74:
3482:
67:
38:
118:
3539:
208:
with scientists on board and began their exploration. For the next five years, these icebreakers went on sounding and carrying on vital surveys during the thaw. Before every winter, when ice conditions became too bad, they returned to
Vladivostok and waited for the spring. In 1911 the scientists and
2888:
117:
3523:
2050:
373:
1011:
3431:
646:
654:
3006:
2012:
425:
3615:
2603:
2201:
1789:
3395:
1341:
186:
2206:
3576:
3516:
3289:
2970:
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989:
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2260:
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3610:
3072:
3058:
3032:
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1763:
840:
366:
334:
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3509:
2895:
2865:
1208:
1198:
782:
484:
2506:
2668:
2178:
1311:
251:
Some of the biggest successes of the expedition were the accurate charting of the
Northern Sea Route and the discovery of
2577:
2463:
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1352:
813:
581:
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3025:
2647:
2481:
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494:
605:
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2077:
1817:
1528:
1429:
1421:
1404:
1022:
568:
420:
359:
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324:
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20:
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2735:
2520:
2246:
2122:
1972:
1860:
1644:
176:
660:
3569:
3425:
3088:
2241:
2115:
2035:
1544:
1371:
573:
50:
3363:
2929:
2196:
861:
3368:
3337:
3142:
3095:
2994:
2798:
2717:
2660:
2409:
2403:
2253:
2211:
2173:
2153:
1748:
1523:
1359:
1269:
1251:
1168:
1139:
1129:
1017:
954:
728:
154:
1409:
3600:
3222:
3214:
3157:
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2535:
2527:
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2226:
1839:
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1600:
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560:
528:
472:
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2291:
1931:
1889:
1384:
1347:
1236:
983:
870:
673:
478:
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3064:
2956:
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2476:
2018:
1912:
1876:
1852:
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1457:
1435:
1414:
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1032:
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395:
182:
3605:
3436:
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2805:
2785:
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2631:
2595:
2469:
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2030:
1899:
1847:
1753:
1706:
1634:
1623:
1335:
1325:
1317:
1213:
1203:
1114:
1109:
1092:
1058:
925:
912:
733:
639:
597:
592:
382:
3546:
3493:
3453:
3185:
2877:
2757:
2583:
2556:
2496:
2371:
2301:
2286:
2025:
1954:
1949:
1923:
1918:
1800:
1723:
1676:
1443:
1263:
1228:
1124:
1119:
1053:
967:
749:
741:
627:
547:
499:
489:
462:
252:
158:
146:
3481:
3443:
3390:
3375:
3281:
3276:
3200:
3165:
3101:
3000:
2915:
2882:
2614:
2397:
2389:
2358:
2274:
2234:
1988:
1944:
1884:
1808:
1778:
1773:
1733:
1711:
1659:
1595:
1585:
1536:
1258:
1243:
1096:
1065:
1027:
777:
705:
699:
622:
587:
447:
245:
233:
1966:
37:
3417:
3400:
3353:
3312:
3302:
3271:
3130:
3120:
3012:
2962:
2827:
2777:
2750:
2695:
2491:
2486:
2335:
2188:
2042:
2004:
1961:
1894:
1868:
1822:
1795:
1768:
1738:
1681:
1639:
1629:
1509:
1502:
1399:
1379:
1191:
1151:
1082:
878:
853:
808:
772:
766:
758:
718:
713:
687:
667:
435:
218:
166:
162:
90:
3589:
3380:
3322:
3317:
3307:
3257:
3252:
3228:
3172:
3049:
3043:
3038:
2637:
2548:
2541:
2296:
2091:
2070:
1938:
1716:
1686:
1654:
1649:
1486:
1392:
1275:
1070:
883:
833:
826:
818:
723:
632:
467:
3411:
3405:
3017:
2981:
2847:
2674:
2624:
2563:
2417:
2105:
2056:
1906:
1728:
1691:
1671:
1612:
1146:
1134:
1077:
1005:
906:
803:
797:
694:
682:
555:
533:
457:
410:
279:
3448:
3348:
3296:
3114:
2901:
2689:
2064:
1996:
1758:
1617:
1580:
1480:
1472:
1280:
616:
237:
205:
201:
3247:
3150:
3134:
2976:
2909:
2810:
2219:
2168:
2128:
1450:
1176:
1104:
1046:
439:
264:
240:. Severe weather and ice conditions, however, did not allow them to cross the
181:
were built for the purpose of thoroughly exploring the uncharted areas of the
236:. Together, they tried to force the whole Northern Passage in order to reach
2769:
1606:
1158:
941:
320:
2701:
283:
241:
3328:
2708:
1495:
973:
949:
937:
3489:
1574:
899:
79:
351:
3538:
192:
The first of a series of surveys began in the autumn of 1910, when
960:
2151:
393:
355:
248:. Thus they were able to complete the passage only in 1915.
244:
and they were forced to winter at Bukhta Dika, close to the
153:) was an icebreaking steamer of moderate size built for the
3545:
This article about a specific civilian ship or boat is a
339:
Otto
Sverdrup to the Rescue of the Russian Imperial Navy
3550:
3497:
346:
The Ice Master, The Doomed 1913 Voyage of the Karluk
3129:
2860:
2447:
2187:
1560:
1091:
936:
434:
278:struck an underwater rock and sank in 1918 in the
19:For the nuclear icebreaker of the same name, see
3570:
3517:
367:
8:
3577:
3563:
3524:
3510:
2161:
2148:
403:
390:
374:
360:
352:
3432:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
3007:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
313:
286:. A nuclear river-icebreaker was named
27:
63:
7:
3535:
3533:
3478:
3476:
224:In 1914, led by Colonel I. Sergeev,
187:Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition
2793:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
990:Norse colonization of North America
185:. This venture became known as the
3549:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
3496:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
2322:United States Exploring Expedition
217:made the first Russian landing on
14:
3396:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
2764:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
3537:
3488:This article about transport in
3480:
3290:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2683:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
116:
72:
65:
36:
16:Russian icebreaker sunk in 1918
1:
3616:Individual ship or boat stubs
2669:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
2604:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
161:in 1909. She was named after
3026:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
2842:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
2648:French Antarctic Expeditions
2578:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
2464:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
582:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
302:Russian Hydrographic Service
49:coaling from a freighter at
2111:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
1790:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
655:Andrée's balloon expedition
3632:
3532:
3475:
1312:Franklin's lost expedition
1012:Christian IV's expeditions
267:in the world at the time.
18:
2164:
2160:
2147:
1666:Great Northern Expedition
1342:Rae–Richardson expedition
542:British Arctic Expedition
406:
402:
389:
325:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
263:were considered the best
150:
124:
58:
35:
21:Vaygach (1989 icebreaker)
2950:British Antarctic Survey
2944:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2189:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3426:Pole of inaccessibility
3089:Antarctic Treaty System
1430:2nd Grinnell expedition
125:General characteristics
3611:Russia transport stubs
3596:Icebreakers of Russia
3096:Transglobe Expedition
2995:Operation Deep Freeze
2404:Challenger expedition
1270:Coppermine expedition
791:Drifting ice stations
228:sailed together with
155:Russian Imperial Navy
232:, whose captain was
175:and her sister ship
3266:South magnetic pole
1932:Brusilov expedition
1041:Danish colonization
479:North magnetic pole
204:. They entered the
32:
2957:Operation Windmill
2938:Operation Highjump
1913:Rusanov expedition
1818:A. E. Nordenskiöld
1562:North East Passage
1366:McClure expedition
183:Northern Sea Route
28:
3558:
3557:
3505:
3504:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
2924:Operation Tabarin
2786:Far Eastern Party
2632:Nimrod Expedition
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
1702:M. Pronchishcheva
1624:Siberian Cossacks
1093:Northwest Passage
426:Research stations
383:Polar exploration
137:
136:
3623:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3484:
3477:
2971:Ronne Expedition
2456:
2450:
2314:Dumont d'Urville
2162:
2149:
1697:V. Pronchishchev
404:
391:
376:
369:
362:
353:
327:
318:
253:Severnaya Zemlya
159:Saint Petersburg
152:
120:
82:
77:
76:
75:
70:
69:
68:
40:
33:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3531:
3530:
3473:
3471:
3458:
3133:
3125:
3001:McMurdo Station
2870:Modern research
2868:
2856:
2591:O. Nordenskjöld
2454:
2448:
2443:
2359:Ross expedition
2183:
2156:
2135:
1564:
1556:
1097:Northern Canada
1095:
1087:
940:
932:
438:
430:
398:
385:
380:
331:
330:
319:
315:
310:
298:
273:
246:Firnley Islands
234:Boris Vilkitsky
78:
73:
71:
66:
64:
54:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3485:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3418:Vostok Station
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:Cherry-Garrard
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3209:Southern Cross
3205:
3204:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3139:
3137:
3131:Farthest South
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3092:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2828:Ross Sea party
2824:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2628:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2522:Southern Cross
2515:Southern Cross
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2459:
2457:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2380:
2374:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2261:Bellingshausen
2251:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1566:Russian Arctic
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1008:
1003:
1001:Snæbjörn galti
998:
993:
986:
981:
976:
971:
964:
957:
952:
946:
944:
934:
933:
931:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
903:
896:
886:
881:
876:
868:
858:
857:
856:
851:
837:
830:
823:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
794:
787:
786:
785:
780:
775:
763:
762:
761:
747:
738:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
702:
697:
692:
691:
690:
685:
670:
665:
664:
663:
651:
650:
649:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
602:
601:
600:
595:
590:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
558:
553:
538:
537:
536:
531:
526:
509:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
444:
442:
436:Farthest North
432:
431:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
407:
400:
399:
394:
387:
386:
381:
379:
378:
371:
364:
356:
350:
349:
342:
329:
328:
312:
311:
309:
306:
305:
304:
297:
294:
272:
269:
219:Wrangel Island
167:Russian Arctic
163:Vaygach Island
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
122:
121:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
91:Vaygach Island
88:
84:
83:
61:
60:
56:
55:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3628:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:Discovery Hut
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:A. Sibiryakov
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:Glavsevmorput
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:J. Richardson
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:M. Corte-Real
1113:
1111:
1110:G. Corte-Real
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:C. Richardson
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:
965:
963:
962:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
915:
911:
910:
909:
908:
904:
902:
901:
897:
895:
894:
893:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:
869:
867:
866:
865:
859:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
844:
843:
842:Georgiy Sedov
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
799:
795:
793:
792:
788:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
768:
764:
760:
757:
756:
755:
754:
753:
748:
746:
745:
744:
739:
735:
732:
730:
729:Riiser-Larsen
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
709:
708:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
678:
677:
671:
669:
666:
662:
659:
658:
657:
656:
652:
648:
645:
644:
643:
642:
638:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:
614:
613:
612:
611:
609:
603:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
583:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
564:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:
546:
545:
544:
543:
539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
524:
520:
519:
518:
517:
515:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
480:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
384:
377:
372:
370:
365:
363:
358:
357:
354:
347:
343:
340:
336:
333:
332:
326:
322:
317:
314:
307:
303:
300:
299:
295:
293:
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
144:
143:
132:
129:
128:
123:
119:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
81:
62:
57:
52:
48:
44:
39:
34:
31:
26:
22:
3551:expanding it
3544:
3498:expanding it
3487:
3472:
3424:
3412:Pole of Cold
3410:
3336:
3327:
3295:
3288:
3264:
3235:
3221:
3215:Borchgrevink
3207:
3194:
3179:
3159:
3144:
3113:
3094:
3087:
3071:
3057:
3048:
3031:
3024:
3005:
2993:
2969:
2955:
2948:
2936:
2922:
2908:
2894:
2887:
2848:
2840:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2799:
2791:
2784:
2771:
2762:
2724:
2716:
2707:
2700:
2688:
2681:
2667:
2655:Pourquoi-Pas
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2625:Orcadas Base
2623:
2615:
2602:
2596:C. A. Larsen
2584:
2576:
2562:
2555:
2542:
2534:
2528:Borchgrevink
2521:
2513:
2470:
2462:
2437:C. A. Larsen
2430:
2411:
2402:
2384:
2366:
2357:
2344:
2329:
2320:
2307:
2268:
2254:
2247:
2228:
2213:
2123:
2116:
2099:
2092:
2078:
2063:
2049:
2036:
2011:
1997:
1995:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1937:
1930:
1911:
1877:
1875:
1861:
1859:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1809:
1807:
1788:
1664:
1622:
1605:
1573:
1537:
1535:
1515:
1514:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1466:
1451:
1437:
1428:
1415:
1386:
1374:Investigator
1373:
1364:
1340:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1297:
1268:
1245:
1230:
1215:
1185:
1170:
1140:
1059:
1039:
1010:
1006:Erik the Red
988:
966:
959:
916:submersibles
913:
907:Arktika 2007
905:
898:
891:
888:
872:
863:
860:
841:
839:
832:
825:
796:
789:
765:
751:
750:
742:
740:
706:
704:
675:
672:
661:S. A. Andrée
653:
640:
615:
607:
604:
580:
562:
549:
540:
522:
513:
511:
477:
345:
338:
335:William Barr
316:
287:
275:
274:
260:
256:
250:
229:
225:
223:
214:
210:
209:crew aboard
197:
193:
191:
177:
172:
171:
141:
140:
138:
46:
42:
29:
25:
3601:Chukchi Sea
3115:Lake Vostok
3065:Tryoshnikov
2987:Schlossbach
2878:Christensen
2820:James Caird
2741:E. R. Evans
2507:Dobrowolski
2477:de Gerlache
2179:Expeditions
2065:Aviaarktika
2019:Samoylovich
1890:Kolomeitsev
1784:Middendorff
1744:Gedenshtrom
1164:I. Fyodorov
926:Chilingarov
814:E. Fyodorov
421:Expeditions
280:Yenisei Bay
265:icebreakers
238:Archangelsk
206:Chukchi Sea
202:Vladivostok
139:Icebreaker
51:Emma Harbor
3590:Categories
3338:Terra Nova
3243:Shackleton
3186:J. C. Ross
3145:Resolution
3135:South Pole
2910:New Swabia
2834:Mackintosh
2806:Shackleton
2725:Terra Nova
2718:Terra Nova
2452:Heroic Age
2412:Challenger
2372:J. C. Ross
2282:Bransfield
2214:Resolution
2129:icebreaker
2093:Chelyuskin
1834:expedition
1812:Expedition
1754:Matyushkin
1712:Kh. Laptev
1707:Chelyuskin
1601:Heemskerck
1591:Chancellor
1586:Willoughby
1581:Koch boats
1524:Stefansson
1458:McClintock
1422:Inglefield
1264:J. C. Ross
1171:Resolution
1023:Cunningham
921:Sagalevich
610:expedition
569:Stephenson
529:C. F. Hall
516:expedition
490:J. C. Ross
453:Heemskerck
440:North Pole
344:J. Niven,
308:References
133:Icebreaker
3437:Tolstikov
3223:Discovery
3193:HMS
3178:HMS
3160:Adventure
3158:HMS
3143:HMS
3079:Tolstikov
2800:Endurance
2585:Antarctic
2570:Drygalski
2543:Discovery
2536:Discovery
2497:Arctowski
2410:HMS
2383:HMS
2377:Abernethy
2365:HMS
2343:USS
2330:Vincennes
2328:USS
2308:Astrolabe
2248:San Telmo
2229:Adventure
2227:HMS
2212:HMS
2207:Kerguelen
2169:Continent
2154:Antarctic
2031:Urvantsev
1989:Vilkitsky
1842:Jeannette
1840:USS
1832:Jeannette
1796:Weyprecht
1774:Pakhtusov
1724:Chichagov
1717:D. Laptev
1660:Permyakov
1635:Stadukhin
1630:Perfilyev
1607:Mangazeya
1545:H. Larsen
1510:Rasmussen
1465:HMS
1436:USS
1385:HMS
1372:HMS
1336:Collinson
1326:HMS
1318:HMS
1296:HMS
1244:HMS
1229:HMS
1214:HMS
1199:Mackenzie
1186:Discovery
1184:HMS
1169:HMS
1141:Discovery
1120:Frobisher
1083:Rasmussen
996:Gunnbjörn
942:Greenland
871:USS
862:USS
734:Ellsworth
676:Roosevelt
606:Nansen's
563:Discovery
561:HMS
548:HMS
495:Abernethy
463:Marmaduke
292:in 1989.
255:in 1913.
108:Sank 1918
3606:Kara Sea
3449:A. Fuchs
3406:V. Fuchs
3386:McKinley
3349:E. Evans
3308:Bjaaland
3303:Amundsen
3253:Marshall
3166:Furneaux
3018:V. Fuchs
2982:E. Ronne
2977:F. Ronne
2916:Ritscher
2770:SY
2758:Filchner
2702:Framheim
2696:Amundsen
2502:Racoviță
2487:Amundsen
2482:Lecointe
2351:Ringgold
2345:Porpoise
2235:Furneaux
2071:Shevelev
2026:Begichev
2005:Amundsen
1967:Nagórski
1945:Brusilov
1939:Sv. Anna
1853:Melville
1823:Palander
1779:Tsivolko
1739:Sannikov
1734:Billings
1677:Chirikov
1596:Barentsz
1538:St. Roch
1529:Bartlett
1503:Amundsen
1487:Sverdrup
1387:Resolute
1276:Franklin
1204:Kotzebue
1071:Sverdrup
1054:Scoresby
1028:Lindenov
879:Plaisted
864:Nautilus
809:Shirshov
783:Belyakov
778:Baydukov
752:Nautilus
714:Amundsen
674:SS
633:Sverdrup
628:Johansen
598:Brainard
593:Lockwood
448:Barentsz
321:«Вайгач»
296:See also
284:Kara Sea
242:Kara Sea
97:Launched
87:Namesake
3454:Messner
3401:Hillary
3381:Balchen
3329:Polheim
3323:Wisting
3201:Crozier
3173:Weddell
3151:J. Cook
3121:Kapitsa
3102:Fiennes
3044:Klenova
3013:Hillary
2963:Ketchum
2889:BANZARE
2864:·
2709:Polheim
2675:Shirase
2661:Charcot
2471:Belgica
2390:Crozier
2302:Morrell
2297:Weddell
2275:Lazarev
2220:J. Cook
2174:History
2124:Arktika
2100:Krassin
2085:Voronin
2057:Schmidt
2043:Ushakov
1982:Vaygach
1950:Albanov
1919:Rusanov
1900:Kolchak
1895:Matisen
1869:Makarov
1848:De Long
1749:Wrangel
1729:Lyakhov
1682:Malygin
1640:Dezhnev
1467:Pandora
1438:Advance
1405:Kennedy
1400:Belcher
1393:Kellett
1380:McClure
1304:Beechey
1298:Blossom
1291:Simpson
1259:Crozier
1252:Hoppner
1209:J. Ross
1177:J. Cook
1125:Gilbert
1018:J. Hall
984:Ingólfr
974:Naddodd
968:Vikings
955:Brendan
950:Pytheas
938:Iceland
892:Arktika
884:Herbert
849:Badygin
819:Krenkel
804:Papanin
773:Chkalov
759:Wilkins
724:Wisting
668:F. Cook
574:Markham
534:Bessels
523:Polaris
514:Polaris
485:J. Ross
468:Carolus
416:History
289:Vaygach
282:of the
276:Vaigach
261:Vaygach
226:Vaygach
211:Vaygach
194:Vaygach
173:Vaygach
165:in the
147:Russian
142:Vaygach
59:History
47:Vaigach
30:Vaygach
3490:Russia
3364:Bowers
3359:Wilson
3318:Hassel
3313:Helmer
3282:Mackay
3272:Mawson
3237:Nimrod
3195:Terror
3180:Erebus
3107:Burton
2902:Rymill
2778:Mawson
2772:Aurora
2751:Lashly
2736:Wilson
2639:Nimrod
2616:Scotia
2423:Murray
2398:Cooper
2385:Terror
2367:Erebus
2336:Wilkes
2287:Palmer
2255:Vostok
2202:Bouvet
2126:-class
2106:Gakkel
1974:Taymyr
1955:Konrad
1924:Kuchin
1862:Yermak
1769:Lavrov
1687:Ovtsyn
1672:Bering
1650:Ivanov
1613:Hudson
1575:Pomors
1552:Cowper
1517:Karluk
1416:Isabel
1410:Bellot
1360:Austin
1328:Terror
1320:Erebus
1216:Griper
1192:Clerke
1152:Baffin
1135:Hudson
1066:Nansen
979:Garðar
900:Barneo
767:ANT-25
743:Italia
719:Nobile
688:Henson
647:Amedeo
623:Nansen
588:Greely
458:Hudson
396:Arctic
257:Taymyr
230:Taymyr
215:Taymyr
198:Taymyr
178:Taymyr
151:Вайгач
80:Russia
53:, 1913
43:Taymyr
3492:is a
3444:Crary
3391:Dufek
3354:Oates
3344:Scott
3277:David
3258:Adams
3229:Barne
3050:Mirny
3039:Somov
2849:Quest
2746:Crean
2731:Scott
2610:Bruce
2564:Gauss
2557:Gauss
2431:Jason
2418:Nares
2292:Davis
2269:Mirny
2242:Smith
2197:Roché
2117:Lenin
2037:Sadko
1962:Wiese
1907:Sedov
1878:Zarya
1801:Payer
1764:Litke
1759:Anjou
1692:Minin
1655:Vagin
1645:Popov
1618:Poole
1473:Young
1286:Dease
1231:Hecla
1222:Parry
1147:Bylot
1130:Davis
1105:Cabot
1078:Peary
1060:Jason
1047:Egede
961:Papar
873:Skate
854:Wiese
834:NP-37
827:NP-36
707:Norge
695:Sedov
683:Peary
641:Jason
556:Nares
550:Alert
505:Hayes
473:Parry
411:Ocean
200:left
113:Badge
3547:stub
3494:stub
3376:Byrd
3297:Fram
3248:Wild
2930:Marr
2896:BGLE
2883:Byrd
2811:Wild
2690:Fram
2492:Cook
2013:AARI
1998:Maud
1885:Toll
1810:Vega
1496:Gjøa
1481:Fram
1444:Kane
1281:Back
1246:Fury
1237:Lyon
1159:Munk
798:NP-1
700:Byrd
617:Fram
608:Fram
500:Kane
271:Fate
259:and
213:and
196:and
130:Type
105:Fate
100:1909
45:and
3073:3rd
3059:2nd
3033:1st
2866:IGY
2862:IPY
1452:Fox
1348:Rae
914:Mir
890:NS
157:at
3592::
1978:/
337:,
323:,
221:.
189:.
169:.
149::
3578:e
3571:t
3564:v
3553:.
3525:e
3518:t
3511:v
3500:.
2455:"
2449:"
2392:)
2388:(
2379:)
2370:(
375:e
368:t
361:v
348:.
341:.
145:(
23:.
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