259:(regenerated cellulose) in 1894. In 1871 Thomas Taylor obtained the United States Patent for vulcanized fibre. The first organized industrial company to make vulcanized fibre was the Vulcanized Fibre Company, incorporated first as a New York Corporation formed June 19, 1873 listed with William Courtenay President and Charles F. Cobby Secretary. The first N.Y. corporation was also found in the 1873 N.Y. City Directory which also listed William Courtenay President and Charles F. Cobby Secretary in 1873. From 1873 until 1878 the Vulcanized Fiber Co. had a New York office address of 17 Dey St., while the factory was located in Wilmington Delaware. This can be seen in the many advertisements that were placed in different publications at this time in history. A special charter was granted by the state of Delaware in 1873 until the Delaware corporation was finally incorporated on February 8, 1875 which now listed William Courtenay President and Clement B. Smyth Secretary.
380:, thus promoting bonding between the cellulose chains. Once the bonding was established, the process of leaching out the zinc chloride from the vulcanized fibre could begin. The leaching (removal by diffusion out) of the zinc chloride was accomplished by subjecting the vulcanized fibre to successively less concentrated baths of zinc chloride. The rate at which this could occur was constrained by osmotic forces. If the rate at which the vulcanized fibre was subjected to lower and lower concentrations of zinc chloride solution were too rapid, the osmotic forces could result in ply separations. The final leaching bath concentration was 0.05% zinc chloride. Thicknesses up to 0.093” (=2.4 mm), can be made on continuous lines that stretch up to 1,000 feet (305m) in length.
389:
concentrated until the desired 0.05% was reached. The thicker the material, the longer it took to leach the zinc chloride to 0.05%. For the thickest products, times of 18 months to 2 years were needed. The zinc chloride used in these processes was for the most part not consumed in achieving the desired bonding. Indeed any dilution of the zinc chloride resulting from the leaching was dealt with by using evaporators to bring the zinc chloride solution back to the 70 Baume needed for using it again for saturating. In a sense, zinc chloride can be thought of as a catalyst in the making of the vulcanized fibre.
320:. Before the processing of wood pulp and chemical wood pulps in the mid-19th century, the dominant fibre source for paper making was cotton and linen rags. The cotton rag sheet produced for conversion to vulcanized fibre is made like a sheet suitable for saturating. A paper is made for saturating by omitting any sizing additive, either beater added or surface applied. Today most paper sheets made for writing, printing, and coating have internal (
167:; however, Leatheroid is made using a different chemical process. Since 2004, the scientific community has regained interest in this material due to its renewability and excellent physical properties, giving birth to the field of all-cellulose composites. These composites are all made of a matrix consisting of dissolved or partially dissolved cellulose, and the reinforcement remains cellulose fibres. A variety of solvents other than
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thicknesses, it can be moulded to shape with steam and pressure. One application for vulcanized fibre that attests to its physical strength is that it is the preferred material for heavy sanding discs. Physical strength is anisotropic, owing to the roller calendering process, with it typically being 50% stronger in the sheet's longitudinal direction, rather than transverse.
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The electrical properties exhibited by vulcanized fibre are high insulating value, and arc and track resistance with service temperature of up to 110 to 120 °C. Fibre was popular as an electrical insulator for a large part of the mid-20th century, not because its resistance as an insulator was
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the cellulose. The fibre swelling explains why paper filters cannot be used to filter zinc chloride solutions. It is also the reason why a number of paper plies were used to build up to the desired vulcanized fibre thickness, rather treating a single paperboard thickness. For instance, the practice
211:
Vulcanized fibre has a long history in engineering, from the
Victorian period onward. Although there are now many materials, mostly synthetic polymers, with higher performance, fibre has been applied widely and still retains many applications. As it is stronger in thin sections between mechanically
401:
to flatness. The continuous process-made vulcanized fibre could then be sheeted or wound up into rolls. The density of the finished vulcanized fibre is 2 to 3 times greater than the paper from which it starts. The density increase is the result of 10% machine direction shrinkage, 20% cross machine
414:
nearly 100%-cellulose mass free from any artificial glues, resins, or binders. The finished vulcanized fibre has useful mechanical and electrical properties. It offers high tear and tensile strength, while in the thinner thicknesses allowing flexibility to conform to curves and bends. In thicker
269:
In 1922 the name was changed again when it was directly purchased by the
National Fibre & Insulation Company of Yorklyn Delaware (who was also the owner of the Keystone Fibre Co.). The president of the National Fibre Company at this time was J. Warren Marshall, who took the same office after
265:
On
December 4, 1901, during a merger and consolidation the Vulcanized Fibre Co. changed its name to the "American Vulcanized Fiber Co." which was formed for the purpose of consolidating: Kartavert Mfg. Company, Wilmington, Delaware; American Hard Fibre Company, Newark, Delaware; Vulcanized Fibre
238:
Until the development of modern plastics from the 1930s, fibre was the standard electrical insulating material for many small components. It could be cut to size easily, either in mass production or hand-trimmed to fit. It was particularly common in the assembly of large machines, such as motor
299:
Some of the companies involved in vulcanized fibre development in the
Wilmington region were the Nunsuch Fiber Company, American Hard Fiber Company, American Vulcanized Fibre Company, Continental Fibre Co., Diamond State Fibre Co., and Franklin Fibre Company. In the 1965 Post’s Pulp and Paper
388:
For thickness above 0.093” (2.4 mm) and up to 0.375” (9.5 mm), a discrete laminated sheet (similar in size (l x w) to plywood) was produced by the cutdown process. The cutdown sheets were racked and moved from vat to vat by overhead tracked cranes. Each vat was successively less
227:
and general plumbing work. They swell slightly with exposure to water, making a good seal. They may also be used with hydrocarbons, provided the temperature is not too high. Unlike rubber, fibre washer seals are considered as a single-use item.
300:
Directory, National
Vulcanized Fibre Co. was listed as having two mills' producing rag paper for vulcanized fibre. They were at Newark, producing 15 tons a day; and Yorklyn, producing 18 tons a day. This compares with Spaulding Fibre’s
438:
Electrical Grade: high dielectric grey, 100% cotton, very flexible, (historically called fishpaper), this grade is suitable for layer and ground insulation and has variations including top-stick grade used for wedges in small
344:. A sheet made for saturating would have none of those chemical ingredients. The unsized saturating cotton fibre paper prepared for vulcanized fibre would be passed through a vat containing a zinc chloride solution.
448:
Wood
Laminating: Tough, multi-directional tensile and torsion strength, provides support and strength wherever wood laminations are used, particularly used under thin and exotic veneers as a stabilizer/strengthener.
532:
Dormanns, Jan; Schuermann, Jeremias; MĂĽssig, Jorg; Duchemin, Benoit; Staiger, Mark (2016). "Solvent infusion processing of all-cellulose composite laminates using an aqueous NaOH/urea solvent system".
701:; Vol. II; Second Edition Revised and Enlarged: Interscience Publishers Inc., New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York; 1952, 1960; Library of Congress 60-13120; Third Printing 1967, pp654-655
262:
In 1884 Courtenay & Trull Co. N.Y. was merged into the
Vulcanized Fibre Co. which gave the company control over a new invention called by the trade name "Gelatinized Fibre".
419:
particularly good, especially not if moisture levels were high, but it showed far better resistance to tracking and breakdown than early wood flour-filled polymers like
359:
in density (1.93 specific gravity) and about 43.3 °C (109.9 °F; 316.4 K). This is roughly a 70% percent zinc chloride solution. Zinc chloride is a mild
505:
Duchemin, Benoit; Mathew, Aji; Oksman, Kristiina (2009). "All-cellulose composites by partial dissolution in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride".
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Industries of
Delaware: historical and descriptive review : cities, towns and business interests, institutions, manufacturing and commercial advantages
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with a solution pH of about 4. Zinc chloride can dissolve cellulose, starch, and silk. The zinc chloride used in making vulcanized fibre swelled and
376:
Once the paper plies were saturated with the gelatinizing zinc chloride, they were pressed together. The pressing allowed intimate contact of the
308:, but marketed them under different names: Spaulding’s was Spauldite and National’s brand was Phenolite and Iten Industries' Resiten or Itenite.
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to complex shapes and so it is widely used for shaped gaskets. These may be used for sealing, as heat insulators, or as mechanical spacers.
273:
In 1965 the name was changed again to the NVF Company in order to avoid confusion over the years with a new and changing product line.
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led to a proliferation of companies in the vulcanized fibre business. Over the years, these companies reorganized and merged. In 1922
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for vulcanized fibre was obtained in 1859 by the
Englishman Thomas Taylor. He gained the patent after the introduction of
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Commercial Grade; standard grey, black or red, used for many applications such as washers, gaskets, gears, handles, etc.
65:
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Once the vulcanized fibre is leached free of the zinc chloride, it is dried to 5 to 6 percent moisture, and pressed or
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Bone Fibre: Exceptionally hard and dense, used for tight machining, tubing, pool cue ferrules (tips), cut out fuses.
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Vulcanized fibre shows high resistance to penetration by most organic solvents, oils, and petroleum derivatives.
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was to use 8 paper plies of 0.04 mm thickness each, as opposed to a single paperboard ply of 0.32 mm.
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Company emerged as the main competitor to
Spaulding Fibre, which had begun developing vulcanized products in
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Trunk Fibre: Tough and abrasion resistant; used to surface steamer trunks, drum cases, wear and skid panels.
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151:. The newer wood-laminating grade of vulcanized fibre is used to strengthen wood laminations used in
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Huber, Tim; MĂĽssig, Jorg; Curnow, Owen; Pang, Shusheng; Bickerton, Simon; Staiger, Mark (2012).
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Company, Wilmington, Delaware. and the Laminar Fibre Company of North Cambridge, Mass.
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plant, then producing 40 tons a day (Post’s directory). The competitors also produced
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rigid components, rather than relying on its own strength, it has mostly been used as
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VULCANIZED FIBER COMPANY - MERGES INTO A NEW NAME AMERICAN VULCANIZED FIBRE CO.
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Fibre washers are one of the cheapest conformal elastomer gaskets for sealing
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139:. This material is a tough, resilient, hornlike material that is lighter than
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is highly soluble in water. The solution used in saturating the paper was 70
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Pike Creek: Industry And Farming Along A Northern Delaware River; p 4-8.
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Courtenay & Trull Co. N.Y. was merged into the Vulcanized Fibre Co.
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consolidating into the new company "National Vulcanized Fibre Company.
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163:. It could also be Blue. A product very similar to vulcanized fibre is
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Taylor, Thomas, Improvement in the treatment of paper and paper-pulp,
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296:, nearly a quarter century after the industry began in Delaware.
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179:. Whereas the original idea was to use long reinforcing fibres (
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mechanical properties, the field has also explored the use of
15:
626:"Early Known Insulating Materials (incl Vulcanized Fibre Co)"
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Formed electrical grade vulcanized fibre insulating shield
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570:"PLASTICS HISTORY: Plastic Distributor & Fabricator"
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direction shrinkage, and 30% shrinkage in thickness.
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Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
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Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
159:, support beams and as a sub-laminate under thin
699:Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Chemical Technology
468:"A critical review of all-cellulose composites"
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8:
220:, and a variety of shims or packing pieces.
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195:) in order to confer the composites with
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
135:is a laminated plastic composed of only
687:Fiber Company History & Merger Tree
654:Laws of the state of Delaware, Volum 15
458:
340:(AKD) and surface sizing provided by
7:
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255:in 1856 and before the invention of
44:adding citations to reliable sources
600:"History of the state of Delaware"
614:The New York City register page 34
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546:10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.12.002
519:10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.09.013
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20:
712:"Tufnol Vulcanised Fibre Sheet"
31:needs additional citations for
1:
1363:Environmental impact of paper
171:has been explored, including
472:Journal of Materials Science
318:paper made from cotton rags
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1310:Surface chemistry of paper
813:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ”-yi)
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492:10.1007/s10853-011-5774-3
316:The process started with
286:National Vulcanized Fiber
842:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
334:alkyl succinic anhydride
290:Rochester, New Hampshire
175:at low temperatures and
147:, and stiffer than most
1358:Elemental chlorine free
1315:Units of paper quantity
590:, granted May 16, 1871.
410:The final product is a
276:The water power of the
1338:Bleaching of wood pulp
231:Fibre sheet is easily
125:
1257:Corrugated fiberboard
1014:Electrical insulation
867:Thomas Francis Carter
123:
280:streams in Northern
40:improve this article
587:U.S. patent 114,880
484:2012JMatS..47.1171H
294:Tonawanda, New York
632:on March 15, 2012.
338:alkyl ketene dimer
126:
55:"Vulcanized fibre"
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877:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
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768:Paper engineering
602:Volume 2 Page 415
574:Plastics Magazine
513:(12): 1171–1186.
393:Dried and pressed
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478:(3): 1171–1186.
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378:cellulose fibres
173:sodium hydroxide
129:Vulcanized fibre
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353:Zinc chloride
348:Zinc chloride
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257:viscose rayon
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201:nanocellulose
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169:zinc chloride
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57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1489:Papier-mâché
1484:Paper towels
1403:Soda pulping
1320:Wet strength
1121:Photographic
994:Cotton (rag)
967:Construction
715:
706:
698:
693:
682:
671:
660:
649:
638:
630:the original
620:
609:
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328:provided by
315:
298:
275:
272:
268:
264:
261:
247:The British
246:
237:
230:
222:
210:
207:Applications
192:
161:wood veneers
132:
128:
127:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1519:Paper money
1479:Lined paper
1398:Papermaking
1331:and process
1329:Manufacture
1305:Paper sizes
1034:Greaseproof
1019:GenkĹŤ yĹŤshi
872:Dard Hunter
804:Originators
772:Papermaking
540:: 130–140.
412:homogeneous
365:gelatinized
225:pipe unions
197:anisotropic
157:skateboards
1567:Categories
1456:Paper mill
1383:Organosolv
1262:Fiber crop
1252:China clay
1211:Waterproof
1111:Paperboard
989:Correction
982:Carbonless
830:Developers
453:References
406:Properties
399:calendered
361:Lewis acid
336:(ASA), or
165:leatheroid
66:newspapers
1583:Cellulose
1509:Notebooks
1494:Cardboard
1277:Wood pulp
1245:Materials
1221:Wood-free
1196:Wallpaper
1191:Tree-free
1131:Red rosin
1116:Parchment
1101:Onionskin
1096:Newsprint
957:Cartridge
952:Cardstock
947:Cardboard
897:Acid-free
302:Tonawanda
253:celluloid
239:winding.
141:aluminium
137:cellulose
133:red fibre
1542:Category
1499:Clothing
1417:Industry
1353:Deinking
1343:Calender
1300:Grammage
1186:Transfer
1151:Security
1024:Glassine
927:Blotting
902:Air-laid
860:Scholars
421:Bakelite
372:Pressing
306:bakelite
282:Delaware
278:Piedmont
96:May 2020
1552:Commons
1504:Tissues
1295:Density
1272:Papyrus
1231:Writing
1181:Tracing
1171:Thermal
1146:Scritta
1141:Rolling
1106:Origami
1069:Butcher
1004:Display
972:Contact
937:Bristol
912:Asphalt
817:Damjing
811:Cai Lun
782:History
480:Bibcode
439:motors.
324:added)
312:Process
243:History
233:die-cut
218:gaskets
214:washers
189:viscose
145:leather
80:scholar
1573:Fibers
1434:Europe
1429:Canada
1176:Tissue
1086:Manila
1059:Korean
1054:Ingres
1049:Inkjet
962:Coated
942:Carbon
917:Banana
716:Tufnol
430:Grades
342:starch
326:sizing
322:beater
249:patent
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1578:Paper
1444:Japan
1439:India
1206:Wasli
1201:Washi
1161:Stone
1091:Mummy
1081:Lokta
1064:Kraft
1044:India
1029:Graph
999:CrĂŞpe
922:Bible
907:Amate
890:Types
757:Paper
357:Baumé
330:rosin
181:ramie
87:JSTOR
73:books
1472:Uses
1461:List
1236:Xuan
1226:Wove
1156:Seed
1136:Rice
1076:Laid
1039:Hemp
977:Copy
932:Bond
384:Vats
292:and
185:flax
153:skis
59:news
1216:Wax
1166:Tar
542:doi
515:doi
488:doi
193:etc
42:by
1569::
1009:DĂł
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538:82
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36:.
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