232:
735:
703:
other non-brahmin groups enjoyed a status equal to that of the
Brahmins. The Vellalar also had more authority, power and status than the Brahmins in some social and ritual contexts. They were more orthodox than the Brahmins in their religious practices. The Vellalar nobles had marriage alliances with Chola royal families.
702:
during the Chola era and many of the cult's leaders were drawn from the ranks of the
Vellalar. They were a prosperous community of farmers and landowners who had provided economic support to Shiva temples in the Tamil country. In the Tamil region, Vellalar like Mudaliyar and Pillai along with certain
856:
Coming to the
Vellalas, Andre Beteille, an authority on caste in South India writes: The term 'Vellala' is rather confusing because of its comprehensive use. Even the Vellalas proper, those who are of Vellala origin-are not a homogeneous unit but are subdivided into small sections. These sub-groups
685:
who were traditionally land-holders and lived inside forts, neither lease land for agriculture nor do they till their own fields. They also do not supervise cultivation directly due to the stigma attached to farming and manual labor. Similarly, the
Vellala Chettis, a branch of the Chozhia Vellalars
245:
The
Vellalars have a long cultural history that goes back to over two millennia in southern India, where once they were the ruling and land-owning community. Though the Vellalar have generally been associated with the landed gentry and agriculture, they are not a homogenous group and various people
386:
chieftains. We know of a queen of
Vikramaditya Varaguna, an Ay king of 9th century who is referred to as Murugan Chenthi and as Aykula Mahadevi from inscriptions. Her father, an Ay chief called Chathan Murugan is described as a Vennir Vellala that is a Vellala by birth, in the Huzur plates of king
838:, even in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, "Vellalar affiliation was as vague and uncertain as that of most other south Indian castes"; Vellalar identity was a source of prestige and "There were any number of groups sought to claim Vellalar status for themselves"
790:
From the Sangam period to the Chola period of Indian history (A.d. 600 to 1200), state-level political authority was in the hands of relatively low, Vellalar chieftains, who endowed local and nonlocal
Brahmins with land and honors, and were in turn legitimized by them.
664:
in the 15th century. The villages and areas settled by the Saiva
Velaalar even now have a small number of Jaina families and inscriptional evidence indicate that these were earlier Jaina settlements as is evident by the existence of old Jaina temples.
917:
Among the Tamil castes, both
Karkattar Vellalas (Arunachalam, 1975) and Kondaikatti Vellalas (Barnett, 1970) have much the same profile as the KP (Kottai Pillaimar): both are non-cultivating land-holders, with a history of service to ruling
421:) has a striking resemblance to the origin legend of the Hoysalas where ‘'sala'’ kills the tiger to save a sage. As per historian Arokiaswami, the Hoysala title ‘'Ballala'’ is only a variant of the Tamil word ‘'Vellala'’. The Hoysala king
441:, "the Vellalars were the dominant secular aristocratic caste under the Chola kings, providing the courtiers, most of the army officers, the lower ranks of the kingdom's bureaucracy, and the upper layer of the peasantry".
903:
All of those who feared for their lives converted to
Saivism (and not any other religious sect) adorning the sacred ash, 'throwing away their sacred threads', they assumed the identity of Saiva (nir-puci) vellalars or
498:. The Chola inscriptions state that the Velaikkara forces pledged under oath to commit suicide in case they failed to defend their king or in the event of his death. The Chalukya kings were also known by the title
1678:École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales, University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology, Research Centre on Social and Economic Development in Asia (1995).
884:
Records in his third year gift of 90 sheep for a lamp by Velala Madurantakam alias Tandanayakan Rajadhiraja Ilangovelan of Nadar, a village in Tiraimur-nadu which was a sub-division of Uyyakondan-valanadu in
866:
Without going into detail, it must suffice to say that in Sripuram the Vellalas proper are segmented into three endogamous units: Chozhia Vellala, Karaikathu Vellala, and Kodikkal Vellala.
718:
region. The Smarta adopted the worship of Hindu deities and combined their Sanskritic background with Tamil Saiva and Vaishnava devotionalism and eventually identified themselves as
460:) having arrived with great weapons of war from the 78-nadus of Chola-mandalam and the 48000-bhumi of Jayangonda-cholamandalam (the northern districts of Tamil Nadu that is
413:
as in one of the Sangam poems, the ancestor of the Irungovel chieftain is said to have ruled the fortified city of Tuvarai. This city is identified with the Hoysala capital
2014:
Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures
1999:
Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures
944:
Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures
1737:
1693:
1436:
1421:
K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI, M.A., Emeritus Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras. Professor of Indology. University of Mysore. (1955).
487:
troops were special units of armed forces drawn from the right-hand castes that were close to the king. The units were generally named after the king like
208:
where it is used in the sense of a landowner. The term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) can be derived from the word Vel (வேள்), Vel being a title that was borne by the
286:
lists the six virtues of Vellalar as abstention from killing, abstention from stealing, propagation of religion, hospitality, justice and honesty.
274:
who apart from practising agriculture had the right to carry weapons and wear garlands when they were involved in affairs of the state. The term
231:
2253:
2224:
1383:
1147:
1035:
1001:
310:
identifies the Kalabhras with the Kalappalar section of the Vellalar and equates king Achyuta Vikranta with Achyuta Kalappala the father of
223:
for flood, which gave rise to various rights of land; and it is because of the acquisition of land rights that the Vellalar got their name.
2277:
1247:
The Ventar-Velir-Velalar groups constituted the ruling and land-owning classes in the Tamil country since the beginning of recorded history
1602:
The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History
1587:
The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History
237:
1224:
294:
In the years that immediately followed the Sangam age (from third to sixth century CE), the Tamil lands were ruled by a dynasty called
1909:
1120:
894:
It is also widely believed that the Saiva Vellalas of Madras State who are stricter vegetarians than even Tamil Brahmins, were Jainas.
1871:
Fernando, A. Denis N. (1987). "PENINSULAR JAFFNA FROM ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL TIMES: Its Significant Historical and Settlement Aspects".
744:
698:
The Vellalar were considered to be of high status and enjoyed a high rank during the Chola period. They helped promote and stabilize
298:. Historians believe that the Kalabhras belonged to the Vellalar community of warriors who were possibly once the feudatories of the
1963:
1936:
1311:
1207:
777:
640:
are from the Vellalar social group. Also, the Saiva Velaalar sect are originally believed to have been Jainas before they embraced
875:
The Kongu Vellalar is an engogamous group. They use 'gounder' as a title and hence they are also known as Kongu Vellala Gounders.
1981:
Religion and Politics in Medieval South India. Papers of a Seminar Held by the Institute of Asian Studies and Andhra University
815:
972:
1274:
483:
troops of the Cholas with the Vellalas and notes that the contents of the above inscription confirm this identification. The
1095:. Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture, Government of India. p. 243.
2151:
810:
1303:
2074:
Population and Social Change in an Indian Village. Quarter Century of Development in Managadu Village, Tamil Nadu
1266:
31:
2156:, Publication (Indian Council of Social Science Research), Indian Council of Social Science Research, p. 10
748:
673:
Even though at present, the term "Vellalar" is uncertain, a number of non-cultivating landholding castes like
2127:
557:
and had the title Uttama Chola Pallavaraiyan. Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva was an elder contemporary of
2282:
330:, verse 3179) to his patron Achyuta Vikranta who was then (fifth century CE) ruling the Chola kingdom as
2103:
1680:
Contributions to Indian Sociology Volumes 29-30 of Contributions to Indian Sociology: Occasional Studies
593:
145:
112:
1928:
The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change
1722:
K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, M.A., Professor of Indian History and Archaeology University of Madras (1937).
681:
who served ruling dynasties in various capacities also identify themselves as Vellalar. Likewise, the
678:
586:
558:
185:
1880:
1731:
1687:
1430:
1375:
The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties
847:
The term "Vellalar" is a generic term for a group of high ranking Non-brahmin castes in TamilNadu
661:
307:
2175:
2272:
2249:
2220:
1959:
1932:
1905:
1379:
1307:
1270:
1260:
1203:
1143:
1137:
1116:
1031:
1025:
997:
991:
805:
602:
422:
399:
398:(near Pudukottai district). They were related to the Cholas by marriage. In an inscription of
259:
201:
165:
2214:
1926:
1635:
Essays on Indian History and Culture. Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali
1373:
1197:
1231:
682:
618:
494:
246:
from diverse backgrounds have identified themselves as a Vellalar in the course of history.
181:
169:
116:
99:
1361:. Publisher: Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research. p. 72.
1199:
Societas to Civitas: evolution of political society in South India: pre-Pallavan Tamil̤akam
533:
in south India from the seventh century CE onwards and helped revive Hinduism. Many of the
554:
530:
426:
303:
656:. While some of the Jains assign this conversion to the period of the Bhakti movement in
609:, involved in tillage and cattle cultivation. Local Sri Lankan literature, such as the
598:
511:
461:
445:
438:
343:
177:
164:. The Vellalar are members of several endogamous castes such as the numerically strong
85:
68:
2266:
1630:
800:
614:
546:
394:
or Irukkuvel chieftains were another ancient Velir clan who ruled from their capital
299:
283:
255:
1030:. Princeton Library of Asian Translations. Princeton University Press. p. 355.
759:
625:
472:
453:
414:
347:
133:
58:
1953:
1899:
1297:
1110:
686:
were traders and merchants. The Adi-saiva vellalar sect is a strictly vegetarian
370:
were an ancient group of Tamil chieftains who claimed Yadava (Yadu) descent. The
1078:
Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village
835:
570:
315:
263:
107:
1482:
Mathurā.The Settlement Pattern and Cultural Profile of an Early Historical City
1091:
D. Tyagi; K. K. Bhattacharya; S. S. Datta Chaudhuri; D. Xaviour, eds. (2012).
674:
657:
637:
606:
550:
395:
371:
173:
153:
103:
94:
1753:
Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India
1262:
Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries
542:
391:
311:
279:
205:
161:
993:
Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu
456:(about 1072-1073 CE) describe how the great army of the right hand class (
719:
711:
699:
641:
566:
534:
449:
295:
120:
81:
50:
17:
1955:
The Rise of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka: From Communalism to Secession
1884:
1281:
Not only were the Vellalas the landowning communities of South India,...
687:
562:
410:
355:
90:
54:
1766:
Professor of Asian History Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund (2004).
715:
652:
meaning the vellalars who left Jainism by smearing the sacred ash or
538:
157:
628:
and they formed one of the colonial political elites of the island.
1542:
The City in Indian History. Urban Demography, Society, and Politics
417:
by some historians. Also, the legend of the chief killing a tiger (
723:
574:
465:
375:
367:
351:
319:
230:
209:
149:
475:
who has done a detailed analysis of this inscription equates the
374:
were one such Velir group that ruled the territory in and around
2216:
An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus
707:
402:
an Irukkuvel feudatory who was a high-ranking military officer (
339:
2029:
Gender and the Household Domain. Social and Cultural Dimensions
1619:. Commissioner of Museums, Government of Tamil Nadu. p. 2.
254:
The Vellalar are spoken of as a group of people right from the
728:
1344:
An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism
996:. South Asia Research. Oxford University Press. p. 209.
409:
The Irungovels are considered to be of the same stock as the
2108:(in Slovenian), Superintendent Government Press, p. 128
1359:
Madurai Through the Ages From the Earliest Times to 1801 A.D
545:
sang the glories of these Nayanmars in his magnum opus, the
1783:
A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature
1063:
Applied Anthropology and Challenges of Development in India
617:, narrates the migration of Vellala Nattar chiefs from the
235:
Vellālars worshipping lingam, snake-stones and Ganēsa from
1709:
Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern
1527:
Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern
1225:"Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script"
755:
1726:. Thompson & Co., Ltd., Printers, Madras. p. 11.
1452:
Pāli, A Grammar of the Language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka
429:, the town that served as their capital in 14th century.
425:
is even now locally known as the ‘'Vellala Maharaja'’ in
387:
Karunandakkan, the predecessor of Vikramaditya Varaguna.
378:
during the Sangam period. The word Venad is derived from
1751:
Keith E. Yandell Keith E. Yandell, John J. Paul (2013).
1499:. Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot. p. 117.
1093:
Nutritional Status of Indian Population: Southern region
526:), in epigraphs and in the old Tamil lexicon Divakaram.
468:
district) by the grace of Rajendrachola (Kulottunga I).
2174:
University of Travancore; University of Kerala (1948),
1331:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 33.
591:
The Vellalars of Sri Lanka have been chronicled in the
2246:
Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience
1408:
Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336
573:
preachings by forcing him to sign a document stating
541:
saints, were Vellalar. In the 12th century CE, saint
322:
kingdom and authored Buddhist manuals refers (in the
258:
and are mentioned in many of the classical works of
2129:
The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37
2044:
Boundary Walls. Caste and Women in a Tamil Community
1798:
Temples of Tamilnadu Kancheepuram District, Volume 1
346:, the word Kalamba or Kalambam (in Tamil) means the
2102:Madras (India : State). Record Office (1957),
2027:Karuna Chanana, Maithreyi Krishna Raj, ed. (1989).
1992:
1990:
129:
74:
64:
46:
41:
1170:. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 233.
1873:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka
1650:Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India
1512:Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India
660:others link it to a conflict with a ruler of the
644:. The Tamil Jains refer to the Saiva Velaalar as
1901:The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics
1570:T.A. Society (Tiruchchirāppalli, India) (1986).
2046:. Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 27.
1952:Welhengama, Gnanapala; Pillay, Nirmala (2014).
1183:Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction
937:
935:
1112:Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka
714:for religious influence in the temples in the
561:, the king who is said to have persecuted the
464:) conquered and colonized southern Karnataka (
2202:. Princeton University Press. pp. 54–55.
278:itself occurs in the sense of a landowner in
212:chieftains of Sangam age among other things.
8:
2091:. Princeton University Press. p. 45,54.
1736:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1692:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1652:. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–191.
1435:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1027:Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
690:group that traditionally served as priests.
549:. Sekkizhar was born in a Vellala family in
2200:Poems to Siva The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
2089:Poems to Siva The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
2219:. Princeton University Press. p. 37.
758:. Please do not remove this message until
2153:Dravidian Kinship and Modes of Production
1983:. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 15.
1858:Sri Ramanuja. Makers of Indian literature
1828:The City of the Cosmic Dance: Chidambaram
1800:. Controller of Publications. p. 54.
1574:. Asian Educational Services. p. 28.
1559:. Asian Educational Services. p. 53.
1450:Thomas Oberlies, Richard Pischel (2001).
1161:
1159:
1142:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 390.
1104:
1102:
778:Learn how and when to remove this message
354:symbol that is associated with Tamil god
1637:. Mittal Publications. pp. 105–107.
1572:The Tamilian Antiquary Volume 1, Issue 5
1291:
1289:
1056:
1054:
857:are always segmented and are endogamous.
754:Relevant discussion may be found on the
406:) of the king is described as a Velala.
1633:(1990). H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy (ed.).
1514:. Oxford University Press. p. 350.
931:
827:
448:inscriptions from Avani and Uttanur in
270:but refers to a group of people called
1845:. Manivasagar Pathippagam. p. 13.
1811:Balasubrahmanyam Venkataraman (1994).
1729:
1685:
1544:. South Asia Publications. p. 61.
1428:
1080:. Oxford University Press. p. 86.
38:
2244:Lucassen, Jan; Lucassen, Leo (2014).
1904:. Duke University Press. p. 84.
1856:Madabhushini Narasimhacharya (2004).
1711:. Gyan Publishing House. p. 179.
529:The Vellalar also contributed to the
489:Rajaraja-terinda-valangai-velaikkarar
7:
2198:Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014).
2087:Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014).
1785:. Annamalai University. p. 135.
1665:A Military History of Medieval India
1202:. Kalinga Publications. p. 64.
908:(the Jainas who smeared sacred ash).
710:have always competed with the Tamil
382:-nadu, that is the country ruled by
318:, the Pali writer who stayed in the
219:(வெள்ளாளர் ) may come from the root
196:The earliest occurrence of the term
2132:, Poompozhil Publishers, p. 17
1529:. Kalpaz Publications. p. 181.
1425:. G. S. Press, Madras. p. 108.
1139:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
493:the known (terinda) forces of king
336:the favourite of the Kalamba family
238:Castes and Tribes of Southern India
2076:. Mittal Publications. p. 42.
2072:A. Aiyappan, K. Mahadevan (1988).
1196:Venkatasubramanian, T. K. (1993).
597:and other historical texts of the
25:
2061:. Popular Prakashan. p. 209.
1484:. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 121.
1469:. National Book Trust. p. 8.
1346:. Stangard Printers. p. 269.
973:"Vellala | Encyclopedia.com"
2031:. Sage Publications. p. 92.
1770:. Psychology Press. p. 143.
1454:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 88.
1299:Rural Society in Southeast India
961:. SAGE Publications. p. 81.
733:
437:According to the anthropologist
2057:Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1969).
1327:Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu (1994).
816:Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family
543:Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva
452:Taluk dated in the 3rd year of
1860:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 25.
1781:Muthusamy Govindasamy (1977).
1663:Gurcharn Singh Sandhu (2003).
1617:The Gopuras of Thiruvannamalai
1:
1925:Gerharz, Eva (3 April 2014).
1830:. Orient Longman. p. 32.
1604:. Amudha Nilayam. p. 29.
1589:. Amudha Nilayam. p. 28.
1555:P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1993).
1185:. Kalai Nilayam. p. 136.
1065:. Punthi-Pustak. p. 152.
605:population and are the major
458:perumpadai valangai mahasenai
1841:Caṇmukam Meyyappan̲ (1992).
1815:. Mudgala Trust. p. 65.
1667:. Vision Books. p. 208.
1329:Chieftains of the Sangam Age
1230:. p. 16. Archived from
2278:Social groups of Tamil Nadu
1480:Vijaya Laxmi Singh (2005).
811:List of Vellalar sub castes
760:conditions to do so are met
722:and started worshipping in
624:Their dominance rose under
510:means region or country in
2299:
1979:Andhra University (1972).
1958:. Routledge. p. 168.
1372:Chakrabarty, D.K. (2010).
1304:Cambridge University Press
1136:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017).
584:
266:does not contain the term
160:and northeastern parts of
29:
2213:Moffatt, Michael (2015).
2177:Journal of Indian History
2105:Tanjore District Handbook
2012:R. Umamaheshwari (2018).
1997:R. Umamaheshwari (2018).
1931:. Routledge. p. 73.
1843:Chidambaram Golden Temple
1755:. Routledge. p. 249.
1465:K. R. Srinivasan (1979).
1423:The Colas, Second Edition
1378:. OUP India. p. 84.
1267:Brill Academic Publishers
1115:. Routledge. p. 77.
942:R. Umamaheshwari (2018).
32:Vellalar (disambiguation)
2016:. Springer. p. 223.
2001:. Springer. p. 222.
1796:C. Chandramouli (2003).
1540:Indu Banga, ed. (1991).
1406:N. Subrahmanian (1993).
1296:Gough, Kathleen (2008).
1061:P. R. G. Mathur (1994).
957:Rowena Robinson (2003).
946:. Springer. p. 250.
636:At present, most of the
601:. They form half of the
479:military forces and the
306:. Scholar and historian
2059:Caste and Race in India
1357:D. Devakunjari (1979).
1181:M. D. Raghavan (1971).
1076:André Béteille (2012).
1024:Peterson, I.V. (2014).
518:, that is kings of the
2126:Rajaraman, P. (1988),
2042:Kamala Ganesh (1993).
1682:. Mouton. p. 265.
1615:F. H. Gravely (2002).
1467:Temples of South India
1342:C. Sivaratnam (1964).
242:
1826:B. Natarajan (1974).
1648:Burton Stein (1994).
1510:Burton Stein (1994).
1223:Iravatham Mahadevan.
1109:Derges, Jane (2013).
594:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
577:is the greatest god.
234:
1557:South Indian Shrines
1410:. Ennes. p. 67.
679:Kondaikatti Velaalar
675:Kaarukaatha Velaalar
332:Kalamba-kula nandane
250:In Sangam literature
30:For other uses, see
1898:Holt, John (2011).
1813:Tillai and Nataraja
1259:André Wink (2002).
1168:From Tribe to Caste
1166:Dev Nathan (1997).
959:Christians of India
747:of this section is
587:Sri Lankan Vellalar
559:Kulothunga Chola II
502:, that is kings of
186:Sri Lankan Vellalar
174:Karkarthar Vellalar
113:Sri Lankan Vellalar
2150:Gough, K. (1978),
1768:A History of India
1707:Raj Kumar (2008).
1525:Raj Kumar (2008).
990:Orr, L.C. (2000).
662:Vijayanagar empire
650:nīr-pūci-vellalars
308:M. Raghava Iyengar
290:Post-Sangam period
243:
117:Yazhpana Kudanaadu
2255:978-9-00427-136-4
2226:978-1-40087-036-3
1497:History of Kerala
1385:978-0-19-908832-4
1149:978-1-53810-686-0
1037:978-1-4008-6006-7
1003:978-0-19-535672-4
906:nir-puci-nayinars
806:List of Vellalars
788:
787:
780:
646:nīr-pūci-nayinārs
423:Veera Ballala III
400:Rajadhiraja Chola
260:Sangam literature
202:Sangam literature
166:Arunattu Vellalar
139:
138:
16:(Redirected from
2290:
2259:
2231:
2230:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2171:
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683:Kottai Pillaimar
619:Coromandel Coast
613:, an account on
603:Sri Lankan Tamil
495:Rajaraja Chola I
433:The Chola period
328:Vinayavinicchaya
182:Thuluva Vellalar
170:Chozhia Vellalar
39:
21:
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1269:. p. 321.
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738:
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708:Smarta Brahmins
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634:
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555:Thondaimandalam
531:Bhakti movement
516:Velkulattarasar
435:
427:Thiruvannamalai
364:
342:language as in
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272:Velaan Maanthar
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28:
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1306:. p. 29.
1285:
1275:
1251:
1237:on 7 June 2011
1215:
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670:
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621:to Sri Lanka.
611:Kailiyai Malai
599:Jaffna kingdom
585:Main article:
582:
579:
462:Tondaimandalam
444:Two identical
439:Kathleen Gough
434:
431:
363:
360:
291:
288:
284:Pattinappaalai
251:
248:
228:
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193:
190:
178:Kongu Vellalar
144:is a group of
137:
136:
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130:Related groups
127:
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110:
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72:
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44:
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26:
24:
14:
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6:
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3:
2:
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2283:Indian castes
2281:
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1631:B. Sheikh Ali
1626:
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885:Solamandalam.
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844:
841:
837:
834:According to
831:
828:
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801:Pallavaraiyan
799:
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694:Social status
693:
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669:Current usage
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615:Kalinga Magha
612:
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547:Periyapuranam
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350:, the sacred
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329:
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324:Nigamanagātha
321:
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309:
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256:Sangam period
249:
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213:
211:
207:
203:
200:(வேளாளர்) in
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70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2245:
2215:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2182:, retrieved
2176:
2169:
2158:, retrieved
2152:
2145:
2134:, retrieved
2128:
2121:
2110:, retrieved
2104:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1980:
1974:
1954:
1947:
1927:
1920:
1900:
1893:
1876:
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1836:
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1806:
1797:
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1601:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1556:
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1541:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1374:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1298:
1280:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1239:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1218:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1138:
1131:
1111:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1041:. Retrieved
1026:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
992:
985:
976:
967:
958:
952:
943:
913:
905:
899:
890:
880:
871:
862:
852:
843:
830:
789:
774:
765:
743:
716:Kaveri delta
705:
697:
672:
653:
649:
645:
635:
623:
610:
592:
590:
565:philosopher
528:
523:
519:
515:
507:
503:
500:Velpularasar
499:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:Burton Stein
470:
457:
454:Kulottunga I
443:
436:
418:
415:Dwarasamudra
408:
403:
389:
383:
379:
365:
348:Kadamba tree
335:
331:
327:
323:
293:
275:
271:
267:
253:
244:
236:
220:
216:
214:
197:
195:
141:
140:
134:Tamil people
86:Thondai Nadu
75:Subdivisions
59:Christianity
36:
27:Indian caste
836:Susan Bayly
768:August 2022
654:(tiru)-nīru
638:Tamil Jains
571:Vaishnavite
419:Pulikadimal
404:Dandanayaka
316:Buddhadatta
282:. The poem
264:Tolkappiyam
108:Pandya Nadu
2267:Categories
1391:16 January
1276:9004092498
926:References
918:dynasties.
745:neutrality
658:Tamil nadu
632:In Jainism
626:Dutch rule
607:husbandmen
551:Kundrathur
491:, that is
485:Velaikkara
481:Velaikkara
471:Historian
396:Kodumbalur
154:Tamil Nadu
152:states of
121:Vanni Nadu
115:‡ —
104:Chola Nadu
102:‡ —
95:Kongu Nadu
93:‡ —
2248:. BRILL.
2184:4 January
2160:4 January
2136:4 January
2112:4 January
1732:cite book
1724:The Colas
1688:cite book
1431:cite book
756:talk page
726:temples.
720:Shaivites
712:Shaivites
581:Sri Lanka
535:Nayanmars
514:) and as
506:country (
392:Irunkovel
362:The Velir
312:Meykandar
296:Kalabhras
280:Paripadal
215:The word
206:Paripadal
192:Etymology
162:Sri Lanka
84:‡ —
65:Languages
47:Religions
18:Vellalars
2273:Vellalar
1885:23731055
1043:29 March
1009:29 March
795:See also
749:disputed
700:Shaivism
677:and the
642:Hinduism
569:for his
567:Ramanuja
477:Valangai
450:Mulbagal
411:Hoysalas
334:meaning
304:Pallavas
302:and the
276:Vellalar
268:Vellalar
217:Vellalar
198:Velaalar
142:Vellalar
82:Mudaliar
51:Hinduism
42:Vellalar
688:Saivite
563:Brahmin
372:Ay Vels
356:Murugan
352:totemic
241:(1909).
227:History
148:in the
91:Gounder
55:Jainism
2252:
2223:
1962:
1935:
1908:
1883:
1879:: 84.
1382:
1310:
1273:
1241:7 June
1206:
1146:
1119:
1034:
1000:
539:Shaiva
537:, the
522:clan (
300:Cholas
262:. The
221:Vellam
204:is in
158:Kerala
150:Indian
146:castes
100:Pillai
1881:JSTOR
1235:(PDF)
1228:(PDF)
822:Notes
724:Shiva
575:Shiva
524:kulam
512:Tamil
508:pulam
466:Kolar
446:Tamil
376:Venad
368:Velir
344:Tamil
338:. In
320:Chola
210:Velir
69:Tamil
2250:ISBN
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