch 1322: 1315: 1311:Albert Speer 1308: 1296: 1259:Luftzerleger 1251: 1216: 1212:Kapustin Yar 1177: 1165: 1161: 1136: 1126: 1103: 1092:Brennschluss 1087:Brennschluss 1072: 1068:water hammer 1055:Brennschluss 1053: 1047: 1030: 1006: 990:balloon tank 987: 979:contact fuze 975:amatol 60/40 972: 964: 940: 913: 909: 898: 884: 874: 867: 815: 796: 784: 773:Adolf Hitler 756: 743:Walter Thiel 728: 720: 709: 703: 694: 668: 642: 638: 632: 622: 534: 483: 455:Nazi Germany 435: 428: 406: 404: 397:Meillerwagen 162:Manufacturer 138:Soviet Union 121: 120: 104:Used by 82:Nazi Germany 36: 6978:Wunderwaffe 6905:Réseau AGIR 6573:14 February 6318:28 November 6159:Cosmosphere 5862:(in German) 5822:(in Polish) 5752:16 November 5726:16 November 5466:14 December 5406:14 December 5127:. Collins. 5086:28 November 4991:28 February 4964:Ramsey 2016 4882:14 November 4852:25 November 4691:14 December 4486:Ramsey 2016 4391:14 November 3894:Dungan, T. 3394:Ramsey 2016 3348:15 November 3289:10% of the 3131:in Chicago. 3057:One at the 3024:One at the 3014:One at the 3005:Cosmosphere 2986:One at the 2979:One at the 2907:One at the 2870:One at the 2729:Netherlands 2722:RAAF Museum 2704:One at the 1972:Unlike the 1908:Hellendoorn 1895:during the 1845:Woolworth's 1808:Netherlands 1714:Whitechapel 1687:Gaasterland 1675:Serooskerke 1667:Netherlands 1598:Gruppe Nord 1513:by a USAAF 1423:Alfred Jodl 1415:Wolf's Lair 1359:Production 1351:Production 1337:Karl Dönitz 1050:guide beams 1027:servomotors 994:SM-65 Atlas 769:liquid-fuel 699:German Army 691:Kummersdorf 655:rocket cars 613:Wind tunnel 490:German Army 475:Kármán line 317:Operational 213: built 7190:Categories 7117:In fiction 7051:V-2 No. 13 6968:Wasserfall 6805:Mittelwerk 6745:Peenemünde 6713:Facilities 6677:Facilities 6655:V-3 cannon 6648:V-2 rocket 6304:Oberg, Jim 6296:References 6253:"EXHIBITS" 6236:Mittelwerk 5908:Peenemünde 5778:12 January 5493:1 December 5435:See also: 5376:9 February 5265:John Barry 5208:8 February 5072:Oberg, Jim 4243:. London: 4171:29 October 3291:Mittelwerk 3252:Wasserfall 3070:Components 3026:Fort Bliss 2901:Vidalwagen 2835:in Berlin. 2828:in Berlin. 2791:La Coupole 2784:La Coupole 2423:Vidalwagen 2411:See also: 2358:V-2 No. 13 2315:New Mexico 2313:, also in 2303:propellant 2199:Dornberger 2085:£2,370,000 2074:Assessment 1903:Leitstrahl 1840:Leitstrahl 1812:Maastricht 1590:Gruppe Süd 1548:Armeekorps 1441:Mittelwerk 1335:, Admiral 1293:Mittelwerk 1275:Production 1149:See also: 1110:chessboard 1035:gyroscopes 1022:Mischgerät 983:glass wool 958:(218 834:airstrikes 799:Mittelwerk 761:Peenemünde 755:(English: 729:After the 683:Nazi Party 651:Max Valier 619:in Berlin. 508:and later 287:Propellant 271:Detonation 216:Over 3,000 166:Mittelwerk 7196:V-weapons 6988:Rheinbote 6837:Siracourt 6822:Sottevast 6629:V-weapons 6326:V-weapons 5920:17 August 5866:24 August 5820:Muzeum AK 5742:"Megaroc" 4524:0955-2359 3663:(1985) . 2956:Leicester 2885:, London. 2881:, at the 2874:, London. 2752:in Kraków 2699:Australia 2520:Véronique 2512:Super V-2 2476:based on 2470:Sputnik 1 2453:program. 2373:U.S. Navy 2299:fuselages 2097:Auschwitz 2007:Hyde Park 1929:Orpington 1914:Final use 1849:New Cross 1794:Tourcoing 1770:(1,358), 1766:, 1,402: 1740:(1,610), 1736:, 1,664: 1718:Orpington 1656:Waffen-SS 1610:The Hague 1566:Grossborn 1488:Sottevast 1445:Kohnstein 1345:Karl Saur 1264:Home Army 1121:U.S. Army 1031:Vertikant 943:turbopump 803:prisoners 777:artillery 711:Aggregate 631:'s book, 502:Wehrmacht 273:mechanism 122:Post-war: 111:Wehrmacht 6857:Raxwerke 6852:Lehesten 6832:Brécourt 6772:MW 18014 6280:Archived 6135:Archived 6019:Archived 6015:ITV News 5803:ABC News 5796:Archived 5772:Archived 5746:Archived 5720:Archived 5605:Archived 5575:Archived 5544:Archived 5519:27 April 5513:Archived 5487:Archived 5460:Archived 5440:Archived 5429:Archived 5370:Archived 5339:Archived 5300:Archived 5234:27 April 5228:Archived 5110:Archived 5025:Archived 4985:Archived 4948:Archived 4901:Archived 4876:Archived 4846:Archived 4796:23 March 4767:Archived 4745:Archived 4723:Archived 4685:Archived 4655:Archived 4603:Archived 4573:Archived 4552:Archived 4440:Archived 4411:Archived 4385:Archived 4352:27 April 4346:Archived 4308:(1978). 4165:Archived 4133:Archived 4069:Archived 3900:Archived 3850:Die Zeit 3834:12 April 3828:Archived 3806:Archived 3611:(1964). 3579:(1952). 3366:Archived 3342:Archived 3179:See also 2777:Toulouse 2691:, Paris. 2210:Bordeaux 2157:Cold War 2093:engineer 2022:RV Jones 1988:General 1831:Cine Rex 1629:Chiswick 1602:Batterie 1484:Wizernes 1304:Raxwerke 1009:graphite 992:-design 936:catalyst 890:oxidizer 801:site by 663:Opel-RAK 479:MW 18014 430:Aggregat 395:Mobile ( 391:platform 365:Guidance 250:Wingspan 242:Diameter 193:Produced 152:Designer 7163:Related 6817:Nucourt 5744:. BIS. 5718:. BBC. 5581:23 June 5550:23 June 5272:in 1944 4661:31 July 4609:11 June 4579:23 June 4446:25 July 4417:31 July 4292:2280189 3802:uah.edu 3046:One at 2942:Harwich 2938:venturi 2808:Germany 2571:Megaroc 2527:Diamant 2226:Jakarta 2155:of the 2122:Germany 1822:Remagen 1818:Germany 1802:Cambrai 1776:Ipswich 1772:Norwich 1750:Tournai 1746:Hasselt 1738:Antwerp 1734:Belgium 1725:Targets 1695:Norwich 1691:Ipswich 1671:Zeeland 1570:Naugard 1538:Antwerp 1443:in the 1254:Sarnaki 1145:Testing 1075:Siemens 1060:Doppler 1043:azimuth 932:Z-Stoff 926:) with 924:T-Stoff 885:A-Stoff 882:(LOX) ( 875:B-Stoff 870:ethanol 850:Gestapo 716:rockets 553:R&D 510:Antwerp 425: 295:ethanol 258:Warhead 59:replica 6872:Allied 6718:Blizna 6625:German 6569:. 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