482:
The titles of journals are abbreviated. There are no periods in the abbreviation. A period comes after the abbreviation, delimiting it from the next field. The abbreviations are standardized. The standardization was formerly incomplete and internal to organizations such as NLM. It is now formalized
104:
is
Vancouver style in the broad sense because it is an author–number system that conforms to the URM, but not in the narrow sense because its formatting differs in some minor details from the NLM/PubMed style (such as what is italicized and whether the citation numbers are bracketed).
429:
lists all authors for all articles, because it is appropriate for capturing all authors and all of their publications in the MEDLINE database to be found by searches. However, in the reference lists of articles, most journals truncate the list after 3 or 6 names, followed by
478:
puts "" at the end of the article title. It no longer uses the term "Epub" and no longer includes the words "ahead of print". It omits the year from its normal location after the journal title abbreviation if there is no print data to give (online-only publication).
466:
NLM elides ending page numbers and uses a hyphen as the range indicating character (184-5). Some journals do likewise, whereas others expand the ending page numbers in full (184–185), use an en dash instead of a hyphen (184–5), or both (184–185).
412:
Tashiro J, Yamaguchi S, Ishii T, Suzuki A, Kondo H, Morita Y, Hara K, Koyama I. Inferior oncological prognosis of surgery without oral chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer in clinical settings. World J Surg Oncol. 2014 May 10;12(1):145.
552:
Glennon RA, Dukat M. Serotonin receptors and drugs affecting serotonergic neurotransmission. In: Williams DA, Lemke TL, editors. Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins;
321:
the text punctuation, and that there are different cultures in different traditions. The first method is recommended by some universities and colleges, while the latter method is required by scientific publications such as the
88:, have a much broader scope than only the citation style: they provide ethical guidelines for writers and rules for co-authorship in scientific collaborations to avoid fraud. The Convention further entails compliance with the
474:. For the date of online publication, at the end of the citation NLM puts "" (for online-only publication) or "" for online ahead of print (with the month and day following the year in its normal position). In contrast,
95:
In the broad sense, the
Vancouver system refers to any author–number system regardless of the formatting details. A narrower definition of the Vancouver system refers to a specific author–number format specified by the
134:
367:
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or
438:
Guilbert TW, Morgan WJ, Zeiger RS, Mauger DT, Boehmer SJ, Szefler SJ, et al. Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma. N Engl J Med. 2006 May 11;354(19):1985–1997.
257:
Blood loss and the number of patients requiring post-operative blood transfusions were significantly greater, but operation and fluoroscopy times were significantly shorter, for the DHS versus the PFNA
792:
International
Committee of Medical Journal Editors (January 1997). "Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors".
58:
use author–number systems. They all follow the same essential logic (that is, numbered citations pointing to numbered list entries), although the trivial details of the output mask, such as
267:
Xu YZ, Geng DC, Mao HQ, Zhu XS, Yang HL (2010). "A comparison of the proximal femoral nail antirotation device and dynamic hip screw in the treatment of unstable pertrochanteric fracture".
454:
von
Itzstein M, Wu WY, Kok GB, Pegg MS, Dyason JC, Jin B, et al. Rational design of potent sialidase-based inhibitors of influenza virus replication. Nature. 1993 Jun 3;363(6428):418–423.
515:
adds an
English translation of the title enclosed in square brackets right after the title. The language is specified in full after the location (pagination), followed by a period.
878:"International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE): Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: writing and editing for biomedical publication"
169:
In the early 2000s, with the Web having become a major force in academic life, the idea gradually took hold that the logical home for the latest edition of the URMs would be the
330:
except for in the end of a block quotation. (IEEE are using
Vancouver style labels within brackets, for example to cite the first reference in the list, but otherwise refer to
70:, vary widely among them. They have existed for over a century; the names "Vancouver system" or "Vancouver style" have existed since 1978. The latest version of the latter is
542:
Beers MH, Porter RS, Jones TV, Kaplan JL, Berkwits M, editors. The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy. 18th ed. Whitehouse
Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; 2006.
210:
as the home for the formatting details of
Vancouver style. For example, in the December 2013 edition of the ICMJE Recommendations, the relevant paragraph is IV.A.3.g.ii. (
1181:
253:. The number usually appears at the end of the material it supports, and an entry in the reference list would give full bibliographical information for the source:
144:
debuted. During those years, they were published as articles or supplements in various ICMJE member journals. These included the 1991 BMJ publication, the 1995
80:
section of the ICMJE Recommendations for the
Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. These recommendations, the
648:
617:
187:
684:
417:
As an option, if a journal carries continuous pagination throughout a volume (as many medical journals do), the month and issue number may be omitted.
563:
World Health Organization (WHO). Mortality country fact sheet 2006 . Geneva: WHO; 2006. Available from: www.who.int/whosis/mort_emro_pak_pakistan.pdf
910:
173:
itself (as opposed to whichever journal article or supplement had most recently published an update). For example, as of 2004, the editors of
507:
Forneau E, Bovet D. Recherches sur l'action sympathicolytique d'un nouveau dérivé du dioxane. Arch Int Pharmacodyn. 1933;46:178–191. French.
580:
973:
1156:
944:
980:
1007:
470:
Virtually all medical journal articles are published online. Many are published online only, and many others are published online
1028:
391:
does not explicitly mandate merging initials (e.g. "R. K." would be merged into "RK"), the examples used throughout the book do.
1185:
1039:
1214:
929:
137:(URMs). Part of the URMs is the reference style, for which the ICMJE selected the long-established author–number principle.
133:, to agree to a unified set of requirements for the articles of such journals. This meeting led to the establishment of the
829:"Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors"
753:"Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors"
704:"Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors"
409:-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002 Apr;32(4):489–498.
338:
and Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals) do not discuss placement of the citation mark.
512:
426:
152:
35:
style that uses numbers within the text that refer to numbered entries in the reference list. It is popular in the
113:
Author–number systems have existed for over a century and throughout that time have been one of the main types of
443:
122:
371:
Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two initials following each surname
668:"Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals"
493:
ISO 4: Information and documentation – Rules for the abbreviation of title words and titles of publications
877:
1209:
335:
97:
995:
The citation in brackets is placed after any commas and periods, and before any colons and semi-colons
914:
331:
323:
89:
1151:
Many medical institutions maintain their own style guides, with information on how to cite sources:
532:
Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK. Pharmacology. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003.
1132:
101:
55:
40:
421:
Thomas MC. Diuretics, ACE inhibitors and NSAIDs – the triple whammy. Med J Aust. 2000;172:184–185.
227:
References are numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text – they are identified by
206:
for citation style, as a new home for the style's details. The ICMJE Recommendations now point to
644:
292:
118:
588:
523:
Surname Initial(s). Book title. Edition – if available: Publisher, place of publication; Year.
948:
892:
858:
809:
774:
733:
484:
455:
284:
36:
1163:
1091:
1069:
Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]
848:
840:
805:
801:
764:
723:
715:
276:
346:
Different formats exist for different types of sources, e.g. books, journal articles, etc.
179:
decided simply to invite their authors to visit www.icmje.org for the 2003 revision of the
614:"Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Sample References"
239:
228:
126:
72:
1011:
613:
853:
828:
769:
752:
728:
703:
471:
158:
141:
1203:
175:
156:
publication. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, journals were asked to cite the 1997
39:
and is one of two referencing systems normally used in medicine, the other being the
296:
1096:
956:
667:
198:) has hosted the ICMJE's "Sample References" pages. Around 2007, the NLM created
245:
203:
92:, and research projects must be recommended by an independent ethics committee.
67:
63:
59:
309:
Several descriptions of the Vancouver system say that the number can be placed
280:
1114:
1100:
1067:
1054:
References ... appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.
488:
1115:"Appendix A: Abbreviations for Commonly Used English Words in Journal Titles"
952:
719:
844:
475:
130:
896:
288:
1119:
Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
876:
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) (March 2004).
862:
813:
778:
737:
459:
1092:
Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
937:
Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (JPAFMAT)
640:
Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
638:
383:
See exceptions for author in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE/PubMed.
129:, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), met in
114:
32:
940:
232:
191:
44:
447:
431:
354:
Formatting for all names (e.g., authors, editors, etc.) is the same.
195:
135:
Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals
48:
1095:, Bethesda (MD): United States National Library of Medicine; p. 41 (
702:
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (February 1991).
16:
Citation style that uses numbers within the text to cite references
492:
313:
the text punctuation to avoid disruption to the flow of the text,
1121:(2nd ed.). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US).
827:
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (March 1997).
327:
146:
1072:(2nd ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine (US)
928:
Gorea RK, Dalal JS, Thind AS, Aggarwal KK, Aggarwal AD (2004).
751:
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (May 1995).
100:(Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts, URM). For example, the
685:"Legal statutes and guidelines: the Vancouver recommendations"
673:. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).
612:
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) .
377:
Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space
364:
Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author
1182:"University of Leicester Library, Vancouver Style Guide"
170:
662:
660:
658:
607:
605:
442:
Optionally, a unique identifier (such as the article's
1089:
Patrias K (2007, rev. 2015), Wendling D (tech. ed.),
1066:Patrias K (2007). "Journals". In Wendling D (ed.).
943:, Punjab, India: Department of Forensic Medicine,
434:" (which most medical journals do not italicize):
334:.) The original Vancouver system documents (the
125:). In 1978, a committee of editors from various
361:List names in the order they appear in the text
262:And the entry in the reference list would be:
255:
979:. Vancouver Community College. Archived from
269:The Journal of International Medical Research
8:
1010:. Cornell University Library. Archived from
140:The URMs were developed 15 years before the
649:United States National Library of Medicine
618:United States National Library of Medicine
374:Give all authors, regardless of the number
188:United States National Library of Medicine
1133:"List of Title Word Abbreviations (LTWA)"
913:. University of Leicester. Archived from
852:
768:
727:
1023:
1021:
806:10.7326/0003-4819-126-1-199701010-00006
572:
930:"Reference systems deciphered for you"
547:Authored chapter in edited publication
405:Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela M. H
7:
637:Patrias K (2007). Wendling D (ed.).
503:As per journal articles in English:
380:End author information with a period
945:Government Medical College, Patiala
537:Editor(s) or compiler(s) as authors
131:Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
186:Since the early to mid-2000s, the
14:
585:British Medical Association (BMA)
41:author–date, or "Harvard", system
450:) may be added to the citation:
212:References > Style and Format
78:References > Style and Format
1045:from the original on 2011-04-08
1:
911:"Vancouver (Numbered) System"
43:. Vancouver style is used by
162:version when reprinting the
794:Annals of Internal Medicine
153:Annals of Internal Medicine
1231:
1157:"University of Queensland"
974:"Vancouver Citation Style"
281:10.1177/147323001003800408
1029:"IEEE Citation Reference"
400:Standard journal articles
357:General rules for names:
150:publication and the 1997
25:Vancouver reference style
720:10.1136/bmj.302.6772.338
1117:. In Wendling D (ed.).
845:10.1001/jama.277.11.927
499:Articles not in English
260:
1215:Academic style guides
336:ICMJE recommendations
98:ICMJE Recommendations
1008:"MLA Citation Style"
332:Chicago Style Manual
181:Uniform Requirements
164:Uniform Requirements
90:Helsinki Declaration
86:Vancouver guidelines
82:Vancouver Convention
29:author–number system
1014:on 2 February 2016.
558:Electronic material
485:supraorganizational
342:Format of citations
223:Labelling citations
119:scientific journals
102:AMA reference style
56:scientific journals
1113:Patrias K (2007).
1099:), chap. 1, p. 8 (
645:Bethesda, Maryland
581:"Reference styles"
527:Personal author(s)
250:, or a combination
917:on 27 March 2015.
714:(6772): 338–341.
591:on 5 October 2016
487:level (see also:
305:Placing citations
121:(the other being
37:physical sciences
1222:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1184:. Archived from
1177:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1162:. Archived from
1161:
1141:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1104:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1033:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1004:
998:
997:
992:
991:
985:
978:
970:
964:
963:
962:on 6 April 2018.
961:
955:. Archived from
934:
925:
919:
918:
907:
901:
900:
882:
881:(Free full text)
873:
867:
866:
856:
824:
818:
817:
789:
783:
782:
772:
763:(9): 1459–1473.
748:
742:
741:
731:
699:
693:
692:
681:
675:
674:
672:
664:
653:
652:
634:
628:
627:
625:
624:
609:
600:
599:
597:
596:
587:. Archived from
577:
395:Journal articles
300:
275:(4): 1266–1275.
127:medical journals
64:casing of titles
23:, also known as
21:Vancouver system
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1001:
989:
987:
983:
976:
972:
971:
967:
959:
932:
927:
926:
922:
909:
908:
904:
880:
875:
874:
870:
839:(11): 927–934.
826:
825:
821:
791:
790:
786:
750:
749:
745:
701:
700:
696:
683:
682:
678:
670:
666:
665:
656:
636:
635:
631:
622:
620:
611:
610:
603:
594:
592:
579:
578:
574:
570:
560:
549:
539:
529:
521:
501:
408:
402:
397:
389:Citing Medicine
352:
350:Format of names
344:
307:
266:
240:square brackets
229:Arabic numerals
225:
220:
208:Citing Medicine
200:Citing Medicine
111:
73:Citing Medicine
17:
12:
11:
5:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1178:
1148:
1147:External links
1145:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1105:
1082:
1058:
1017:
999:
965:
920:
902:
868:
819:
784:
743:
694:
676:
654:
629:
601:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
559:
556:
555:
554:
548:
545:
544:
543:
538:
535:
534:
533:
528:
525:
520:
517:
509:
508:
500:
497:
472:ahead of print
464:
463:
440:
439:
423:
422:
415:
414:
410:
406:
401:
398:
396:
393:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
365:
362:
351:
348:
343:
340:
306:
303:
302:
301:
224:
221:
219:
216:
142:World Wide Web
110:
107:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1227:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1188:on 2015-03-09
1187:
1183:
1179:
1169:on 2006-10-12
1165:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
996:
986:on 2015-02-09
982:
975:
969:
966:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
924:
921:
916:
912:
906:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:Haematologica
879:
872:
869:
864:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
785:
780:
776:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
744:
739:
735:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
680:
677:
669:
663:
661:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
641:
633:
630:
619:
615:
608:
606:
602:
590:
586:
582:
576:
573:
567:
562:
561:
557:
551:
550:
546:
541:
540:
536:
531:
530:
526:
524:
518:
516:
514:
506:
505:
504:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
480:
477:
473:
468:
461:
457:
453:
452:
451:
449:
445:
437:
436:
435:
433:
428:
420:
419:
418:
411:
404:
403:
399:
394:
392:
390:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
366:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:
349:
347:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
316:
312:
304:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
264:
263:
259:
254:
252:
249:
247:
243:
241:
237:
234:
230:
222:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
177:
176:Haematologica
172:
171:ICMJE website
167:
165:
161:
160:
155:
154:
149:
148:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
106:
103:
99:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1210:Bibliography
1190:. Retrieved
1186:the original
1171:. Retrieved
1164:the original
1150:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1090:
1085:
1074:. Retrieved
1068:
1061:
1053:
1047:. Retrieved
1035:
1012:the original
1002:
994:
988:. Retrieved
981:the original
968:
957:the original
936:
923:
915:the original
905:
888:
884:
871:
836:
832:
822:
800:(1): 36–47.
797:
793:
787:
760:
756:
746:
711:
707:
697:
688:
679:
639:
632:
621:. Retrieved
593:. Retrieved
589:the original
584:
575:
522:
510:
502:
481:
469:
465:
441:
424:
416:
388:
386:
356:
353:
345:
318:
314:
310:
308:
272:
268:
261:
256:
251:
248:
242:
235:
226:
218:Sample usage
211:
207:
199:
190:(which runs
185:
180:
174:
168:
163:
157:
151:
145:
139:
112:
94:
85:
81:
77:
71:
54:Hundreds of
53:
28:
24:
20:
18:
689:Ettikkom.no
246:superscript
233:parentheses
204:style guide
123:author–date
60:punctuation
1204:Categories
1192:2012-12-30
1173:2006-09-30
1076:2019-03-31
1049:2011-05-12
990:2015-01-05
891:(3): 264.
623:2013-03-01
595:2016-10-04
568:References
489:ANSI Z39.5
317:be placed
76:, per the
1101:PubReader
953:0972-5687
476:AMA style
387:Although
117:style in
1137:ISSN.org
1040:Archived
897:15020262
297:20812098
289:20925999
115:citation
33:citation
941:Patiala
863:9062335
854:1267622
814:8992922
779:7728695
770:1337910
738:2001512
729:1669007
483:at the
460:8502295
368:DeWolf.
311:outside
192:MEDLINE
109:History
45:MEDLINE
31:, is a
27:or the
951:
895:
861:
851:
812:
777:
767:
736:
726:
647:, US:
458:
432:et al.
319:inside
295:
287:
258:group.
202:, its
196:PubMed
68:italic
66:, and
49:PubMed
1167:(PDF)
1160:(PDF)
1043:(PDF)
1032:(PDF)
984:(PDF)
977:(PDF)
960:(PDF)
939:(4).
933:(PDF)
671:(PDF)
553:2002.
519:Books
293:S2CID
1036:IEEE
949:ISSN
893:PMID
859:PMID
833:JAMA
810:PMID
775:PMID
757:CMAJ
734:PMID
511:The
491:and
456:PMID
448:PMID
425:The
328:IEEE
326:and
285:PMID
194:and
159:JAMA
147:CMAJ
84:and
47:and
19:The
1097:PDF
849:PMC
841:doi
837:277
802:doi
798:126
765:PMC
761:152
724:PMC
716:doi
712:302
708:BMJ
513:NLM
495:).
446:or
444:DOI
427:NLM
324:MLA
277:doi
236:(1)
231:in
214:).
1206::
1135:.
1103:).
1052:.
1038:.
1034:.
1020:^
993:.
947:.
935:.
889:89
887:.
883:.
857:.
847:.
835:.
831:.
808:.
796:.
773:.
759:.
755:.
732:.
722:.
710:.
706:.
687:.
657:^
643:.
616:.
604:^
583:.
315:or
291:.
283:.
273:38
271:.
244:,
238:,
183:.
166:.
62:,
51:.
1195:.
1176:.
1139:.
1079:.
899:.
865:.
843::
816:.
804::
781:.
740:.
718::
691:.
651:.
626:.
598:.
462:.
430:"
407:1
299:.
279::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.