1425:(1626–1660) in the same town. The vault of the latter was constructed over a hall 135 feet (41 m) square, to carry a hemispherical dome. The ribs, instead of being carried across the angles only, thus giving an octagonal base for the dome, are carried across to the further pier of the octagon and consequently intersect one another, reducing the central opening to 97 feet (30 m) in diameter, and, by the weight of the masonry they carry, serving as counterpoise to the thrust of the dome, which is set back so as to leave a passage about 12 feet (3.7 m) wide round the interior. The internal diameter of the dome is 124 feet (38 m), its height 175 feet (53 m) and the ribs struck from four centres have their springing 57 feet (17 m) from the floor of the hall. The Jumma Musjid dome was of smaller dimensions, on a square of 70 feet (21 m) with a diameter of 57 feet (17 m), and was carried on piers only instead of immensely thick walls as in the tomb; but any thrust which might exist was counteracted by its transmission across aisles to the outer wall.
683:) by semicones instead of cylinders, it became worse and the groins more complicated. This would seem to have led to a change of system and to the introduction of a new feature, which completely revolutionized the construction of the vault. Hitherto the intersecting features were geometrical surfaces, of which the diagonal groins were the intersections, elliptical in form, generally weak in construction and often twisting. The medieval builder reversed the process, and set up the diagonal ribs first, which were utilized as permanent centres, and on these he carried his vault or web, which henceforward took its shape from the ribs. Instead of the elliptical curve which was given by the intersection of two semicircular barrel vaults, or cylinders, he employed the semicircular arch for the diagonal ribs; this, however, raised the centre of the square bay vaulted above the level of the transverse arches and of the wall ribs, and thus gave the appearance of a dome to the vault, such as may be seen in the nave of
867:
diagonal rib and between the diagonal and the transverse ribs; and in order to meet the thrust of these intermediate ribs a ridge rib was required, and the prolongation of this rib to the wall rib hid the junction of the web at the summit, which was not always very sightly, and constituted the ridge rib. In France, on the other hand, the web courses were always laid horizontally, and they are therefore of unequal height, increasing towards the diagonal rib. Each course also was given a slight rise in the centre, so as to increase its strength; this enabled the French masons to dispense with the intermediate rib, which was not introduced by them till the 15th century, and then more as a decorative than a constructive feature, as the domical form given to the French web rendered unnecessary the ridge rib, which, with some few exceptions, exists only in
England. In both English and French vaulting centering was rarely required for the building of the web, a template (Fr.
1117:
dome of the Hagia Sophia apparently fell down, so that
Justinian determined to raise it, possibly to give greater lightness to the structure, but mainly in order to obtain increased light for the interior of the church. This was effected by piercing it with forty windows – the effect of which, as the light streaming through these windows, gave the dome the appearance of being suspended in the air. The pendentive which carried the dome rested on four great arches, the thrust of those crossing the church being counteracted by immense buttresses which traversed the aisles, and the other two partly by smaller arches in the apse, the thrust being carried to the outer walls, and to a certain extent by the side walls which were built under the arches. From the description given by
359:
1401:
140:
728:
862:. The tas-de-charge, or solid springer, had two advantages: (1) it enabled the stone courses to run straight through the wall, so as to bond the whole together much better; and (2) it lessened the span of the vault, which then required a centering of smaller dimensions. As soon as the ribs were completed, the web or stone shell of the vault was laid on them. In some English work each course of stone was of uniform height from one side to the other; but, as the diagonal rib was longer than either the transverse or wall rib, the courses dipped towards the former, and at the
762:. As has been pointed out, the aisles had already in the early Christian churches been covered over with groined vaults, the only advance made in the later developments being the introduction of transverse ribs' dividing the bays into square compartments. In the 12th century the first attempts were made to vault over the naves, which were twice the width of the aisles, so it became necessary to include two bays of the aisles to form one rectangular bay in the nave (although this is often mistaken as square). It followed that every alternate
1303:
1143:
332:
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431:. The span was 12 feet (3.7 m) and the lower part of the arch was built in horizontal courses, up to about one-third of the height, and the rings above were inclined back at a slight angle, so that the bricks of each ring, laid flatwise, adhered till the ring was completed, no centering of any kind being required; the vault thus formed was elliptic in section, arising from the method of its construction. A similar system of construction was employed for the vault over the great hall at
703:. The problem was ultimately solved by the introduction of the pointed arch for the transverse and wall ribs – the pointed arch had long been known and employed, on account of its much greater strength and of the less thrust it exerted on the walls. When employed for the ribs of a vault, however narrow the span might be, by adopting a pointed arch, its summit could be made to range in height with the diagonal rib; and, moreover, when utilized for the ribs of the
1126:, in fact, was reached in Hagia Sophia, for although it formed the model on which all subsequent Byzantine churches were based, so far as their plan was concerned, no domes approaching the former in dimensions were even attempted. The principal difference in some later examples is that which took place in the form of the pendentive on which the dome was carried. Instead of the spherical spandril of Hagia Sophia, large niches were formed in the angles, as in the
883:
781:. This church, built by William the Conqueror, was originally constructed to carry a timber roof only, but nearly a century later the upper part of the nave walls were partly rebuilt, in order that it might be covered with a vault. The immense size, however, of the square vault over the nave necessitated some additional support, so that an intermediate rib was thrown across the church, dividing the square compartment into six cells, and called the
568:, have shown that, on a comparatively slight centering, consisting of trusses placed about 10 feet (3.0 m) apart and covered with planks laid from truss to truss, were laid – to begin with – two layers of the Roman brick (measuring nearly 2 feet (0.61 m) square and 2 in. thick); on these and on the trusses transverse rings of brick were built with longitudinal ties at intervals; on the brick layers and embedding the rings and cross ties
1013:
604:, which, when the concrete had set, not only made the concrete as solid as the rock itself, but to a certain extent neutralized the thrust of the vaults, which formed shells equivalent to that of a metal lid; the Romans, however, do not seem to have recognized the value of this pozzolana mixture, for they otherwise provided amply for the counteracting of any thrust which might exist by the erection of cross walls and buttresses. In the
952:
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943:, returned to the principles of the Roman geometrical vault. This is further shown in the construction of these fan vaults, for although in the earliest examples each of the ribs above the tas-de-charge was an independent feature, eventually it was found easier to carve them and the web out of the solid stone, so that the rib and web were purely decorative and had no constructional or independent functions.
746:. Whilst the pointed rib-arch is often seen as an identifier for Gothic architecture, CefalĂą is a Romanesque cathedral whose masons experimented with the possibility of Gothic rib-arches before it was widely adopted by western church architecture. Besides CefalĂą Cathedral, the introduction of the pointed arch rib would seem to have taken place in the choir aisles of the abbey of Saint-Denis, near
1323:
2064:
716:
43:
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1246:, where the complete conoid is displayed in its centre carried on a central column. This vault, not built until 1640, is an example of traditional workmanship, probably in Oxford transmitted in consequence of the late vaulting of the entrance gateways to the colleges. Fan vaulting is peculiar to England, the only example approaching it in France being the pendant of the
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other, the projecting angles being cut off afterwards and covered with stucco in which the mosaics were embedded; this was the method employed in the erection of the PĂ©rigordian domes, to which we shall return; these, however, were of less diameter than those of the Hagia Sophia, being only about 40 to 60 feet (18 m) instead of 107 feet (33 m) The apotheosis of
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1347:, were not protected from above (i.e. the vault from the inside was the same that one saw from the outside), the European architects of the Middle Ages protected their vaults with wooden roofs. In other words, one will not see a Gothic vault from the outside. The reasons for this development are hypothetical, but the fact that the roofed
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612:, in order to bring the thrust well within the walls, the main barrel vault of the hall was brought forward on each side and rested on detached columns, which constituted the principal architectural decoration. In cases where the cross vaults intersecting were not of the same span as those of the main vault, the arches were either
548:, a series of five aisles with semicircular barrel vaults are intersected by twelve cross aisles, the vaults being carried on 48 piers and thick external walls. The width of these aisles being only about 13 feet (4.0 m) there was no great difficulty in the construction of these vaults, but in the Roman
1191:
only change being the occasional substitution of the pointed barrel vault, adopted not only on account of its exerting a less thrust, but because, as pointed out by
Fergusson (vol. ii. p. 46), the roofing tiles were laid directly on the vault and a less amount of filling in at the top was required.
1121:
we gather that the centering employed for the great arches consisted of a wall erected to support them during their erection. The construction of the pendentives is not known, but it is surmised that to the top of the pendentives they were built in horizontal courses of brick, projecting one over the
659:
are covered by ribs or diagonal ribs in the form of segmental arches. Their curvatures are defined by the bounding arches. Whilst the transverse arches retain the same semi-circular profile as their groin-vaulted counterparts, the longitudinal arches are pointed with both arcs having their centres on
339:
Pitched-brick vaults are named for their construction, the bricks are installed vertically (not radially) and are leaning (pitched) at an angle: This allows their construction to be completed without the use of centering. Examples have been found in archaeological excavations in
Mesopotamia dating to
229:
Brick vaults have been used in Egypt since the early 3rd millennium BC. widely used and from the end of the 8th century B.C. Keystone vaults were built. However, monumental temple buildings of the pharaonic culture in the Nile Valley did not use vaults, since even the huge portals with widths of more
1217:
The intersecting and groined vault of the Romans was employed in the early
Christian churches in Rome, but only over the aisles, which were comparatively of small span, but in these there was a tendency to raise the centres of these vaults, which became slightly domical; in all these cases centering
1116:
of the square on which the four arches rest. Having obtained a circle for the base of the dome, it is not necessary that the upper portion of the dome should spring from the same level as the arches, or that its domical surface should be a continuation of that of the pendentive. The first and second
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portion of the arch formed part of the fan, or conoid, and the upper part could be extended at pleasure with a greater radius across the vault. These ribs were often cut from the same stones as the webs, with the entire vault being treated as a single jointed surface covered in interlocking tracery.
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termination of the choir, it was not necessary that the half ribs on the outer side should be in the same plane as those of the inner side; for when the opposite ribs met in the centre of the annular vault, the thrust was equally transmitted from one to the other, and being already a broken arch the
225:
The real vault construction with radially joined stones was already known to the
Egyptians and Assyrians and was introduced into the building practice of the West by the Etruscans. The Romans in particular developed vault construction further and built barrel, cross and dome vaults. Some outstanding
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In France, Germany, and Spain the multiplication of ribs in the 15th century led to decorative vaults of various kinds, but with some singular modifications. Thus, in
Germany, recognizing that the rib was no longer a necessary constructive feature, they cut it off abruptly, leaving a stump only; in
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in CE 705; these gave an octagonal base on which the hemispherical dome rested; or again, as in the
Sassanian palaces of Sarvestan and Firouzabad of the 4th and 5th century, when a series of concentric arch rings, projecting one in front of the other, were built, giving also an octagonal base; each
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influence, when the construction of vaults reverted to the geometrical surfaces of the Romans, without, however, always that economy in centering to which they had attached so much importance, and more especially in small structures. In large vaults, where it constituted an important expense, the
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Although the dome constitutes the principal characteristic of the
Byzantine church, throughout Asia Minor are numerous examples in which the naves are vaulted with the semicircular barrel vault, and this is the type of vault found throughout the south of France in the 11th and 12th centuries, the
1099:
shows the outlines of the solution of the problem. If a hemispherical dome is cut by four vertical planes, the intersection gives four semicircular arches; if cut in addition by a horizontal plane tangent to the top of these arches, it describes a circle; that portion of the sphere which is below
906:
Cathedral three intermediate ribs were provided between the wall rib and the diagonal rib. In order to mask the junction of the various ribs, their intersections were ornamented with richly carved bosses, and this practice increased on the introduction of another short rib, known as the lierne, a
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of the vault were cut to fit one another. In the early
English Gothic period, in consequence of the great span of the vault and the very slight rise or curvature of the web, it was thought better to simplify the construction of the web by introducing intermediate ribs between the wall rib and the
616:
so that their soffits might be of the same height, or they formed smaller intersections in the lower part of the vault; in both of these cases, however, the intersections or groins were twisted, for which it was very difficult to form a centering, and, moreover, they were of disagreeable effect:
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The fan vault would seem to have owed its origin to the employment of centerings of one curve for all the ribs, instead of having separate centerings for the transverse, diagonal wall and intermediate ribs; it was facilitated also by the introduction of the four-centred arch, because the lower
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at the eastern end, a similar apse at the western end, and great arches on either side, the walls under which would be pierced with windows. Unlike the Pantheon dome, the upper portions of which are made of concrete, Byzantine domes were made of brick, which were lighter and thinner, but more
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in Constantinople. The central area of this church was octagonal on plan, and the dome is divided into sixteen compartments; of these eight consist of broad flat bands rising from the centre of each of the walls, and the alternate eight are concave cells over the angles of the octagon, which
871:) being employed to support the stones of each ring until it was complete. In Italy, Germany and Spain the French method of building the web was adopted, with horizontal courses and a domical form. Sometimes, in the case of comparatively narrow compartments, and more especially in
538:, down which the thrust of the vault is carried to the cross walls; if a series of two or more barrel vaults intersect one another, the weight is carried on to the piers at their intersection and the thrust is transmitted to the outer cross walls; thus in the Roman reservoir at
853:
down to the springing; the difficulty, however, of working the ribs separately led to two other important changes: (1) the lower part of the transverse diagonal and wall ribs were all worked out of one stone; and (2) the lower horizontal, constituting what is known as the
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being filled in solid, and the surface sloped on either side and covered over with a tile roof of low pitch laid direct on the concrete. The rings relieved the centering from the weight imposed, and the two layers of bricks carried the concrete till it had set.
1206:– and sometimes by half-barrel vaults. The great thickness of the walls, however, required in such constructions would seem to have led to another solution of the problem of roofing over churches with incombustible material, viz. that which is found throughout
1063:
at Rome, but this was carried on an immense wall 20 feet (6.1 m) thick, and with the exception of small niches or recesses in the thickness of the wall could not be extended, so that Justinian apparently instructed his architect to provide an immense
1000:, where a new development presented itself. One of the defects of the fan vault at Gloucester is the appearance it gives of being half sunk in the wall; to remedy this, in the two buildings just quoted, the complete conoid is detached and treated as a
667:
Reference has been made to the rib vault in Roman work, where the intersecting barrel vaults were not of the same diameter. Their construction must at all times have been somewhat difficult, but where the barrel vaulting was carried round over the
435:, where the material employed was fired bricks or tiles of great dimensions, cemented with mortar; but the span was close upon 83 feet (25 m), and the thickness of the vault was nearly 5 feet (1.5 m) at the top, there being four rings of
902:, and there the ridge rib is not carried to the wall rib. It was soon found, however, that the construction of the web was much facilitated by additional ribs, and consequently there was a tendency to increase their number, so that in the nave of
766:
served no purpose, so far as the support of the nave vault was concerned, and this would seem to have suggested an alternative to provide a supplementary rib across the church and between the transverse ribs. This resulted in what is known as a
1678:
Spiers (1911) states that the vaults under the ziggurat were 4000 BCE; more recent scholarship revises the date forward considerably but imprecisely, and casts doubt on the methodology and conclusions of the original excavations of 1880. See
1386:
in London there is a highly complex system of vaults and faux-vaults. The dome that one sees from the outside is not a vault, but a relatively light-weight wooden-framed structure resting on an invisible – and for its age highly original –
1391:
vault of brick, below which is another dome, (the dome that one sees from the inside), but of plaster supported by a wood frame. From the inside, one can easily assume that one is looking at the same vault that one sees from the outside.
1051:(cistern with a thousand and one columns), we find the intersecting groin vaults of the Romans already replaced by small cupolas or domes. These domes, however, are of small dimensions when compared with that projected and carried out by
1214:, where a series of domes carried on pendentives covered over the nave, the chief peculiarities of these domes being the fact that the arches carrying them form part of the pendentives, which are all built in horizontal courses.
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and hanging pendants from it, and the web became a horizontal stone paving laid on the top of these decorated vertical webs. This is the characteristic of the great Renaissance work in France and Spain; but it soon gave way to
1870:
Transverse ribs under the vaulting surfaces had been employed from very early times by the Romans, and utilized as permanent stone centerings for their vaults; perhaps the earliest examples are those in the corridor of the
797:
or four-celled vault was introduced, the width of each bay being half the span of the nave, and corresponding therefore with the aisle piers. To this there are some exceptions, in Sant' Ambrogio, Milan, and San Michele,
221:
Corbelled vaults, also called false vaults, with horizontally joined layers of stone have been documented since prehistoric times; in the 14th century BC from Mycenae. They were built regionally until modern times.
1408:
There are two distinctive "other ribbed vaults" (called "Karbandi" in Persian) in India which form no part of the development of European vaults, but have some unusual features; one carries the central dome of the
973:
This form of vaulting is found in English late Gothic in which the vault is constructed as a single surface of dressed stones, with the resulting conoid forming an ornamental network of blind tracery.
596:
As the walls carrying these vaults were also built in concrete with occasional bond courses of brick, the whole structure was homogeneous. One of the important ingredients of the mortar was a volcanic
988:, Cambridge, on account of the great dimensions of the vault, it was found necessary to introduce transverse ribs, which were required to give greater strength. Similar transverse ribs are found in
374:
A barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault and resembles a barrel or tunnel cut lengthwise in half. The effect is that of a structure composed of continuous semicircular or pointed sections.
1382:
churches, perfected light-weight plaster vaults supported by wooden frames. These vaults, which exerted no lateral pressures, were perfectly suited for elaborate ceiling frescoes. In
1043:
vaulting seen in the Assyrian domes, which are known to us only by the representations in the bas-relief from Nimrud, because in the great water cisterns in Istanbul, known as the
511:
is formed by the intersection of two or more barrel vaults, resulting in the formation of angles or groins along the lines of transition between the webs. In these bays the longer
1351:
form preceded the era when vaults begin to be made is certainly to be taken into consideration. In other words, the traditional image of a roof took precedence over the vault.
984:, with its surface consisting of intricately decorated panels of stonework forming conical structures that rise from the springers of the vault. In later examples, as in
1031:, completed by Constantine, was the last great work carried out in Rome before its fall, and two centuries pass before the next important development is found in the
1194:
The continuous thrust of the barrel vault in these cases was met either by semicircular or pointed barrel vaults on the aisles, which had only half the span of the
814:, where the quadripartite vaults are nearly square, the intermediate piers of the aisles being of much smaller dimensions. In England sexpartite vaults exist at
875:, the wall rib was stilted, and this caused a peculiar twisting of the web, where the springing of the wall rib is at K: to these twisted surfaces the term
2088:
1457:. The vaults, 37.7 m high and 24 m wide are designed as concrete boxes. They were prefabricated and lifted with chains to their shown positions.
187:
form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling or roof. As in building an arch, a temporary support is needed while rings of
1039:. It is probable that the realization of the great advance in the science of vaulting shown in this church owed something to the eastern tradition of
1922:
1817:
1776:
664:. This allows the latter to correspond more closely to the curvatures of the diagonal ribs, producing a straight tunnel running from east to west.
1617:
Lynne C. Lancaster, "Early Examples of So-Called Pitched Brick Barrel Vaulting in Roman Greece and Asia Minor: A Question of Origin and Intention"
457:
they were used to created vaulted platforms. The tradition of their erection, however, would seem to have been handed down to their successors in
515:
are semi-circular, as are the shorter longitudinal arches. The curvatures of these bounding arches were apparently used as the basis for the web
1875:
in Rome, which is divided into square bays, each vaulted with a cloister dome. Transverse ribs are also found in the Roman Piscinae and in the
311:
The inclusion of domes, however, represents a wider sense of the word vault. The distinction between the two is that a vault is essentially an
1932:
1827:
1786:
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60:
560:, so that its construction both from the statical and economical point of view was of the greatest importance. The researches of M. Choisy (
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139:
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519:, which was created in the form of two intersecting tunnels as though each web was an arch projected horizontally in three dimensions.
1400:
445:
palaces used pitched-brick vaults, made with sun-dried mudbricks, for gates, subterranean graves and drains. During the reign of king
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126:
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chief boast of some of the most eminent architects has been that centering was dispensed with, as in the case of the dome of the
107:
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534:. When two semicircular barrel vaults of the same diameter cross one another their intersection (a true ellipse) is known as a
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79:
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The separation between interior and exterior – and between structure and image – was to be developed very purposefully in the
2165:
64:
687:. To meet this, at first the transverse and wall ribs were stilted, or the upper part of their arches was raised, as in the
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are short ribs crossing between the main ribs, and were employed chiefly as decorative features, as, for instance, in the
195:, is positioned, the vault is not self-supporting. Where timber is easily obtained, this temporary support is provided by
86:
1859:
1587:
Reich, Ronny; Katzenstein, Hannah (1992). "Glossary of Archaeological Terms". In Kempinski, Aharon; Reich, Ronny (eds.).
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France, on the other hand, they gave still more importance to the rib, by making it of greater depth, piercing it with
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domed vaults of unfired mud-bricks and also represent the first evidence for settlements with an upper floor. Similar
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built domes of similar form to those shown in the Nimrud sculptures, the chief difference being that, constructed in
1490:
When made by plants or trees, either artificially or grown on purpose by humans, structures of this type are called
93:
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1080:
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304:. Their construction differs from that at Khirokitia in that most appear partially buried and make provision for a
53:
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on the surface of an intersected pointed barrel vault, and again in the cloisters, where the introduction of the
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2140:, a talk for the British Archaeological Association by Dr Alex Buchanan, Dr James Hillson, and Dr Nick Webb
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331:
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1284:, erected in the first half of the 19th century, which was built entirely without centering of any kind.
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2374:
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1948:
1475:
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1269:
1243:
1226:
1084:
1028:
927:. The tendency to increase the number of ribs led to singular results in some cases, as in the choir of
827:
661:
609:
2808:
1682:
1482:
are made of prefabricated concrete boxes. They were built on the ground and lifted to 40 m on chains.
2874:
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1471:
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1438:
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allowed very thin, strong vaults to be constructed with previously unseen shapes. The vaults in the
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One of the earliest examples of the introduction of the intermediate rib is found in the nave of
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In the earlier stage of rib vaulting, the arched ribs consisted of independent or separate
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The intermediate rib, however, had the disadvantage of partially obscuring one side of the
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windows, and it threw unequal weights on the alternate piers, so that in the cathedral of
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1374:, for example, consists of two domes of which, however, only the inner is structural.
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Willockx, Sjef (2003) Building in stone in Ancient Egypt, Part 1: Columns and Pillars
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One good example of the fan vault is that over the staircase leading to the hall of
564:), based on a minute examination of those portions of the vaults which still remain
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stone and cemented with mortar, they still exist, though probably abandoned on the
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Documentation on Arches, Domes and Vaults on the Auroville Earth Institute website
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at Nimes; they were not introduced by the Romanesque masons till the 11th century.
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Amongst the earliest known examples of any form of vaulting is to be found in the
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head, which supports the voussoirs until the ring of the whole arch is completed.
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are constructed and the rings placed in position. Until the topmost voussoir, the
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examples have survived in Rome, e.g. the Pantheon and the Basilica of Maxentius.
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In a pitched-brick vault the bricks lean (are pitched) against an existing wall.
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became reinstated in the Western tradition as a key element in church design.
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2092:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 956–961.
1280:, and Ferguson cites as an example the great dome of the church at Mousta in
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Vault: Arched roof made of stones or bricks in the shape of a half cylinder.
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1659:"Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture – barrel vault or tunnel vault"
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externally and internally give to the roof the appearance of an umbrella.
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this in the decoration of the vault by panels and reliefs modelled in
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had a span of 80 feet (24 m), more than twice that of an English
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There is one other remarkable vault, also built by Justinian, in the
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It is important to note that whereas Roman vaults, like that of the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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was built with a peaked timber roof (red) protecting its masonry
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Plan of a groin vault from above showing resultant outward thrust
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1921:
Buchanan, Alexandrina; Hillson, James; Webb, Nicholas (2021).
1816:
Buchanan, Alexandrina; Hillson, James; Webb, Nicholas (2021).
1775:
Buchanan, Alexandrina; Hillson, James; Webb, Nicholas (2021).
36:
738:
The first introduction of the pointed arch rib took place at
1924:
Digital Analysis of Vaults in English Medieval Architecture
1819:
Digital Analysis of Vaults in English Medieval Architecture
1778:
Digital Analysis of Vaults in English Medieval Architecture
522:
The earliest example is thought to be over a small hall at
931:, where the ordinary diagonal ribs become mere ornamental
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Architectural elements used by ancient Egyptian builders
1100:
this circle and between the arches, forming a spherical
771:, of which one of the earliest examples is found in the
449:
they were used to construct aqueducts, such as those at
370:
Pointed barrel vault showing direction of lateral forces
163:
of a Gothic cathedral, with rib-vaulted roof highlighted
1288:
Vaulting and faux-vaulting in the Renaissance and after
1591:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. p. 322.
1685:. The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago
1501:
1059:. Previous to this the greatest dome was that of the
980:
The earliest example is perhaps the east walk of the
758:(1140) that it was extended to the square bay of the
499:
A groin vault viewed from the underside, showing the
3117:
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2694:
2537:
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2185:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2106:Equilibrium Systems, studies in masonry structure.
340:the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE, which were set in
284:, the circular buildings supported beehive shaped
1198:; of this there is an interesting example in the
230:than 7 meters were spanned with cut stone beams.
2138:Tracing the past: 3D analysis of medieval vaults
1949:"Gloucester – Tracing the Past: Medieval Vaults"
1727:Photograph of the barrel vaults at the Ramesseum
1370:in Rome, as redesigned between 1585 and 1590 by
731:Top of the rib-vaulted ceiling over the nave of
319:, whereas a dome is an arch revolved around its
1328:Cross-section of the dome of St. Paul's, London
1130:, which was built by Byzantine workmen for the
802:(the original vault), and in the cathedrals of
2115:. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. p. 262.
1634:, Harrassowitz, O, pp. 7–18, 2015-01-02,
362:St Paul's Cathedral Choir looking east, London
2159:
1474:and the better mathematical understanding of
8:
2056:World architecture – An illustrated history.
1073:vulnerable to the forces exerted onto them.
712:change of its direction was not noticeable.
2166:
2152:
2144:
2026:St. Paul's Cathedral: Sir Christopher Wren
256:showing domed structures in the background
1565:. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from
1182:, all of the light being provided by the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2012:Studien zu Balthasar Neumanns Wölbformen
1155:Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus
1148:Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus
719:Rib vault of church Sint-Niklaaskerk in
2111:Severy, Ching, Francis D. K. (1995). A
1554:
1508:
1466:The 20th century saw great advances in
907:term in France given to the ridge rib.
2038:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1905:
1888:
1847:
1757:
1703:
1916:
1914:
1811:
1809:
1770:
1768:
1766:
572:was thrown in horizontal layers, the
27:Architectural term for an arched roof
7:
1613:
1611:
423:, the ruins of which are behind the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2054:Copplestone, Trewin. (ed). (1963).
1135:of these pendentives is known as a
1860:Basic architectural history course
1683:"Patterns of Occupation at Nippur"
1589:The Architecture of Ancient Israel
1222:Gothic Revival and the Renaissance
419:built by the 19th dynasty Pharaoh
25:
2113:Visual Dictionary of Architecture
1404:Vaults and dome of the Gol Gumbaz
754:in 1135. It was in the church at
617:though every attempt was made to
3178:
3177:
2062:
1511:
1437:is a form of vaulting common in
1358:and beyond, especially once the
1321:
1301:
41:
769:sexpartite, or six-celled vault
562:L'Art de bâtir chez les Romains
415:are thought to be those in the
377:The earliest known examples of
52:needs additional citations for
1417:(A.D. 1559), and the other is
1089:Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, Paris
955:Fan vaulting over the nave at
411:The earliest barrel vaults in
1:
1822:. Routledge. pp. 20–22.
481:invasion in the 7th century.
273:
2014:(Mittenwald: Mäander, 1981).
707:, as in the aisle round the
217:List of architectural vaults
1295:Internal and external roofs
890:, of the Liebfrauenkirche,
742:and pre-dated the abbey of
675:and was intersected (as in
655:is one in which all of the
397:, which was built of fired
315:which is extruded into the
3221:
1781:. Routledge. p. 279.
1661:. University of Pittsburgh
1008:Byzantine vaults and domes
966:
939:, forming a concave-sided
632:
608:of the Thermae and in the
600:found near Rome, known as
488:
465:, who in their palaces in
351:
327:Pitched brick barrel vault
237:
214:
29:
3173:
1927:. Routledge. p. 69.
1628:"Niederschlag in Ă„gypten"
1033:Church of the Holy Wisdom
453:. In the provincial city
76:"Vault" architecture
2887:Multi-family residential
2104:Block, Philippe, (2005)
2028:. London: Phaidon Press.
1681:Gibson, McGuire (1992).
1230:Gothic Revival vault of
1186:at one end of the vault.
886:Rib-vault ceiling, with
677:St Bartholomew-the-Great
2089:Encyclopædia Britannica
1632:Der Starke auf dem Dach
1453:Neobyzantine vaults in
685:Sant'Ambrogio, Florence
610:basilica of Constantine
203:with a semicircular or
199:consisting of a framed
183:) is a self-supporting
2024:Hart, Vaughan (1995).
1476:hyperbolic paraboloids
1470:design. The advent of
1462:Hyperbolic paraboloids
1458:
1405:
1239:
1187:
1178:. Note the absence of
1174:with a barrel vaulted
1150:
1124:Byzantine architecture
1092:
1024:
982:cloister at Gloucester
964:
895:
735:
724:
648:
593:
592:Groin vault from above
585:
504:
371:
363:
336:
257:
164:
152:
32:Vault (disambiguation)
1802:Artlex Art Dictionary
1640:10.2307/j.ctvbqs925.6
1452:
1423:Muhammad Adil Shah II
1403:
1343:vaults, like that at
1270:Santa Maria del Fiore
1244:Christ Church, Oxford
1229:
1169:
1145:
1079:
1029:Basilica of Maxentius
1015:
992:'s chapel and in the
986:King's College Chapel
954:
885:
750:, built by the abbot
730:
718:
642:
591:
583:
498:
385:, possibly under the
369:
361:
334:
247:
158:
142:
1532:Star-painted ceiling
1480:Church of Saint Sava
1439:Islamic architecture
1429:Islamic architecture
1368:St. Peter's Basilica
1278:Filippo Brunelleschi
1200:Chapel of Saint John
1016:Section through the
929:Gloucester Cathedral
877:ploughshare vaulting
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2333: / Guest room
2001:, pp. 960–961.
1989:, pp. 958–959.
1891:, pp. 959–960.
1468:reinforced concrete
1384:St Paul's Cathedral
1372:Giacomo della Porta
1310:Notre-Dame de Paris
925:Crosby Hall, London
818:(1175) (set out by
733:Salisbury Cathedral
2809:Servants' quarters
1472:shell construction
1459:
1406:
1240:
1188:
1180:clerestory windows
1151:
1128:Mosque of Damascus
1093:
1035:(Hagia Sophia) at
1025:
965:
896:
840:St. Faith's chapel
736:
725:
681:Smithfield, London
649:
594:
586:
550:Baths of Caracalla
505:
381:were built by the
372:
364:
337:
258:
165:
153:
3205:Arches and vaults
3192:
3191:
2610:Janitorial closet
2344:Bedsit / Miniflat
1934:978-1-351-01127-3
1829:978-1-351-01127-3
1788:978-1-351-01127-3
1598:978-965-221-013-5
1537:Tensile structure
1027:The vault of the
900:Lincoln Cathedral
844:Westminster Abbey
774:Abbaye-aux-Hommes
689:Abbaye-aux-Hommes
643:The rib vault of
545:Piscina Mirabilis
513:transverse arches
283:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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3150:Home improvement
2922:Studio apartment
2714:Kitchen-related
2390:Conversation pit
2177:and spaces of a
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2076:Spiers, R. Phené
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1172:Lisbon Cathedral
1146:The dome of the
1112:is equal to the
1045:Basilica Cistern
913:Liebfrauenkirche
783:sexpartite vault
740:CefalĂą Cathedral
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3184:Category: Rooms
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2892:Secondary suite
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2718:butler's pantry
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2633:Mechanical room
2586:Electrical room
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2281:Recreation room
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2098:Further reading
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2058:Hamlyn, London.
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1254:, in Normandy.
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994:Divinity School
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820:William of Sens
697:Abbey of Lessay
645:Reims Cathedral
637:
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542:, known as the
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317:third dimension
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151:church in Paris
147:ceiling of the
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2804:Servants' hall
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2591:Equipment room
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2505:Secret passage
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2127:External links
2125:
2124:
2123:
2109:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2084:Chisholm, Hugh
2059:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:, p. 961.
2031:
2016:
2010:Maren Holst.
2003:
1991:
1979:
1977:, p. 958.
1960:
1940:
1933:
1910:
1908:, p. 960.
1893:
1881:
1863:
1852:
1850:, p. 959.
1835:
1828:
1805:
1794:
1787:
1762:
1760:, p. 957.
1741:
1730:
1719:
1708:
1706:, p. 956.
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1527:Concrete shell
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1460:
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1443:
1430:
1427:
1421:, the tomb of
1397:
1394:
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1307:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1232:Joensuu Church
1223:
1220:
1218:was employed.
1163:
1160:
1037:Constantinople
1009:
1006:
967:Main article:
948:
945:
633:Main article:
630:
627:
489:Main article:
486:
483:
461:, viz. to the
401:cemented with
352:Main article:
349:
346:
328:
325:
272:. Dating from
238:Main article:
235:
232:
215:Main article:
212:
209:
161:elevation view
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2769:Great chamber
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2652:Semi-basement
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2286:billiard room
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2240:dirty kitchen
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2121:0-442-02462-2
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2110:
2108:
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2072:
2071:public domain
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2020:
2017:
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2007:
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1569:on 2007-05-22
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1493:
1486:Vegetal vault
1485:
1483:
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1473:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:Modern vaults
1444:
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1316:vault (blue).
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1081:Neo-Byzantine
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1049:Bin bir direk
1046:
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857:
856:tas-de-charge
852:
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837:
833:
829:
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821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
795:quadripartite
792:
788:
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765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
729:
722:
717:
713:
710:
706:
705:annular vault
702:
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448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:ancient Egypt
409:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:barrel vaults
375:
368:
360:
355:
347:
345:
343:
342:gypsum mortar
333:
326:
324:
322:
321:vertical axis
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
300:and Northern
299:
295:
291:
290:beehive tombs
287:
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271:
267:
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149:Saint-SĂ©verin
146:
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131:
128:
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109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3098:
3062:Roof lantern
2814:Smoking room
2784:Long gallery
2764:Drawing room
2750:Conservatory
2657:Storm cellar
2628:Storage room
2624:Utility room
2620:Laundry room
2596:Furnace room
2187:Shared rooms
2112:
2105:
2087:
2055:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1952:. Retrieved
1943:
1923:
1884:
1866:
1855:
1818:
1797:
1777:
1733:
1722:
1711:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1674:
1663:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:, retrieved
1631:
1622:
1602:
1588:
1582:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:the original
1557:
1518:Architecture
1492:tree tunnels
1489:
1465:
1432:
1411:Jumma Musjid
1407:
1366:'s dome for
1364:Michelangelo
1353:
1345:Hagia Sophia
1334:
1256:
1241:
1216:
1193:
1189:
1152:
1094:
1057:Hagia Sophia
1026:
1018:Hagia Sophia
979:
975:
972:
921:oriel window
912:
897:
873:clerestories
868:
848:
839:
772:
737:
696:
666:
650:
595:
565:
561:
543:
521:
506:
485:Groin vaults
455:DĹ«r-Katlimmu
441:
410:
376:
373:
354:Barrel vault
348:Barrel vault
338:
310:
293:
259:
228:
224:
220:
180:
176:
172:
169:architecture
166:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3155:Home repair
2952:Belt course
2860:Hidden room
2789:Lumber room
2705:Antechamber
2696:Great house
2676:Wine cellar
2647:Root cellar
2600:Boiler room
2581:Crawl space
2252:Living room
2245:kitchenette
2230:Home cinema
2215:Family room
2210:Dining room
2200:Common room
2039:Spiers 1911
1999:Spiers 1911
1987:Spiers 1911
1975:Spiers 1911
1906:Spiers 1911
1889:Spiers 1911
1848:Spiers 1911
1758:Spiers 1911
1704:Spiers 1911
1689:21 December
1356:Renaissance
1308:The Gothic
1276:, built by
1248:Lady-chapel
1212:La Charente
1184:rose window
909:Lierne ribs
888:Lierne ribs
744:Saint-Denis
662:impost line
536:groin vault
509:groin vault
491:Groin vault
459:Mesopotamia
447:Sennacherib
421:Ramesses II
296:, exist in
277: 6000
264:village of
211:Vault types
3165:Tree house
3135:Front yard
3067:Sill plate
3015:Foundation
2957:Bressummer
2870:house plan
2839:Undercroft
2824:State room
2774:Great hall
2743:still room
2410:dumbwaiter
2395:Cubby-hole
2225:Great room
2195:Bonus room
1954:2021-09-01
1873:Tabularium
1665:2007-07-17
1645:2022-03-26
1573:2007-07-18
1544:References
1455:Saint Sava
1419:Gol Gumbaz
1162:Romanesque
1132:Al-Walid I
1108:, and its
1106:pendentive
1083:vaults in
957:Bath Abbey
915:(1482) of
879:is given.
816:Canterbury
787:clerestory
695:, and the
554:tepidarium
528:Asia Minor
503:or 'groin'
471:Firouzabad
463:Sassanians
266:Khirokitia
250:bas-relief
87:newspapers
3089:Threshold
2972:Colonnade
2917:Townhouse
2855:Furniture
2759:Courtyard
2661:Safe room
2571:Cloakroom
2539:Technical
2529:Vestibule
2514:Staircase
2453:Inglenook
2426:Fireplace
2385:Breezeway
2257:Gynaeceum
2078:(1911). "
1877:Nymphaeum
1549:Citations
1378:, in his
1341:Byzantine
1238:, Finland
1119:Procopius
1104:, is the
1066:hemicycle
1053:Justinian
990:Henry VII
969:Fan vault
963:, England
947:Fan vault
937:fan vault
933:mouldings
917:MĂĽhlacker
892:MĂĽhlacker
858:or solid
851:voussoirs
824:Rochester
793:(1205) a
723:, Belgium
653:rib vault
635:Rib vault
629:Rib vault
606:tepidaria
602:pozzolana
558:cathedral
517:centrings
467:Sarvestan
437:brickwork
433:Ctesiphon
425:Ramesseum
417:granaries
395:Babylonia
383:Sumerians
292:, called
262:neolithic
248:Assyrian
205:segmental
197:centering
189:voussoirs
159:Interior
145:rib vault
3199:Category
3130:Driveway
3125:Backyard
3084:Skylight
3047:Plumbing
3042:Ornament
3037:Lighting
2947:Baluster
2935:elements
2907:Detached
2902:Terraced
2754:Orangery
2733:scullery
2710:Ballroom
2686:Workshop
2671:Wardrobe
2659: /
2626: /
2622: /
2598: /
2561:Basement
2493:sleeping
2488:screened
2473:Overhang
2417:Entryway
2405:Elevator
2319:Bathroom
2274:man cave
1498:See also
1435:Muqarnas
1389:catenary
1349:basilica
1337:Pantheon
1274:Florence
1208:PĂ©rigord
1170:Nave of
1114:diagonal
1102:spandrel
1091:, France
1061:Pantheon
1022:Istanbul
860:springer
836:transept
830:(1215),
826:(1200),
791:Soissons
701:Normandy
647:, France
574:haunches
570:concrete
524:Pergamum
443:Assyrian
387:ziggurat
193:keystone
175:(French
117:May 2013
18:Vaulting
3118:Related
3094:Transom
2986:Cornice
2976:Portico
2967:Chimney
2962:Ceiling
2794:Parlour
2779:Library
2738:spicery
2728:saucery
2723:buttery
2566:Carport
2548:storage
2543:utility
2524:Veranda
2519:Terrace
2448:Hallway
2380:Balcony
2359:Nursery
2354:Cabinet
2349:Boudoir
2331:Bedroom
2303:Sunroom
2235:Kitchen
2086:(ed.).
2073::
2049:Sources
1563:"Vault"
1415:Bijapur
1380:baroque
1265:Italian
1260:tracery
1236:Joensuu
1202:in the
1137:squinch
1097:diagram
1087:of the
1055:in the
1002:pendant
838:), and
828:Lincoln
756:Vezelay
709:apsidal
614:stilted
598:deposit
566:in situ
479:Islamic
308:entry.
143:Gothic
101:scholar
3182:
3140:Garden
3109:Window
3052:Quoins
3030:Portal
2981:Column
2897:Duplex
2875:styles
2834:Turret
2666:Studio
2642:Pantry
2615:Larder
2605:Garage
2576:Closet
2510:Stairs
2468:Loggia
2431:hearth
2421:Genkan
2375:Atrium
2368:Spaces
2337:closet
2324:toilet
2293:Shrine
2269:Andron
2220:Garret
2119:
2082:". In
2067:
1931:
1826:
1785:
1595:
1504:Portal
1339:, and
1176:soffit
1110:radius
1085:portal
998:Oxford
941:conoid
904:Exeter
834:(east
832:Durham
804:Speyer
657:groins
623:stucco
532:Romans
475:rubble
451:Jerwan
429:Thebes
406:mortar
399:bricks
391:Nippur
306:dromos
294:tholoi
286:corbel
270:Cyprus
254:Nimrud
185:arched
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3099:Vault
3072:Style
3020:Gable
3010:Floor
2990:Eaves
2880:types
2865:House
2848:Other
2819:Solar
2799:Sauna
2698:areas
2637:floor
2556:Attic
2483:Porch
2478:Patio
2458:Lanai
2438:Foyer
2298:Study
2262:harem
2179:house
2175:Rooms
2080:Vault
1396:India
1282:Malta
869:cerce
812:Worms
808:Mainz
800:Pavia
760:porch
752:Suger
748:Paris
721:Ghent
699:, in
673:aisle
670:choir
540:Baiae
526:, in
501:arris
427:, at
298:Crete
252:from
201:truss
181:volta
177:voûte
173:vault
108:JSTOR
94:books
3160:Shed
3145:Home
3104:Wall
3077:list
3057:Roof
3025:Gate
3000:Door
2995:Dome
2942:Arch
2546:and
2500:Ramp
2463:Loft
2443:Hall
2400:Deck
2117:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1691:2016
1593:ISBN
1433:The
1360:dome
1314:nave
1210:and
1196:nave
1095:The
1070:apse
1047:and
1041:dome
961:Bath
894:1482
864:apex
810:and
779:Caen
764:pier
693:Caen
660:the
619:mask
552:the
469:and
403:clay
313:arch
302:Iraq
240:Dome
234:Dome
171:, a
80:news
3005:Ell
2205:Den
1636:doi
1413:at
1272:in
1250:at
1234:in
1068:or
1020:in
996:at
923:of
822:),
777:at
691:at
679:in
393:in
389:at
281:BCE
268:on
167:In
63:by
3201::
2988:/
2974:/
2752:/
2635:/
2541:,
1963:^
1913:^
1896:^
1838:^
1808:^
1765:^
1744:^
1630:,
1610:^
1601:.
1494:.
1441:.
1139:.
1004:.
959:,
846:.
842:,
806:,
651:A
625:.
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