1236:
355:
and
Katyayana's commentary that preceded Patanjali's work. The earliest epigraphic records of the indigenous rulers of India are written in the Prakrit language. Originally the epigraphic language of the whole of India was mainly Prakrit and Sanskrit is first noticed in the inscriptions of North
394:
The first three are commonly grouped together, as the Saṃhitās comprising the four Vedas: ṛg, atharvan, yajus, sāman, which together constitute the oldest texts in
Sanskrit and the canonical foundation both of the Vedic religion, and the later religion known as Hinduism.
883:
which could even change the meaning of the words, and was still in use in Pāṇini's time, as can be inferred by his use of devices to indicate its position. At some latter time, this was replaced by a stress accent limited to the second to fourth syllables from the end.
417:
must have been essentially complete by around the 12th century BCE. The pre-1200 BCE layers mark a gradual change in Vedic
Sanskrit, but there is disappearance of these archaic correspondences and linguistics in the post-Rigvedic period.
1213:
grammarians recognise the phonetic occurrence of diphthongs measuring more than three morae in duration, but classify them all as prolated (i.e. trimoraic) to preserve a strict tripartite division of vocalic length between
449:. These texts are largely derived from the Ṛg·veda, but have undergone certain changes, both by linguistic change and by reinterpretation. For example, the more ancient injunctive verb system is no longer in use.
1699:
Parpola, Asko (1999), "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European", in Blench, Roger & Spriggs, Matthew, Archaeology and
Language, vol. III: Artefacts, languages and texts, London and New York:
1740:
Sanskrit
Computational Linguistics: First and Second International Symposia Rocquencourt, France, October 29–31, 2007 Providence, RI, USA, May 15–17, 2008, Revised Selected Papers
949:
gives accent rules for both the spoken language of his post-Vedic time as well as the differences of Vedic accent. However, no extant post-Vedic text with accents are found.
2566:
650:() as well as its breathy-voiced counterpart (), which are not found in classical Sanskrit; Macdonnell suggests these were allophones of the corresponding plosives
2942:
2796:
2146:
477:
In this layer of Vedic literature, the archaic Vedic
Sanskrit verb system has been abandoned, and a prototype of pre-Panini Vedic Sanskrit structure emerges. The
312:(BMAC). Parpola (1999) elaborates the model and has "Proto-Rigvedic" Indo-Aryans intrude the BMAC around 1700 BCE. He assumes early Indo-Aryan presence in the
327:
The early Vedic
Sanskrit language was far less homogeneous compared to the language described by Pāṇini, that is, Classic Sanskrit. The language in the early
1768:
309:
2846:
356:
India from about the second half of the 1st century B.C. Sanskrit gradually ousted
Prakrit from the field of Indian epigraphy in all parts of the country.
4791:
4806:
2861:
2851:
2841:
331:
of
Hinduism and the late Vedic literature approaches Classical Sanskrit. The formalization of the late form of Vedic Sanskrit language into the
2894:
2559:
2829:
2378:
2338:
2234:
2210:
2045:
1914:
1830:
1748:
1721:
1684:
1639:
1612:
1561:
465:). New innovations in Vedic Sanskrit appear such as the development of periphrastic aorist forms. This must have occurred before the time of
4786:
647:
2496:
2935:
296:
is estimated, on linguistic grounds, to have occurred around or before 1800 BCE. The date of composition of the oldest hymns of the
4471:
2661:
2552:
2413:
2253:
2191:
2172:
1776:
679:
491:
had been or were being innovated by this time, but parts of the Brāhmaṇa layers show the language is still close to Vedic
Sanskrit.
4801:
4796:
204:
3341:
2501:
2130:
481:
texts provide a probable link between Vedic Sanskrit, Classical Sanskrit and languages of the Epics. Complex meters such as
525:. These texts elucidate the state of the language which formed the basis of Pāṇini's codification into Classical Sanskrit.
4781:
4123:
3158:
2928:
2791:
2459:
4094:
469:
because Panini makes a list of those from the northwestern region of India who knew these older rules of Vedic Sanskrit.
3914:
3760:
3077:
2856:
2776:
2473:, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen
847:
555:
549:
320:
from about 1700 BCE. According to this model, Rigvedic within the larger Indo-Aryan group is the direct ancestor of the
287:
266:
4657:
341:
4625:
4481:
2615:
683:
270:
4191:
2620:
1553:
939:
3628:
357:
4630:
4331:
4305:
3744:
2909:
2599:
571:
565:
313:
293:
4526:
3287:
2646:
2324:
2310:
2226:
Syntaktische Forschungen: III. Die Altindische Wortfolge aus dem Çatapathabrâhmaṇa, Dargestellt von B. Delbrück
1546:"Early Loanwords in Western Central Asia: Indicators of Substrate Populations, Migrations, and Trade Relations"
1367:
214:
265:
language has survived into the modern era, and this has been a major source of information for reconstructing
2483:
316:
horizon from about 1900 BCE, and "Proto-Rigvedic" (Proto-Dardic) intrusion to Punjab as corresponding to the
2494:
Melissa Frazier "Accent in Proto-Indo-European Athematic Nouns and Its Development in Vedic" (obsolete link)
243:
177:
165:
107:
4734:
4603:
3879:
3673:
3490:
3025:
2806:
2781:
2678:
1351:
1324:
1159:
675:
671:
663:
655:
521:
317:
112:
4766:
4404:
4217:
3703:
3668:
3663:
3502:
3485:
3005:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1264:, typically in cases of questioning and particularly where two options are being compared. For example:
803:
2899:
4692:
4667:
4536:
4506:
4363:
4143:
4133:
3943:
3522:
2951:
2426:
Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language, and the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana
2220:
835:
801:
569:
553:
239:
117:
4739:
4546:
4267:
4252:
4184:
4158:
4148:
4073:
3790:
3580:
3507:
3480:
3232:
3062:
2801:
2768:
1335:
1312:
912:
843:
813:
308:(1998) place the locus of the division of Indo-Aryan from Iranian in the Bronze Age culture of the
76:
887:
Since a small number of words in the late pronunciation of Vedic carry the so-called "independent
4776:
4551:
4464:
4429:
4201:
3719:
3454:
3144:
3072:
3067:
2904:
2786:
2445:
2140:
2016:
1346:
1197:
902:
824:
790:
251:
2302:
4588:
4574:
2011:
Jamison, S.; Beguš, G.; Beguš, G. (2016). "The Phonetics of the Independent Svarita in Vedic".
483:
4771:
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4558:
4227:
4196:
4174:
4138:
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3938:
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3199:
3124:
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2409:
2374:
2334:
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2230:
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2168:
2126:
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1910:
1904:
1826:
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1717:
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1635:
1608:
1557:
1545:
935:
2811:
1820:
1602:
4662:
4652:
4598:
4531:
4434:
4409:
4399:
4378:
4373:
4348:
4287:
4179:
4153:
4116:
4111:
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4011:
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3819:
3780:
3729:
3648:
3618:
3565:
3555:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3386:
3336:
3292:
3204:
3010:
2959:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2683:
2651:
2493:
2264:
931:
794:
667:
592:
488:
321:
785:
The Prātiśākhyas claim that the "dental" consonants were articulated from the teeth ridge (
382:
4707:
4541:
4496:
4383:
4353:
4310:
4262:
4222:
4128:
4078:
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4027:
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3739:
3734:
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3658:
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3633:
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3512:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
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3302:
3227:
3183:
3139:
3134:
3119:
3114:
3057:
3020:
3015:
2741:
2736:
2470:
2352:
596:
538:
515:
504:
500:
458:
99:
2356:
1631:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
2296:
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Vedic differs from Classical Sanskrit to an extent comparable to the difference between
376:
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4300:
4295:
4277:
4257:
4044:
4037:
4006:
3900:
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3683:
3638:
3613:
3605:
3560:
3530:
3497:
3348:
3257:
3222:
3214:
3178:
3129:
2995:
2671:
2656:
2400:
2348:
1541:
1175:
255:
31:
1311:
period of late Vedic Sanskrit (roughly 8th century BC), with some 40 instances in the
1210:
946:
466:
336:
194:
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4702:
4358:
4272:
4247:
4032:
3371:
3272:
2746:
2724:
2702:
2589:
599:
respectively. Both of them were lost in Classical Sanskrit to give way to the simple
534:
305:
158:
2020:
4697:
3462:
2488:
1655:
1598:
1361:
880:
874:
301:
413:
language, but these do not appear in post-Rigvedic Indian texts. The text of the
366:
Five chronologically distinct strata can be identified within the Vedic language:
2502:
Arthur Anthony Macdonell "A Vedic Grammar for Students: Appendix II: Vedic Metre"
2371:
Who we are and how we got here: ancient DNA and the new science of the human past
2328:
2224:
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1738:
1711:
1674:
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later, whereas most other authorities including Pāṇini designate them as dentals.
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2719:
2625:
2389:
1356:
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428:
351:
57:
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3824:
2714:
2594:
2536:
2464:
581:
509:
328:
53:
17:
1393:
Today, the pitch accent can be heard only in the traditional Vedic chantings.
4674:
4583:
4563:
3252:
3247:
2979:
2358:
Tracing the Vedic dialects, in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes
756:
698:
446:
346:
187:
142:
1713:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
1235:
388:
2272:
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1285:
1268:
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1128:
1112:
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must revert to a sequence of two syllables, the first of which carries an
776:
768:
738:
730:
722:
714:
637:
629:
617:
609:
149:
4712:
4454:
3805:
3267:
3262:
3242:
3000:
2575:
2523:— Keyboard Software for typing in the International Alphabet for Sanskrit
1308:
1179:
907:
834:
Vedic often allowed two like vowels in certain cases to come together in
682:) before the loss of voiced sibilants, which occurred after the split of
499:
This is the last stratum of Vedic literature, comprising the bulk of the
441:
332:
262:
222:
210:
65:
2451:
2424:
4646:
4517:
3990:
3724:
3237:
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1373:
1257:
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828:
666:); these units could also function metrically as a cluster, suggesting
436:
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218:
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3834:
3809:
3366:
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3282:
3173:
3098:
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920:
839:
462:
292:
The separation of Proto-Indo-Iranian language into Proto-Iranian and
2040:. School of Vedic Studies, Rabindra Bharati University. p. 16.
945:
Pitch accent was not restricted to Vedic. Early Sanskrit grammarian
3800:
3698:
2756:
1234:
247:
61:
49:
2454:
by Karen Thomson and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
4501:
3814:
1660:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth
300:
is vague at best, generally estimated to roughly 1500 BCE. Both
2924:
2548:
905:. Note however that in the metrically-restored versions of the
846:
still present in the Proto-Indo-Iranian stage of the language:
766:, but they became correspondingly short in Classical Sanskrit:
426:
This period includes both the mantra and prose language of the
4593:
744:. However, the diphthongal quality still resurfaces in sandhi.
2123:
Typische Merkmale von Fragesätzen und die altindische "Pluti"
2013:
Proceedings of the 26th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference
1209:
A diphthong is prolated by prolongation of its first vowel.
930:. Early Vedic was thus definitely not a tonal language like
544:
The following differences may be observed in the phonology:
2544:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
1241:
457:
An important linguistic change is the disappearance of the
250:
and related literature compiled over the period of the mid-
2059:
2057:
842:, which has been reconstructed as the influence of an old
221:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2489:
Frederik Kortlandt "Accent and ablaut in the Vedic verbs"
850:
409:
have cognates or direct correspondences with the ancient
258:, predating the advent of writing by several centuries.
1884:, pp. 121–127 (see pp. 29–31 in the archived-url).
1798:, pp. 115–127 (see pp. 26–30 in the archived-url).
1158:"Pluti" redirects here. For other uses of "pluta", see
1607:. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 51–52.
1302:
1227:
1221:
1201:
2429:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1192:. Pluta vowels are usually noted with a numeral "3" (
1903:
Chadwick, H. Munro; Chadwick, Nora K. (2010-10-31).
1822:
The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction
1256:
Pluta vowels are recorded a total of 3 times in the
1215:
4683:
4639:
4616:
4572:
4515:
4489:
4480:
4447:
4422:
4392:
4341:
4330:
4323:
4286:
4240:
4210:
4167:
4104:
4093:
4058:
4020:
3999:
3973:
3952:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3893:
3862:
3768:
3759:
3712:
3604:
3521:
3453:
3446:
3399:
3357:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3213:
3192:
3166:
3157:
3107:
3086:
3050:
3034:
2988:
2967:
2958:
2872:
2820:
2767:
2692:
2634:
2608:
2582:
2471:
glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammar online
2186:(1st Indian ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
185:
172:
156:
140:
135:
96:
82:
71:
44:
39:
2408:(1st ed.). Providence: The Sanskrit Library.
1174:, is the term for the phenomenon of protracted or
27:Archaic language in the Vedas (2nd millennium BCE)
1737:Gérard Huet; Amba Kulkarni; Peter Scharf (2009).
2541:— dynamic online declension and conjugation tool
1825:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24 with note 73.
1634:. Princeton University Press. pp. 363–368.
2797:Legendary creatures in Sanskrit Hindu mythology
1967:
1965:
755:were correspondingly realized in Vedic as long
2394:. Les Langues du Monde (in French). Lyon: IAC.
1881:
1795:
1604:An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages
1593:
1591:
1501:
1488:
2936:
2560:
2399:Scharf, Peter M.; Hymann, Malcolm D. (2011).
2298:Altindische Nominalbildung: Nach den Saṃhitâs
1765:L'Inde Classique, manuel des etudes indiennes
1307:attained the peak of their popularity in the
8:
2515:"Keyswap – IAST Diacritics Windows Software"
2108:
2096:
2532:— sources results from Monier Williams etc.
2163:Brereton, Joel; Jamison, Stephanie (2020).
1909:. Cambridge University Press. p. 460.
1662:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 38f.
1336:Sanskrit literature § Vedic literature
831:during middle Vedic, but disappeared again.
4486:
4338:
4327:
4101:
3928:
3919:
3765:
3450:
3326:
3319:
3163:
2964:
2943:
2929:
2921:
2890:Sanskrit academic institutes outside India
2567:
2553:
2545:
2145:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1451:
956:
261:Extensive ancient literature in the Vedic
36:
2467:. Swami Tadatmananda (Arsha Bodha Center)
2063:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1550:Contact And Exchange in the Ancient World
461:, subjunctive, optative, imperative (the
2862:Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world
2830:Sanskrit mottos of universities in India
2223:; Windisch, Ernst Wilhelm Oskar (1878).
1989:
1955:
1953:
1673:J. P. Mallory; Douglas Q. Adams (1997).
911:almost all of the syllables carrying an
800:The Prātiśākhyas are inconsistent about
403:Many words in the Vedic Sanskrit of the
2084:
1521:
1463:
1405:
1386:
893:" on a short vowel, one can argue that
827:) vowels were on the verge of becoming
808:but generally claim that it was also a
310:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
215:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2402:Linguistic Issues in Encoding Sanskrit
2138:
1528:
2248:(1st ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
2034:Chakrabarti, Samiran Chandra (1996).
1679:. Taylor & Francis. p. 306.
1676:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
924:and the second a so-called dependent
7:
1425:, 'to know', cognate with Eng. 'wit'
648:voiced retroflex lateral approximant
1763:Louis Renou & Jean Filliozat.
25:
2373:. New York: First Vintage Books.
2301:(in German). Costenoble. p.
2271:'s Phonological Rules and Vedic:
2229:(in German). Adegi Graphics LLC.
1628:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009).
1270:adháḥ svid āsî3d upári svid āsī3t
934:but a pitch accent language like
680:Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni
432:(Paippalada and Shaunakiya), the
254:to mid-1st millennium BCE. It is
4792:2nd-millennium BC establishments
4649:(unknown further classification)
2441:Unicode signs for Vedic Sanskrit
2423:Whitney, William Dwight (1950).
1769:École française d'Extrême-Orient
445:Saṃhitā, and the mantras of the
238:, is an ancient language of the
4807:Languages written in Devanagari
1196:) indicating a length of three
938:, which was inherited from the
2895:Sanskrit universities in India
2465:Introduction to Vedic chanting
2391:Grammaire de la langue védique
2364:(in French), Paris: de Boccard
2284:Journal of Indological Studies
812:. According to Pāṇini it is a
246:family. It is attested in the
234:, also simply referred as the
1:
2460:University of Texas at Austin
2244:Deshpande, Madhav M. (1993).
2037:Some Aspects of Vedic Studies
1716:. Routledge. pp. 24–25.
1277:"Was it above? Was it below?"
1186:vowels are themselves called
86:
2528:"Online Sanskrit Dictionary"
2330:A Vedic Grammar for Students
1548:. In Mair, Victor H. (ed.).
1376:, a closely related language
550:voiceless bilabial fricative
288:Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit
30:Not to be confused with the
4787:Linguistic history of India
2616:Sanskritisation (sociology)
2456:Linguistics Research Center
2273:
2267:
1743:. Springer. pp. v–vi.
1303:
1286:
1269:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1202:
1143:
1129:
1113:
1099:
1083:
1070:
1055:
1042:
1028:
1016:
1002:
990:
976:
964:
777:
769:
739:
731:
723:
715:
712:in later Sanskrit, such as
638:
630:
618:
610:
4823:
2621:Sanskritisation (language)
2263:Kobayashi, Masato (2006).
2109:Scharf & Hymann (2011)
2097:Scharf & Hymann (2011)
1554:University of Hawaii Press
1412:'compiled', 'put together'
1333:
1322:
1294:"Is this larger? Or this?"
1157:
940:Proto-Indo-European accent
872:
697:were realized in Vedic as
285:
29:
4726:
2910:World Sanskrit Conference
2537:"The Sanskrit Grammarian"
2325:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony
2311:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony
2203:Indo-European Linguistics
1771:, 1953, reprinted 2000.
1710:Richard Gombrich (2006).
1502:
1489:
580:)—which used to occur as
566:voiceless velar fricative
201:
4527:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2900:Sanskrit Knowledge (XXG)
2647:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2201:Clackson, James (2007).
1938:Macdonell, 1916, §15.2d.
1906:The Growth of Literature
1368:A Vedic Word Concordance
4802:Indo-European languages
2792:Historic Sanskrit texts
2757:Suyat family of scripts
2600:Mandala political model
2452:Ancient Sanskrit Online
2333:. Motilal Banarsidass.
2295:Lindner, Bruno (1878).
1576:Macdonell (1916), §1.2.
1456:Brahmic transliteration
852:
4797:Indo-Iranian languages
4735:Indo-Iranian languages
2121:Strunk, Klaus (1983).
1819:Klaus G. Witz (1998).
1352:Vedic Sanskrit grammar
1325:Vedic Sanskrit grammar
1253:
1232:(prolated, 3+ morae).
838:without merger during
318:Gandhara grave culture
282:Prehistoric derivation
244:Indo-European language
203:This article contains
4405:Maharashtrian Konkani
2497:Internet Archive copy
2388:Renou, Louis (1952).
2369:Reich, David (2019).
2184:The Sanskrit language
1238:
522:Maitrāyaṇiya Upaniṣad
286:Further information:
4782:Indo-Aryan languages
4693:Andaman Creole Hindi
4124:Bishnupriya Manipuri
3944:Caribbean Hindustani
2952:Indo-Aryan languages
2446:index of Vedic texts
2246:Sanskrit and Prakrit
2165:The Rigveda, A Guide
1287:idáṃ bhûyā3 idâ3miti
1260:and 15 times in the
1226:(long, 2 morae) and
335:form is credited to
4740:Nuristani languages
4472:Mitanni superstrate
3078:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
2777:Buddhist literature
2182:Burrow, T. (2001).
1882:Michael Witzel 1989
1796:Michael Witzel 1989
1767:, vol.II pp.86–90,
1313:Shatapatha Brahmana
959:
814:retroflex consonant
793:), but they became
267:Proto-Indo-European
77:Indian subcontinent
4626:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4507:Early Ardhamagadhi
2905:World Sanskrit Day
2711:Later development
2221:Delbrück, Berthold
1971:Deshpande, p. 138.
1347:Classical Sanskrit
1297:Atharvaveda 9.6.18
1254:
1182:; the overlong or
957:
708:, but they became
684:Proto-Indo-Iranian
670:pronunciations of
333:Classical Sanskrit
271:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4754:
4753:
4745:Iranian languages
4612:
4611:
4532:Dramatic Prakrits
4443:
4442:
4418:
4417:
4319:
4318:
4236:
4235:
4192:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
4089:
4088:
3909:
3908:
3755:
3754:
3745:list of languages
3442:
3441:
3395:
3394:
3311:
3310:
3153:
3152:
2918:
2917:
2380:978-1-101-87346-5
2340:978-81-208-1052-5
2236:978-0-543-94034-6
2212:978-0-521-65313-8
2087:, pp. 27–28.
2047:978-81-86938-04-1
1959:Macdonnell, §4.b.
1916:978-1-108-01615-5
1872:J&B, pp. 1–2.
1832:978-81-208-1573-5
1750:978-3-642-00154-3
1723:978-1-134-90352-8
1686:978-1-884964-98-5
1641:978-0-691-13589-2
1614:978-0-8093-1091-3
1563:978-0-8248-2884-4
1513:
1512:
1280:Rigveda 10.129.5d
1220:(short, 1 mora),
1156:
1155:
591:before voiceless
229:
228:
211:rendering support
207:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
4814:
4631:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4487:
4410:Canarese Konkani
4339:
4328:
4102:
3929:
3920:
3766:
3451:
3327:
3320:
3164:
2965:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2885:Sanskrit studies
2880:Sanskrit revival
2733:Spread of usage
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2521:. 9 August 2018.
2430:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2384:
2365:
2363:
2344:
2320:
2306:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2259:
2240:
2216:
2197:
2178:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2067:
2064:Kobayashi (2006)
2061:
2052:
2051:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1992:, p. 58-59.
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1960:
1957:
1948:
1947:Macdonnell, §15.
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:Macdonnell, §43.
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1816:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1452:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1394:
1391:
1306:
1289:
1272:
1249:) rendered with
1248:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1205:
1195:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
983:
979:
971:
967:
960:
859:
807:
780:
772:
742:
734:
726:
718:
677:
673:
668:Proto-Indo-Aryan
665:
657:
641:
633:
621:
613:
597:velar consonants
575:
559:
489:Sanskrit prosody
322:Dardic languages
294:Proto-Indo-Aryan
256:orally preserved
242:subgroup of the
197:
180:
168:
152:
145:
102:
91:
88:
37:
21:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4722:
4685:
4679:
4635:
4618:
4608:
4568:
4511:
4497:Ashokan Prakrit
4476:
4439:
4414:
4388:
4333:
4315:
4282:
4232:
4206:
4163:
4096:
4085:
4054:
4016:
3995:
3969:
3948:
3905:
3889:
3858:
3830:Hyderabadi Urdu
3751:
3708:
3600:
3517:
3438:
3391:
3382:Pahari-Pothwari
3353:
3307:
3288:Pahari Kinnauri
3209:
3188:
3149:
3115:Indus Kohistani
3108:Hazara Division
3103:
3082:
3046:
3030:
2984:
2954:
2949:
2919:
2914:
2868:
2816:
2763:
2742:Gujarati script
2688:
2630:
2604:
2578:
2573:
2535:
2526:
2513:
2510:
2480:
2437:
2422:
2416:
2405:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2368:
2361:
2353:Colette Caillat
2347:
2341:
2323:
2309:
2294:
2279:
2262:
2256:
2243:
2237:
2219:
2213:
2200:
2194:
2181:
2175:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:Burrow, pp. 43.
1844:
1840:
1833:
1818:
1817:
1802:
1794:
1783:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1556:. p. 160.
1542:Witzel, Michael
1540:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1246:
1193:
1176:overlong vowels
1163:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1033:
1021:
1007:
995:
981:
969:
955:
877:
871:
539:Classical Greek
531:
497:
475:
455:
424:
422:Mantra language
401:
364:
290:
284:
279:
209:Without proper
193:
176:
164:
161:
148:
141:
131:
103:
100:Language family
98:
89:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4820:
4818:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4655:
4650:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4108:
4106:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3926:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3803:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3498:Lisan ud-Dawat
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2807:Sanskrit poets
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2644:
2642:Vedic Sanskrit
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2609:Mode of spread
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2583:Influence zone
2580:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2449:
2443:
2436:
2435:External links
2433:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2366:
2349:Michael Witzel
2345:
2339:
2321:
2307:
2292:
2260:
2254:
2241:
2235:
2217:
2211:
2198:
2192:
2179:
2173:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2131:
2113:
2101:
2099:, p. 154.
2089:
2085:Whitney (1950)
2068:
2053:
2046:
2026:
2003:
2001:Burrow, §3.24.
1994:
1982:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1895:
1886:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1831:
1800:
1781:
1756:
1749:
1729:
1722:
1702:
1692:
1685:
1665:
1647:
1640:
1620:
1613:
1587:
1585:Reich, p. 122.
1578:
1569:
1562:
1533:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1472:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
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1448:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1427:
1414:
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1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:Main article:
1331:
1328:
1323:Main article:
1320:
1317:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
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1273:
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1153:
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1123:
1109:
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1065:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1025:
1012:
1011:
999:
986:
985:
973:
954:
951:
903:tonal language
873:Main article:
870:
867:
866:
865:
832:
817:
798:
783:
745:
687:
644:
607:occurs before
530:
527:
516:Kaṭha Upaniṣad
513:s such as the
496:
495:Sūtra language
493:
474:
473:Brāhmaṇa prose
471:
454:
451:
423:
420:
400:
397:
392:
391:
386:
380:
374:
371:
363:
360:
283:
280:
278:
275:
236:Vedic language
232:Vedic Sanskrit
227:
226:
213:, you may see
199:
198:
191:
183:
182:
174:
170:
169:
162:
157:
154:
153:
146:
138:
137:
136:Language codes
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
123:Vedic Sanskrit
106:
104:
97:
94:
93:
84:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
40:Vedic Sanskrit
32:Vedda language
26:
24:
18:Vedic language
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4819:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Haflong Hindi
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4658:Chinali–Lahul
4656:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4605:
4604:Khasa Prakrit
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:Chhattisgarhi
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:Rathwi Bareli
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Mahasu Pahari
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:Modern status
2871:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:Current usage
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Bangla script
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2725:Nagari script
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2703:Brahmi script
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Vedic grammar
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Greater India
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Vedic Accents
2482:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2415:9788120835399
2411:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2316:Vedic Grammar
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2255:81-208-1136-4
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:. Cambridge.
2204:
2199:
2195:
2193:9788120817678
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2174:9780190633363
2170:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2111:, p. 72.
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2066:, p. 13.
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1990:Clackson 2007
1986:
1983:
1980:Whitney, §52.
1977:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1893:Burrow, pp44.
1890:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1854:MWW, p. 1123.
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:2-85539-903-3
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1656:Mallory, J.P.
1651:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1599:Baldi, Philip
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1531:, p. 43.
1530:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1498:
1495:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1447:Brahmic notes
1446:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1239:The syllable
1237:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1145:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
987:
978:
974:
966:
962:
961:
952:
950:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:
923:
922:
917:
916:
910:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:
885:
882:
876:
868:
863:
858:
856:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
811:
805:
799:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
779:
773:
771:
765:
761:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:
741:
735:
733:
727:
725:
719:
717:
711:
707:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
681:
669:
661:
653:
649:
645:
642:
640:
634:
632:
626:
622:
620:
614:
612:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
573:
567:
563:
557:
551:
547:
546:
545:
542:
540:
536:
535:Homeric Greek
528:
526:
524:
523:
518:
517:
512:
511:
506:
502:
494:
492:
490:
487:and rules of
486:
485:
480:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
443:
438:
435:
431:
430:
421:
419:
416:
412:
408:
407:
398:
396:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:
367:
361:
359:
358:
354:
353:
348:
345:, along with
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
314:Late Harappan
311:
307:
306:J. P. Mallory
303:
299:
295:
289:
281:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
206:
200:
196:
192:
190:
189:
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
159:Linguist List
155:
151:
147:
144:
139:
134:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:Indo-European
105:
101:
95:
85:
81:
78:
75:Northwestern
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
4767:Vedic period
4698:Bombay Hindi
4640:Unclassified
4537:Ardhamagadhi
4459:
4364:Berar Deccan
4218:Chittagonian
4211:Chittagonian
3704:Vaagri Booli
3669:Pauri Bareli
3664:Palya Bareli
3629:Dhodia–Kukna
3503:Parkari Koli
3316:Northwestern
3006:Kundal Shahi
2641:
2518:
2425:
2401:
2390:
2370:
2357:
2329:
2315:
2297:
2287:
2283:
2245:
2225:
2202:
2183:
2164:
2157:Bibliography
2122:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2036:
2029:
2012:
2006:
1997:
1985:
1976:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1821:
1764:
1759:
1739:
1732:
1712:
1705:
1695:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1630:
1623:
1603:
1581:
1572:
1549:
1536:
1524:
1497:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1389:
1366:
1362:Vedic period
1300:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1208:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1164:
944:
925:
919:
914:
913:independent
906:
898:
894:
888:
886:
881:pitch accent
879:Vedic had a
878:
875:Vedic accent
861:
854:
829:phonemicized
820:
809:
786:
775:
767:
763:
759:
752:
748:
737:
729:
721:
713:
710:monophthongs
705:
701:
694:
690:
659:
651:
646:Vedic had a
636:
628:
624:
616:
608:
604:
600:
588:
585:
577:
561:
548:Vedic had a
543:
532:
520:
514:
508:
501:Śrautasūtras
498:
482:
478:
476:
456:
440:
433:
427:
425:
414:
404:
402:
393:
365:
350:
340:
326:
302:Asko Parpola
291:
260:
235:
231:
230:
202:
186:
122:
113:Indo-Iranian
48:Present-day
4686:and creoles
4668:Lahul Lohar
4547:Maharashtri
4144:Mal Paharia
4134:Kharia Thar
3776:Braj Bhasha
2752:Odia script
2747:Kawi script
2720:Nandinagari
2626:Sanskritism
2125:. München.
1863:MWW, p.963.
1529:Burrow 2001
1479:जिह्वामूलीय
1357:Vedic metre
1262:Atharvaveda
810:dantamūlīya
787:dantamūlīya
747:The vowels
689:The vowels
625:jihvāmūlīya
605:Upadhmānīya
578:jihvāmūlīya
562:upadhmānīya
505:Gṛhyasūtras
479:Yajñagāthās
429:Atharvaveda
304:(1988) and
217:instead of
90: 1500
58:Afghanistan
4761:Categories
4589:Apabhraṃśa
4575:Apabhraṃśa
4552:Shauraseni
4268:Bodo Parja
4253:Sambalpuri
4185:Goalpariya
4159:Tanchangya
4149:Noakhailla
4074:Bote-Darai
3885:Fiji Hindi
3854:Sadhukkadi
3825:Judeo-Urdu
3791:Hindustani
3581:Shekhawati
3523:Rajasthani
3508:Saurashtra
3233:Bhadarwahi
3063:Gawar-Bati
2852:Indonesian
2838:Loanwords
2802:Literature
2769:Literature
2715:Devanagari
2595:Indosphere
2519:YesVedanta
2274:Aṣṭādhyāyī
2167:. Oxford.
2132:3769615271
1700:Routledge.
1517:References
1330:Literature
899:marginally
897:Vedic was
757:diphthongs
699:diphthongs
582:allophones
459:injunctive
362:Chronology
352:Mahabhasya
342:Aṣṭādhyāyī
329:Upanishads
240:Indo-Aryan
118:Indo-Aryan
54:Bangladesh
4777:Vyakarana
4675:Sheikhgal
4619:languages
4584:Abahattha
4564:Paishachi
4465:Classical
4430:Maldivian
4202:Surjapuri
4168:Kamarupic
4070:Kuswaric
3932:Bhojpuric
3720:Khandeshi
3253:Chambeali
3248:Bilaspuri
3145:Mankiyali
3073:Shumashti
3068:Nangalami
2980:Kishtwari
2812:Vyākaraṇa
2667:Compounds
2478:Phonology
2141:cite book
1470:उपध्मानीय
1172:prolation
1144:ḹ3
1114:ṝ3
844:laryngeal
825:trimoraic
576:, called
560:, called
529:Phonology
507:and some
447:Yajurveda
347:Patanjali
273:history.
188:Glottolog
143:ISO 639-3
92:– 600 BCE
4772:Sanskrit
4731:See also
4713:Nefamese
4708:Nagamese
4599:Kamarupi
4559:Gāndhārī
4516:Middle (
4455:Sanskrit
4393:Konkanic
4342:Marathic
4332:Marathi–
4324:Southern
4228:Rohingya
4197:Rangpuri
4175:Assamese
4139:Kurmukar
4117:dialects
4097:Kamarupa
3981:Maithili
3974:Maithili
3939:Bhojpuri
3844:Kannauji
3806:Hinglish
3786:Haryanvi
3551:Dhundari
3491:Wadiyara
3473:Jandavra
3468:Gujarati
3455:Gujarati
3377:Khetrani
3342:dialects
3298:Sirmauri
3278:Jaunsari
3268:Mandeali
3263:Pangwali
3243:Bhateali
3200:Garhwali
3159:Northern
3125:Chilisso
3001:Brokskat
2975:Kashmiri
2968:Kashmiri
2662:Pronouns
2635:Language
2576:Sanskrit
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1341:See also
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1203:trimātra
1184:prolated
1180:Sanskrit
1071:a3u (o3)
1043:a3i (e3)
936:Japanese
908:Rig Veda
791:alveolar
564:) and a
510:Upaniṣad
484:Anuṣṭubh
442:Samaveda
399:Ṛg-vedic
383:Brāhmaṇa
370:Ṛg-vedic
263:Sanskrit
223:Help:IPA
195:vedi1234
181:Rigvedic
66:Pakistan
4684:Pidgins
4663:Chinali
4653:Bazigar
4647:Badeshi
4542:Magadhi
4518:Prakrit
4435:Sinhala
4423:Insular
4400:Konkani
4379:Katkari
4374:Phudagi
4354:Varhadi
4349:Marathi
4334:Konkani
4306:Bhunjia
4180:Kamrupi
4154:Sylheti
4112:Bengali
4105:Bengali
4066:Kumhali
4033:Kochila
4021:Tharuic
4012:Kurmali
4000:Sadanic
3991:Bajjika
3965:Khortha
3915:Eastern
3875:Bagheli
3863:Eastern
3820:Deccani
3796:Kauravi
3781:Bundeli
3769:Western
3761:Central
3730:Dawoodi
3725:Lambadi
3649:Bhilori
3619:Bhilali
3566:Marwari
3556:Harauti
3486:Parkari
3447:Western
3414:Kholosi
3409:Jadgali
3387:Saraiki
3337:Punjabi
3330:Eastern
3323:Punjabi
3293:Hinduri
3238:Churahi
3215:Western
3205:Kumaoni
3193:Central
3167:Eastern
3094:Kalasha
3087:Chitral
3042:Pashayi
3035:Pashayi
3011:Kalkoti
2857:Tagalog
2842:English
2699:Origin
2693:Scripts
2684:Prosody
2652:Grammar
2458:at the
2448:(TITUS)
2355:(ed.),
1374:Avestan
1319:Grammar
1315:alone.
1258:Rigveda
932:Chinese
927:svarita
915:svarita
890:svarita
862:va·ata-
795:dentals
627:before
601:visarga
586:visarga
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437:Khilani
434:Ṛg·veda
415:Ṛg·veda
411:Avestan
406:Ṛg·veda
377:Saṃhitā
298:Rigveda
277:History
219:Unicode
4617:Proto-
4573:Late (
4482:Middle
4384:Kadodi
4311:Nahari
4288:Halbic
4263:Bhatri
4223:Chakma
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4095:Gauda–
4079:Danwar
4059:Others
4050:Musasa
3986:Angika
3960:Magahi
3953:Magahi
3924:Bihari
3894:Others
3870:Awadhi
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3810:Urdish
3740:Romani
3735:Domari
3713:Others
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3644:Bauria
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3586:Dhatki
3576:Mewari
3571:Mewati
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3536:Goaria
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3434:Sindhi
3429:Memoni
3424:Luwati
3419:Kutchi
3401:Sindhi
3367:Hindko
3359:Lahnda
3303:Sarazi
3283:Kullui
3228:Kangri
3184:Nepali
3174:Doteli
3140:Tirahi
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3099:Khowar
3058:Dameli
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467:Pāṇini
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373:Mantra
337:Pāṇini
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4718:Vedda
4490:Early
4460:Vedic
4369:Varli
4301:Kamar
4296:Halbi
4278:Kupia
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4045:Majhi
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3179:Jumli
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3051:Kunar
2996:Shina
2989:Shina
2847:Hindi
2787:Epics
2782:Drama
2672:Verbs
2657:Nouns
2508:Other
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2280:(PDF)
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