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capitalist society. Burgess began developing connections throughout college as well as his future careers. He would continue to pass on information as a BBC Radio correspondent, an MI6 intelligence officer, and as a member of the
British Foreign Office. When the Korean War began, Burgess and Philby passed on information regarding movements in Korea to Moscow. Philby had been working closely with British and American intelligence, and was able to be in proximity to any intelligence findings. When the VENONA Project uncovered Julius Rosenberg (LIBERAL) and his wife Ethel, the project posted that they knew of a British spy with the codename HOMER, which Philby knew to be Maclean. Philby (codename STANLEY) reached out to Burgess to remove Maclean to the Soviet Union. Burgess at this point, was overseas in Washington DC serving in the British Foreign Office, and couldn't do much. In 1950, he was sent back to Britain due to "bad behavior", where he was able to warn Maclean. Burgess knew he was under suspicion by MI5, British counterintelligence, and Scotland Yard's Special Branch. Both Philby and Burgess knew that out of all of the possible people to crack under pressure, Maclean was the easy choice. When Burgess finally convinced Maclean to leave, they fled to Moscow, followed by Philby shortly after.
648:, codename KALIBER, was the brother of Ethel Rosenberg, and would be crucial in the conviction of the Rosenbergs. Greenglass was a former Army machinist who worked at Los Alamos. He was originally meant to replace a soldier who had gone AWOL, and lied on his security clearance in order to gain access onto the project. Once Klaus Fuchs was caught, he gave up Harry Gold, who in turn, gave up Greenglass and his wife, as well as his sister and her husband. During their trial, Greenglass changed his story several times. At first, didn't want to implicate his sister, but when his wife was threatened, he gave up both of them. According to Gerald Markowitz and Michael Meeropol, "In the Rosenberg-Sobell case, the government relied heavily upon the testimony of Greenglass, who pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit espionage in exchange for a reduced sentence for himself and no indictment or prosecution for his wife, Ruth, who he alleged had aided him in committing espionage. Greenglass testified that he had passed information about the atom bomb to Gold and Rosenberg, who in turn passed it on to the Russians." In the end, Greenglass was sentenced to 15 years but was release in 1960 after serving only nine and a half.
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Alamos in 1944 where he provided information for the development of a plutonium implosion design. He is also credited with being of great assistance to the creation of a Soviet atomic bomb. Fuchs even gave the
Soviets the blueprint for the Trinity device that would be detonated at Los Alamos in July 1945. One such message from Moscow to New York, dated April 10, 1945, called information provided by CHARLES "of great value." Noting that the information included "data on the atomic mass of the nuclear explosive" and "details on the explosive method of actuating" the atomic bomb, the message requested further technical details from CHARLES. Investigations based on the Venona decryptions eventually identified CHARLES and REST as Fuchs in 1949. Fuchs was eventually caught and tried on March 1, 1950, where he confessed to four counts of espionage and received a maximum prison sentence of fourteen years.
967:
professor John
Lowenthal, who as a law student worked as a volunteer for Alger Hiss's defense team, and later wrote extensively on the Hiss case. Lowenthal's critique focused on one message (Venona 1822 KGB Washington-Moscow 30 March 1945), in which the comments identified the cryptonym 'Ales' as "probably Alger Hiss." Lowenthal raised a number of objections to this identification, rejecting it as "a conclusion psychologically motivated and politically correct but factually wrong." Lowenthal's article led to an extended debate on the 'Ales' message, and even prompted the NSA to declassify the original Russian text. Currently, Venona 1822 is the only message for which the complete decrypted Russian text has been published.
963:
face in supporting the validity of the translations. Belmont highlights the uncertainties in the translation process, noting that the cryptographers have indicated that "almost anything included in a translation of one of these deciphered messages may in the future be radically revised." He also notes the complexities of identifying people with cryptonyms, describing how the personal details mentioned for cryptonym "Antenna" fit more than one person, and the investigative process required to finally connect "Antenna" to Julius
Rosenberg. The Schneirs conclude that "A reader faced with Venona's incomplete, disjointed messages can easily arrive at a badly skewed impression."
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translations. They question the accuracy of the translations and the identifications of cryptonyms that the NSA translations give. Writers Walter and Miriam
Schneir, in a lengthy 1999 review of one of the first book-length studies of the messages, object to what they see as the book's overconfidence in the translations' accuracy, noting that the undecrypted gaps in the texts can make interpretation difficult, and emphasizing the problem of identifying the individuals mentioned under cryptonyms. To support their critique, they cite a declassified memorandum, written in 1956 by A. H. Belmont, who was assistant to FBI director J. Edgar Hoover at the time.
311:
983:, Navasky wrote, "The reader is left with the implication—unfair and unproven—that every name on the list was involved in espionage, and as a result, otherwise careful historians and mainstream journalists now routinely refer to Venona as proof that many hundreds of Americans were part of the red spy network." Navasky goes further in his defense of the listed people and has claimed a great deal of the so-called espionage that went on was nothing more than "exchanges of information among people of good will" and that "most of these exchanges were innocent and were within the law."
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unbreakable. However, due to a serious blunder on the part of the
Soviets, some of this traffic was vulnerable to cryptanalysis. The Soviet company that manufactured the one-time pads produced around 35,000 pages of duplicate key numbers, as a result of pressures brought about by the German advance on Moscow during World War II. The duplication—which undermines the security of a one-time system—was discovered, and attempts to lessen its impact were made by sending the duplicates to widely separated users. Despite this, the reuse was detected by cryptanalysts in the US.
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994:, it is tempting to treat the FBI and Venona materials less critically than documents from more accessible sources. But there are too many gaps in the record to use these materials with complete confidence." Schrecker believes the documents established the guilt of many prominent figures but is still critical of the views of scholars such as Haynes, arguing, "complexity, nuance, and a willingness to see the world in other than black and white seem alien to Haynes' view of history."
1684:"Thanks to successful espionage, the Russians tested their first atom bomb in August 1949, just four years after the first American test. As will be discussed, we had learned of the Los Alamos spies in December 1946—December 20, to be precise. The US Army Security Agency, in the person of Meredith Knox Gardner, a genius in his own right, had broken one of what it termed the Venona messages—the transmissions that Soviet agents in the United States sent to and received from Moscow."
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message to Moscow had been decoded. As it had been sent from New York and had its origins in the
British Embassy in Washington, Philby, who would not have known Maclean's cryptonym, deduced the sender's identity. By early 1951, Philby knew US intelligence would soon also conclude Maclean was the sender and advised Moscow to extract Maclean. This led to Maclean and Guy Burgess' flight in May 1951 to Moscow, where they lived the remainder of their lives.
841:, concerned about the White House's history of leaking sensitive information, decided to deny President Truman direct knowledge of the project. The president received the substance of the material only through FBI, Justice Department, and CIA reports on counterintelligence and intelligence matters. He was not told the material came from decoded Soviet ciphers. To some degree this secrecy was counter-productive; Truman was distrustful of FBI head
432:, was told about the project in 1949, as part of his job as liaison between British and US intelligence. Since all of the duplicate one-time pad pages had been used by this time, the Soviets apparently did not make any changes to their cryptographic procedures after they learned of Venona. However, this information allowed them to alert those of their agents who might be at risk of exposure due to the decryption.
979:, has also written several editorials highly critical of Haynes' and Klehr's interpretation of recent work on the subject of Soviet espionage. Navasky claims the Venona material is being used to "distort ... our understanding of the cold war" and that the files are potential "time bombs of misinformation." Commenting on the list of 349 Americans identified by Venona, published in an appendix to
495:, the Venona transcripts identify approximately 349 Americans who they claim had a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence, though fewer than half of these have been matched to real-name identities. However, not every agent may have been communicating directly with Soviet intelligence. Each of those 349 persons may have had many others working for, and reporting only to, them.
487:. Further complicating matters is the fact the same person sometimes had different cryptonyms at different times, and the same cryptonym was sometimes reused for different individuals. In some cases, notably Hiss, the matching of a Venona cryptonym to an individual is disputed. In many other cases, a Venona cryptonym has not yet been linked to any person. According to authors
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177:. Most academics and historians have established that most of the individuals mentioned in the Venona decrypts were probably either clandestine assets and/or contacts of Soviet intelligence agents, and very few argue that many of those people probably had no malicious intentions and committed no crimes.
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In the memo, Belmont discusses the possibility of using the Venona translations in court to prosecute Soviet agents and comes out strongly opposed to their use. His reasons include legal uncertainties about the admissibility of the translations as evidence, and the difficulties that prosecution would
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A balanced history of this period is now beginning to appear; the Venona messages will surely supply a great cache of facts to bring the matter to some closure. But at the time, the
American Government, much less the American public, was confronted with possibilities and charges, at once baffling and
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who stole blueprints, industrial formulas, and methods on their behalf from 1935 until ultimately confessing to these actions in 1950. During his years of work under the KGB, Gold operated under the code names GOOSE and ARNOLD. Gold was eager to provide his services after being initially recruited by
372:
Claims have been made that information from the physical recovery of code books (a partially burned one was obtained by the Finns) to bugging embassy rooms in which text was entered into encrypting devices (analyzing the keystrokes by listening to them being punched in) contributed to recovering much
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Meredith
Gardner kept his British counterpart abreast of developments, and from 1948 on there was complete and profitable US-UK cooperation on the problem. The control term "Venona" did not appear on the translated messages until 1961. In the beginning the information was usually called the "Gardner
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Out of some hundreds of thousands of intercepted encrypted texts, it is claimed under 3,000 have been partially or wholly decrypted. All the duplicate one-time pad pages were produced in 1942, and almost all of them had been used by the end of 1945, with a few being used as late as 1948. After this,
401:
The NSA reported that (according to the serial numbers of the Venona cables) thousands of cables were sent, but only a fraction were available to the cryptanalysts. Approximately 2,200 messages were decrypted and translated; about half of the 1943 GRU-Naval
Washington to Moscow messages were broken,
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The Venona decryptions were also important in the exposure of the atomic spy Klaus Fuchs. Some of the earliest messages decrypted concerned information from a scientist at the Manhattan Project, who was referred to by the code names of CHARLES and REST. Fuchs had joined the Manhattan Project at Los
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The Venona messages clearly display Julius Rosenberg's role as the leader of a productive ring of Soviet spies...they confirm that she was a participant in her husband's espionage and in the recruitment of her brother for atomic espionage. But they suggest that she was essentially an accessory to
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For much of its history, knowledge of Venona was restricted even from the highest levels of government. Senior army officers, in consultation with the FBI and CIA, made the decision to restrict knowledge of Venona within the government (even the CIA was not made an active partner until 1952). Army
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is of a length equal to or less than that of a random key, one-time pad encryption is unbreakable. However, cryptanalysis by American code-breakers revealed that some of the one-time pad material had incorrectly been reused by the Soviets (specifically, entire pages, although not complete books),
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Guy Burgess served as a British diplomat during the developing bomb project in the United States. He became a Soviet informant after beginning his studies at the University of Cambridge, where he and his classmates (Kim Philby, Anthony Blunt, and Donald Maclean) began developing ideals against a
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had access to CIA and FBI files, and more damaging, access to Venona Project briefings. When Philby learned of Venona in 1949, he obtained advance warning that his fellow Soviet spy Donald Maclean was in danger of being exposed. The FBI told Philby about an agent cryptonymed "Homer", whose 1945
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Many of the critiques of the Venona translations have been based on specific cases. The Schneirs' critique of the Venona documents was based on their decades of work on the case of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. Another critique of the Venona translations came from the late Rutgers University law
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One of the considerations in releasing Venona translations was the privacy interests of the individuals mentioned, referenced, or identified in the translations. Some names were not released because to do so would constitute an invasion of privacy. However, in at least one case, independent
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Venona has added significant information to the case of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, making it clear Julius was guilty of espionage, and also showing that Ethel, while not acting as a principal, still acted as an accessory who took part in Julius's espionage activity and played a role in the
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system, was stored and analyzed in relative secrecy by hundreds of cryptanalysts over a 40-year period starting in the early 1940s. When used correctly, the one-time pad encryption system, which has been used for all the most-secret military and diplomatic communication since the 1930s, is
1755:"Currie, known as PAZh (Page) and White, whose cover names were YuRIST (Jurist) and changed later to LAJER (Lawyer), had been Soviet agents since the 1930s. They had been identified as Soviet agents in Venona translations and by other agents turned witnesses or informants for the FBI and
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believes that "Venona remain an irrefutable resource, far more reliable than the mercurial recollections of KGB defectors and the dubious conclusions drawn by paranoid analysts mesmerized by Machiavellian plots." However, a number of writers and scholars have taken a critical view of the
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Generating the one-time pads was a slow and labor-intensive process, and the outbreak of war with Germany in June 1941 caused a sudden increase in the need for coded messages. It is probable that the Soviet code generators started duplicating cipher pages in order to keep up with demand.
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to have been justified in his zeal in exposing those whom he believed to be Soviet spies or communist sympathizers. Critics such as Emory University history professor Harvey Klehr assert most people and organizations identified by McCarthy, such as those brought forward in the
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Venona and other recent information has shown that, while the content of Julius' atomic espionage was not as vital to the Soviets as alleged at the time of his espionage activities, in other fields it was extensive. The information Rosenberg passed to the Soviets concerned the
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grounds and a Labor government founding one seemed a surprising about-face. But the presentation of Venona material to Chifley, revealing evidence of Soviet agents operating in Australia, brought this about. As well as Australian diplomat suspects abroad, Venona had revealed
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The Venona evidence indicates unidentified sources code-named "Quantum" and "Pers" who facilitated transfer of nuclear weapons technology to the Soviet Union from positions within the Manhattan Project. According to Alexander Vassiliev's notes from KGB archive, "Quantum" was
730:, the complicity of both Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White is conclusively proven by Venona, stating "The complicity of Alger Hiss of the State Department seems settled. As does that of Harry Dexter White of the Treasury Department." In his 1998 book, United States Senator
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The existence of Venona decryption became known to the Soviets within a few years of the first breaks. It is not clear whether the Soviets knew how much of the message traffic or which messages had been successfully decrypted. At least one Soviet penetration agent, British
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was appointed ASIO's deputy-director of operations for Venona, based in Sydney, charged with investigating intelligence that uncovered the eleven Australians identified in the cables that had been decoded. He continued Venona-related work in London with
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916:). Public access—or broader governmental access—to the Venona evidence would certainly have affected this debate, as it is affecting the retrospective debate among historians and others now. As the Moynihan Commission wrote in its final report:
697:. Over time, Gold began to work with Abraham Brothman, a fellow spy who was identified in Gold's confessions for stealing industrial processes on behalf of the Soviet Union and would later be convicted for lying under oath to a grand jury.
144:
Most decipherable messages were transmitted and intercepted between 1942 and 1945, during World War II, when the Soviet Union was an ally of the US. Sometime in 1945, the existence of the Venona program was revealed to the Soviet Union by
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811:(CPA), as the chief organizer of Soviet intelligence gathering in Australia. Investigation revealed that Clayton formed an underground network within the CPA so that the party could continue to operate if it were banned. In 1950,
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to resolve questions of what was going on in Washington at mid-century. ... the Venona intercepts contained overwhelming proof of the activities of Soviet spy networks in America, complete with names, dates, places, and deeds.
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beginning in 1946. This effort continued (many times at a low level of effort in the latter years) through 1980, when the Venona program was terminated. The analyst effort assigned to it was moved to more important projects.
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The decrypted messages gave important insights into Soviet behavior in the period during which duplicate one-time pads were used. With the first break into the code, Venona revealed the existence of Soviet espionage at the
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cryptanalysis organizations; when the Americans broke into Japanese codes during World War II, they gained access to this information. There are also reports that copies of signals purloined from Soviet offices by the
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work that resulted from it. However, the first detailed account of the Venona project, identifying it by name and making clear its long-term implications in post-war espionage, was contained in MI5 assistant director
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The dearth of reliable information available to the public—or even to the President and Congress—may have helped to polarize debates of the 1950s over the extent and danger of Soviet espionage in the United States.
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287:, working on Soviet "Trade" traffic (so called because these messages dealt with Soviet trade issues), who first discovered that the Soviets were reusing pages. Hallock and his colleagues, amongst whom were
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Gold's confessions turned out to be a major success for the FBI, as he would unveil a network of spies entrenched in the success of KGB espionage efforts. Along with Brothman, (sentenced to 15 years),
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In 1935, Gold, with the assistance of Black, gained employment at the Pennsylvania Sugar Company, one of the largest producers of sugar in the world at the time. During his tenure, Gold worked under
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analyzed encrypted high-level Soviet diplomatic intelligence messages intercepted in large volumes during and immediately after World War II by American, British, and Australian listening posts.
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in May 1943. Moreover, they argue no evidence of Hopkins as an agent has been found in other archives, and the partial message relating to "19" does not indicate whether this source was a spy.
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expressed certainty about Hiss's identification by Venona as a Soviet spy, writing "Hiss was indeed a Soviet agent and appears to have been regarded by Moscow as its most important."
581:, the KGB officer who controlled the clandestine Soviet agents in the US during the war, had said Hopkins was "the most important of all Soviet wartime agents in the United States".
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secrecy system has systematically denied American historians access to the records of American history. Of late we find ourselves relying on archives of the former Soviet Union in
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suspected many spies remained at large, perhaps including some known to the government. Those who criticized the governmental and non-governmental efforts to root out and expose
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The identification of individuals mentioned in Venona transcripts is sometimes problematic, since people with a "covert relationship" with Soviet intelligence are referenced by
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and Cecil Phillips also made valuable contributions. On December 20, 1946, Gardner made the first break into the code, revealing the existence of Soviet espionage in the
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was a KGB archivist who defected to the United Kingdom in 1992 with copies of large numbers of KGB files. He claimed Harry Hopkins was a secret Russian agent. Moreover,
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114:, the Venona project was a source of information on Soviet intelligence-gathering directed at the Western military powers. Although unknown to the public, and even to
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1891:
Eduard Mark. "Venona's Source 19 and the Trident Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage?". Intelligence and National Security. London, Summer 1998, pp. 1–31
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg also had another connection to a recruit for the Soviets named David Greenglass, who was Ethel's brother and Julius's brother-in-law.
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228:, allowing Germany to focus its military forces against the United Kingdom and the United States. Cryptanalysts of the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service at
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The messages show that the US and other nations were targeted in major espionage campaigns by the Soviet Union as early as 1942. Among those identified are
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Many inside the NSA had argued internally that the time had come to publicly release the details of the Venona project, but it was not until 1995 that the
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Controversy arose in 2009 over the Texas State Board of Education's revision of their high school history class curricula to suggest Venona shows Senator
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or rival politicians in the Democratic party, were not mentioned in the Venona content and that his accusations remain largely unsupported by evidence.
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3182:"Comments on John Earl Haynes', "The Cold War Debate Continues: A Traditionalist View of Historical Writing on Domestic Communism and Anti-Communism""
1215:"Comments on John Earl Haynes', "The Cold War Debate Continues: A Traditionalist View of Historical Writing on Domestic Communism and Anti-Communism""
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389:(FBI) were helpful in the cryptanalysis. The Finnish radio intelligence sold much of its material concerning Soviet codes to the OSS in 1944 during
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but none for any other year, although several thousand were sent between 1941 and 1945. The decryption rate of the NKVD cables was as follows:
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During the 37-year duration of the Venona project, the Signal Intelligence Service decrypted and translated approximately 3,000 messages. The
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1630:"these intercepts provided ... descriptions of the activities of precisely the same Soviet spies who were named by defecting Soviet agents
864:, was released in 1986. Lamphere had been the FBI liaison to the code-breaking activity and had considerable knowledge of Venona and the
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1722:"KGB cables indicated that the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in World War II had been thoroughly infiltrated with Soviet agents."
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Some of the earliest detailed public knowledge that Soviet code messages from World War II had been broken came with the release of
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material," and a formal control term "Bride" was finally affixed in 1950. From the late 1950s to 1961 the control term was "Drug".
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1300:, p. 59: "VENONA was the final NSA codeword for this very secret program. Earlier codewords had been JADE, BRIDE, and DRUG."
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2904:"Cables coming in from the cold. (Review of Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr)"
307:, went on to break into a significant amount of Trade traffic, recovering many one-time pad additive key tables in the process.
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445:. Identities soon emerged of American, Canadian, Australian, and British spies in service to the Soviet government, including
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558:. Military historian Eduard Mark and American authors Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel concluded it was Roosevelt's aide
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98:. The Venona project remained secret for more than 15 years after it concluded. Some of the decoded Soviet messages were not
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562:. According to American authors John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, "19" could be someone from the British delegation to the
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In addition to British and American operatives, Australians collected Venona intercepts at a remote base in the Australian
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Venona has added information – some unequivocal, some ambiguous – to several espionage cases. Some known spies, including
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Commission on Government Secrecy, with Senator Moynihan as chairman, released Venona project materials. Moynihan wrote:
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Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counterintelligence But Promoted the Politics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years
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The identity of the Soviet source cryptonymed "19" remains unclear. According to British writer Nigel West, "19" was
55:(NSA), that ran from February 1, 1943, until October 1, 1980. It was intended to decrypt messages transmitted by the
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One significant aid (mentioned by the NSA) in the early stages may have been work done in cooperation between the
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2744:"Venona Historical Monograph #4: The KGB in San Francisco and Mexico City and the GRU in New York and Washington"
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1482:"Report of the Commission On Protecting And Reducing Government Secrecy; Appendix A: The Experience of The Bomb"
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The majority of historians are convinced of the historical value of the Venona material. Intelligence historian
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2766:"Historians speak out against proposed Texas textbook changes | National Council for the Social Studies"
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For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush
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2217:"The "Crime of the Century" Revisited: David Greenglass' Scientific Evidence in the Rosenberg Case"
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708:, Fuchs, Greenglass, and Gold all played a role in aiding the Soviet atomic espionage campaign.
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her husband's activity, having knowledge of it and assisting him but not acting as a principal.
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of the plaintext. These latter claims are less than fully supported in the open literature.
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in the US (known as Project Enormous). Some of the espionage was undertaken to support the
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987:
938:
857:
849:
842:
799:
690:
588:
578:
574:
473:
122:
3547:
551:
271:(from one-time pads) were added, encrypting the content. When used correctly so that the
2305:
2273:
1453:"Marie Meyer > National Security Agency | Central Security Service > Article View"
990:, "Because they offer insights into the world of the secret police on both sides of the
794:
in 1949 was considered highly controversial within Chifley's own party. Until then, the
4619:
4369:
3929:
3232:
3074:
1958:"H-Net Discussion Networks - VENONA, the KGB, and Harry Hopkins [Haynes/Klehr]"
1322:
Gilbert, James Leslie; Finnegan, John Patrick, eds. (1993). "Accepting the challenge".
970:
955:
905:
795:
788:
630:
614:
296:
229:
221:
87:
2903:
2662:
Andrew, Christopher. "The Defence of the Realm. The Authorized History of MI5", 2008.
1703:
Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. VI; Appendix A
1665:
Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. VI; Appendix A
798:-leaning Australian Labor Party had been hostile to domestic intelligence agencies on
329:) traffic by reconstructing the code used to convert text to numbers. Gardner credits
169:
To what extent the various individuals referred to in the messages were involved with
4691:
4383:
4337:
4203:
4161:
3446:
3425:
3385:
3318:
3273:
3154:
3066:
3045:
Lowenthal, David; Roger Sandilands (2005). "Eduard Mark on Venona's 'Ales': A note".
3030:
2994:
2711:
2524:
2135:
2052:
1858:"The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency; Chapter: X-2"
1775:"The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency; Chapter: X-2"
1608:
1147:
1104:
929:
features an exhibit on the Venona project in its "Cold War/Information Age" gallery.
821:
622:
559:
539:
450:
217:
205:
150:
3118:
2274:"The grandfather of the hydrogen bomb?: Anglo-American intelligence and Klaus Fuchs"
900:
researchers identified one of the subjects whose name had been obscured by the NSA.
4506:
4105:
4084:
3009:
Mark, Eduard (2003). "Who was 'Venona's' 'Ales'? cryptanalysis and the Hiss case".
2940:
2595:
1272:
1172:
991:
838:
633:
and "Pers" was Russell W. McNutt, an engineer from the uranium processing plant in
492:
241:
225:
201:
193:
189:
138:
60:
3654:
3181:
2743:
1481:
1392:
Cryptologic Almanac 50th Anniversary Series – VENONA: An Overview (DOCID: 3575728)
1214:
577:, a high-level KGB officer who also defected from the Soviet Union, reported that
276:
which allowed decryption (sometimes only partial) of a small part of the traffic.
129:
spying case (which was based on events during World War II) and the defections of
3767:"In the Enemy's House: Venona and the Maturation of American Counterintelligence"
3755:
3022:
2787:
2022:
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
2000:
912:
felt these efforts were an overreaction (in addition to other reservations about
4425:
4418:
4288:
4119:
1505:
Code girls: the untold story of the American women code breakers of World War II
913:
791:
747:
694:
677:
The Venona decryptions also identified Soviet spy Harry Gold as an agent of the
657:
446:
358:
134:
2459:. United States Government Printing Office. 1997. pp. A–37. Archived from
345:. Venona messages also indicated that Soviet spies worked in Washington in the
3943:
3358:
3110:
3058:
2986:
1861:
1778:
975:
883:
875:
752:
717:
672:
503:
502:(CIA), housed at one time or another between fifteen and twenty Soviet spies.
465:
429:
162:
146:
17:
3095:(archived version) and finally a response from Mark again (he died in 2009):
2919:
2855:
2297:
2289:
2232:
2194:
2008:
4573:
4534:
4404:
4295:
4133:
4020:
3819:"Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies", PBS Transcript, Airdate: February 5, 2002
3674:
3138:
3090:
1882:
Nigel West, Venona, największa tajemnica zimnej wojny, Warszawa 2006, p.138.
820:
from November 1952 and went on to lead Operation Cabin 12, the high-profile
530:, included at least half a dozen Soviet sources each among their employees.
484:
325:
then used this material to break into what turned out to be NKVD (and later
272:
3848:
2414:
2355:
3831:
3811:
2596:"Guy Burgess | British Diplomat and Spy for the Soviet Union | Britannica"
4559:
4478:
4450:
3999:
3707:"Red Files: Interview with Cecil Philips, US Signal Intelligence Service"
3043:. For a summary of a draft response from Lowenthal (he died in 2003) see
366:
111:
76:
3655:"Report of the Commission On Protecting And Reducing Government Secrecy"
3407:
Cold War Triumphalism: The Misuse of History After the Fall of Communism
2477:"Report Of The Commission On Protecting And Reducing Government Secrecy"
2396:
2240:
2216:
185:
4601:
4580:
4376:
4330:
2034:
KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev
774:
381:
31:
2183:"David Greenglass, the Brother Who Doomed Ethel Rosenberg, Dies at 92"
4587:
4323:
3549:
Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer
3234:
Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency
1324:
U.S. Army Signals Intelligence in World War II: a documentary history
891:
158:
27:
American counterintelligence program during World War II and Cold War
3427:
The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors
2638:
Deceiving the Deceivers: Kim Philby, Donald Maclean, and Guy Burgess
2389:
The Invisible Harry Gold: The Man Who Gave the Soviets the Atom Bomb
1904:
The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors
845:
and suspected the reports were exaggerated for political purposes.
337:
with making some of the initial recoveries of the Venona codebook.
4492:
4316:
3275:
Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II
3213:
The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence
377:
309:
252:
184:
47:
program initiated during World War II by the United States Army's
2454:"Appendix A; SECRECY; A Brief Account of the American Experience"
90:
espionage ring in the United Kingdom and Soviet espionage of the
3468:
Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations
3036:
420:
Soviet message traffic reverted to being completely unreadable.
264:
154:
64:
3852:
2877:
1263:"Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957"
2690:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
1667:. US Government Printing Office. pp. A–27. Archived from
1412:"Women in Cryptologic History – Genevieve Feinstein – NSA/CSS"
1267:
817:
678:
68:
1705:. US Government Printing Office. pp. A–7. Archived from
777:. The Soviets remained unaware of this base as late as 1950.
317:(far left); most of the other code breakers were young women.
267:
to convert words and letters into numbers, to which additive
30:"Venona" redirects here. For the place in Roman Britain, see
3255:
Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response 1939–1957
1009:
History of Soviet and Russian espionage in the United States
3040:
2278:
Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences
1860:. Central Intelligence Agency Publications. Archived from
1777:. Central Intelligence Agency Publications. Archived from
1694:
Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy.
1656:
Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy.
472:(the second-highest official in the Treasury Department),
2746:. National Security Agency Archives, Cryptological Museum
2680:
Cain, Frank. "George Ronald (Ron) Richards (1905–1985)".
2429:"FBI Records: The Vault — Abraham Brothman Part 01 of 66"
514:, and Maurice Halperin passed information to Moscow. The
453:, and Donald Maclean. Others worked in Washington in the
200:
The VENONA Project was initiated on February 1, 1943, by
2623:
Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight
2252:
2250:
621:
jet fighter, and thousands of classified reports from
480:(a section head in the Office of Strategic Services).
361:. Very slowly, using assorted techniques ranging from
1983:
Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl (November 2, 2014).
3085:
Haynes, John Earl; Harvey Klehr (October 19, 2007).
3041:
the h-net list for the history of American communism
2267:
2265:
2166:
Vassiliev-Notebooks-and-Venona-Index-Concordance.pdf
1507:(1st ed.). Boston: Hachette Books. p. 38.
4611:
4551:
4435:
4347:
4280:
4213:
4074:
3886:
3035:Following this there was an extended discussion on
1401:. Released by NSA on 06-12-2009, FOIA Case # 52567.
524:
Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs
3546:
3466:Trahair, Richard C.S & Miller, Robert (2009).
3317:
3231:
3087:"Ales is Still Hiss: The Wilder Foote Red Herring"
2710:
2523:
2134:
2051:
1607:
1103:
807:(cryptonym "KLOD"), a leading official within the
587:'s notes identified the source code-named "19" as
369:information, more of the messages were decrypted.
3786:Romerstein, Herbert & Breindel, Eric (2000).
3424:Romerstein, Herbert & Breindel, Eric (2000).
2973:Lowenthal, John (2000). "Venona and Alger Hiss".
2556:A Spy Named Orphan: The Enigma of Donald Maclean.
1901:Romerstein, Herbert & Breindel, Eric (2000).
1351:John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr (1999). "Venona".
606:recruitment of her brother for atomic espionage.
240:This message traffic, which was encrypted with a
79:, when the Soviet Union was considered an enemy.
3487:Venona: Soviet Espionage & American Response
2902:Schneir, Walter; Miriam Schneir (July 5, 1999).
2834:Schneir, Walter; Miriam Schneir (July 5, 1999).
2215:Markowitz, Gerald E.; Meeropol, Michael (1980).
1024:Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History
220:, and feared that the Soviet Union would sign a
457:, the Treasury, OSS, and even the White House.
110:During World War II and the early years of the
102:and published by the United States until 1995.
4728:Soviet Union–United Kingdom military relations
4356:Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)
3320:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America
3293:Haynes, John Earl & Klehr, Harvey (2000).
2939:For Lowenthal's work on the Hiss case see the
2137:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America
2054:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America
1932:Haynes, John Earl & Klehr, Harvey (1999).
1831:Haynes, John Earl & Klehr, Harvey (2000).
1553:Haynes, John Earl & Klehr, Harvey (2000).
4733:Soviet Union–United States military relations
3864:
3613:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
2141:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.
2058:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.
2024:, by Vasily Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew.
1354:Venona – Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
1328:United States Army Center of Military History
782:Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
476:(a personal aide to Franklin Roosevelt), and
8:
3339:Lamphere, Robert J.; Shachtman, Tom (1995).
3295:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
3135:"Hiss in VENONA: The Continuing Controversy"
2838:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
2338:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
2086:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
2036:, by Oleg Gordievsky and Christopher Andrew.
1934:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
1833:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
1696:"A Brief Account of the American Experience"
1658:"A Brief Account of the American Experience"
1555:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
981:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
393:, including the partially burned code book.
3844:Venona Documents – National Security Agency
3631:"The American Response to Soviet Espionage"
3525:Venona: The Greatest Secret of the Cold War
3387:Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America
3156:Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America
2836:"Cables coming in from the cold (Review of
2811:Venona: The Greatest Secret of the Cold War
1936:. Yale University Press. pp. 205–206.
1576:
1574:
1530:Venona: the greatest secret of the Cold War
1195:
1193:
617:, design and production information on the
161:. These messages were slowly and gradually
3871:
3857:
3849:
3812:"Venona Documents on the Internet Archive"
3657:. United States Government Printing Office
3578:. National Security Agency. Archived from
2497:"The Venona Files and the Alger Hiss Case"
1738:. National Security Agency. Archived from
1582:"Manhattan Project: The Venona Intercepts"
1484:. United States Government Printing Office
1019:List of Soviet agents in the United States
3097:Mark, Eduard (2009). "In Re Alger Hiss".
2683:Richards, George Ronald (Ron) (1905–1985)
2336:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (1999).
1435:"Why Are One-Time Pads Perfectly Secure?"
4391:NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)
3341:The FBI-KGB War: A Special Agent's Story
3075:"The Mystery of Ales (Expanded Version)"
3073:Bird, Kai; Svetlana Chervonnaya (2007).
2840:, by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr)"
2181:McFadden, Robert D. (October 14, 2014).
1532:. London: HarperCollins. pp. 3–10.
1166:
1164:
1162:
3671:"MI5 Releases to the National Archives"
3133:Schindler, John R. (October 27, 2005).
1034:
443:Manhattan Project's Site Y (Los Alamos)
3159:. Little, Brown. pp. xvii–xviii.
3083:This gave rise to a conference paper:
2582:Guy Burgess: The Spy Who Knew Everyone
2256:
1309:
1297:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1014:List of Americans in the Venona papers
3312:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey E.;
2875:The memo is now available on line at
2650:
2567:
2176:
2174:
2129:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey E.;
2046:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey E.;
1835:. Yale University Press. p. 12.
1557:. Yale University Press. p. 55.
1379:
1235:Crowell, William P. (July 11, 1995).
534:Bearing of Venona on particular cases
263:The Soviet systems in general used a
7:
3794:. Regnery Publishing. Archived from
3324:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3071:Another response following this was
3007:The first response to Lowenthal was
2580:Purvis, Stewart (January 28, 2016).
2558:New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
1985:"Harry Hopkins and Soviet Espionage"
2768:. Socialstudies.org. March 18, 2010
283:It was Arlington Hall's Lieutenant
174:
4229:Information Warfare Support Center
3729:. Fort George G. Meade, Maryland:
3047:Intelligence and National Security
3011:Intelligence and National Security
2975:Intelligence and National Security
2688:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2530:. Yale University Press. pp.
1989:Intelligence and National Security
25:
3986:Misawa Security Operations Center
3651:Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Chairman
2788:"Rehabilitating Joseph McCarthy?"
2717:. Yale University Press. p.
2709:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998).
2522:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998).
1806:. Yale University Press. p.
1800:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998).
1614:. Yale University Press. p.
1606:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998).
1171:Navasky, Victor (July 16, 2001).
1135:Symposium of Cryptologic History;
712:Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White
212:, Chief of Special Branch of the
4708:Cold War intelligence operations
4669:Vulnerabilities Equities Process
4065:
3909:Consolidated Intelligence Center
3895:Alaska Mission Operations Center
3830:
3733:, Center for Cryptologic History
3508:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
2713:Secrecy: The American Experience
2526:Secrecy: The American Experience
1803:Secrecy: The American Experience
1610:Secrecy: The American Experience
728:Commission on Government Secrecy
556:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
498:The OSS, the predecessor to the
216:at that time. Clarke distrusted
204:, an American mathematician and
86:yield included discovery of the
4310:Secure Terminal Equipment (STE)
2813:. Harper Collins. p. 330.
2790:. TFN Insider. October 29, 2009
910:Communists in the United States
387:Federal Bureau of Investigation
173:is a topic of minor historical
4627:Institute for Defense Analyses
3993:Multiprogram Research Facility
3199:References and further reading
1907:. Regnery Publishing. p.
738:Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess
682:Thomas Black on behalf of the
1:
3722:Benson, Robert Louis (2001).
3692:"Venona Chronology 1939–1996"
3595:Venona PDFs, arranged by date
3253:Benson, Robert Louis (1996).
769:Soviet espionage in Australia
214:Military Intelligence Service
3211:Aldrich, Richard J. (2001).
3023:10.1080/02684520412331306920
2272:Goodman, Michael S. (2003).
2001:10.1080/02684527.2014.913403
1102:Andrew, Christopher (1996).
809:Communist Party of Australia
355:Office of Strategic Services
208:, under orders from Colonel
4641:National Cryptologic School
4634:National Cryptologic Museum
3972:Interagency Training Center
3930:European Cryptologic Center
3902:Colorado Cryptologic Center
3633:. CIA. 1996. Archived from
3600:September 18, 2021, at the
3343:. Mercer University Press.
3272:Budiansky, Stephen (2002).
3099:Journal of Cold War Studies
2387:Hornblum, Allen M. (2010).
1414:. Nsa.gov. January 15, 2009
1203:, 28 October 1996, pp. 5–6.
1131:How VENONA was Declassified
927:National Cryptologic Museum
824:to Australia of Soviet spy
500:Central Intelligence Agency
426:Secret Intelligence Service
335:Signal Intelligence Service
49:Signal Intelligence Service
4754:
4500:Real Time Regional Gateway
4243:Special Collection Service
3958:Georgia Cryptologic Center
3611:"Selected Venona Messages"
3576:"NSA official Venona site"
3545:; Paul Greengrass (1987).
973:, editor and publisher of
933:Texas textbook controversy
741:
726:According to the Moynihan
715:
670:
655:
601:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
598:
595:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
462:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
127:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
96:Soviet atomic bomb project
51:and later absorbed by the
29:
4063:
3965:Hawaii Cryptologic Center
3937:European Technical Center
3765:Fox, John F. Jr. (2005).
3445:Theoharis, Athan (2002).
3405:Schrecker, Ellen (2006).
3384:Schrecker, Ellen (1998).
3363:My Five Cambridge Friends
3297:. Yale University Press.
3153:Schrecker, Ellen (1998).
3111:10.1162/jcws.2009.11.3.26
3059:10.1080/02684520500269051
2987:10.1080/02684520008432619
2391:. Yale University Press.
2340:. Yale University Press.
1239:. nsa.gov. Archived from
528:Office of War Information
520:Board of Economic Warfare
428:representative to the US
4723:National Security Agency
4056:Pacific Technical Center
4042:Texas Cryptologic Center
3880:National Security Agency
3752:National Security Agency
3731:National Security Agency
3485:Warner, Michael (1996).
3215:. John Murray Pubs Ltd.
2640:. Yale University Press.
2554:Philipps, Roland. 2018.
2495:Linder, Douglas (2003).
2306:10.1525/hsps.2003.34.1.1
2290:10.1525/hsps.2003.34.1.1
2168:, ed. 2013, pp: 325, 343
1856:Warner, Michael (2000).
1773:Warner, Michael (2000).
1237:"Remembrances of Venona"
391:Operation Stella Polaris
53:National Security Agency
4718:History of cryptography
4648:National Vigilance Park
3230:Bamford, James (2002).
2959:Available at the NSA's
2950:website, hosted at NYU.
2878:"FBI Records on Venona"
1733:"Eavesdropping on Hell"
1478:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
1357:. Yale University Press
1199:"Tales from decrypts,"
1133:, Robert Louis Benson,
986:According to historian
732:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
157:agent in the US Army's
4472:Insider Threat Program
4169:John Michael McConnell
3430:. Regnery Publishing.
2882:FBI Records: The Vault
2742:Benson, Robert Louis.
2621:Perry, Roland (2005).
2584:. Biteback Publishing.
2091:New Haven, Connecticut
944:Army-McCarthy hearings
923:
897:
813:George Ronald Richards
333:, a linguist with the
318:
260:
197:
4155:William Eldridge Odom
3839:at Wikimedia Commons
3769:. FBI. Archived from
3673:. MI5. Archived from
3489:. Aegean Park Press.
3257:. Aegean Park Press.
2221:Science & Society
2095:Yale University Press
2083:Haynes, John (2000).
918:
888:
805:Walter Seddon Clayton
742:Further information:
564:Washington Conference
512:Jane Foster Zlatowski
313:
256:
196:of the Venona project
188:
119:Franklin D. Roosevelt
57:intelligence agencies
4412:Thomas Andrews Drake
3773:on November 15, 2006
3523:West, Nigel (1999).
3504:West, Diana (2013).
3314:Vassiliev, Alexander
3079:The American Scholar
2809:West, Nigel (1999).
2636:Hamrick, SJ (2004).
2131:Vassiliev, Alexander
2048:Vassiliev, Alexander
1761:Silvermaster network
1528:West, Nigel (2000).
1503:Mundy, Liza (2017).
1110:. Harper Perennial.
866:counter-intelligence
780:The founding of the
516:War Production Board
357:(OSS), and even the
84:signals intelligence
43:was a United States
4444:Boundless Informant
4099:Laurence Hugh Frost
3814:. Internet Archive.
3798:on October 16, 2006
3582:on February 3, 2017
3143:(archived version).
2602:. February 19, 2024
2570:, pp. 190–199.
2397:10.2307/j.ctt1npnvb
1745:on November 8, 2017
1146:"Tangled Treason",
854:Too Secret Too Long
822:1953–1954 defection
585:Alexander Vassiliev
554:, president of the
289:Genevieve Feinstein
258:Genevieve Feinstein
171:Soviet intelligence
45:counterintelligence
4713:Espionage projects
4703:Cold War espionage
4190:Keith B. Alexander
4127:Samuel C. Phillips
3790:The Venona Secrets
3758:on April 30, 2004.
3748:"The Venona Story"
3746:Robert L. Benson.
3724:"The Venona Story"
3527:. Harper Collins.
3180:Schrecker, Ellen.
2946:2013-06-03 at the
2600:www.britannica.com
2503:on August 30, 2006
2482:2011-07-21 at the
2370:"Subject T. Black"
2187:The New York Times
1757:Justice Department
1640:Whittaker Chambers
1433:Francis Litterio.
1397:2016-03-04 at the
1367:The New York Times
1326:. Washington, DC:
1275:on August 16, 2000
1213:Schrecker, Ellen.
722:Harry Dexter White
470:Harry Dexter White
319:
261:
198:
4685:
4684:
4655:NSA Hall of Honor
4197:Michael S. Rogers
4148:Lincoln D. Faurer
3835:Media related to
3560:978-0-670-82055-9
3534:978-0-00-653071-8
3515:978-0-312-63078-2
3506:American Betrayal
3496:978-0-89412-265-1
3477:978-1-929631-75-9
3458:978-1-56663-420-5
3437:978-0-89526-275-2
3416:978-1-59558-083-2
3397:978-0-316-77470-3
3390:. Little, Brown.
3350:978-0-86554-477-2
3331:978-0-300-12390-6
3304:978-0-300-08462-7
3285:978-0-7432-1734-7
3264:978-0-89412-265-1
3245:978-0-385-49908-8
3222:978-0-7195-5426-1
3166:978-0-316-77470-3
3093:on July 28, 2012.
2820:978-0-00-653071-8
2728:978-0-300-08079-7
2668:978-0-14-102330-4
2541:978-0-300-08079-7
2466:on June 29, 2007.
2406:978-0-300-15676-8
2347:978-0-300-07771-1
2152:978-0-300-12390-6
2104:978-0-300-07771-1
2069:978-0-300-12390-6
1943:978-0-300-07771-1
1918:978-0-89526-275-2
1842:978-0-300-08462-7
1817:978-0-300-08079-7
1644:Elizabeth Bentley
1625:978-0-300-08079-7
1564:978-0-300-08462-7
1539:978-0-00-653071-8
1514:978-0-316-35253-6
1337:978-0-16-037816-4
1173:"Cold War Ghosts"
1137:October 27, 2005.
1117:978-0-06-017037-0
1092:, pp. 20–22.
1004:Elizabeth Bentley
832:Public disclosure
343:Manhattan Project
92:Manhattan Project
16:(Redirected from
4745:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4363:Church Committee
4358:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4051:
4049:Utah Data Center
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4007:RAF Menwith Hill
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3951:Friendship Annex
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3850:
3834:
3815:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3759:
3754:. Archived from
3742:
3740:
3738:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3690:Naranjo, Denis.
3686:
3684:
3682:
3677:on July 10, 2006
3666:
3664:
3662:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3637:on June 13, 2007
3626:
3624:
3622:
3617:on June 13, 2007
3591:
3589:
3587:
3564:
3552:
3538:
3519:
3500:
3481:
3470:. Enigma Books.
3462:
3441:
3420:
3401:
3380:
3367:Ballantine Books
3354:
3335:
3323:
3308:
3289:
3268:
3249:
3238:. Anchor Books.
3237:
3226:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3141:on June 3, 2013.
3137:. Archived from
3129:
3123:
3122:
3094:
3089:. Archived from
3082:
3070:
3037:h-net diplo list
3034:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2951:
2941:Alger Hiss Story
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2716:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2677:
2671:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2625:. De Capo Press.
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2529:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2499:. Archived from
2492:
2486:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2140:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1781:on June 29, 2006
1770:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1636:Walter Krivitsky
1629:
1613:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1441:on May 16, 2008.
1437:. Archived from
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1271:. Archived from
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1243:on March 5, 2016
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1157:
1153:The New Republic
1144:
1138:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
873:'s 1987 memoir,
702:David Greenglass
646:David Greenglass
641:David Greenglass
571:Vasili Mitrokhin
489:John Earl Haynes
478:Maurice Halperin
455:State Department
363:traffic analysis
347:State Department
323:Meredith Gardner
315:Meredith Gardner
305:Lucille Campbell
210:Carter W. Clarke
21:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:Zendian Problem
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4176:Kenneth Minihan
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4141:Bobby Ray Inman
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4113:Marshall Carter
4111:
4104:
4097:
4092:John A. Samford
4090:
4083:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3882:
3877:
3828:
3823:
3810:
3801:
3799:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3745:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3680:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3602:Wayback Machine
3585:
3583:
3574:
3571:
3561:
3541:
3535:
3522:
3516:
3503:
3497:
3484:
3478:
3465:
3459:
3451:. Ivan R. Dee.
3444:
3438:
3423:
3417:
3404:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3357:
3351:
3338:
3332:
3311:
3305:
3292:
3286:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3229:
3223:
3210:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3044:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2958:
2954:
2948:Wayback Machine
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2484:Wayback Machine
2475:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2407:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2248:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1964:. July 14, 1999
1956:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1864:on May 10, 2007
1855:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1713:
1712:on May 14, 2011
1709:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1674:on May 14, 2011
1671:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1632:Alexander Orlov
1626:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1399:Wayback Machine
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1145:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1044:, pp. 7–8.
1040:
1036:
1032:
1000:
988:Ellen Schrecker
952:
939:Joseph McCarthy
935:
906:Anti-Communists
862:The FBI-KGB War
858:Robert Lamphere
850:Chapman Pincher
843:J. Edgar Hoover
837:Chief of Staff
834:
826:Vladimir Petrov
800:civil-liberties
771:
762:
750:
740:
724:
716:Main articles:
714:
691:Semyon Semyonov
675:
669:
660:
654:
643:
603:
597:
589:Laurence Duggan
579:Iskhak Akhmerov
575:Oleg Gordievsky
548:
536:
474:Lauchlin Currie
438:
399:
285:Richard Hallock
251:
238:
183:
123:Harry S. Truman
108:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4751:
4749:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4698:Venona project
4690:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4620:Dundee Society
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4398:Pike Committee
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4370:Edward Snowden
4366:
4359:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4183:Michael Hayden
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3837:Venona project
3827:
3826:External links
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3808:
3783:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3719:
3703:
3687:
3667:
3647:
3627:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3570:
3569:Online sources
3567:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3539:
3533:
3520:
3514:
3501:
3495:
3482:
3476:
3463:
3457:
3442:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3402:
3396:
3381:
3375:
3355:
3349:
3336:
3330:
3309:
3303:
3290:
3284:
3278:. Free Press.
3269:
3263:
3250:
3244:
3227:
3221:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3172:
3165:
3145:
3124:
3053:(3): 509–512.
3000:
2965:
2961:Venona website
2952:
2932:
2894:
2868:
2826:
2819:
2801:
2779:
2757:
2734:
2727:
2701:
2672:
2655:
2653:, p. 191.
2643:
2628:
2613:
2587:
2572:
2560:
2547:
2540:
2514:
2487:
2469:
2445:
2434:
2420:
2405:
2379:
2361:
2346:
2328:
2311:
2261:
2246:
2207:
2170:
2158:
2151:
2121:
2103:
2075:
2068:
2038:
2026:
2014:
1995:(6): 864–879.
1975:
1949:
1942:
1924:
1917:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1848:
1841:
1823:
1816:
1792:
1765:
1724:
1686:
1648:
1624:
1598:
1570:
1563:
1545:
1538:
1520:
1513:
1495:
1469:
1444:
1425:
1403:
1384:
1382:, p. 194.
1372:
1343:
1336:
1330:. p. 48.
1314:
1302:
1290:
1254:
1227:
1205:
1189:
1158:
1139:
1123:
1116:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
999:
996:
971:Victor Navasky
951:
950:Critical views
948:
934:
931:
833:
830:
789:Prime Minister
770:
767:
761:
758:
744:Donald Maclean
739:
736:
713:
710:
671:Main article:
668:
665:
656:Main article:
653:
650:
642:
639:
631:Boris Podolsky
615:proximity fuze
599:Main article:
596:
593:
547:
544:
535:
532:
508:Donald Wheeler
437:
434:
417:
416:
413:
410:
407:
398:
395:
293:Cecil Phillips
250:
247:
237:
234:
230:Arlington Hall
222:separate peace
182:
179:
131:Donald Maclean
107:
104:
88:Cambridge Five
41:Venona project
26:
24:
18:VENONA project
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4750:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:James Bamford
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4338:WARRIOR PRIDE
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4204:Paul Nakasone
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:Bill Studeman
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:Roaring Creek
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3708:
3704:
3693:
3688:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3543:Wright, Peter
3540:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:. New Press.
3408:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3376:0-374-21698-3
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2981:(3): 98–130.
2980:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2705:
2702:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2518:
2515:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2374:vault.fbi.gov
2371:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:, p. 16.
2258:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1599:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1148:Sam Tanenhaus
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1080:, p. 34.
1079:
1074:
1071:
1068:, p. 14.
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
957:
949:
947:
945:
940:
932:
930:
928:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
901:
896:
893:
887:
885:
880:
878:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
793:
790:
787:
783:
778:
776:
768:
766:
759:
757:
754:
749:
745:
737:
735:
733:
729:
723:
719:
711:
709:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
687:
685:
680:
674:
666:
664:
659:
651:
649:
647:
640:
638:
636:
632:
626:
624:
623:Emerson Radio
620:
619:Lockheed P-80
616:
610:
607:
602:
594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
560:Harry Hopkins
557:
553:
545:
543:
541:
540:Theodore Hall
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
451:Alan Nunn May
448:
444:
435:
433:
431:
427:
421:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
403:
396:
394:
392:
388:
383:
379:
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
312:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:
259:
255:
248:
246:
243:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Joseph Stalin
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
191:
187:
180:
178:
176:
172:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:Bill Weisband
148:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4661:
4542:Epic Shelter
4507:Stellar Wind
4106:Gordon Blake
4085:Ralph Canine
3829:
3802:November 17,
3800:. Retrieved
3796:the original
3789:
3788:"Preface to
3777:November 17,
3775:. Retrieved
3771:the original
3756:the original
3751:
3735:. Retrieved
3711:. Retrieved
3695:. Retrieved
3679:. Retrieved
3675:the original
3659:. Retrieved
3639:. Retrieved
3635:the original
3619:. Retrieved
3615:the original
3584:. Retrieved
3580:the original
3548:
3524:
3505:
3486:
3467:
3447:
3426:
3406:
3386:
3362:
3340:
3319:
3294:
3274:
3254:
3233:
3212:
3185:. Retrieved
3175:
3155:
3148:
3139:the original
3127:
3105:(3): 26–67.
3102:
3098:
3091:the original
3078:
3050:
3046:
3017:(3): 45–72.
3014:
3010:
3003:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2955:
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2911:
2907:
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2881:
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2850:(1): 25–30.
2847:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2810:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2782:
2772:February 15,
2770:. Retrieved
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2737:
2712:
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2687:
2682:
2675:
2658:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2599:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2525:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2501:the original
2490:
2472:
2461:the original
2448:
2442:Alfred Slack
2437:
2423:
2388:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2337:
2331:
2314:
2281:
2277:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2186:
2161:
2136:
2124:
2115:
2108:. Retrieved
2085:
2078:
2053:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1968:February 15,
1966:. Retrieved
1961:
1952:
1933:
1927:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:the original
1851:
1832:
1826:
1802:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:the original
1768:
1747:. Retrieved
1740:the original
1727:
1714:. Retrieved
1707:the original
1702:
1689:
1676:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1664:
1651:
1609:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1586:www.osti.gov
1585:
1554:
1548:
1529:
1523:
1504:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1472:
1462:November 21,
1460:. Retrieved
1456:
1447:
1439:the original
1428:
1418:February 15,
1416:. Retrieved
1406:
1387:
1375:
1365:– via
1361:February 15,
1359:. Retrieved
1353:
1346:
1323:
1317:
1312:, p. 1.
1305:
1293:
1284:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1208:
1200:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:
1151:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1105:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1056:, p. 5.
1049:
1037:
992:Iron Curtain
985:
980:
974:
969:
965:
961:
953:
936:
924:
921:terrifying.
919:
902:
898:
889:
881:
874:
871:Peter Wright
861:
853:
847:
839:Omar Bradley
835:
779:
772:
763:
751:
725:
699:
688:
676:
661:
644:
627:
611:
608:
604:
583:
568:
552:Edvard Beneš
549:
537:
497:
493:Harvey Klehr
482:
459:
439:
436:Significance
422:
418:
400:
375:
371:
320:
282:
278:
262:
249:Breakthrough
242:one-time pad
239:
226:Nazi Germany
206:cryptanalyst
202:Gene Grabeel
199:
194:cryptanalyst
192:, the first
190:Gene Grabeel
181:Commencement
168:
147:cryptologist
143:
139:Soviet Union
109:
100:declassified
81:
61:Soviet Union
40:
38:
36:
4514:TRAILBLAZER
4426:Matthew Aid
4419:Thomas Tamm
4348:Controversy
4289:ANT catalog
4120:Noel Gayler
4035:Sugar Grove
3979:Kent Island
3923:Dorsey Road
3641:November 8,
3621:November 8,
3586:January 15,
3359:Modin, Yuri
2694:January 13,
2415:j.ctt1npnvb
2356:j.ctt1npk87
2320:"NSA, 2013"
2284:(1): 1–22.
2257:Benson 2001
2227:(1): 1–26.
1591:October 10,
1457:www.nsa.gov
1310:Benson 2001
1298:Benson 2001
1247:February 7,
1090:Benson 2001
1078:Benson 2001
1066:Benson 2001
1054:Benson 2001
1042:Benson 2001
914:McCarthyism
856:, in 1984.
792:Ben Chifley
760:Guy Burgess
748:Guy Burgess
695:Klaus Fuchs
658:Klaus Fuchs
652:Klaus Fuchs
447:Klaus Fuchs
412:1944: 49.0%
409:1943: 15.0%
359:White House
339:Samuel Chew
331:Marie Meyer
301:Frank Wanat
297:Frank Lewis
135:Guy Burgess
4692:Categories
4567:Interquake
4521:Turbulence
4281:Technology
4028:Salt Creek
3944:Fort Meade
3553:. Viking.
2925:October 3,
2887:October 3,
2861:October 3,
2651:Modin 1994
2568:Modin 1994
2110:August 16,
1380:Modin 1994
1201:The Nation
1177:The Nation
976:The Nation
956:Nigel West
884:bipartisan
876:Spycatcher
784:(ASIO) by
753:Kim Philby
718:Alger Hiss
706:Los Alamos
673:Harry Gold
667:Harry Gold
526:, and the
504:Duncan Lee
485:cryptonyms
466:Alger Hiss
430:Kim Philby
415:1945: 1.5%
406:1942: 1.8%
236:Decryption
116:Presidents
106:Background
71:, and the
63:(e.g. the
4738:Spy rings
4574:Main Core
4552:Databases
4535:XKeyscore
4405:Russ Tice
4296:FROSTBURG
4214:Divisions
4134:Lew Allen
4021:Room 641A
3887:Locations
3737:April 20,
3067:150719055
3031:154152581
2995:154475407
2920:0027-8378
2914:(1): 28.
2856:0027-8378
2606:April 18,
2298:0890-9997
2233:0036-8237
2200:April 18,
2195:0362-4331
2009:0268-4527
1279:August 8,
860:'s book,
852:'s book,
635:Oak Ridge
569:However,
273:plaintext
163:decrypted
149:-analyst
4560:DISHFIRE
4528:Upstream
4479:MUSCULAR
4465:Fairview
4451:Dropmire
4436:Programs
4000:Pine Gap
3661:June 18,
3653:(1997).
3598:Archived
3361:(1994).
3316:(2009).
3187:June 27,
3119:57560522
2944:Archived
2794:July 26,
2750:June 18,
2670:, p. 371
2507:June 27,
2480:Archived
2241:40402217
2133:(2009).
2050:(2009).
1868:June 26,
1785:June 27,
1749:June 26,
1716:June 26,
1678:June 26,
1488:June 18,
1480:(1997).
1395:Archived
1220:June 27,
1182:June 27,
998:See also
378:Japanese
367:defector
351:Treasury
321:A young
112:Cold War
77:Cold War
4602:PINWALE
4581:MAINWAY
4458:ECHELON
4377:LOVEINT
4331:STU-III
4303:HARVEST
4076:Leaders
3713:July 9,
3697:July 9,
3681:July 9,
2532:145–147
2145:, 339.
2060:223-234
1962:H-Diplo
1156:, 1999.
775:Outback
397:Results
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