706:. The pronunciation of French words is very different from other dialects and resembles English pronunciation. Chiac cannot be identified solely on its frequent use of English words since many other French dialects use many English words as well, but Chiac has an unusual amount of English. Chiac French has developed through proximity to English-speakers who settled nearby during the colonial period. Sounds that are characteristic of Chiac are the different use of the letters "d", "t", "r", and "c". Other differences include the use of vowel sounds such as "ea", "eo", "on", "an", and "oi". Such English-stylized pronunciations are different from other dialects of North American French such as Québécois and Brayon. Some forms of Chiac deviate from the original language to the extent that it is nearly incomprehensible to the larger Francophone community. Chiac is perhaps best categorized as a
570:
French, is linguistically distinct from a "standard" French through its unique phonetic and phonological differences, lexical substitutions, and grammatical borrowings. Many of these linguistic differences are influenced, either directly or indirectly, by the various native
African languages spoken in the Ivory Coast. Concerning the phonetics and phonology of Ivorian French, it is not uncommon for the nasal phoneme to be produced as , specifically at the start of a word while the palato-alveolar fricatives and often possess a degree of difficulty in their pronunciation. An abundance of words from regional African languages are utilized as loanwords in Ivorian French and some meanings of French words have changed over time (ex. the term
601:) that are spoken much more frequently and casually. Many elements of Kinshasa French are also influenced from Belgian French, for reasons relating back to colonial times. The French spoken in Kinshasa varies from a "standard" French in many ways; including the posteriorization of the French anterior vowel (converting it to the phoneme ), the delabialization of the phoneme (which becomes ), as well as the palatalization of apico-dental consonants that are followed by the anterior vowels and (ex. a French word such as
379:
133:
32:
1091:. Otherwise, its speakers are generally elderly. Since the 1990s, there has been a small revival of French in Cambodia with French-language schools and centres opening. Many Cambodian students travel to France to receive studies as well as French-language media. Nevertheless, Cambodia has the smallest Francophone population of former
558:
and use of borrowed words from local languages. Many dialects of French found in the continent of Africa are highly influenced by the native languages that are spoken in each respective country. Two examples of the various dialects of
African French are Abidjan French, or more broadly Ivorian French,
569:
While various indigenous
African languages are still spoken within the city of Abidjan, as well as within the entire country of the Ivory Coast, French is used by a significant amount of the population as it is the main language used in commerce, education, and government. Abidjan French, or Ivorian
791:
Ontario French is often divided into two categories: North and South. The further north the more French is spoken and the closer the dialect and culture is to Quebec French. Further south, the French is closer to the global standard, with a more
English cultural influence as well as a more Parisian
926:
that developed long before
Haitian immigrants arrived in Louisiana, largely developed as the tongue of the Louisiana Creole community and a significant portion of self-identified Cajuns. However, linguists now believe that the Colonial and Acadian dialects have largely merged into modern Louisiana
574:
which in French relates to the domain of "trade, business", in
Ivorian French has evolved into meaning a large "shopping street" with many stores where "trade occurs". Additionally, differences in grammar are seen in Abidjan French, as compared to a more traditional French, such as the omission of
930:
French has gained co-official status with
English in Louisiana, and there is both a thriving multi-generational base of speakers as well as a growing network of French immersion schools across the state in order to preserve the language. Louisiana also has a French-language society called CODOFIL
1175:
despite a decline in the language after the country's independence and the communist takeover. A revival has now raised the number of students learning French to 35%. In addition, the
Laotian Ă©lite and the elderly population speak French, which is the diplomatic language of Laos.
1194:, which has the largest Francophone population in Asia. Over 5% of the population learn the language or speak it well. French is also spoken among the elderly in Vietnam as a legacy of the colonial French era and also by the country's Ă©lite. A French
1839:
465:. Levantine French was also spoken by Sephardic Jews in Salonica, Istanbul and Smyrna, by Armenians and Greek bourgeois in the urban centres of Asia Minor, by Syrian Catholics and Melkites in Aleppo and Beirut.
2285:
1087:
Cambodian French is still used as a second language in some schools, universities and government offices, but most of the younger generations and members of the business world choose to learn
1206:
in 1975, the number of French-speakers in
Vietnam and the number of students taking the language have declined, but French remains taught as an optional foreign language in higher education.
585:
Kinshasa French is the main language used in government and commerce domains in the
Democratic Republic of Congo, however this French is highly influenced by the four national languages (
1945:
2278:
1748:
768:
718:, French dialects that incorporate Indigenous, African, and other European languages, as opposed to dialects such as Québécois and Brayon that deviate slightly from
2906:
173:
132:
2271:
2947:
1493:
398:
1938:
765:. Although Quebec French constitutes a coherent and standard system, it has no objective norm since the very organization mandated to establish it, the
365:
554:
the continent with the most French speakers in the world. While there are many varieties of African French, common features include the use of an
931:(Conseil pour le développement du français en Louisiane) and cultural institutions dedicated to preserving French such as the Nous Foundation.
1931:
1608:
1570:
2152:
843:
49:
20:
1406:
1785:
1722:
115:
201:
960:, which was colonized as part of French Louisiana. It is considered very moribund, with only a few elderly speakers still fluent.
96:
2940:
1025:. The main difference between Haitian French and the Metropolitan French is in the Haitian speaker's intonation, a rather subtle
642:
68:
1913:
987:
229:
3143:
3113:
3098:
1752:
191:
53:
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but are nonetheless derived primarily from earlier dialects of French with little contribution from other source languages.
75:
2231:
1513:
1374:
923:
501:
358:
296:
168:
2822:
1244:, where there is a significant trilingual Francophone population. Some expressions, words and phrases are different from
3058:
2730:
2683:
2933:
2482:
2000:
1297:
1043:
910:. Colonial French was originally the dialect spoken by the land-holding educated classes. Acadian, the dialect of the
542:. As of 2023, an estimated 350 million African people spread across 34 African countries can speak French either as a
82:
3133:
2576:
2561:
2211:
2020:
2015:
1979:
1185:
42:
3053:
2724:
1918:
1635:"Analyzing the effect of interference on the utilization of French in ivory coast: social and linguistic aspects"
915:
64:
3194:
3189:
949:
351:
238:
141:
1633:
Baghana, Jerome; Glebova, Yana A.; Voloshina, Tatiana G.; Blazhevich, Yuliya S.; Birova, Jana (14 June 2022).
792:
grammar and dialect structure. Both Parisian and Canadian French are taught in the French immersion schools.
736:
Newfoundland French is a regional dialect of French that was once spoken by settlers in the French colony of
2524:
2342:
2337:
2294:
2010:
1482:
1158:
991:
907:
1320:. Notable features include a strong distinction between long and short vowels, the lack of the approximant
3073:
2788:
2713:
2512:
1321:
895:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
677:
673:
669:
665:
257:
1029:-based tone being used. Importantly, differences are not enough to cause problems between both speakers.
2956:
2912:
2799:
2688:
2595:
1690:
1394:
1378:
919:
758:
737:
386:
206:
1202:, was spoken by Vietnamese servants in French households during the colonial era. Since the end of the
462:
3018:
2993:
2879:
2809:
2782:
2678:
2419:
1262:
1253:
1114:
1073:
301:
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3033:
2973:
2868:
2698:
2556:
2518:
2347:
2132:
2053:
1518:
1362:
1337:
1271:
1134:
731:
719:
658:
598:
497:
402:
378:
196:
2320:
1498:
1260:. Both French and Italian overlay the indigenous local language continuum of Aosta Valley, called
485:
263:
158:
3158:
3103:
3088:
3008:
2988:
2978:
2841:
2497:
2459:
2390:
2357:
2190:
2165:
1678:
1656:
1576:
1325:
969:
861:
857:
654:
282:
252:
163:
89:
489:
1906:
L'Aménagement Linguistique dans le Monde - Vallée d'Aoste, Linguistic situation in Aosta Valley
3123:
3078:
3063:
3043:
2983:
2968:
2833:
2668:
2536:
2487:
2380:
2370:
2043:
1813:
1781:
1718:
1604:
1566:
1553:
Aslanov, Cyril (2018). "The Historical Formation of a Macro-ecology: The Case of the Levant".
1422:
1409:. Today there is media, both digital and physical in Jewish French. It is not descendent from
1385:, it is not considered in decline, but instead is doing well. It contains some influence from
1301:
1122:
469:
438:
418:
410:
182:
956:. It is the last remnant of the form of French once spoken widely in the region known as the
3168:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3083:
3013:
3003:
2874:
2828:
2804:
2753:
2748:
2736:
2613:
2541:
2385:
2375:
2329:
2170:
2038:
1646:
1558:
1503:
1436:
1382:
1317:
1305:
1257:
1092:
1088:
1065:
1057:
957:
885:
853:
777:
would lead to reduced inter intelligibility with other French communities around the world.
715:
650:
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493:
477:
329:
324:
315:
3118:
3093:
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3023:
2998:
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2586:
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2400:
2309:
2180:
2090:
2081:
2030:
1963:
1533:
1488:
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1454:
1370:
1309:
1293:
1245:
1233:
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1142:
1077:
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899:
865:
707:
614:
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481:
473:
458:
442:
390:
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291:
234:
149:
2454:
2175:
2137:
873:
268:
19:"French accent" redirects here. For the pronunciation of English by French speakers, see
1199:
3028:
2899:
2718:
2708:
2623:
2551:
2502:
2449:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2409:
2365:
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2185:
2142:
2120:
2048:
1984:
1971:
1905:
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1283:
1138:
1126:
1069:
1026:
1012:
995:
973:
869:
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and even of other Canadian dialects have some difficulty understanding Acadian French.
625:
594:
555:
543:
517:
513:
446:
422:
306:
224:
215:
698:
Chiac is a dialect of combined Acadian French and English and is spoken mainly around
3183:
2703:
2530:
2464:
2444:
2252:
2098:
2071:
2005:
1660:
1580:
1398:
1390:
1225:
1220:
1110:
1104:
849:
774:
754:
749:
703:
468:
Note that the discussion here refers to varieties of the French language, not to the
430:
406:
2693:
2571:
2507:
2160:
2066:
1923:
1523:
1448:
1249:
1237:
1118:
1061:
903:
426:
245:
1897:
1679:"Particularités phonétiques du français dans la presse audio-visuelle de Kinshasa"
522:
French is an administrative language and is commonly but unofficially used in the
472:
sister languages (sometimes considered dialects) of French spoken in France (e.g.
457:, French was an official language until 1941 and the main dialect spoken there is
449:. Standard French (e.g. used by Anglophones speaking French or by Francophones in
1775:
1712:
1694:
1681:[The French Phonetic particularities in the broadcast media in Kinshasa]
2816:
2628:
2618:
1864:
1462:
1203:
1081:
983:
681:
334:
31:
1651:
1634:
1342:
Jersey Legal French is the official dialect of French used administratively in
2776:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2058:
1562:
1528:
1313:
527:
2607:
1894:
Francais de Belgique, Francais de Suisse, Francais du Canada, Francais BEPO.
1432:
1410:
1366:
1172:
1146:
894:
and derives from the forms of the language spoken by the colonists of lower
891:
638:
453:
using a different dialect) is also commonly grouped as Canadian French. In
1751:. Department of French Studies, Louisiana State University. Archived from
2925:
1049:
953:
911:
2601:
1508:
1466:
1386:
1191:
699:
631:
586:
539:
535:
531:
523:
454:
414:
830:
Long vowels are generally diphthongized in closed syllables (the word
2770:
2758:
2741:
2475:
2236:
2115:
2108:
1402:
1343:
1053:
922:, was spoken largely by the white lower classes. Louisiana Creole, a
762:
635:
551:
450:
434:
394:
890:
Louisiana French, the largest of the groupings, is spoken mostly in
1346:. Notable features include some archaic word choices and the words
2673:
2470:
2414:
2125:
2103:
1241:
1130:
1022:
693:
646:
441:
along with English; the two main dialects of French in Canada are
377:
1461:) is the variety of French spoken in the French-speaking area of
898:. Louisiana French is traditionally divided into three dialects:
1168:
2929:
2267:
1927:
1774:
Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989).
1711:
Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989).
25:
1891:
1068:
peoples, learned French. Cambodian French was influenced by
630:
Acadian French is a variant of French spoken by Francophone
1834:
1832:
1830:
1777:
Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties
1714:
Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties
914:
who came to French Louisiana in droves following their
575:
articles and prepositions in some linguistic contexts.
1892:
Learn to type with different French keyboard layouts
1469:. The differences between Swiss French and Parisian
657:, along the St. Lawrence's north shore. Speakers of
2855:
2656:
2585:
2399:
2356:
2328:
2319:
2302:
2245:
2224:
2199:
2151:
2089:
2080:
2029:
1993:
1970:
795:Notable features include , , and as allophones of
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1639:Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del QuindĂo
1431:) is the regional variant of the French spoken in
927:French but remain distinct from Louisiana Creole.
21:Non-native pronunciations of English § French
645:Valley in the northern part of the U.S. state of
504:, which are also considered separate languages.
1373:spoken by 200-300 thousand of 480-600 thousand
2941:
2279:
1939:
1171:. It goes back to the French colonization of
359:
8:
1494:Geographical distribution of French speakers
948:is now spoken by a handful of people in the
766:
757:is the dominant and most prevalent regional
382:Dialects of the French language in the world
2907:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
1109:Indian French is the French spoken by some
848:Several varieties of French emerged in the
401:. The Francophones of France generally use
2948:
2934:
2926:
2325:
2286:
2272:
2264:
2086:
1946:
1932:
1924:
1914:Sondage sur la pratique des langues en Vda
1706:
1704:
773:, believes that objectively standardizing
366:
352:
127:
1650:
1354:for "seventy" and "ninety" respectively.
1133:. There is a considerable influence from
978:New England French is the local name for
550:, mostly as a secondary language, making
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1677:Gombé-Apondza, Guy-Roger Cyriac (2015).
1596:La Francophonie dans le monde: 2006–2007
1808:
1806:
1804:
1555:Linguistic Ecology and Language Contact
1545:
807:in closed syllables and affrication of
769:Office québécois de la langue française
314:
281:
214:
181:
148:
1859:
1857:
1743:
1741:
421:. In Europe outside France there are
7:
1919:French in India: A privileged status
1689:(4). Sylvains les Moulins: 101–116.
1672:
1670:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1485: – Simplified version of French
844:French language in the United States
54:adding citations to reliable sources
684:and the use of some archaic words.
2911:Languages between parentheses are
1780:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 308.
1717:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 307.
1252:and some reflect the influence of
1048:Cambodian French is the French of
413:) although some also use regional
16:Family of local language varieties
14:
1898:linguasphere on Romance languages
1687:Synergies Afrique des Grands Lacs
1603:] (in French). Nathan. 2007.
1601:The Francophonie around the world
1459:français de Suisse, Suisse romand
1017:Haitian French is the variety of
484:, etc.; for these languages see:
1955:Varieties of the French language
1407:being expelled from North Africa
131:
30:
1814:"Haiti French Vs. Paris French"
1435:. It is strongly influenced by
1190:Vietnamese French is spoken in
41:needs additional citations for
2915:of the language on their left.
1473:are minor and mostly lexical.
1248:, some of them are similar to
1060:in 1863. Many, especially the
202:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
1:
2232:French-based creole languages
1514:French-based creole languages
1300:, alongside related minority
502:French-based creole languages
2061:(England, Wales and Ireland)
1141:(Puducherry Tamil dialect),
1427:Meridional French (French:
1298:French Community of Belgium
1145:(Yanam Telugu dialect) and
1044:French language in Cambodia
3211:
1652:10.33975/riuq.vol34ns2.873
1446:
1420:
1335:
1281:
1218:
1186:French language in Vietnam
1183:
1156:
1149:(Mahé Malayalam dialect).
1113:in the former colonies of
1102:
1041:
1010:
967:
938:
883:
841:
784:
747:
729:
691:
623:
612:
511:
18:
2964:
2890:
1961:
1844:, France-Diplomatie, 2005
1563:10.1017/9781139649568.006
1324:, and the use of certain
906:or "Acadian" French, and
664:Notable features include
1288:Belgian French (French:
950:Midwestern United States
230:Articles and determiners
2295:Gallo-Romance languages
1841:La Francophonie in Asia
1749:"What is Cajun French?"
1159:French language in Laos
1052:. It dates back to the
992:Aroostook County, Maine
918:from Acadia during the
908:Louisiana Creole French
904:Modern Louisiana French
860:and the nearly-extinct
1458:
767:
564:Abidjan/Ivorian French
383:
2905:A star (*) indicates
2800:Poitevin-Saintongeais
2731:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
1755:on September 14, 2010
1379:French Jews in Israel
1296:spoken mainly in the
920:French and Indian War
559:and Kinshasa French.
417:or varieties such as
381:
65:"Varieties of French"
1557:. pp. 131–146.
1483:Français fondamental
1381:. Unlike most other
1292:) is the variety of
1290:français de Belgique
1254:Piedmontese language
1232:) is the variety of
605:is pronounced as ).
192:Phonological history
50:improve this article
2358:Bourbonnais Creoles
1519:Languages of France
1429:français méridional
1338:Jersey Legal French
1135:Dravidian languages
982:as it is spoken in
761:of French found in
732:Newfoundland French
720:Metropolitan French
659:Metropolitan French
498:languages of France
197:Oaths of Strasbourg
1302:regional languages
1230:français valdôtain
970:New England French
862:Frenchville French
858:New England French
655:Havre-Saint-Pierre
639:Maritime provinces
405:French (spoken in
384:
3177:
3176:
2923:
2922:
2900:extinct languages
2856:Francoprovencalic
2851:
2850:
2834:Wisconsin Walloon
2261:
2260:
2220:
2219:
2062:
1610:978-2-09-882177-4
1572:978-1-139-64956-8
1423:Meridional French
1377:and 200 thousand
1074:Chinese varieties
988:Saint John Valley
834:is pronounced ).
827:is pronounced ).
680:becoming before
439:official language
419:Meridional French
376:
375:
126:
125:
118:
100:
3202:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2869:Franco-Provençal
2865:/Faetar-CigliĂ je
2754:Louisiana French
2749:Louisiana Creole
2562:Saint-Barthélemy
2330:Antillean Creole
2326:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2212:Saint-Barthélemy
2087:
2060:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1912:
1904:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1869:Jewish Languages
1861:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1822:
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1810:
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1615:
1614:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1550:
1383:Jewish languages
1323:
1272:Franco-Provençal
1093:French Indochina
1056:colonization of
986:, except in the
958:Illinois Country
896:French Louisiana
886:Louisiana French
854:Louisiana French
822:
818:
815:to and before
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
772:
716:Louisiana Creole
679:
675:
671:
667:
651:Magdalen Islands
643:Saint John River
463:Levantine French
399:around the world
368:
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354:
135:
128:
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110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3210:
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3201:
3200:
3199:
3195:French dialects
3190:French language
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
2960:
2954:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2886:
2847:
2765:Moselle Romance
2725:KaripĂşna Creole
2652:
2581:
2493:Franco-Ontarian
2395:
2352:
2315:
2310:Canadian French
2298:
2292:
2262:
2257:
2241:
2216:
2195:
2147:
2076:
2025:
1989:
1966:
1964:Standard French
1957:
1952:
1910:
1902:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1865:"Jewish French"
1863:
1862:
1855:
1847:
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1838:
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1802:
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1399:Maghrebi Jews
1396:
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1380:
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1363:Jewish French
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1315:
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1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Aostan French
1222:
1221:Aostan French
1214:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:is spoken in
1166:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1105:Indian French
1099:Indian French
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
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1024:
1020:
1014:
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985:
981:
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961:
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947:
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934:
932:
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
887:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:United States
845:
838:United States
837:
835:
833:
828:
826:
793:
788:
780:
778:
776:
775:Quebec French
771:
770:
764:
760:
756:
755:Quebec French
751:
750:Quebec French
743:
741:
739:
733:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:New Brunswick
701:
695:
687:
685:
683:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:
633:
627:
619:
616:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
582:
576:
573:
567:
566:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:Langues d'oĂŻl
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Aostan French
428:
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420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
369:
364:
362:
357:
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264:passé composé
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195:
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190:
189:
188:
187:
184:
180:
175:
172:
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167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Langues d'oĂŻl
157:
156:
155:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
134:
130:
129:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3038:
2959:of languages
2895:
2840:
2821:
2810:Saintongeais
2787:
2775:
2763:
2729:
2694:Camfranglais
2640:
2633:
2606:
2596:Anglo-Norman
2594:
2557:Newfoundland
2542:Metropolitan
2529:
2519:Jersey Legal
2517:
2508:Houma French
2348:Saint Lucian
2303:Areal groups
2297:and dialects
2133:Newfoundland
2054:Jersey Legal
1954:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1846:, retrieved
1840:
1817:. Retrieved
1791:. Retrieved
1776:
1769:
1759:September 3,
1757:. Retrieved
1753:the original
1730:September 3,
1728:. Retrieved
1713:
1686:
1642:
1638:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1554:
1548:
1452:
1449:Swiss French
1428:
1426:
1395:Judeo-Arabic
1361:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1332:Jersey Legal
1289:
1287:
1270:), which is
1267:
1261:
1250:Swiss French
1238:Aosta Valley
1229:
1224:
1189:
1162:
1119:Chandannagar
1108:
1086:
1072:and various
1047:
1016:
990:of northern
977:
944:
929:
889:
874:MĂ©tis French
847:
831:
829:
824:
794:
790:
753:
738:Newfoundland
735:
726:Newfoundland
697:
682:front vowels
663:
629:
602:
584:
578:
577:
571:
568:
562:
561:
521:
500:). See also
467:
427:Swiss French
403:Metropolitan
385:
269:passé simple
207:Anglo-Norman
174:Francophonie
112:
106:October 2022
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2994:Azerbaijani
2902:or dialects
2789:Petit nègre
2679:Bourbonnais
2624:Guernésiais
2619:Cotentinais
2498:Frenchville
2460:New England
2391:Seychellois
2191:New England
2166:Frenchville
1911:(in French)
1903:(in French)
1793:February 1,
1463:Switzerland
1393:as well as
1204:Vietnam War
984:New England
964:New England
335:Aspirated h
283:Orthography
253:conjugation
3184:Categories
3109:Portuguese
3074:Macedonian
2777:Old French
2699:Champenois
2684:Burgundian
2648:Sercquiais
2642:Old Norman
2635:Law French
2577:Vietnamese
2537:Meridional
2371:Chagossian
2044:Meridional
2016:Vietnamese
1874:2024-02-05
1848:2010-10-14
1819:8 February
1695:2060963904
1540:References
1529:Law French
1417:Meridional
1326:Belgicisms
1314:Champenois
1266:(locally,
1180:Vietnamese
1115:Pondichéry
1076:, such as
1021:spoken in
823:(the word
710:alongside
528:Mauritania
302:Circumflex
258:morphology
76:newspapers
3159:Ukrainian
3089:Norwegian
3009:Bulgarian
2989:Aromanian
2979:Aragonese
2957:Varieties
2913:varieties
2898:indicate
2880:ValdĂ´tain
2871:/Arpitan
2842:Zarphatic
2783:Orléanais
2669:Berrichon
2608:Auregnais
2483:Cambodian
2465:Québécois
2386:Rodriguan
2376:Mauritian
2343:Grenadian
2338:Dominican
2200:Caribbean
2171:Louisiana
2001:Cambodian
1661:249701668
1581:150123855
1465:known as
1433:Occitania
1411:Zarphatic
1367:ethnolect
1274:in type.
1263:ValdĂ´tain
1228:(French:
1173:Indochina
1147:Malayalam
1082:Cantonese
1058:Indochina
1038:Cambodian
1002:Caribbean
916:expulsion
892:Louisiana
880:Louisiana
387:Varieties
316:Phonology
3124:Romanian
3064:Japanese
3044:Georgian
2984:Armenian
2969:Albanian
2875:Savoyard
2805:Poitevin
2714:Guianese
2629:Jèrriais
2614:Cauchois
2567:Standard
2547:Missouri
2488:Francien
2438:Kinshasa
2181:Missouri
2091:Canadian
2031:European
2021:Lebanese
1980:Maghrebi
1691:ProQuest
1477:See also
1348:septante
1304:such as
1123:Karaikal
1050:Cambodia
994:, where
954:Missouri
935:Missouri
912:Acadians
636:Canadian
632:Acadians
599:Tshiluba
572:commerce
526:states,
478:Limousin
415:dialects
411:standard
292:Alphabet
239:personal
235:Pronouns
164:Dialects
142:a series
140:Part of
3169:Yiddish
3154:Turkish
3149:Swedish
3144:Spanish
3139:Slovene
3129:Russian
3114:Punjabi
3099:Persian
3084:Maltese
3034:English
3019:Chinese
3014:Catalan
3004:Bengali
2896:Italics
2829:Walloon
2823:Tây Bồi
2737:Lorrain
2664:Angevin
2602:Augeron
2552:Muskrat
2525:Laotian
2503:Haitian
2450:Belgian
2433:Abidjan
2427:African
2410:Acadian
2381:RĂ©union
2366:Agalega
2225:Related
2207:Haitian
2186:Muskrat
2143:Ontario
2121:Acadian
2049:Belgian
2011:Laotian
1985:African
1972:African
1509:Dialect
1504:Occitan
1467:Romandy
1437:Occitan
1387:Yiddish
1352:nonante
1318:Gaumais
1306:Walloon
1278:Belgian
1258:Italian
1200:Tây Bồi
1192:Vietnam
1111:Indians
1089:English
1078:Teochew
1066:Chinese
781:Ontario
759:variety
700:Moncton
634:in the
620:Acadian
595:Kikongo
591:Swahili
587:Lingala
540:Tunisia
536:Morocco
532:Algeria
524:Maghreb
494:Occitan
470:Romance
455:Lebanon
389:of the
330:Liaison
325:Elision
307:Braille
297:Reforms
225:Adverbs
216:Grammar
183:History
169:Creoles
90:scholar
3119:Romani
3104:Polish
3094:Pashto
3069:Korean
3049:German
3039:French
3024:Danish
2999:Basque
2974:Arabic
2863:Faetar
2795:Picard
2771:Nouchi
2759:Michif
2742:Welche
2657:Others
2587:Norman
2513:Indian
2476:Magoua
2445:Aostan
2401:French
2246:Signed
2237:Michif
2116:Brayon
2109:Magoua
2099:Quebec
2072:Aostan
2039:French
2006:Indian
1784:
1721:
1693:
1659:
1607:
1579:
1569:
1471:French
1455:French
1405:after
1403:France
1371:French
1365:is an
1344:Jersey
1310:Picard
1294:French
1268:patois
1234:French
1215:Aostan
1210:Europe
1196:pidgin
1165:French
1143:Telugu
1054:French
1027:creole
1019:French
924:creole
803:, and
763:Canada
744:Quebec
649:, the
641:, the
609:Canada
597:, and
552:Africa
508:Africa
482:Gascon
474:Picard
451:Canada
435:Canada
395:France
144:on the
92:
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71:
63:
3079:Malay
3059:Hindi
3054:Greek
3029:Dutch
2709:Gallo
2674:Bolze
2572:Swiss
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2455:MĂ©tis
2415:Chiac
2176:MĂ©tis
2161:Houma
2138:MĂ©tis
2126:Chiac
2104:Joual
2067:Swiss
1994:Asian
1683:(PDF)
1657:S2CID
1599:[
1577:S2CID
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1397:from
1242:Italy
1139:Tamil
1137:like
1131:Yanam
1070:Khmer
1062:Khmer
1023:Haiti
1007:Haiti
694:Chiac
688:Chiac
647:Maine
544:first
433:. In
407:Paris
246:Verbs
97:JSTOR
83:books
3164:Urdu
2817:Tayo
2059:Law
1821:2014
1795:2012
1782:ISBN
1761:2010
1732:2010
1719:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1350:and
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1129:and
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1080:and
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1033:Asia
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832:fĂŞte
819:and
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714:and
678:/dj/
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670:/tj/
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69:news
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1369:of
1322:/ÉĄ/
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