25:
499:
380:
648:, confirms that the author–date system is attributable to Mark. The festschrift pays tribute to Mark's 1881 paper, writing that it "introduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliography." According to an editorial note in the
578:
style as "(Spivak 'Subaltern')". Such ambiguities may be resolved by adding an original date of publication, for example, "(Spivak 1985/1996)", though this is cumbersome and exacerbates the principal disadvantage of parenthetical referencing, namely its distraction for the reader and unattractiveness on the page.
465:, 16.63–64). This approach can be cumbersome in any circumstances. When it is not possible to use footnotes altogether probably because of the publisher's policy, it results in two parallel series of endnotes, which can be confusing to readers. Using parenthetical referencing for sources avoids such a problem.
612:
If parenthetical referencing is combined with alphabetic order of author names, this can lead to discrimination of authors with last names starting with a letter in the end of the alphabet. Studies have demonstrated that alphabetical lists can lead to a significant discrimination of authors with last
577:
Similarly, because works are frequently reprinted in many arts and humanities disciplines, different author–date references might refer to the same work. For example, "(Spivak 1985)", "(Spivak 1987)", and "(Spivak 1996)" might all refer to the same essay — and might be better rendered in author–title
441:
If the same source is cited more than once, even a reader unfamiliar with the author may remember the name. It quickly becomes obvious if the publication is relying heavily on a single author or single publication. When many different pages of the same work are cited, the reader does not need to flip
426:
The principal advantage of the author–date method is that a reader familiar with a field is likely to recognize a citation without having to check in the references section. This is most useful in fields whose works are commonly known by their date of publication (for example, the sciences and social
203:
A citation is placed wherever appropriate in or after the sentence. If it is at the end of a sentence, it is placed before the period, but a citation for an entire block quote immediately follows the period at the end of the block since the citation is not an actual part of the quotation itself. When
147:
In the author–date method (Harvard referencing), the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports. The citation includes the author's name, year of publication, and page number(s) when a specific part of the source is referred to (Smith 2008,
603:
Most historical journals (apart from economic and social history) use footnotes because of the need for maximum flexibility. Primary source references to archives, etc., involve long and complex information, all of which may be immediately relevant to a serious reader. An interesting example of this
460:
Parenthetical referencing works well in combination with substantive notes. When the note system is used for source citations, two different systems of note marking and placement are needed—in
Chicago Style, for instance, "the citation notes should be numbered and appear as endnotes. The substantive
196:
A reference to a republished work is cited with the original publication date either in square brackets (Marx 1967, p. 90) or separated with a slash (Marx, 1867/1967, p. 90). The inclusion of the original publication year qualifies the suggestion otherwise that the publication originally
549:
In many disciplines in the arts and humanities, date of publication is often not the most important piece of information about a particular work. Thus, in author–date references such as "(Dickens 2003: 10)", the date is essentially redundant or meaningless when read on the page, since works may go
596:
The use of the author–date methods (but not author–title) can be confusing when used in monographs about particularly prolific authors. In-text citation and back-of-the-book listings of works arranged by date of publication are conducive to errors and confusion: for example, Harvey 1996a, Harvey
980:
Note the
Harvard system of referencing is not 'tightly' specified and some variation in the use of capital letters, italics, the use of parentheses and text styles does occur in different institutions and journals. Please check the 'house style' that is specified for your publication, thesis,
545:
Taking up space and distracting, especially when many works are cited in a single place (which often occurs when reviewing a large body of previous work). Numbered footnotes or endnotes, by contrast, can be combined into a range, e.g. "". However this disadvantage is offset by the fact that
207:
Complete citations are provided in alphabetical order in a section following the text, usually designated as "Works cited" or "References." The difference between a "works cited" or "references" list and a bibliography is that a bibliography may include works not directly cited in the
680:, the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports, and includes the author's name (a short title only is necessary when there is more than one work by the same author) and a page number where appropriate (Smith 1) or (Smith,
349:
In giving the city of publication, an internationally well-known city (such as London, The Hague, or New York) is given as the city alone. If the city is not internationally well known, the country (or state and country if in the U.S.) is given.
634:. In 1881 Mark wrote a paper on the embryogenesis of the garden slug, in which he included an author–date citation in parentheses on page 194, the first known instance of such a reference. Until then, according to Eli Chernin writing in the
546:
parenthetical referencing may be economical for the overall document since, for instance, "(Smith 2008: 34)" takes up a small amount of space in a paragraph, whereas the same information would require a whole line in a footnote or endnote.
652:
in 1945, an unconfirmed anecdote is that the term "Owen system" was introduced by an
English visitor to Harvard University library, who was impressed by the citation system and dubbed it "Harvard system" upon his return to England.
214:
There is no official guide to
Harvard citation style, consequently variations occur across various online Harvard citation and referencing guides. For example, some universities instruct students to type a book's publication date
608:
which treated historical events from anthropological perspective: although parenthetical references were used for scholarly sources, the authors found it necessary to use notes for the historical archive material they were also
96:. They are usually accompanied by a full, alphabetized list of citations in an end section, usually titled "references", "reference list", "works cited", or "end-text citations". Parenthetical referencing can be used in lieu of
768:
588:
sections to see if the sources cited in the removed text is used elsewhere in the paper or book, and if not, to delete any reference not actually cited in the text (although this issue can be eliminated by the use of
471:
The author–date method can be more convenient for manuscript/draft preparation, or revisions, that are handled by multiple contributing authors. For example, multiple authors are not necessarily able to use the same
1530:– Provides hyperlinked "Citation Guides" pertaining to the most commonly used citation guidelines, including parenthetical referencing. Also includes APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian style guidelines.
550:
through numerous editions or translations long after the original publication. Compare a reference in a science discipline such as "The last survey indicated that four hundred were left in the wild (Jones
468:
The reader can find the in-text author–date citations of a specific work more easily. Finding in-text numbered citations is more difficult because some will not appear if they are included in ranges.
200:
If an author published several books in 2005, the year of the first publication (in the alphabetic order of the references) is cited and referenced as 2005a, the second as 2005b and so on.
684:
1). (No "p." or "pp." prefaces the page numbers and main words in titles appear in capital letters, following MLA style guidelines.) A full citation is given in the references section.
640:, references had appeared in inconsistent styles in footnotes, referred to in the text using a variety of printers' symbols, including asterisks and daggers. Chernin writes that a 1903
558:
meaningful. The reader of certain forms of arts and humanities scholarship may thus be better aided by the use of author–title referencing styles such as MLA: for example, "(Dickens
760:
167:
Narrative style citations have the author appearing as part of the regular text sentence, outside parentheses, as in: "Jones (2001) revolutionized the field of trauma surgery."
160:
The structure of a citation under the author–date method is the author's surname, year of publication, and page number or range, in parentheses, as in "(Smith 2010, p. 1)".
581:
Rules can be complicated or unclear for non-academic references, particularly those where the personal author is unknown, such as government-issued documents and standards.
566:
meaningful, though in most branches of history footnotes are preferred on other grounds. Generally speaking, however, it is instructive that author–date systems such as
1311:
693:
1454:
706:
or even a combination of both footnotes and endnotes. Such content notes may themselves contain a style of parenthetical referencing, just as the main text does.
186:
In such documentation systems, works without pagination are referred to in the
References list as "not paginated" with the abbreviation for that phrase (n. pag.).
1475:
1091:
Einav, L., & Yariv, L. (2006). What's in a surname? The effects of surname initials on academic success. Journal of
Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 175–187.
183:
In some documentation systems (e.g., MLA style), an unknown date is cited as having "no date of publication" by the abbreviation for "no date" (Deane, n.d.).
993:
562:, 10)", where meaningful information is given on the page. Historical scholarship is an exception, since, when citing a primary source, date of publication
476:. As such, it may be a preferred style to be used for submission to journals that allow any reference style before acceptance, such as journals that follow
189:"No place of publication" and/or "no publisher" are both designated the same way (n.p.) and placed in the appropriate spot in the bibliographical citation (
715:
656:
Although it originated in biology, it is now more common in humanities, history, and social science. It is favored by a few scientific journals such as
1548:
427:
sciences in which one cites, say, "the 2005 Johns
Hopkins study of brain function"), or if the author cited is notorious (for example, HIV denialist
1597:
1497:
698:
A content note generally contains useful information and explanations that do not fit into the primary text itself. Content notes may be given as
232:
Heilman, J. M. and West, A. G. (2015). "Knowledge (XXG) and
Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language."
1353:
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947:
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names in the end of such lists (e.g., funding, citations). Some style guides therefore suggest to list the authors chronologically instead.
449:
With the author–date method, there is no renumbering hassle when the order of in-text citations is changed, which can be a scourge of the
46:
170:
Two authors are cited using "and" or "&": (Deane and Jones 1991) or (Deane & Jones 1991). More than two authors are cited using "
240:
Following is an explanation of the components, where the coloring is for demonstration purposes and is not used in actual formatting:
120:
1582:
1296:
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843:
115:
Author–date (also known as
Harvard referencing): primarily used in the natural sciences and social sciences, and recommended by the
68:
1620:
1389:
1508:
1616:
204:
citing quotes it’s advisable to insert the page number as this points directly to the page of the content that has been used.
631:
590:
473:
454:
1471:
1462:
1665:
1517:– Includes section on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing the Internet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".
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1316:
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131:
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39:
33:
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323:
116:
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50:
847:
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if house style or project style insists that citations never appear out of numerical order. (Computerized
249:"Knowledge (XXG) and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language."
358:
1660:
1655:
1601:
310:
303:
258:
1501:
1365:
909:
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The mixing of text with frequent parentheses and long strings of numbers is typographically inelegant.
148:
p. 1) or (Smith 2008:1). A full citation is given in the references section: Smith, John (2008).
677:
597:
1996b, Harvey 1996c, Harvey 1996d, Harvey 1995a, Harvey 1995b, Harvey 1986a, Harvey 1986b, and so on.
571:
1564:
630:, who may have copied it from the cataloguing system used then and now by the library of Harvard's
623:
130:
Author–title or author–page: primarily used in the arts and the humanities, and recommended by the
1413:
1590:
1552:
645:
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The page number or page range may be omitted if the entire work is cited, as in "(Smith 2010)".
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When removing a portion of text which has citations in it, the editor(s) must also check the
438:
The use of author–date systems helps the reader easily identify sources that may be outdated.
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The
Heilman and West example article was published electronically without page numbers.
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1649:
1526:"Citing Sources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism"
932:
851:
524:
405:
135:
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1138:
938:(5th ed.). Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association. p.
1285:
Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
641:
297:
1164:
1054:
513:
394:
124:
1525:
626:, Hersey professor of anatomy and director of the zoological laboratory at
1621:"Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide to Referencing Sources Used in Assignments"
1539:
604:
arose with the famous work of the anthropologists John and Jean Comaroff,
699:
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477:
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108:
85:
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1139:"Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney"
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notes, indicated by asterisks and other symbols, appear as footnotes" (
93:
1276:
1538:. (Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library). Archived from
1200:"Numbered referencing style now standard across Cell Press journals"
694:
The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers § Content notes
1155:
668:
announced in 2022 that it was moving away from the Harvard style.
443:
319:
specific page number in a note; page range in a bibliography entry
171:
1039:(16th ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2010.
1143:
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College
622:
The origin of the author–date style is attributed to a paper by
432:
676:
In the author–title or author–page method, also referred to as
1433:
A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
492:
373:
18:
1239:
Recommendations for citing and referencing published material
280:
first listed author's name inverted in the bibliography entry
934:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
1031:"Notes and Bibliography: Journal Volume, Issue, and Date".
844:"Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing (5th edition)"
107:
Parenthetical referencing normally uses one of these two
1406:"Research Service Libraries Take Part in Pilot Project"
981:
dissertation or assignment before submitting your work.
520:
401:
1241:(2nd ed.). London: British Standards Institution.
211:
All citations are in the same font as the main text.
1587:"Your Guide to the Harvard AGPS Referencing System"
1337:(3rd ed.). Modern Language Association. 2008.
794:
Chicago Manual of Style, Williams College Libraries
1335:MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing
1032:
931:
873:"Parenthetical Versus Narrative In-Text Citations"
1549:"Resources for Students: Guides to Using Sources"
442:back and forth to footnotes or endnotes full of "
815:Cite them right: the essential referencing guide
462:
1312:The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
457:automates this aspect of the numbered system .)
644:dedicated to Mark by 140 students, including
8:
896:
894:
892:
359:"Protests halt online auction to shoot stag"
1498:"Scientific Style and Format: Introduction"
1224:American Psychological Association (2001).
1106:"The 'Harvard system': a mystery dispelled"
930:American Psychological Association (2001).
908:. University of East Anglia. Archived from
716:Comparison of reference management software
1390:"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorks Workshops"
1226:"Citations in Text of Electronic Material"
1181:. The Amrerican Astronomical Society. 2023
1099:
1097:
1003:. The University of Sydney. Archived from
971:. Dairy Science and Food Technology (DSFT)
1154:
1121:
994:"Your Guide to Harvard Style Referencing"
338:. The Hague: Holland Research Foundation.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1547:Harvard College Writing Program (2008).
838:
836:
834:
32:This article includes a list of general
751:
727:
570:, whereas author–title systems such as
236:, 17(3), p. e62. doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.
1307:Modern Language Association of America
1237:British Standards Institution (1990).
1026:
1024:
353:An example of a newspaper reference:
7:
1598:"Harvard Style (AGPS) – Web sources"
1569:"References and citations explained"
1179:"AAS Journal Reference Instructions"
574:were devised by humanities scholars.
567:
253:Journal of Medical Internet Research
234:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1283:Council of Science Editors (2006).
906:Harvard System of Referencing Guide
228:An example of a journal reference:
969:"DFST Harvard Reference Generator"
568:Harvard were devised by scientists
446:" citations to discover this fact.
357:Bowcott, Owen (October 18, 2005).
219:parentheses in the reference list.
121:American Psychological Association
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1617:Victoria University of Technology
1583:University of Southern Queensland
1287:(7th ed.). Reston, VA (US):
902:"References with missing details"
330:Examples of book references are:
143:Author–date (Harvard referencing)
1534:Harvard College Library (2008).
662:, but the major biology journal
497:
378:
345:. London: Jolly Good Publishing.
23:
813:Pears, R.; Shields, G. (2008).
771:from the original on 2020-07-26
1352:Roediger, Roddy (April 2004).
512:format but may read better as
463:"Chicago Manual of Style" 2003
393:format but may read better as
243:Heilman, J. M. and West, A. G.
1:
1396:Library. 2006. Archived from
1354:"What Should They Be Called?"
1137:Mark, Edward Laurens (1881).
632:Museum of Comparative Zoology
474:reference-management software
455:reference-management software
1472:American Library Association
850:. 2012-05-21. Archived from
606:Of Revelation and Revolution
1437:University of Chicago Press
1253:University of Chicago Press
1248:The Chicago Manual of Style
1202:(Press release). 2022-10-03
1035:The Chicago Manual of Style
761:"Parenthetical Referencing"
132:Modern Language Association
1682:
1494:Council of Biology Editors
1490:Council of Science Editors
1410:Harvard University Library
1315:(7th ed.). New York:
1251:(15th ed.). Chicago:
691:
591:reference manager software
1435:(7th ed.). Chicago:
659:The Astrophysical Journal
324:Digital object identifier
117:American Chemical Society
82:Parenthetical referencing
1492:(CSE), previously named
848:Anglia Ruskin University
451:numbered endnotes system
1474:(ALA) (November 2003),
1467:– Includes hyperlinked.
1110:British Medical Journal
650:British Medical Journal
637:British Medical Journal
554:2003)", where the date
521:converting this section
402:converting this section
53:more precise citations.
1524:Library (2008-06-02).
1461:. 2008. Archived from
1431:; et al. (2007).
1412:. 2009. Archived from
1069:"Your Paper, Your Way"
336:Dutch Citing Practices
272:doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.
1104:Chernin, Eli (1988).
765:liu.cwp.libguides.com
152:. Name of Publisher.
1477:ALA Standards Manual
790:"Author–date system"
759:libguides, liu.cwp.
1565:University of Leeds
1364:(4). Archived from
1116:(6655): 1062–1063.
817:. Pear Tree Books.
624:Edward Laurens Mark
482:Your Paper Your Way
343:Harvard Referencing
341:Smith, J. (2005b).
334:Smith, J. (2005a).
191:Harvard Referencing
1666:Harvard University
1553:Harvard University
1001:University Library
646:Theodore Roosevelt
628:Harvard University
523:, if appropriate.
404:, if appropriate.
1536:"Research Guides"
1509:"Reference Links"
1459:Harvard Libraries
1446:978-0-226-82336-2
1429:Turabian, Kate L.
1344:978-0-87352-297-7
1326:978-1-60329-024-1
1046:978-0-226-10420-1
967:Mullan, W. M. A.
949:978-1-55798-791-4
824:978-0-9551216-1-6
542:
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197:occurred in 1967.
90:in-text citations
79:
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1626:. Archived from
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1600:. Archived from
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1589:. Archived from
1585:Library (2008).
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1567:Library (2009).
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1555:. Archived from
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1511:. Archived from
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1500:. Archived from
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1466:
1455:"Citation Tools"
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100:citations (the
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45:Please help to
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16:Citation system
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1593:on 2009-03-01.
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1559:on 2012-12-10.
1544:
1542:on 2012-12-05.
1531:
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1515:on 2009-02-06.
1504:on 2007-10-22.
1496:(CBE) (2009).
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1656:Style guides
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484:guidelines.
298:italic type
156:How to cite
134:(MLA) (see
123:(APA) (see
94:parentheses
51:introducing
1650:Categories
1637:2010-10-25
1608:2010-10-25
1574:2016-02-02
1420:2009-03-11
1372:2009-03-11
1206:2023-09-17
1185:2023-09-17
1165:6822275174
1078:2022-09-08
1014:2016-07-17
975:2016-07-17
916:2010-10-25
882:2020-05-26
858:2016-07-17
799:2010-10-25
775:2022-10-07
742:References
692:See also:
370:Advantages
176:": (Smith
34:references
1230:APA Style
1055:495102182
747:Citations
700:footnotes
678:MLA style
586:Reference
533:June 2020
414:June 2020
278:Author(s)
125:APA style
88:in which
59:June 2020
1619:(2009).
1309:(2009).
1255:. 2003.
769:Archived
710:See also
704:endnotes
478:Elsevier
224:Examples
193:. N.p.).
119:and the
98:footnote
1217:Sources
1149:: 194.
1123:1834803
682:Playing
246:(2015).
217:without
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180:1992).
178:et al.
173:et al.
36:, but
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514:prose
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311:Issue
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1161:OCLC
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1041:ISBN
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665:Cell
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284:Year
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