Venona project - Knowledge (XXG)

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capitalist society. Burgess began developing connections throughout college as well as his future careers. He would continue to pass on information as a BBC Radio correspondent, an MI6 intelligence officer, and as a member of the British Foreign Office. When the Korean War began, Burgess and Philby passed on information regarding movements in Korea to Moscow. Philby had been working closely with British and American intelligence, and was able to be in proximity to any intelligence findings. When the VENONA Project uncovered Julius Rosenberg (LIBERAL) and his wife Ethel, the project posted that they knew of a British spy with the codename HOMER, which Philby knew to be Maclean. Philby (codename STANLEY) reached out to Burgess to remove Maclean to the Soviet Union. Burgess at this point, was overseas in Washington DC serving in the British Foreign Office, and couldn't do much. In 1950, he was sent back to Britain due to "bad behavior", where he was able to warn Maclean. Burgess knew he was under suspicion by MI5, British counterintelligence, and Scotland Yard's Special Branch. Both Philby and Burgess knew that out of all of the possible people to crack under pressure, Maclean was the easy choice. When Burgess finally convinced Maclean to leave, they fled to Moscow, followed by Philby shortly after.

648:, codename KALIBER, was the brother of Ethel Rosenberg, and would be crucial in the conviction of the Rosenbergs. Greenglass was a former Army machinist who worked at Los Alamos. He was originally meant to replace a soldier who had gone AWOL, and lied on his security clearance in order to gain access onto the project. Once Klaus Fuchs was caught, he gave up Harry Gold, who in turn, gave up Greenglass and his wife, as well as his sister and her husband. During their trial, Greenglass changed his story several times. At first, didn't want to implicate his sister, but when his wife was threatened, he gave up both of them. According to Gerald Markowitz and Michael Meeropol, "In the Rosenberg-Sobell case, the government relied heavily upon the testimony of Greenglass, who pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit espionage in exchange for a reduced sentence for himself and no indictment or prosecution for his wife, Ruth, who he alleged had aided him in committing espionage. Greenglass testified that he had passed information about the atom bomb to Gold and Rosenberg, who in turn passed it on to the Russians." In the end, Greenglass was sentenced to 15 years but was release in 1960 after serving only nine and a half. 663:

Alamos in 1944 where he provided information for the development of a plutonium implosion design. He is also credited with being of great assistance to the creation of a Soviet atomic bomb. Fuchs even gave the Soviets the blueprint for the Trinity device that would be detonated at Los Alamos in July 1945. One such message from Moscow to New York, dated April 10, 1945, called information provided by CHARLES "of great value." Noting that the information included "data on the atomic mass of the nuclear explosive" and "details on the explosive method of actuating" the atomic bomb, the message requested further technical details from CHARLES. Investigations based on the Venona decryptions eventually identified CHARLES and REST as Fuchs in 1949. Fuchs was eventually caught and tried on March 1, 1950, where he confessed to four counts of espionage and received a maximum prison sentence of fourteen years.

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professor John Lowenthal, who as a law student worked as a volunteer for Alger Hiss's defense team, and later wrote extensively on the Hiss case. Lowenthal's critique focused on one message (Venona 1822 KGB Washington-Moscow 30 March 1945), in which the comments identified the cryptonym 'Ales' as "probably Alger Hiss." Lowenthal raised a number of objections to this identification, rejecting it as "a conclusion psychologically motivated and politically correct but factually wrong." Lowenthal's article led to an extended debate on the 'Ales' message, and even prompted the NSA to declassify the original Russian text. Currently, Venona 1822 is the only message for which the complete decrypted Russian text has been published.

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face in supporting the validity of the translations. Belmont highlights the uncertainties in the translation process, noting that the cryptographers have indicated that "almost anything included in a translation of one of these deciphered messages may in the future be radically revised." He also notes the complexities of identifying people with cryptonyms, describing how the personal details mentioned for cryptonym "Antenna" fit more than one person, and the investigative process required to finally connect "Antenna" to Julius Rosenberg. The Schneirs conclude that "A reader faced with Venona's incomplete, disjointed messages can easily arrive at a badly skewed impression."

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translations. They question the accuracy of the translations and the identifications of cryptonyms that the NSA translations give. Writers Walter and Miriam Schneir, in a lengthy 1999 review of one of the first book-length studies of the messages, object to what they see as the book's overconfidence in the translations' accuracy, noting that the undecrypted gaps in the texts can make interpretation difficult, and emphasizing the problem of identifying the individuals mentioned under cryptonyms. To support their critique, they cite a declassified memorandum, written in 1956 by A. H. Belmont, who was assistant to FBI director J. Edgar Hoover at the time.

311: 983:, Navasky wrote, "The reader is left with the implication—unfair and unproven—that every name on the list was involved in espionage, and as a result, otherwise careful historians and mainstream journalists now routinely refer to Venona as proof that many hundreds of Americans were part of the red spy network." Navasky goes further in his defense of the listed people and has claimed a great deal of the so-called espionage that went on was nothing more than "exchanges of information among people of good will" and that "most of these exchanges were innocent and were within the law." 245:

unbreakable. However, due to a serious blunder on the part of the Soviets, some of this traffic was vulnerable to cryptanalysis. The Soviet company that manufactured the one-time pads produced around 35,000 pages of duplicate key numbers, as a result of pressures brought about by the German advance on Moscow during World War II. The duplication—which undermines the security of a one-time system—was discovered, and attempts to lessen its impact were made by sending the duplicates to widely separated users. Despite this, the reuse was detected by cryptanalysts in the US.

4067: 994:, it is tempting to treat the FBI and Venona materials less critically than documents from more accessible sources. But there are too many gaps in the record to use these materials with complete confidence." Schrecker believes the documents established the guilt of many prominent figures but is still critical of the views of scholars such as Haynes, arguing, "complexity, nuance, and a willingness to see the world in other than black and white seem alien to Haynes' view of history." 1684:"Thanks to successful espionage, the Russians tested their first atom bomb in August 1949, just four years after the first American test. As will be discussed, we had learned of the Los Alamos spies in December 1946—December 20, to be precise. The US Army Security Agency, in the person of Meredith Knox Gardner, a genius in his own right, had broken one of what it termed the Venona messages—the transmissions that Soviet agents in the United States sent to and received from Moscow." 756:

message to Moscow had been decoded. As it had been sent from New York and had its origins in the British Embassy in Washington, Philby, who would not have known Maclean's cryptonym, deduced the sender's identity. By early 1951, Philby knew US intelligence would soon also conclude Maclean was the sender and advised Moscow to extract Maclean. This led to Maclean and Guy Burgess' flight in May 1951 to Moscow, where they lived the remainder of their lives.

841:, concerned about the White House's history of leaking sensitive information, decided to deny President Truman direct knowledge of the project. The president received the substance of the material only through FBI, Justice Department, and CIA reports on counterintelligence and intelligence matters. He was not told the material came from decoded Soviet ciphers. To some degree this secrecy was counter-productive; Truman was distrustful of FBI head 432:, was told about the project in 1949, as part of his job as liaison between British and US intelligence. Since all of the duplicate one-time pad pages had been used by this time, the Soviets apparently did not make any changes to their cryptographic procedures after they learned of Venona. However, this information allowed them to alert those of their agents who might be at risk of exposure due to the decryption. 979:, has also written several editorials highly critical of Haynes' and Klehr's interpretation of recent work on the subject of Soviet espionage. Navasky claims the Venona material is being used to "distort ... our understanding of the cold war" and that the files are potential "time bombs of misinformation." Commenting on the list of 349 Americans identified by Venona, published in an appendix to 495:, the Venona transcripts identify approximately 349 Americans who they claim had a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence, though fewer than half of these have been matched to real-name identities. However, not every agent may have been communicating directly with Soviet intelligence. Each of those 349 persons may have had many others working for, and reporting only to, them. 487:. Further complicating matters is the fact the same person sometimes had different cryptonyms at different times, and the same cryptonym was sometimes reused for different individuals. In some cases, notably Hiss, the matching of a Venona cryptonym to an individual is disputed. In many other cases, a Venona cryptonym has not yet been linked to any person. According to authors 3832: 177:. Most academics and historians have established that most of the individuals mentioned in the Venona decrypts were probably either clandestine assets and/or contacts of Soviet intelligence agents, and very few argue that many of those people probably had no malicious intentions and committed no crimes. 962:

In the memo, Belmont discusses the possibility of using the Venona translations in court to prosecute Soviet agents and comes out strongly opposed to their use. His reasons include legal uncertainties about the admissibility of the translations as evidence, and the difficulties that prosecution would

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A balanced history of this period is now beginning to appear; the Venona messages will surely supply a great cache of facts to bring the matter to some closure. But at the time, the American Government, much less the American public, was confronted with possibilities and charges, at once baffling and

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who stole blueprints, industrial formulas, and methods on their behalf from 1935 until ultimately confessing to these actions in 1950. During his years of work under the KGB, Gold operated under the code names GOOSE and ARNOLD. Gold was eager to provide his services after being initially recruited by

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Claims have been made that information from the physical recovery of code books (a partially burned one was obtained by the Finns) to bugging embassy rooms in which text was entered into encrypting devices (analyzing the keystrokes by listening to them being punched in) contributed to recovering much

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Meredith Gardner kept his British counterpart abreast of developments, and from 1948 on there was complete and profitable US-UK cooperation on the problem. The control term "Venona" did not appear on the translated messages until 1961. In the beginning the information was usually called the "Gardner

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Out of some hundreds of thousands of intercepted encrypted texts, it is claimed under 3,000 have been partially or wholly decrypted. All the duplicate one-time pad pages were produced in 1942, and almost all of them had been used by the end of 1945, with a few being used as late as 1948. After this,

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The NSA reported that (according to the serial numbers of the Venona cables) thousands of cables were sent, but only a fraction were available to the cryptanalysts. Approximately 2,200 messages were decrypted and translated; about half of the 1943 GRU-Naval Washington to Moscow messages were broken,

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The Venona decryptions were also important in the exposure of the atomic spy Klaus Fuchs. Some of the earliest messages decrypted concerned information from a scientist at the Manhattan Project, who was referred to by the code names of CHARLES and REST. Fuchs had joined the Manhattan Project at Los

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The Venona messages clearly display Julius Rosenberg's role as the leader of a productive ring of Soviet spies...they confirm that she was a participant in her husband's espionage and in the recruitment of her brother for atomic espionage. But they suggest that she was essentially an accessory to

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For much of its history, knowledge of Venona was restricted even from the highest levels of government. Senior army officers, in consultation with the FBI and CIA, made the decision to restrict knowledge of Venona within the government (even the CIA was not made an active partner until 1952). Army

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is of a length equal to or less than that of a random key, one-time pad encryption is unbreakable. However, cryptanalysis by American code-breakers revealed that some of the one-time pad material had incorrectly been reused by the Soviets (specifically, entire pages, although not complete books),

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Guy Burgess served as a British diplomat during the developing bomb project in the United States. He became a Soviet informant after beginning his studies at the University of Cambridge, where he and his classmates (Kim Philby, Anthony Blunt, and Donald Maclean) began developing ideals against a

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had access to CIA and FBI files, and more damaging, access to Venona Project briefings. When Philby learned of Venona in 1949, he obtained advance warning that his fellow Soviet spy Donald Maclean was in danger of being exposed. The FBI told Philby about an agent cryptonymed "Homer", whose 1945

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Many of the critiques of the Venona translations have been based on specific cases. The Schneirs' critique of the Venona documents was based on their decades of work on the case of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. Another critique of the Venona translations came from the late Rutgers University law

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One of the considerations in releasing Venona translations was the privacy interests of the individuals mentioned, referenced, or identified in the translations. Some names were not released because to do so would constitute an invasion of privacy. However, in at least one case, independent

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Venona has added significant information to the case of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, making it clear Julius was guilty of espionage, and also showing that Ethel, while not acting as a principal, still acted as an accessory who took part in Julius's espionage activity and played a role in the

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system, was stored and analyzed in relative secrecy by hundreds of cryptanalysts over a 40-year period starting in the early 1940s. When used correctly, the one-time pad encryption system, which has been used for all the most-secret military and diplomatic communication since the 1930s, is

1755:"Currie, known as PAZh (Page) and White, whose cover names were YuRIST (Jurist) and changed later to LAJER (Lawyer), had been Soviet agents since the 1930s. They had been identified as Soviet agents in Venona translations and by other agents turned witnesses or informants for the FBI and 958:

believes that "Venona remain an irrefutable resource, far more reliable than the mercurial recollections of KGB defectors and the dubious conclusions drawn by paranoid analysts mesmerized by Machiavellian plots." However, a number of writers and scholars have taken a critical view of the

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Generating the one-time pads was a slow and labor-intensive process, and the outbreak of war with Germany in June 1941 caused a sudden increase in the need for coded messages. It is probable that the Soviet code generators started duplicating cipher pages in order to keep up with demand.

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to have been justified in his zeal in exposing those whom he believed to be Soviet spies or communist sympathizers. Critics such as Emory University history professor Harvey Klehr assert most people and organizations identified by McCarthy, such as those brought forward in the

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Venona and other recent information has shown that, while the content of Julius' atomic espionage was not as vital to the Soviets as alleged at the time of his espionage activities, in other fields it was extensive. The information Rosenberg passed to the Soviets concerned the

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grounds and a Labor government founding one seemed a surprising about-face. But the presentation of Venona material to Chifley, revealing evidence of Soviet agents operating in Australia, brought this about. As well as Australian diplomat suspects abroad, Venona had revealed

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The Venona evidence indicates unidentified sources code-named "Quantum" and "Pers" who facilitated transfer of nuclear weapons technology to the Soviet Union from positions within the Manhattan Project. According to Alexander Vassiliev's notes from KGB archive, "Quantum" was

730:, the complicity of both Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White is conclusively proven by Venona, stating "The complicity of Alger Hiss of the State Department seems settled. As does that of Harry Dexter White of the Treasury Department." In his 1998 book, United States Senator 423:

The existence of Venona decryption became known to the Soviets within a few years of the first breaks. It is not clear whether the Soviets knew how much of the message traffic or which messages had been successfully decrypted. At least one Soviet penetration agent, British

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was appointed ASIO's deputy-director of operations for Venona, based in Sydney, charged with investigating intelligence that uncovered the eleven Australians identified in the cables that had been decoded. He continued Venona-related work in London with

3630: 3610: 916:). Public access—or broader governmental access—to the Venona evidence would certainly have affected this debate, as it is affecting the retrospective debate among historians and others now. As the Moynihan Commission wrote in its final report: 697:. Over time, Gold began to work with Abraham Brothman, a fellow spy who was identified in Gold's confessions for stealing industrial processes on behalf of the Soviet Union and would later be convicted for lying under oath to a grand jury. 144:

Most decipherable messages were transmitted and intercepted between 1942 and 1945, during World War II, when the Soviet Union was an ally of the US. Sometime in 1945, the existence of the Venona program was revealed to the Soviet Union by

3706: 811:(CPA), as the chief organizer of Soviet intelligence gathering in Australia. Investigation revealed that Clayton formed an underground network within the CPA so that the party could continue to operate if it were banned. In 1950, 894:

to resolve questions of what was going on in Washington at mid-century. ... the Venona intercepts contained overwhelming proof of the activities of Soviet spy networks in America, complete with names, dates, places, and deeds.

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beginning in 1946. This effort continued (many times at a low level of effort in the latter years) through 1980, when the Venona program was terminated. The analyst effort assigned to it was moved to more important projects.

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The decrypted messages gave important insights into Soviet behavior in the period during which duplicate one-time pads were used. With the first break into the code, Venona revealed the existence of Soviet espionage at the

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cryptanalysis organizations; when the Americans broke into Japanese codes during World War II, they gained access to this information. There are also reports that copies of signals purloined from Soviet offices by the

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work that resulted from it. However, the first detailed account of the Venona project, identifying it by name and making clear its long-term implications in post-war espionage, was contained in MI5 assistant director

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The dearth of reliable information available to the public—or even to the President and Congress—may have helped to polarize debates of the 1950s over the extent and danger of Soviet espionage in the United States.

3634: 3614: 287:, working on Soviet "Trade" traffic (so called because these messages dealt with Soviet trade issues), who first discovered that the Soviets were reusing pages. Hallock and his colleagues, amongst whom were 700:

Gold's confessions turned out to be a major success for the FBI, as he would unveil a network of spies entrenched in the success of KGB espionage efforts. Along with Brothman, (sentenced to 15 years),

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In 1935, Gold, with the assistance of Black, gained employment at the Pennsylvania Sugar Company, one of the largest producers of sugar in the world at the time. During his tenure, Gold worked under

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analyzed encrypted high-level Soviet diplomatic intelligence messages intercepted in large volumes during and immediately after World War II by American, British, and Australian listening posts.

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in May 1943. Moreover, they argue no evidence of Hopkins as an agent has been found in other archives, and the partial message relating to "19" does not indicate whether this source was a spy.

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expressed certainty about Hiss's identification by Venona as a Soviet spy, writing "Hiss was indeed a Soviet agent and appears to have been regarded by Moscow as its most important."

581:, the KGB officer who controlled the clandestine Soviet agents in the US during the war, had said Hopkins was "the most important of all Soviet wartime agents in the United States". 890:

secrecy system has systematically denied American historians access to the records of American history. Of late we find ourselves relying on archives of the former Soviet Union in

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suspected many spies remained at large, perhaps including some known to the government. Those who criticized the governmental and non-governmental efforts to root out and expose

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The identification of individuals mentioned in Venona transcripts is sometimes problematic, since people with a "covert relationship" with Soviet intelligence are referenced by

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and Cecil Phillips also made valuable contributions. On December 20, 1946, Gardner made the first break into the code, revealing the existence of Soviet espionage in the

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was a KGB archivist who defected to the United Kingdom in 1992 with copies of large numbers of KGB files. He claimed Harry Hopkins was a secret Russian agent. Moreover,

1732: 1023: 114:, the Venona project was a source of information on Soviet intelligence-gathering directed at the Western military powers. Although unknown to the public, and even to 3723: 1891:

Eduard Mark. "Venona's Source 19 and the Trident Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage?". Intelligence and National Security. London, Summer 1998, pp. 1–31

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg also had another connection to a recruit for the Soviets named David Greenglass, who was Ethel's brother and Julius's brother-in-law.

1327: 781: 228:, allowing Germany to focus its military forces against the United Kingdom and the United States. Cryptanalysts of the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service at 213: 1394: 2960: 72: 460:

The messages show that the US and other nations were targeted in major espionage campaigns by the Soviet Union as early as 1942. Among those identified are

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Many inside the NSA had argued internally that the time had come to publicly release the details of the Venona project, but it was not until 1995 that the

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Controversy arose in 2009 over the Texas State Board of Education's revision of their high school history class curricula to suggest Venona shows Senator

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or rival politicians in the Democratic party, were not mentioned in the Venona content and that his accusations remain largely unsupported by evidence.

4707: 3182:"Comments on John Earl Haynes', "The Cold War Debate Continues: A Traditionalist View of Historical Writing on Domestic Communism and Anti-Communism"" 1215:"Comments on John Earl Haynes', "The Cold War Debate Continues: A Traditionalist View of Historical Writing on Domestic Communism and Anti-Communism"" 2319: 4390: 4075: 3597: 2453: 1695: 1657: 389:(FBI) were helpful in the cryptanalysis. The Finnish radio intelligence sold much of its material concerning Soviet codes to the OSS in 1944 during 350: 254: 3843: 2496: 825: 2182: 3863: 1236: 1013: 402:

but none for any other year, although several thousand were sent between 1941 and 1945. The decryption rate of the NKVD cables was as follows:

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During the 37-year duration of the Venona project, the Signal Intelligence Service decrypted and translated approximately 3,000 messages. The

3558: 3532: 3513: 3494: 3475: 3456: 3435: 3414: 3395: 3348: 3329: 3302: 3283: 3262: 3243: 3220: 3164: 2818: 2726: 2667: 2539: 2404: 2345: 2150: 2102: 2067: 1941: 1916: 1840: 1815: 1623: 1562: 1537: 1512: 1335: 1115: 1630:"these intercepts provided ... descriptions of the activities of precisely the same Soviet spies who were named by defecting Soviet agents 864:, was released in 1986. Lamphere had been the FBI liaison to the code-breaking activity and had considerable knowledge of Venona and the 4270: 1756: 3787: 2165: 1722:"KGB cables indicated that the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in World War II had been thoroughly infiltrated with Soviet agents." 1434: 310: 3766: 2479: 4722: 3985: 3856: 3374: 848:

Some of the earliest detailed public knowledge that Soviet code messages from World War II had been broken came with the release of

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material," and a formal control term "Bride" was finally affixed in 1950. From the late 1950s to 1961 the control term was "Drug".

4717: 4668: 3908: 3894: 1300:, p. 59: "VENONA was the final NSA codeword for this very secret program. Earlier codewords had been JADE, BRIDE, and DRUG." 727: 555: 284: 2904:"Cables coming in from the cold. (Review of Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr)" 307:, went on to break into a significant amount of Trade traffic, recovering many one-time pad additive key tables in the process. 4464: 909: 386: 2943: 445:. Identities soon emerged of American, Canadian, Australian, and British spies in service to the Soviet government, including 4626: 4457: 3992: 1262: 705: 558:. Military historian Eduard Mark and American authors Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel concluded it was Roosevelt's aide 442: 115: 98:. The Venona project remained secret for more than 15 years after it concluded. Some of the decoded Soviet messages were not 3747: 2765: 1452: 562:. According to American authors John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, "19" could be someone from the British delegation to the 1739: 773:

In addition to British and American operatives, Australians collected Venona intercepts at a remote base in the Australian

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Venona has added information – some unequivocal, some ambiguous – to several espionage cases. Some known spies, including

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Commission on Government Secrecy, with Senator Moynihan as chairman, released Venona project materials. Moynihan wrote:

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Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counterintelligence But Promoted the Politics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years

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The identity of the Soviet source cryptonymed "19" remains unclear. According to British writer Nigel West, "19" was

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One significant aid (mentioned by the NSA) in the early stages may have been work done in cooperation between the

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The majority of historians are convinced of the historical value of the Venona material. Intelligence historian

4235: 4221: 4182: 4041: 3901: 3879: 3730: 1411: 390: 52: 4055: 3691: 3579: 2428: 2369: 2766:"Historians speak out against proposed Texas textbook changes | National Council for the Social Studies" 4697: 4647: 3650: 1477: 731: 4471: 4168: 2460: 2090: 943: 812: 785: 542:, were neither prosecuted nor publicly implicated, because the Venona evidence against them was withheld. 330: 3594: 1706: 1668: 4154: 4013: 3922: 2500: 2441: 2094: 804: 511: 125:, these programs were of importance concerning crucial events of the early Cold War. These included the 118: 1106:

For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush

304: 4411: 865: 743: 634: 515: 507: 130: 83: 1759:. From the Venona translations, both were known to pass intelligence to their handlers, notably the 338: 292: 4527: 4513: 4443: 4098: 4034: 3313: 2681: 2217:"The "Crime of the Century" Revisited: David Greenglass' Scientific Evidence in the Rosenberg Case" 2130: 2047: 1240: 584: 288: 257: 56: 44: 4541: 1984: 4737: 4189: 4126: 4027: 3114: 3062: 3026: 2990: 2410: 2351: 2301: 2236: 1639: 1366: 721: 618: 469: 326: 300: 268: 4566: 2835: 708:, Fuchs, Greenglass, and Gold all played a role in aiding the Soviet atomic espionage campaign. 2117:

her husband's activity, having knowledge of it and assisting him but not acting as a principal.

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of the plaintext. These latter claims are less than fully supported in the open literature.

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in the US (known as Project Enormous). Some of the espionage was undertaken to support the

75:). Initiated when the Soviet Union was an ally of the US, the program continued during the 4675: 4175: 4140: 4112: 4091: 3601: 2947: 2483: 1398: 987: 938: 857: 849: 842: 799: 690: 588: 578: 574: 473: 122: 3547: 551: 271:(from one-time pads) were added, encrypting the content. When used correctly so that the 2305: 2273: 1453:"Marie Meyer > National Security Agency | Central Security Service > Article View" 990:, "Because they offer insights into the world of the secret police on both sides of the 794:

in 1949 was considered highly controversial within Chifley's own party. Until then, the

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Gilbert, James Leslie; Finnegan, John Patrick, eds. (1993). "Accepting the challenge".

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Andrew, Christopher. "The Defence of the Realm. The Authorized History of MI5", 2008.

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Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. VI; Appendix A

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Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. VI; Appendix A

798:-leaning Australian Labor Party had been hostile to domestic intelligence agencies on 329:) traffic by reconstructing the code used to convert text to numbers. Gardner credits 169:

To what extent the various individuals referred to in the messages were involved with

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Lowenthal, David; Roger Sandilands (2005). "Eduard Mark on Venona's 'Ales': A note".

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features an exhibit on the Venona project in its "Cold War/Information Age" gallery.

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researchers identified one of the subjects whose name had been obscured by the NSA.

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Mark, Eduard (2003). "Who was 'Venona's' 'Ales'? cryptanalysis and the Hiss case".

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and "Pers" was Russell W. McNutt, an engineer from the uranium processing plant in

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Cryptologic Almanac 50th Anniversary Series – VENONA: An Overview (DOCID: 3575728)

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which allowed decryption (sometimes only partial) of a small part of the traffic.

129:

spying case (which was based on events during World War II) and the defections of

3767:"In the Enemy's House: Venona and the Maturation of American Counterintelligence" 3755: 3022: 2787: 2022:

The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB

2000: 912:

felt these efforts were an overreaction (in addition to other reservations about

4425: 4418: 4288: 4119: 1505:

Code girls: the untold story of the American women code breakers of World War II

913: 791: 747: 694: 677:

The Venona decryptions also identified Soviet spy Harry Gold as an agent of the

657: 446: 358: 134: 2459:. United States Government Printing Office. 1997. pp. A–37. Archived from 345:. Venona messages also indicated that Soviet spies worked in Washington in the 3943: 3358: 3110: 3058: 2986: 1861: 1778: 975: 883: 875: 752: 717: 672: 503: 502:(CIA), housed at one time or another between fifteen and twenty Soviet spies. 465: 429: 162: 146: 3095:(archived version) and finally a response from Mark again (he died in 2009): 2919: 2855: 2297: 2289: 2232: 2194: 2008: 17: 4573: 4534: 4404: 4295: 4133: 4020: 3819:"Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies", PBS Transcript, Airdate: February 5, 2002 3674: 3138: 3090: 1882:

Nigel West, Venona, największa tajemnica zimnej wojny, Warszawa 2006, p.138.

820:

from November 1952 and went on to lead Operation Cabin 12, the high-profile

530:, included at least half a dozen Soviet sources each among their employees. 484: 325:

then used this material to break into what turned out to be NKVD (and later

272: 3848: 2414: 2355: 3831: 3811: 2596:"Guy Burgess | British Diplomat and Spy for the Soviet Union | Britannica" 4559: 4478: 4450: 3999: 3707:"Red Files: Interview with Cecil Philips, US Signal Intelligence Service" 3043:. For a summary of a draft response from Lowenthal (he died in 2003) see 366: 111: 76: 3655:"Report of the Commission On Protecting And Reducing Government Secrecy" 3407:

Cold War Triumphalism: The Misuse of History After the Fall of Communism

2477:"Report Of The Commission On Protecting And Reducing Government Secrecy" 2396: 2240: 2216: 185: 4601: 4580: 4376: 4330: 2034:

KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev

774: 381: 31: 2183:"David Greenglass, the Brother Who Doomed Ethel Rosenberg, Dies at 92" 4587: 4323: 3549:

Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer

3234:

Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency

1324:

U.S. Army Signals Intelligence in World War II: a documentary history

891: 158: 27:

American counterintelligence program during World War II and Cold War

3427:

The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors

2638:

Deceiving the Deceivers: Kim Philby, Donald Maclean, and Guy Burgess

2389:

The Invisible Harry Gold: The Man Who Gave the Soviets the Atom Bomb

1904:

The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors

845:

and suspected the reports were exaggerated for political purposes.

337:

with making some of the initial recoveries of the Venona codebook.

4492: 4316: 3275:

Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II

3213:

The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence

377: 309: 252: 184: 47:

program initiated during World War II by the United States Army's

2454:"Appendix A; SECRECY; A Brief Account of the American Experience" 90:

espionage ring in the United Kingdom and Soviet espionage of the

3468:

Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations

3036: 420:

Soviet message traffic reverted to being completely unreadable.

264: 154: 64: 3852: 2877: 1263:"Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957" 2690:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University 1667:. US Government Printing Office. pp. A–27. Archived from 1412:"Women in Cryptologic History – Genevieve Feinstein – NSA/CSS" 1267: 817: 678: 68: 1705:. US Government Printing Office. pp. A–7. Archived from 777:. The Soviets remained unaware of this base as late as 1950. 317:(far left); most of the other code breakers were young women. 267:

to convert words and letters into numbers, to which additive

30:"Venona" redirects here. For the place in Roman Britain, see 3255:

Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response 1939–1957

1009:

History of Soviet and Russian espionage in the United States

3040: 2278:

Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences

1860:. Central Intelligence Agency Publications. Archived from 1777:. Central Intelligence Agency Publications. Archived from 1694:

Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy.

1656:

Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy.

472:(the second-highest official in the Treasury Department), 2746:. National Security Agency Archives, Cryptological Museum 2680:

Cain, Frank. "George Ronald (Ron) Richards (1905–1985)".

2429:"FBI Records: The Vault — Abraham Brothman Part 01 of 66" 514:, and Maurice Halperin passed information to Moscow. The 453:, and Donald Maclean. Others worked in Washington in the 200:

The VENONA Project was initiated on February 1, 1943, by

2623:

Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight

2252: 2250: 621:

jet fighter, and thousands of classified reports from

480:(a section head in the Office of Strategic Services). 361:. Very slowly, using assorted techniques ranging from 1983:

Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl (November 2, 2014).

3085:

Haynes, John Earl; Harvey Klehr (October 19, 2007).

3041:

the h-net list for the history of American communism

2267: 2265: 2166:

Vassiliev-Notebooks-and-Venona-Index-Concordance.pdf

1507:(1st ed.). Boston: Hachette Books. p. 38. 4611: 4551: 4435: 4347: 4280: 4213: 4074: 3886: 3035:Following this there was an extended discussion on 1401:. Released by NSA on 06-12-2009, FOIA Case # 52567. 524:

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs

3546: 3466:Trahair, Richard C.S & Miller, Robert (2009). 3317: 3231: 3087:"Ales is Still Hiss: The Wilder Foote Red Herring" 2710: 2523: 2134: 2051: 1607: 1103: 807:(cryptonym "KLOD"), a leading official within the 587:'s notes identified the source code-named "19" as 369:information, more of the messages were decrypted. 3786:Romerstein, Herbert & Breindel, Eric (2000). 3424:Romerstein, Herbert & Breindel, Eric (2000). 2973:Lowenthal, John (2000). "Venona and Alger Hiss". 2556:A Spy Named Orphan: The Enigma of Donald Maclean. 1901:Romerstein, Herbert & Breindel, Eric (2000). 1351:John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr (1999). "Venona". 606:recruitment of her brother for atomic espionage. 240:This message traffic, which was encrypted with a 79:, when the Soviet Union was considered an enemy. 3487:Venona: Soviet Espionage & American Response 2902:Schneir, Walter; Miriam Schneir (July 5, 1999). 2834:Schneir, Walter; Miriam Schneir (July 5, 1999). 2215:Markowitz, Gerald E.; Meeropol, Michael (1980). 1024:Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History 220:, and feared that the Soviet Union would sign a 457:, the Treasury, OSS, and even the White House. 110:During World War II and the early years of the 102:and published by the United States until 1995. 4728:Soviet Union–United Kingdom military relations 4356:Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present) 3320:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America 3293:Haynes, John Earl & Klehr, Harvey (2000). 2939:For Lowenthal's work on the Hiss case see the 2137:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America 2054:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America 1932:Haynes, John Earl & Klehr, Harvey (1999). 1831:Haynes, John Earl & Klehr, Harvey (2000). 1553:Haynes, John Earl & Klehr, Harvey (2000). 4733:Soviet Union–United States military relations 3864: 3613:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 2141:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 2058:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 2024:, by Vasily Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew. 1354:Venona – Decoding Soviet Espionage in America 1328:United States Army Center of Military History 782:Australian Security Intelligence Organisation 476:(a personal aide to Franklin Roosevelt), and 8: 3339:Lamphere, Robert J.; Shachtman, Tom (1995). 3295:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America 3135:"Hiss in VENONA: The Continuing Controversy" 2838:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America 2338:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America 2086:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America 2036:, by Oleg Gordievsky and Christopher Andrew. 1934:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America 1833:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America 1696:"A Brief Account of the American Experience" 1658:"A Brief Account of the American Experience" 1555:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America 981:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America 393:, including the partially burned code book. 3844:Venona Documents – National Security Agency 3631:"The American Response to Soviet Espionage" 3525:Venona: The Greatest Secret of the Cold War 3387:Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America 3156:Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America 2836:"Cables coming in from the cold (Review of 2811:Venona: The Greatest Secret of the Cold War 1936:. Yale University Press. pp. 205–206. 1576: 1574: 1530:Venona: the greatest secret of the Cold War 1195: 1193: 617:, design and production information on the 161:. These messages were slowly and gradually 3871: 3857: 3849: 3812:"Venona Documents on the Internet Archive" 3657:. United States Government Printing Office 3578:. National Security Agency. Archived from 2497:"The Venona Files and the Alger Hiss Case" 1738:. National Security Agency. Archived from 1582:"Manhattan Project: The Venona Intercepts" 1484:. United States Government Printing Office 1019:List of Soviet agents in the United States 3097:Mark, Eduard (2009). "In Re Alger Hiss". 2683:Richards, George Ronald (Ron) (1905–1985) 2336:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (1999). 1435:"Why Are One-Time Pads Perfectly Secure?" 4391:NSA warrantless surveillance controversy 3341:The FBI-KGB War: A Special Agent's Story 3075:"The Mystery of Ales (Expanded Version)" 3073:Bird, Kai; Svetlana Chervonnaya (2007). 2840:, by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr)" 2181:McFadden, Robert D. (October 14, 2014). 1532:. London: HarperCollins. pp. 3–10. 1166: 1164: 1162: 3671:"MI5 Releases to the National Archives" 3133:Schindler, John R. (October 27, 2005). 1034: 443:Manhattan Project's Site Y (Los Alamos) 3159:. Little, Brown. pp. xvii–xviii. 3083:This gave rise to a conference paper: 2582:Guy Burgess: The Spy Who Knew Everyone 2256: 1309: 1297: 1089: 1077: 1065: 1053: 1041: 1014:List of Americans in the Venona papers 3312:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey E.; 2875:The memo is now available on line at 2650: 2567: 2176: 2174: 2129:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey E.; 2046:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey E.; 1835:. Yale University Press. p. 12. 1557:. Yale University Press. p. 55. 1379: 1235:Crowell, William P. (July 11, 1995). 534:Bearing of Venona on particular cases 263:The Soviet systems in general used a 7: 3794:. Regnery Publishing. Archived from 3324:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3071:Another response following this was 3007:The first response to Lowenthal was 2580:Purvis, Stewart (January 28, 2016). 2558:New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 1985:"Harry Hopkins and Soviet Espionage" 2768:. Socialstudies.org. March 18, 2010 283:It was Arlington Hall's Lieutenant 174: 4229:Information Warfare Support Center 3729:. Fort George G. Meade, Maryland: 3047:Intelligence and National Security 3011:Intelligence and National Security 2975:Intelligence and National Security 2688:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2530:. Yale University Press. pp. 1989:Intelligence and National Security 25: 3986:Misawa Security Operations Center 3651:Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Chairman 2788:"Rehabilitating Joseph McCarthy?" 2717:. Yale University Press. p. 2709:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998). 2522:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998). 1806:. Yale University Press. p. 1800:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998). 1614:. Yale University Press. p. 1606:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998). 1171:Navasky, Victor (July 16, 2001). 1135:Symposium of Cryptologic History; 712:Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White 212:, Chief of Special Branch of the 4708:Cold War intelligence operations 4669:Vulnerabilities Equities Process 4065: 3909:Consolidated Intelligence Center 3895:Alaska Mission Operations Center 3830: 3733:, Center for Cryptologic History 3508:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2713:Secrecy: The American Experience 2526:Secrecy: The American Experience 1803:Secrecy: The American Experience 1610:Secrecy: The American Experience 728:Commission on Government Secrecy 556:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 498:The OSS, the predecessor to the 216:at that time. Clarke distrusted 204:, an American mathematician and 86:yield included discovery of the 4310:Secure Terminal Equipment (STE) 2813:. Harper Collins. p. 330. 2790:. TFN Insider. October 29, 2009 910:Communists in the United States 387:Federal Bureau of Investigation 173:is a topic of minor historical 4627:Institute for Defense Analyses 3993:Multiprogram Research Facility 3199:References and further reading 1907:. Regnery Publishing. p. 738:Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess 682:Thomas Black on behalf of the 1: 3722:Benson, Robert Louis (2001). 3692:"Venona Chronology 1939–1996" 3595:Venona PDFs, arranged by date 3253:Benson, Robert Louis (1996). 769:Soviet espionage in Australia 214:Military Intelligence Service 3211:Aldrich, Richard J. (2001). 3023:10.1080/02684520412331306920 2272:Goodman, Michael S. (2003). 2001:10.1080/02684527.2014.913403 1102:Andrew, Christopher (1996). 809:Communist Party of Australia 355:Office of Strategic Services 208:, under orders from Colonel 4641:National Cryptologic School 4634:National Cryptologic Museum 3972:Interagency Training Center 3930:European Cryptologic Center 3902:Colorado Cryptologic Center 3633:. CIA. 1996. Archived from 3600:September 18, 2021, at the 3343:. Mercer University Press. 3272:Budiansky, Stephen (2002). 3099:Journal of Cold War Studies 2387:Hornblum, Allen M. (2010). 1414:. Nsa.gov. January 15, 2009 1203:, 28 October 1996, pp. 5–6. 1131:How VENONA was Declassified 927:National Cryptologic Museum 824:to Australia of Soviet spy 500:Central Intelligence Agency 426:Secret Intelligence Service 335:Signal Intelligence Service 49:Signal Intelligence Service 4754: 4500:Real Time Regional Gateway 4243:Special Collection Service 3958:Georgia Cryptologic Center 3611:"Selected Venona Messages" 3576:"NSA official Venona site" 3545:; Paul Greengrass (1987). 973:, editor and publisher of 933:Texas textbook controversy 741: 726:According to the Moynihan 715: 670: 655: 601:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 598: 595:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 462:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 127:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 96:Soviet atomic bomb project 51:and later absorbed by the 29: 4063: 3965:Hawaii Cryptologic Center 3937:European Technical Center 3765:Fox, John F. Jr. (2005). 3445:Theoharis, Athan (2002). 3405:Schrecker, Ellen (2006). 3384:Schrecker, Ellen (1998). 3363:My Five Cambridge Friends 3297:. Yale University Press. 3153:Schrecker, Ellen (1998). 3111:10.1162/jcws.2009.11.3.26 3059:10.1080/02684520500269051 2987:10.1080/02684520008432619 2391:. Yale University Press. 2340:. Yale University Press. 1239:. nsa.gov. Archived from 528:Office of War Information 520:Board of Economic Warfare 428:representative to the US 4723:National Security Agency 4056:Pacific Technical Center 4042:Texas Cryptologic Center 3880:National Security Agency 3752:National Security Agency 3731:National Security Agency 3485:Warner, Michael (1996). 3215:. John Murray Pubs Ltd. 2640:. Yale University Press. 2554:Philipps, Roland. 2018. 2495:Linder, Douglas (2003). 2306:10.1525/hsps.2003.34.1.1 2290:10.1525/hsps.2003.34.1.1 2168:, ed. 2013, pp: 325, 343 1856:Warner, Michael (2000). 1773:Warner, Michael (2000). 1237:"Remembrances of Venona" 391:Operation Stella Polaris 53:National Security Agency 4718:History of cryptography 4648:National Vigilance Park 3230:Bamford, James (2002). 2959:Available at the NSA's 2950:website, hosted at NYU. 2878:"FBI Records on Venona" 1733:"Eavesdropping on Hell" 1478:Daniel Patrick Moynihan 1357:. Yale University Press 1199:"Tales from decrypts," 1133:, Robert Louis Benson, 986:According to historian 732:Daniel Patrick Moynihan 157:agent in the US Army's 4472:Insider Threat Program 4169:John Michael McConnell 3430:. Regnery Publishing. 2882:FBI Records: The Vault 2742:Benson, Robert Louis. 2621:Perry, Roland (2005). 2584:. Biteback Publishing. 2091:New Haven, Connecticut 944:Army-McCarthy hearings 923: 897: 813:George Ronald Richards 333:, a linguist with the 318: 260: 197: 4155:William Eldridge Odom 3839:at Wikimedia Commons 3769:. FBI. Archived from 3673:. MI5. Archived from 3489:. Aegean Park Press. 3257:. Aegean Park Press. 2221:Science & Society 2095:Yale University Press 2083:Haynes, John (2000). 918: 888: 805:Walter Seddon Clayton 742:Further information: 564:Washington Conference 512:Jane Foster Zlatowski 313: 256: 196:of the Venona project 188: 119:Franklin D. Roosevelt 57:intelligence agencies 4412:Thomas Andrews Drake 3773:on November 15, 2006 3523:West, Nigel (1999). 3504:West, Diana (2013). 3314:Vassiliev, Alexander 3079:The American Scholar 2809:West, Nigel (1999). 2636:Hamrick, SJ (2004). 2131:Vassiliev, Alexander 2048:Vassiliev, Alexander 1761:Silvermaster network 1528:West, Nigel (2000). 1503:Mundy, Liza (2017). 1110:. Harper Perennial. 866:counter-intelligence 780:The founding of the 516:War Production Board 357:(OSS), and even the 84:signals intelligence 43:was a United States 4444:Boundless Informant 4099:Laurence Hugh Frost 3814:. Internet Archive. 3798:on October 16, 2006 3582:on February 3, 2017 3143:(archived version). 2602:. February 19, 2024 2570:, pp. 190–199. 2397:10.2307/j.ctt1npnvb 1745:on November 8, 2017 1146:"Tangled Treason", 854:Too Secret Too Long 822:1953–1954 defection 585:Alexander Vassiliev 554:, president of the 289:Genevieve Feinstein 258:Genevieve Feinstein 171:Soviet intelligence 45:counterintelligence 4713:Espionage projects 4703:Cold War espionage 4190:Keith B. Alexander 4127:Samuel C. Phillips 3790:The Venona Secrets 3758:on April 30, 2004. 3748:"The Venona Story" 3746:Robert L. Benson. 3724:"The Venona Story" 3527:. Harper Collins. 3180:Schrecker, Ellen. 2946:2013-06-03 at the 2600:www.britannica.com 2503:on August 30, 2006 2482:2011-07-21 at the 2370:"Subject T. Black" 2187:The New York Times 1757:Justice Department 1640:Whittaker Chambers 1433:Francis Litterio. 1397:2016-03-04 at the 1367:The New York Times 1326:. Washington, DC: 1275:on August 16, 2000 1213:Schrecker, Ellen. 722:Harry Dexter White 470:Harry Dexter White 319: 261: 198: 4685: 4684: 4655:NSA Hall of Honor 4197:Michael S. Rogers 4148:Lincoln D. Faurer 3835:Media related to 3560:978-0-670-82055-9 3534:978-0-00-653071-8 3515:978-0-312-63078-2 3506:American Betrayal 3496:978-0-89412-265-1 3477:978-1-929631-75-9 3458:978-1-56663-420-5 3437:978-0-89526-275-2 3416:978-1-59558-083-2 3397:978-0-316-77470-3 3390:. Little, Brown. 3350:978-0-86554-477-2 3331:978-0-300-12390-6 3304:978-0-300-08462-7 3285:978-0-7432-1734-7 3264:978-0-89412-265-1 3245:978-0-385-49908-8 3222:978-0-7195-5426-1 3166:978-0-316-77470-3 3093:on July 28, 2012. 2820:978-0-00-653071-8 2728:978-0-300-08079-7 2668:978-0-14-102330-4 2541:978-0-300-08079-7 2466:on June 29, 2007. 2406:978-0-300-15676-8 2347:978-0-300-07771-1 2152:978-0-300-12390-6 2104:978-0-300-07771-1 2069:978-0-300-12390-6 1943:978-0-300-07771-1 1918:978-0-89526-275-2 1842:978-0-300-08462-7 1817:978-0-300-08079-7 1644:Elizabeth Bentley 1625:978-0-300-08079-7 1564:978-0-300-08462-7 1539:978-0-00-653071-8 1514:978-0-316-35253-6 1337:978-0-16-037816-4 1173:"Cold War Ghosts" 1137:October 27, 2005. 1117:978-0-06-017037-0 1092:, pp. 20–22. 1004:Elizabeth Bentley 832:Public disclosure 343:Manhattan Project 92:Manhattan Project 16:(Redirected from 4745: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4363:Church Committee 4358: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4206: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4051: 4049:Utah Data Center 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4007:RAF Menwith Hill 4002: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3951:Friendship Annex 3946: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3850: 3834: 3815: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3759: 3754:. 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Clarke 21: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676:Zendian Problem 4674: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4176:Kenneth Minihan 4174: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4141:Bobby Ray Inman 4139: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4113:Marshall Carter 4111: 4104: 4097: 4092:John A. Samford 4090: 4083: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3882: 3877: 3828: 3823: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3785: 3776: 3774: 3764: 3745: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3721: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3696: 3694: 3689: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3602:Wayback Machine 3585: 3583: 3574: 3571: 3561: 3541: 3535: 3522: 3516: 3503: 3497: 3484: 3478: 3465: 3459: 3451:. Ivan R. 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July 14, 1999 1956: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1864:on May 10, 2007 1855: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1715: 1713: 1712:on May 14, 2011 1709: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1677: 1675: 1674:on May 14, 2011 1671: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1632:Alexander Orlov 1626: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1565: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1515: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1399:Wayback Machine 1390: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1360: 1358: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1278: 1276: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1246: 1244: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1198: 1191: 1181: 1179: 1170: 1169: 1160: 1145: 1141: 1129: 1125: 1118: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1044:, pp. 7–8. 1040: 1036: 1032: 1000: 988:Ellen Schrecker 952: 939:Joseph McCarthy 935: 906:Anti-Communists 862:The FBI-KGB War 858:Robert Lamphere 850:Chapman Pincher 843:J. Edgar Hoover 837:Chief of Staff 834: 826:Vladimir Petrov 800:civil-liberties 771: 762: 750: 740: 724: 716:Main articles: 714: 691:Semyon Semyonov 675: 669: 660: 654: 643: 603: 597: 589:Laurence Duggan 579:Iskhak Akhmerov 575:Oleg Gordievsky 548: 536: 474:Lauchlin Currie 438: 399: 285:Richard Hallock 251: 238: 183: 123:Harry S. 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Retrieved 3796:the original 3789: 3788:"Preface to 3777:November 17, 3775:. Retrieved 3771:the original 3756:the original 3751: 3735:. Retrieved 3711:. Retrieved 3695:. Retrieved 3679:. Retrieved 3675:the original 3659:. Retrieved 3639:. Retrieved 3635:the original 3619:. Retrieved 3615:the original 3584:. Retrieved 3580:the original 3548: 3524: 3505: 3486: 3467: 3447: 3426: 3406: 3386: 3362: 3340: 3319: 3294: 3274: 3254: 3233: 3212: 3185:. Retrieved 3175: 3155: 3148: 3139:the original 3127: 3105:(3): 26–67. 3102: 3098: 3091:the original 3078: 3050: 3046: 3017:(3): 45–72. 3014: 3010: 3003: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2955: 2935: 2923:. Retrieved 2911: 2907: 2897: 2885:. Retrieved 2881: 2871: 2859:. Retrieved 2850:(1): 25–30. 2847: 2843: 2837: 2829: 2810: 2804: 2792:. Retrieved 2782: 2772:February 15, 2770:. Retrieved 2760: 2748:. Retrieved 2737: 2712: 2704: 2692:. Retrieved 2687: 2682: 2675: 2658: 2646: 2637: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2604:. 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