113:
672:
other hand, the petalonamos are immobile, they do not seem to be a colony and could rather be closer to the proarticulated ones due to their simple and flat shape, because of their segmentation and because of the lack of a mouth, anus and tentacles, in addition, instead of a axis there is usually a middle suture that can be zigzagging if the segments are alternate. An analysis of the growth and development of
Charnia fossils through laser imaging of the holotype reveals that it cannot be related to modern cnidarians such as sea feathers, with which it has been compared for so long, because they have opposite growth polarities.
734:. However, other anatomical features of the proarticulates, mainly the absence of truly complete segmentation, articulated limbs, and any other lateral processes, do not agree with this interpretation. The body of the proarticulates consisted of two rows of identical 'semi-segments' (the isomers), right and left, located along their longitudinal axis, which does not correspond to the articulated ones. This type of symmetry is not typical in animals; instead, it has been observed in other vendobionts, protists, multicellular colonies and frequently in plants.
1512:
707:
135:
1674:
385:
1669:
676:
341:
659:
This could mean that
Ediacaran organisms, despite not having hard parts, had stiffer or firmer bodies than many modern cnidarians of comparable size. Many Ediacaran fossils have no counterpart among existing forms. The structural simplicity of the impressions of existing Ediacaran and cnidarians suggests that their mutual similarities may be due to
466:
525:) appeared 555 Ma ago and had more environmental restrictions, being found in tropical seas. The White Sea association (560–550 Ma, Russia and Australia), showed a great variety of new fossil footprints and the greatest diversity occurs in rocks that were deposited in well-lit and energetically active shallow waters.
532:), where a decrease in biodiversity is observed, as a preamble to the massive extinction of the Ediacaran biota. Before the end of the Ediacaran period, proarticulates and trilobozoans would have already become extinct; and the last vendobionts disappear with the arrival of the animals of the Cambrian explosion.
378:, inhabiting the seabed, from shallow to deep subtidal environments. Even medusoids, which were thought to be swimmers, were actually later concluded to be like polyps or benthic discs anchored to the seabed, or semi-buried endobentonics. This habitat influenced the popular name of "The garden of Ediacara".
737:
In general, Vendobionta is being defined as a group apart from animals, with no proven common origin. However, those in favor of considering them animals, see in the discovery of trails left by some proarticulates that would have locomotion, a decisive argument of the relationship with the metazoans.
693:
There are morphological differences between the jellyfish and their globose and gelatinous shape, compared to the flat, discoid medusoids, with relief that is greater on the dorsal side and firmer due to the indications that would reveal the existence of a rigid wall surrounding the body . It can be
604:
It has also been suggested that the
Ediacaran biota could be formed by colonial organisms, as an intermediate degree between protists and animals. However, the morphological complexity and the absence of layers of stromatolites or other microbial structures, in addition to indications that they were
596:
that have developed large size, reaching 20 cm. They could therefore have been unicellular organisms that developed macroscopic size thanks to the absence of predators, since all the groups have a size that ranges from a few millimeters to exceeding a meter in length, favored by the increase in
671:
There are important morphological differences. The current sea feathers are actually a colony of polyps, they grow from a polyp that after losing its tentacles becomes the axis of the colony and from which the other tentaculated polyps grow, they are also quite capable of certain movements . On the
658:
Recent sea feathers have produced fossil impressions that are more misshapen and irregular than
Proterozoic fossils. While in medusoids, concentric rings and radial grooves are more numerous in Proterozoic fossils, as strongly folded or deformed fossils are rare compared to modern jellyfish prints.
431:
do. The presence of numerous streaks, folds or segments considerably increases the total surface area necessary for the osmotic absorption of nutrients. It was also proposed that they were photosynthetic organisms, however, they lived at different depths, even under 200 meters where light does
413:
grazed on a lawn of microorganisms (epifaunal grazing). This characteristic of
Proarticulata is the main argument to consider that vendobionts, if they were a clade, would be ascribed to the animal kingdom; although the development of its own nervous system would have been independent of the other
402:
Most lacked locomotion. The oldest groups did not have any capacity for movement, as evidenced by the complete lack of ash and sediment disturbance during fossilization. It is believed that there were no musculature or nervous system, given their simplicity, and many were sessile. However, it is
597:
oxygen; in such a way that the opportunity is opened to consider that they were not animals, fungi or plants, but an independent and extinct kingdom. However, structural studies of these fossils have so far revealed no traces of a shell, testa or carapace organic material (
361:
Relatively soft body, without hard parts such as armor or skeletons. In appearance, they have been compared to thin inflatable mattresses generally flat and filled with a liquid which has been called plasmodial fluid. Internally they could contain a single compartment (the
444:
They grow preserving their shape and maintain the same number of segments regardless of size, although the segments are subdivided more and more. It is believed that they did not have an embryonic stage. If so, they would be a different group from the other animals.
510:, well below the photic zone, at a depth of one kilometer, which rules out that they were algae or lichens. The Avalon biota achieve great distribution in all marine niches, worldwide: There was an abrupt appearance of macroscopic organisms in what was called the
366:) and externally they presented several types of folds or segments (parallel, radial, or concentric) in addition to, probably, some type of cell wall (such as plants or fungi) that offered resistance to contraction or compaction, thus promoting fossilization.
758:, lack of movement, indeterminate growth, osmotrophic feeding and resistance to taphonomic shrinkage (ease of fossilization given by the presence of a cell wall). However, there is no evidence of mycelial development, nor presence of sporangia or
698:; there is no mouth, no two-layered body wall enclosing a single cavity. This, and the evidence for a rigid outer wall, adds to recent doubts about the concept of an Ediacaran fauna that would have been dominated by soft-bodied coelenterates.
293:, who even doubts its relationship with the animal kingdom, or its multicellular nature — the group might have originated independently, and could be large unicellular forms. It has also been proposed that they could have been
432:
not reach for photosynthesis. Due to the absence of bite marks in the
Ediacaran fossils, it was concluded that the vendobionts were not predators nor were they exposed to them; which could then have made them easy victims of
422:
There is no definitive evidence of the presence of the mouth, anus or a digestive system, although internal structures have been identified. It is believed that the feeding could have been by osmosis, just as
1297:
Hagadorn, James W.; Bottjer, David J. (1997). "Wrinkle structures: Microbially mediated sedimentary structures common in subtidal siliciclastic settings at the
Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition".
545:, but are considered by others to be protists, fungi, terrestrial lichens, or an independent kingdom. Those who see here different unrelated groups, place the proarticulates in
650:(Ediacaran) medusoid circular impressions show general similarities in the arrangement and position of radial and concentric structures, as well as a central raised axis.
381:
The
Ediacarans' abundant preservation is surprising, despite having soft bodies; this nearly surely indicates the absence of burrowing creatures in their home sediments.
2332:
1084:
976:
353:
Within the description of this hypothetical group, characteristics have been proposed that could have been common in all the first groups of
Ediacaran organisms:
275:, with the introduction of fauna forming groups more recognizably related to modern animals. It is very likely that the whole Ediacaran biota is not a
490:
578 Ma (millions of years) ago and are considered the oldest complex life forms. The
Ediacaran biota is chronologically divided into three
1420:
Crimes, T.P.; Insole, A.; Williams, B.P.J. (June 1995). "A rigid-bodied Ediacaran biota from Upper Cambrian strata in Co. Wexford, Eire".
1602:
112:
518:. These same organisms – frondomorphs and medusoids – were the last to disappear during the extinction of all Vendobionts in the Cambrian.
1137:
912:
506:(578–560 Ma), and shows a postglacial, deep-water habitat. The Avalonian organisms are completely benthic, with a predominance of
1066:
1055:
792:
569:. Finally, given their antiquity, others consider it speculative to develop a phylogeny or to directly relate these organisms to
1264:
971:
842:
Martínez Chacón, María Luisa. Invertebrate paleontology (Report). Spain: Paleontology, Geological, and Mining Institute.
285:
This biological group is not widely recognized; credibility is limited by the expansive speculation needed to establish
134:
1673:
1595:
952:
286:
1318:
746:
It has been hypothesized that Ediacaran organisms such as frondomorphs or medusoids, could be related to fungi (
320:; or a group divergent from all current animals. The only current consensus is that they could not have been
1375:
1218:
1668:
1278:
Bergström, J. (1991). "Metazoan evolution around the Precambrian-Cambrian transition". In Simonetta, A.M.;
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Three-dimensional anatomy and microstructure of some simple "medusoids" from the Vendian of Siberia
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by some on the basis of morphological similarities, although differences have also been described.
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129:
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The classification is very controversial. As a unified group they have been placed primarily in
2128:
1183:
1633:
1561:
1461:
1332:
Norri, Richard D. (October 1989). "Cnidarian taphonomy and affinities of the Ediacara biota".
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759:
329:
306:
2313:
1182:
Dornbos, Stephen Q.; Clapham, Matthew E.; Fraiser, Margaret L.; la Flamme, Marc (2012).
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between such ancient extinct groups. The hypothesis was formulated by the German geologist
2337:
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972:"An ecological theory for the sudden origin of multicellular life in the Late Precambrian"
853:
783:
491:
384:
290:
256:
224:
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121:
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suggested that there is no evidence that medusoids share biological characteristics with
663:; however, possible phylogenetic affinities between them cannot be completely ruled out.
1477:
1435:
1388:
1347:
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989:
948:
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1990:
1899:
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1527:
1355:
1132:
1108:
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907:
589:
321:
1008:
601:), agglutinated or mineralized, the presence of which is implicit in this hypothesis.
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2247:
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1958:
1949:
1938:
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1493:
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or as ctenophores, and the trilobozoa and medusoids are considered jellyfish without
549:
basally (this opinion is the most upheld among these alternative theories) or as pre-
522:
404:
389:
197:
70:
1406:
883:
328:, they are considered evolutionary enigmas, and probably an independent and extinct
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2051:
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1972:
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643:
593:
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276:
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The Avalon association is the oldest fossil bed. It is found in the cliffs of the
407:
and would have been slow and sliding; presumably, mobile representatives such as
259:. It is a hypothetical group and at the same time, it would be the oldest of the
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2233:
2169:
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2020:
1979:
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2013:
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organisms that made up of the majority of the organisms that were part of the
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90:
55:
813:
788:"Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: Lost constructions of Precambrian evolution"
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858:"Ediacaran biota: The dawn of animal life in the shadow of giant protists"
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2240:
1999:
1885:
1831:
1702:
1656:
1184:"Chapter 5: Lessons from the fossil record: The Ediacaran radiation"
906:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Waggoner, Ben; Hagadorn, James W. (1 February 2003).
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585:
582:
562:
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85:
80:
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60:
50:
762:. For other Ediacaran fossils, a fungal model is clearly inappropriate.
17:
2211:
2162:
2006:
1334:
1284:
The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa
874:
857:
529:
470:
375:
309:
252:
100:
75:
1546:
1232:
Zhuravlev, A.Y. (1993). "Were Ediacaran Vendobionta multicellulars?".
2114:
1865:
1817:
1793:
1462:"Trace fossils of precambrian metazoans "Vendobionta" and "Mollusks""
317:
302:
260:
156:
2269:
1189:. In Solan, Martin; Aspden, Rebecca J.; Paterson, David M. (eds.).
465:
747:
705:
674:
642:
shares basic structural characteristics with sea pens cnidarians (
464:
424:
313:
279:
263:
that populated the Earth about 580 million years ago, in the
248:
528:
The last Ediacaran association is that of Nama (550–541 Ma,
627:
All vendobionts, except proarticulates, have been classified in
27:
Group of extinct creatures that were part of the Ediacaran biota
2273:
1584:
1580:
1214:
The Ediacara biota and first mass extinction of metazoan life
1286:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–34.
1369:
Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Brasier, Martin D. (January 2008).
1319:
10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1047:WSMMSS>2.3.CO;2
1371:"Charnia at 50: Developmental models for Ediacaran fronds"
1047:
The Garden of Ediacara: Discovering the first complex life
1078:
Laflamme, Marc; Shuhai, Xiao; Kowalewski, Michał (2009).
726:
have been compared to modern articulated animals such as
282:
and not every genus placed in its subtaxa is an animal.
646:). Similarly, the extant jellyfish impressions and the
908:"A fungal analog for Newfoundland Ediacaran fossils?"
581:
It has been suggested that vendobionts may come from
403:
considered that the movement would have appeared in
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2194:
2138:
2037:
1989:
1948:
1924:
1875:
1848:
1803:
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1726:
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271:). They became extinct shortly after the so-called
453:Vendozoan reproduction would apparently have been
457:. No sex organs or gonads have been recognized.
1085:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
977:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
778:
776:
774:
1526:Dunn, F.S.; Liu, A.G.; Donoghue, P.C. (2017).
800:(4). London, UK: Geological Society: 607–613.
619:; would indicate that they were not colonial.
1596:
1234:Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
1217:(video). National Museum of Natural History.
1191:Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
588:or protists, and be, for example, similar to
8:
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1603:
1589:
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1080:"Osmotrophy in modular Ediacara organisms"
901:
899:
897:
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754:), due to certain characteristics such as
247:) are a proposed very high-level, extinct
111:
31:
1555:
1545:
1396:
1150:
1107:
1097:
1007:
997:
873:
553:, the petalonams with cnidarians such as
1133:"The Ediacaran biotas in space and time"
383:
339:
1193:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press
856:; Grazhdankin, D.; Legouta, A. (2003).
770:
482:The first to appear were frondomorphs (
7:
750:) or to some other fungal organism (
1138:Integrative and Comparative Biology
913:Integrative and Comparative Biology
514:, 37 million years before the
1356:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01439.x
374:All were marine and probably also
25:
1528:"Ediacaran developmental biology"
1131:Waggoner, Ben (1 February 2003).
793:Journal of the Geological Society
1672:
1667:
1510:
1398:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00738.x
133:
715:, a proarticulate of the group
1:
1265:Geological Society of America
1050:. Columbia University Press.
623:Comparison with coelenterates
1267:(abstract). Prog. 3034.
1221:. 2016 – via YouTube.
702:Comparison with articulates
667:Difference with Petalonamae
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1246:10.1127/njgpa/190/1993/299
689:Differences with medusoids
287:phylogenetic relationships
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1486:10.1134/S0869593813030039
953:UC Museum of Paleontology
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130:Scientific classification
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41:Ediacaran–Middle Cambrian
34:
1460:Ivantsov, A.Yu. (2013).
862:Paleontological Research
814:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0607
592:, which are unicellular
577:Comparison with protists
324:. In any case, like the
1259:Waggoner, B.M. (1998).
1219:Smithsonian Institution
1099:10.1073/pnas.0904836106
1466:Stratigr. Geol. Correl
999:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1486
970:Stanley, S.M. (1973).
720:
685:
521:The bilateralomorphs (
479:
394:
350:
120:Interpretation of the
1444:10.1002/gj.3350300202
742:Comparison with fungi
709:
678:
468:
387:
343:
1161:10.1093/icb/43.1.104
947:Smith, Dave (1999).
926:10.1093/icb/43.1.127
461:Age and distribution
1518:paleontology portal
1478:2013SGC....21..252I
1436:1995GeolJ..30...89C
1389:2008Palgy..51...11A
1348:1989Letha..22..381N
1311:1997Geo....25.1047H
1092:(34): 14438–14443.
990:1973PNAS...70.1486S
806:1992JGSoc.149..607S
1533:Biological Reviews
1423:Geological Journal
875:10.2517/prpsj.7.43
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516:Cambrian explosion
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1961:
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1959:Charniodiscus
1956:
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1950:Arboreomorpha
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1939:Stromatoveris
1936:
1935:
1932:
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1927:
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949:"Cyclomedusa"
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607:multicellular
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33:
30:
19:
2283:
2259:Part of the
2246:
2239:
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2217:
2210:
2203:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2127:
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2106:
2101:Pectinifrons
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2052:Avalofractus
2050:
2039:Rangeomorpha
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1978:
1973:Thaumaptilon
1971:
1964:
1957:
1937:
1905:
1898:
1891:
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1877:Sprigginidae
1864:
1857:
1837:
1830:
1823:
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1771:Vendiamorpha
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1655:
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1640:
1632:
1625:
1611:
1537:
1531:
1469:
1465:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1383:(1): 11–26.
1380:
1374:
1364:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1305:(11): 1047.
1302:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1273:
1260:
1254:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1213:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1190:
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1142:
1136:
1126:
1089:
1083:
1073:
1046:
1021:. Retrieved
981:
975:
965:
942:
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911:
865:
861:
848:
837:
825:. Retrieved
797:
796:(abstract).
791:
745:
736:
722:
710:
692:
679:
670:
657:
644:Pennatulacea
638:
635:Similarities
626:
614:
603:
594:foraminifera
580:
567:Coelenterata
540:
508:rangeomorphs
504:Newfoundland
492:associations
481:
469:
452:
449:Reproduction
443:
421:
408:
401:
388:
380:
373:
360:
352:
344:
301:; perhaps a
284:
277:monophyletic
268:
244:
240:
236:
235:
169:
29:
2361:Vendobionta
2314:Vendobionta
2308:Wikispecies
2284:Vendobionta
2234:Rugoconites
2170:Paracharnia
2094:Pambikalbae
2087:Khatyspytia
2066:Fractofusus
2028:Swartpuntia
2021:Pteridinium
1980:Vaizitsinia
1966:Khatyspytia
1926:Petalonamae
1825:Cephalonega
1759:Windermeria
1745:Dickinsonia
1737:Chondroplon
1728:Dipleurozoa
1717:Podolimirus
1710:Ovatoscutum
1696:Armillifera
1642:Cyclomedusa
1612:Vendobionta
1197:18 December
957:UC Berkeley
951:. Vendian.
752:slime molds
681:Cyclomedusa
661:convergence
654:Differences
648:Proterozoic
640:Petalonamae
613:forms like
609:as seen in
599:sclerotized
559:cnidoblasts
484:Petalonamae
476:frondomorph
436:predators.
346:Dickinsonia
299:articulates
245:Vendobionta
237:Vendobionts
192:Petalonamae
170:Vendobionta
35:Vendobionta
2196:Trilobozoa
2177:Culmofrons
2156:Bomakellia
2140:Charniidae
2014:Phyllozoon
1805:Cephalozoa
1787:Paravendia
1650:Mawsonites
1472:(3): 252.
766:References
728:arthropods
717:Cephalozoa
551:arthropods
537:Systematic
326:acritarchs
295:cnidarians
241:Vendozoans
204:Trilobozoa
2227:Hallidaya
2219:Gehlingia
2205:Albumares
2149:Beothukis
2129:Vinlandia
2122:Trepassia
2059:Bradgatia
1907:Spriggina
1893:Marywadea
1850:Yorgiidae
1780:Karakhtia
1627:Aspidella
1619:Holdfasts
1494:128638405
1147:CiteSeerX
1044:(1998) .
822:128681462
712:Spriggina
616:Aspidella
547:Bilateria
488:medusoids
414:animals.
410:Spriggina
364:syncytium
357:Structure
265:Ediacaran
225:Seilacher
222:Vendozoa
175:Seilacher
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
2355:Category
2322:BioLib:
2299:Q2512784
2293:Wikidata
2241:Skinnera
2000:Ernietta
1886:Cyanorus
1832:Ivovicia
1703:Lossinia
1657:Medusina
1634:Brachina
1566:29105292
1407:83486435
1282:(eds.).
1169:21680415
1118:19706530
1018:16592084
934:21680417
884:85146476
786:(1992).
732:annelids
629:Cnidaria
586:protozoa
583:amoeboid
563:Cnidaria
555:sea pens
543:Animalia
434:Cambrian
429:bacteria
398:Mobility
336:Features
307:colonial
214:Synonyms
183:Subtaxa
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
18:Vendozoa
2212:Anfesta
2163:Charnia
2007:Nasepia
1574:4706526
1557:5947158
1474:Bibcode
1432:Bibcode
1385:Bibcode
1344:Bibcode
1335:Lethaia
1307:Bibcode
1299:Geology
1109:2732876
1023:21 June
986:Bibcode
827:21 June
802:Bibcode
611:discoid
530:Namibia
471:Charnia
455:asexual
376:benthic
370:Habitat
330:kingdom
310:protist
269:Vendian
261:animals
253:benthic
227:(1989)
2325:427626
2115:Rangea
1866:Yorgia
1818:Andiva
1794:Vendia
1572:
1564:
1554:
1492:
1405:
1167:
1149:
1116:
1106:
1065:
1054:
1016:
1009:433525
1006:
932:
882:
820:
440:Growth
318:lichen
303:fungus
177:(1992)
2333:IRMNG
1839:Tamga
1570:S2CID
1490:S2CID
1403:S2CID
1187:(PDF)
880:S2CID
818:S2CID
748:Fungi
425:fungi
316:, or
314:algae
297:, or
280:clade
249:clade
1562:PMID
1199:2022
1165:PMID
1114:PMID
1063:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1025:2007
1014:PMID
930:PMID
829:2007
474:, a
418:Diet
46:PreꞒ
2338:231
1552:PMC
1542:doi
1482:doi
1440:doi
1393:doi
1352:doi
1315:doi
1242:doi
1238:190
1157:doi
1104:PMC
1094:doi
1090:106
1004:PMC
994:doi
922:doi
870:doi
810:doi
798:149
730:or
565:or
427:or
251:of
239:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
