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Although with the first version of the
Variophone, polyphonic soundtracks of up to 6 voices could be produced by shooting of several monophonic parts and combining them later, by the late 1930s and 1940s, some soundtracks contained up to twelve voices, recorded as tiny parallel tracks inside the
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while being photographed onto it to produce a continuous soundtrack. Afterwards this filmstrip is played as a normal movie by means of a film projector. Being read by photocell, amplified and monitored by a loudspeaker, it functions as a musical recording process.
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The fourth and final version of
Variophone was not finished, despite promising experiments in musical intonation and the temporal characteristics of live musical performance. The laboratory was moved to
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techniques. Boris
Yankovsky was developing his spectral analysis, decomposition and resynthesis technique, resembling the recent computer music techniques of cross synthesis and the phase vocoder.
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At the same time in the Soviet Union several other artists were experimenting with similar ideas. The first artificial soundtrack ever created was drawn in 1930 by composer and musical theorist
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Many sound films and artificial soundtracks for movies and cartoons were produced by means of the
Variophone, including the popular sound-films, often broadcast in 1930-1940s
289:. Article in the catalogue of the exhibition "LENIN, STALIN and Music", pp. 96–105. Musee de la musique, October 12, 2010 - January 16, 2011. Cite de la musique, Paris.
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180:, the Variophon was destroyed when the last missile exploded. After World War II, Evgeny Sholpo became the director of the new Scientific‐Research Laboratory for
207:. In 2007, several hours of graphical soundtracks produced with the Variophone were discovered in a Moscow film archive and await publishing.
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264:. pp. 121–126. Klangmaschinen zwischen Experiment und Medientechnik. (C)2010 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld. Aus:Daniel Gethmann (Hg.)
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who was working with a hand-drawn technique for producing sound effects. Nikolai Voinov, Ter‐Gevondian and
Konstantinov were developing
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and Sholpo was removed from his position as director. In 1951, after a long illness, Evgeny Sholpo died and his laboratory was closed.
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sound. In his research Sholpo was assisted by the composer Georgy Rimsky‐Korsakov. The
Variophone was an optical
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Boris
Yankovsky: Leben im Klangspektrum. Gezeichneter Klang und Klangsynthese in der Sowjetunion der 30er Jahre
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Excerpt form
Sterviatniki soundtrack by E.Sholpo and I.Boldirev, created with Variophone in 1941
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that utilized sound waves cut onto cardboard disks rotating synchronously with a moving
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This article is about the optical synthesizer. For the electronic wind instrument, see
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Excerpt form
Carburettor Suite by G.Rimsky-Korsakov, created with Variophone in 1935
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Tones from out of
Nowhere: Rudolf Pfenninger and the Archaeology of Synthetic Sound
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Documentation for the Variophones was transferred to the Acoustical Laboratory at
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Les Pionniers Russes de'l ART du SON. Experimentations musicales
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Excerpt form Prelude by Chopin, created with Variophone in 1935
237:. Kinovedcheskie Zapiski, no.53, 2001, p. 292 (in Russian)
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1930s Russian Drawn Sound: Evgeny Sholpo's 'Variophone' (1932)
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Excerpt form Rhapsody by List, created with Variophone in 1935
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at the State Research Institute for Sound Recording, in
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260:. pp. 97–120; Tim Boykett/Andrei Smirnov.
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109:in 1930 at Lenfilm Studio Productions, in
307:Variophone at the Theremin Center website
246:. Grey Room 12 (Fall 2003): p. 32-79
235:From the history of painted sound in USSR
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
362:Eight minutes of Variophone music (1932)
285:Andrei Smirnov & Liubov Pchelkina.
273:Son produit par la lumiere et le papier
392:Russian electronic musical instruments
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333:A link mentioning the invention
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121:techniques, also known as
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201:Moscow State Conservatory
253:. Moscow, November, 2007
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65:more precise citations.
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240:Levin, Thomas. 2003.
176:. At the end of 1941
170:Symphony of the Piece
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251:Sound Out of Paper
203:and later, to the
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38:list of references
387:Soviet inventions
295:978-2-213-65566-6
281:978-2-916639-17-8
271:Smirnov, Andrei.
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163:paper sound
143:synthesizer
63:introducing
376:Categories
228:References
135:artificial
123:ornamental
103:Variophone
71:March 2011
186:Leningrad
174:Torreodor
139:synthetic
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211:See also
367:YouTube
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