780::"The work connects the origin of the Gangas to the origin of the Karkatha Vellalas of Karnataka. Gangeya Murthaka pala was born to Lord Shiva and he had two wives; the first wife had 54 sons & the second wife had 52 sons. Out of these Bhupalar, (one who practiced Agriculture) gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders, Dhanapalar, who was into trade, gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders Gopalar, (one who herded cattle) and one Agamurthi gave birth to 1 Vellala leader."
514:
528:
542:
347:
country. The manuscript goes on to describe the decline in the position of the
Karkathar after the initial golden age due to the fighting between the two branches over various issues such as land, rights to the water of the river Vellar, temples etc. and the subsequent settlement and dominance of the
253:
Gangeya
Murthaka pala was born to Lord Shiva and he had two wives; the first wife had 54 sons & the second wife had 52 sons. Out of these Bhupalar, (one who practiced Agriculture) gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders, Dhanapalar, who was into trade, gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders Gopalar, (one who
352:
by both branches. The copper plate inscriptions held by every
Maravar community in the region indicates that the Kōnāttu vellalar were victorious in the end. The works such as Varuna Cintamani and the other sathakams was written by them likewise in order to claim status in 1871 , but until today
342:
country) mostly consisted of the regions north of the river Vellar except for the western part of the state where it included certain regions south of the river as well. Kanādu, literally meaning the land of the forests was included in the
329:
era, there is strong evidence of increasing agrarian settlement, the growth of villages, institutions, the construction and expansion of temples. According to the
Tekkattur manuscript, the Karkathar were initially divided into
713:
698:
K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI, M.A., Emeritus
Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras. Professor of Indology. University of Mysore. (1955).
595:
808:
VELLALAR , Kongu. They are variously referred to as
Bupaalan , Buvaisya, Dhevar, Gangavamsam, Rayar and most commonly vivasayee and kudiyaanavar.
956:
801:
631:
112:
163:
identifies the
Kalabhras with the Kalappalar section of the Vellalar and equates king Achyuta Vikranta with Achyuta Kalappala the father of
1039:
214:
According to tradition, the
Karkathar migrated from the Gangetic plains and over time spread over the entire macro region of present-day
245:
written in the year 1936 by
Thandavarayan Pillai ,connects the origin of the Gangas to the origin of the Karakatha Vellalas of southern
1049:
983:
933:
899:
1044:
775:
KARMANDALA SATAKAM: POLITICO-SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF MEDIEVAL TAMIL LITERATURE ON THE VELLALA COMMUNITY OF SOUTH KARNATAKA
373:
621:
1034:
791:
461:
1054:
183:, verse 3179) to his patron Achyuta Vikranta who was then (fifth century CE) ruling the Chola kingdom as
262:. They derive from word-elements associated with each occupational sub-group. For the agriculturists,
369:
773:
707:
465:
160:
979:
952:
929:
895:
797:
627:
307:
273:
1009:
Social science and social concern: felicitation volume in honour of
Professor B.K. Roy Burman
654:. Publisher: Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research. p. 72.
570:
547:
325:
region was sparsely populated until the early Chola period. But with the beginning of the
269:
919:
565:
453:
318:
196:
140:
53:
1028:
560:
519:
404:
152:
109:
891:
Salem cyclopedia: a cultural and historical dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu
793:
Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu
623:
Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu
942:
533:
469:
408:
268:
is used. This refers to the earth, as with the Hindu goddess who represents earth,
231:
200:
513:
338:, each of which had many exogamous sub-divisions. Kōnādu or the land of the king (
973:
946:
923:
909:
889:
234:, this theory is purely mythical , these sathakams were primarily written by the
155:(from third to sixth century CE), the Tamil lands were ruled by a dynasty called
477:
473:
424:
168:
83:
258:
The names Bhupālar, Dhanapālar, and Gopālar refer to the three subdivisions of
509:
428:
412:
396:
377:
322:
215:
116:
73:
494:
432:
416:
392:
246:
235:
164:
17:
848:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 255, 257, 258.
555:
457:
400:
259:
156:
99:
43:
295:
498:
481:
449:
208:
846:
The Tyagaraja Cult in Tamilnadu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation
670:
The Tyagaraja Cult in Tamilnadu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation
442:
420:
354:
349:
344:
238:
to claim a higher social status for themselves in the Hindu society.
223:
102:
95:
438:
339:
326:
241:
Historian Usha R. Vijailakshmi observes that Verse 34 of the fake
227:
226:
country was settled by these people after they had resided in the
204:
172:
105:
63:
796:. India: Institute of Kongu Studies (Salem, India). p. 340.
626:. India: Institute of Kongu Studies (Salem, India). p. 340.
254:
herded cattle) and one Agamurthi gave birth to 1 Vellala leader.
192:
672:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. p. 258.
652:
Madurai Through the Ages From the Earliest Times to 1801 A.D
975:
Applied anthropology and challenges of development in India
966:
Volume 10 of Karnataka State Gazetteer, Karnataka (India)
729:
Pāli, A Grammar of the Language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka
348:
Maravars in the region who were initially imported from
497:, the son of Achyuta Kalappaalar and the author of the
501:
scripture Sivagnana bodham hailed from this community.
685:
Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336
175:
kingdom and authored Buddhist manuals refers (in the
928:(Reprinted ed.), University of Michigan Press,
300:, 'riches') and for the cattle-herders, the element
199:, the word Kalamba or Kalambam (in Tamil) means the
925:
The hollow crown: ethnohistory of an Indian kingdom
79:
69:
59:
49:
39:
34:
301:
293:
281:
263:
948:Peasant state and society in medieval South India
368:Gnanasambandhar, the founder of the Saivite mutt
1018:Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction
767:
765:
251:
778:. India: Indian History Congress. p. 430.
287:
286:signifies wealth or material goods (Sanskrit:
388:Areas of Karkathar population have included:
143:), signifying 'The one who waited for rain'.
8:
712:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
167:who hailed from the Kaarukaathar community.
27:Hindu caste found in Indian state Tamil Nadu
372:that historically managed temples like the
151:In the years that immediately followed the
134:
128:
911:Madras District Gazetteers: Salem, Madras
727:Thomas Oberlies, Richard Pischel (2001).
207:symbol that is associated with Tamil god
663:
661:
587:
353:they continue to be classfied as a low
314:, 'cow, domestic bovine') is employed.
870:
858:
705:
31:
831:
819:
756:
7:
171:, the Pali writer who stayed in the
702:. G. S. Press, Madras. p. 108.
189:the favourite of the Kalamba family
914:, Superintendent, Government Press
25:
746:. National Book Trust. p. 8.
731:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 88.
540:
526:
512:
230:country. According to historian
894:, Institute of Kongu Studies,
772:Vijailakshmi, Usha R. (2010).
1:
380:hailed from this community.
364:As founders of Saivite Mutts
317:According to anthropologist
1040:Social groups of Tamil Nadu
951:, Oxford University Press,
448:Southern districts such as
1071:
888:Rajannan, Busnagi (1992),
790:Rajannan, Busnagi (1992).
620:Rajannan, Busnagi (1992).
972:Mathur, P. R. G. (1994),
844:Rajeshwari Ghose (1996).
742:K. R. Srinivasan (1979).
700:The Colas, Second Edition
668:Rajeshwari Ghose (1996).
445:taluks of Salem district.
311:
288:
277:
1050:South Indian communities
683:N. Subrahmanian (1993).
159:. Scholar and historian
650:D. Devakunjari (1979).
435:, Villupuram districts.
302:
294:
282:
264:
1045:Vegetarian communities
1001:People of India: A - G
908:Baliga, B. S. (1967),
744:Temples of South India
280:). For the merchants,
256:
135:
129:
687:. Ennes. p. 67.
638:Rulers of the clouds
370:Dharmapuram Adheenam
185:Kalamba-kula nandane
920:Dirks, Nicholas B.
306:, signifying cow (
243:Karmandala Satakam
161:M. Raghava Iyengar
978:, Punthi-Pustak,
958:978-0-19-561065-9
803:978-8-19002-880-6
633:978-8-19002-880-6
374:Thyagaraja temple
319:Nicholas B. Dirks
89:
88:
16:(Redirected from
1062:
1021:
1016:Raghavan, M. D.
1012:
1004:
988:
968:
961:
938:
915:
904:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
849:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
810:
787:
781:
779:
769:
760:
754:
748:
747:
739:
733:
732:
724:
718:
717:
711:
703:
695:
689:
688:
680:
674:
673:
665:
656:
655:
647:
641:
640:
617:
611:
610:
608:
606:
592:
550:
545:
544:
543:
536:
531:
530:
529:
522:
517:
516:
313:
305:
299:
291:
290:
285:
279:
267:
181:Vinayavinicchaya
138:
132:
70:Populated states
32:
21:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1007:
999:
996:
994:Further reading
991:
986:
971:
964:
959:
941:
936:
918:
907:
902:
887:
878:
877:
869:
865:
857:
853:
843:
842:
838:
830:
826:
818:
814:
804:
789:
788:
784:
771:
770:
763:
755:
751:
741:
740:
736:
726:
725:
721:
704:
697:
696:
692:
682:
681:
677:
667:
666:
659:
649:
648:
644:
634:
619:
618:
614:
604:
602:
594:
593:
589:
579:
571:Thuluva vellala
548:Hinduism portal
546:
541:
539:
532:
527:
525:
518:
511:
508:
491:
386:
366:
360:
249:, as follows:
218:. According to
195:language as in
149:
127:Kaarkaathaar, (
125:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:Vellalar clans
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1005:
1003:. Vol. 4.
995:
992:
990:
989:
984:
969:
962:
957:
939:
934:
916:
905:
900:
884:
876:
875:
863:
851:
836:
824:
812:
802:
782:
761:
749:
734:
719:
690:
675:
657:
642:
632:
612:
586:
585:
578:
575:
574:
573:
568:
566:Kongu vellalar
563:
558:
552:
551:
537:
523:
507:
504:
503:
502:
495:Meykanda Devar
490:
489:Notable people
487:
486:
485:
462:Ramanathapuram
446:
436:
385:
382:
365:
362:
148:
145:
139:, 'waiter' in
124:
121:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1067:
1056:
1055:Indian castes
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
993:
987:
985:9788185094793
981:
977:
976:
970:
967:
963:
960:
954:
950:
949:
944:
943:Stein, Burton
940:
937:
935:9780472081875
931:
927:
926:
921:
917:
913:
912:
906:
903:
901:9788190028806
897:
893:
892:
886:
885:
883:
882:
873:, p. 121
872:
871:Baliga (1967)
867:
864:
861:, p. 153
860:
859:Mathur (1994)
855:
852:
847:
840:
837:
834:, p. 140
833:
828:
825:
822:, p. 139
821:
816:
813:
809:
805:
799:
795:
794:
786:
783:
777:
776:
768:
766:
762:
759:, p. 320
758:
753:
750:
745:
738:
735:
730:
723:
720:
715:
709:
701:
694:
691:
686:
679:
676:
671:
664:
662:
658:
653:
646:
643:
639:
635:
629:
625:
624:
616:
613:
601:
600:karkathar.com
597:
591:
588:
584:
583:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Velar (caste)
559:
557:
554:
553:
549:
538:
535:
524:
521:
520:Tamils portal
515:
510:
505:
500:
496:
493:
492:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Thirupanandal
402:
398:
394:
391:
390:
389:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
363:
361:
358:
356:
351:
346:
341:
337:
333:
328:
324:
320:
315:
309:
304:
298:
297:
284:
275:
271:
266:
261:
255:
250:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
203:, the sacred
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Nigamanagātha
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
144:
142:
137:
131:
122:
120:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1017:
1008:
1000:
974:
965:
947:
924:
910:
890:
881:Bibliography
880:
879:
866:
854:
845:
839:
832:Dirks (1993)
827:
820:Dirks (1993)
815:
807:
792:
785:
774:
757:Stein (1980)
752:
743:
737:
728:
722:
699:
693:
684:
678:
669:
651:
645:
637:
622:
615:
603:. Retrieved
599:
590:
581:
580:
534:India portal
478:Thirunelveli
470:Virudhunagar
409:Nagapattinam
387:
384:Distribution
367:
359:
335:
331:
316:
257:
252:
242:
240:
232:Burton Stein
219:
213:
201:Kadamba tree
188:
184:
180:
176:
150:
133:'rain', and
126:
98:subcaste of
92:Kaarkaathaar
91:
90:
35:Kaarkaathaar
29:
596:"Karkathar"
425:Chidambaram
169:Buddhadatta
84:South India
1029:Categories
577:References
474:Thootukudi
466:Sivagangai
429:Pudukottai
413:Thiruvarur
397:Kumbakonam
378:Thiruvarur
323:Pudukottai
216:Tamil Nadu
153:Sangam age
117:Tamil Nadu
74:Tamil Nadu
18:Karkarthar
708:cite book
582:Citations
433:Cuddalore
417:Mayavaram
393:Thanjavur
336:Kōnāttars
332:Kanāttars
247:Karnataka
236:Vellalars
165:Meykandar
157:Kalabhras
123:Etymology
94:is a low
50:Languages
40:Religions
945:(1980),
922:(1993),
556:Vellalar
506:See also
458:Dindigul
401:Ariyalur
308:Sanskrit
274:Sanskrit
260:Vaishyas
220:satakams
187:meaning
100:Vellalar
44:Hinduism
605:25 June
499:Saivite
482:Tenkasi
450:Madurai
357:caste.
209:Murugan
205:totemic
147:History
108:in the
60:Country
982:
955:
932:
898:
800:
630:
443:Omalur
421:Trichy
355:Shudra
350:Ramnad
345:Pandya
321:, the
296:dhánya
224:Pandya
222:, the
136:kathar
110:Indian
96:Shudra
80:Region
480:and
454:Theni
439:Attur
340:Chola
327:Chola
283:dhana
270:Bhūmi
228:Chola
197:Tamil
191:. In
173:Chola
141:Tamil
113:state
106:caste
103:Hindu
64:India
54:Tamil
980:ISBN
953:ISBN
930:ISBN
896:ISBN
798:ISBN
714:link
628:ISBN
607:2023
441:and
334:and
289:धन्य
278:भूमि
193:Pali
376:at
272:, (
265:bhu
179:of
130:kar
115:of
1031::
806:.
764:^
710:}}
706:{{
660:^
636:.
598:.
476:,
472:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
456:,
452:,
427:,
423:,
419:,
415:,
411:,
407:,
403:,
399:,
395:.
312:गो
310::
303:go
292:,
276::
211:.
119:.
1020:.
1011:.
716:)
609:.
484:.
431:,
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.