1321:
146:
119:
1698:
1755:
309:
It is commonly conjectured that the organisms were fluffy at least in appearance, as if "inflatable." They are particularly difficult to classify phylogenetically. Lacking mouths, intestines, reproductive organs, and with no preserved evidence of internal structures, these organisms' existence is
1172:
914:
815:
791:
1739:
1796:
1228:
321:, like a feather with one axis and two sides. It can also be trilateral, with one axis and three sides, as seen in the most basal ones, the
310:
very strange by current standards. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that they could suck nutrients from the water around them by
1830:
314:. The fronds were composed of branched, tubular structures, and the organism was anchored to the ground by a bulbous structure.
1732:
1835:
820:
796:
1789:
145:
1725:
298:. It is now believed that there are no living descendants of the group, which shares a probable relation to the
1221:
1088:
962:
1815:
1782:
1177:
1064:
970:
889:
1116:
1625:
127:
1825:
1670:
1820:
1657:
1214:
1475:
1412:
1125:
1011:
Buss, Leo W.; Seilacher, Adolf (1994). "The phylum
Vendobionta: A sister group of the Eumetazoa?".
997:
1705:
1194:
1036:
318:
241:
140:
1675:
1147:
842:
1496:
1028:
989:
943:
757:, another group of Edicaran animals who have trilateral symmetry, similar to basal petalonams.
1766:
1709:
1482:
1186:
1159:
1134:
1102:
1073:
1060:"Cambrian petalonamid Stromatoveris phylogenetically links Ediacaran biota to later animals"
1020:
979:
963:"Cambrian petalonamid Stromatoveris phylogenetically links Ediacaran biota to later animals"
933:
923:
885:"A new representative of Petalonamae from [the] upper Vendian of Arkhangelsk region"
1762:
1610:
1284:
583:
271:
20:
1579:
1440:
1329:
1320:
1106:
938:
909:
226:
118:
1809:
1588:
1447:
1426:
1291:
1271:
1198:
1138:
884:
763:
482:
322:
278:, dating from approximately 635 million years ago to 516 million years ago. They are
232:
213:
69:
1148:"New Precambrian fossils from the Arumbera Sandstone, Northern Territory, Australia"
1040:
1596:
1468:
1433:
1398:
1385:
295:
220:
1697:
1557:
1461:
1454:
1419:
1356:
1342:
1305:
1298:
1261:
746:
656:
603:
518:
303:
180:
44:
1648:
1564:
1543:
1527:
1349:
1163:
1121:. Fedonkin M.A., Gehling J.G., Grey C., Narbonne G.M., Vickers-Rich P. (2007)"
1024:
804:(3–6): 198–231. Part II. Rangeidae, Bau und systematische Zugehörigkeit .
754:
291:
89:
54:
1032:
993:
828:(4–6): 226–262. Part I. Pteridinia, Bau und systematische Zugehörigkeit.
1536:
1507:
1489:
1405:
1255:
928:
794:[On the fauna of the Nama Beds in Southwest-Africa (Part II)].
771:
697:
299:
157:
105:
94:
38:
1754:
947:
818:[On the fauna of the Nama Beds in Southwest-Africa (Part I)].
1642:
1370:
538:
376:
358:
109:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
1550:
1363:
1093:
1078:
1059:
984:
338:
311:
279:
99:
74:
1119:
The Rise of
Animals: Evolution and diversification of kingdom Animalia
1516:
1249:
462:
342:
334:
267:
167:
1619:
286:(frondomorphic), feathers or spindles and were initially considered
1190:
287:
283:
1662:
1089:"Keys to German palaeontological and stratigraphical terminology"
1623:
1210:
1058:
Hoyal
Cuthill, Jennifer F.; Han, Jian; Álvaro, Javier (2018) .
792:"Zur Fauna der Nama-Schichten in Südwest-Afrika (Teil II)"
1206:
816:"Zur Fauna der Nama-Schichten in Südwest-Afrika (Teil I)"
1173:"Patterns of evolution of the Ediacaran soft-bodied biota"
915:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the USA
908:
Laflamme, Marc; Xiao, Shuhai; Kowalewski, Michał (2009).
1770:
1713:
961:
Hoyal
Cuthill, Jennifer F.; Han, Jian (7 August 2018).
282:
and motionless animals, that have the shape of leaves,
1152:
1632:
1578:
1526:
1506:
1384:
1328:
1270:
766:, another group of enigmatic Ediacaran animals
1790:
1733:
1222:
8:
1797:
1783:
1740:
1726:
1620:
1390:
1334:
1276:
1229:
1215:
1207:
910:"Osmotrophy in modular Ediacara organisms"
883:Ivantsov, A.Y.; Grazhdankin, D.V. (1997).
837:
835:
117:
27:
1077:
983:
937:
927:
1072:(6) (published November 2018): 813–823.
782:
1146:Glaessner, M.F.; Walter, M.R. (1975).
855:Paleobiology database (paleobiodb.org)
7:
1751:
1749:
1694:
1692:
1087:Martinsson, Anders (October 1978).
644:
637:
572:
507:
451:
444:
436:
428:
411:
372:
365:
353:
1769:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
1712:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
1107:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1978.tb01883.x
266:) are an extinct group of archaic
14:
16:Proposed extinct group of animals
1753:
1696:
1319:
1139:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00114.x
144:
1:
1171:Grazhdankin, Dmitriy (2014).
821:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
814:Pflug, Hans D. (1 Jan 1970).
797:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
790:Pflug, Hans D. (1 Jan 1970).
1133:(4): 333. 14 December 2008.
857:(basic taxon info). 121415.
1852:
1748:
1691:
317:The symmetry is generally
18:
1607:
1393:
1337:
1317:
1279:
1244:
1164:10.1080/03115517508619480
1025:10.1017/S0094837300011088
702:
650:
642:
635:
597:
577:
570:
532:
512:
505:
476:
456:
449:
442:
434:
426:
409:
381:
370:
363:
247:
240:
208:
203:
141:Scientific classification
139:
125:
116:
30:
19:For similar fossils, see
1831:Prehistoric animal stubs
1178:Journal of Paleontology
929:10.1073/pnas.0904836106
890:Paleontological Journal
1765:-related article is a
868:Seilacher, A. (2007).
128:Charniodiscus arboreus
1836:Ediacaran biota stubs
1671:Paleobiology Database
870:Trace Fossil Analysis
1126:Integrative Zoology
922:(34): 14438–14443.
847:phylum Petalonamae
1706:prehistoric animal
1079:10.1111/pala.12393
985:10.1111/pala.12393
1778:
1777:
1721:
1720:
1686:
1685:
1626:Taxon identifiers
1617:
1616:
1574:
1573:
1380:
1379:
1315:
1314:
734:
733:
725:
724:
716:
715:
686:
685:
677:
676:
668:
667:
624:
623:
615:
614:
559:
558:
550:
549:
494:
493:
395:
394:
302:animals known as
256:
255:
199:
37:635.0–508.0
1843:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1700:
1693:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1621:
1483:Primocandelabrum
1391:
1335:
1323:
1277:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1167:
1142:
1110:
1083:
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1045:
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1008:
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1001:
987:
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958:
952:
951:
941:
931:
905:
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859:
858:
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846:
839:
830:
829:
805:
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762:
753:
745:
654:
645:
638:
601:
581:
573:
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516:
508:
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437:
429:
420:
412:
373:
366:
354:
197:
192:
179:
149:
148:
121:
104:
41:
34:Temporal range:
28:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1763:Ediacaran biota
1747:
1746:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1611:Ediacaran biota
1603:
1570:
1522:
1502:
1376:
1324:
1311:
1266:
1240:
1235:
1205:
1170:
1145:
1129:(book review).
1115:
1086:
1057:
1053:
1051:Further reading
1048:
1010:
1009:
1005:
965:
960:
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424:
418:
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396:
351:
331:
272:Ediacaran biota
270:typical of the
196:
190:
177:
143:
133:Arborea arborea
112:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
32:
24:
21:Ediacaran biota
17:
12:
11:
5:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:Ediacaran life
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1737:
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1701:
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1554:
1547:
1540:
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1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1476:Plumeropriscum
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1441:Hapsidophyllas
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1330:Erniettomorpha
1326:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1274:
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1258:
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1245:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1191:10.1666/13-072
1185:(3): 269–283.
1168:
1143:
1112:
1111:
1084:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1003:
978:(6): 813–823.
953:
900:
875:
860:
831:
812:
811:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
769:
768:
767:
758:
739:
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731:
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531:
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427:
425:
415:
410:
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401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
389:
388:
380:
379:
371:
369:
364:
362:
352:
350:
347:
330:
327:
323:erniettomorphs
274:, also called
254:
253:
252:
251:
245:
244:
238:
237:
236:
235:
229:
227:Erniettomorpha
223:
217:
206:
205:
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200:
188:
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175:
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160:
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73:
68:
63:
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53:
48:
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33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1848:
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1834:
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1717:
1715:
1711:
1708:article is a
1707:
1702:
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1677:
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1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
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1644:
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1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:Stromatoveris
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
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1525:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
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1491:
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1478:
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1473:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1448:Hylaecullulus
1445:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:Frondophyllas
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:Broccoliforma
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1368:
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1359:
1358:
1354:
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1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1292:Charniodiscus
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:Arboreomorpha
1269:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1225:
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1218:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1065:Palaeontology
1061:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
972:
971:Palaeontology
964:
957:
954:
949:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
916:
911:
904:
901:
896:
892:
891:
886:
879:
876:
871:
864:
861:
856:
852:
849:(Pflug, 1972)
838:
836:
832:
827:
824:(in German).
823:
822:
817:
810:
807:
806:
803:
800:(in German).
799:
798:
793:
786:
783:
777:
773:
770:
765:
764:Proarticulata
759:
756:
750:
749:
748:
742:
741:
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721:
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541:
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530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
520:
510:
509:
503:
502:
499:
498:
490:
489:
486:
485:
484:
483:Stromatoveris
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:
454:
453:
447:
446:
439:
438:
431:
430:
422:
414:
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403:
400:
399:
391:
390:
387:
386:
378:
375:
374:
368:
367:
360:
356:
355:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
333:Ediacaran of
328:
326:
324:
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315:
313:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
249:
248:
246:
243:
239:
234:
233:Arboreomorpha
230:
228:
224:
222:
218:
216:
215:
214:Stromatoveris
210:
209:
207:
202:
195:
189:
186:
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176:
174:Superphylum:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
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159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:
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120:
115:
111:
107:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
29:
26:
22:
1826:Animal phyla
1771:expanding it
1760:
1714:expanding it
1703:
1688:
1633:
1609:Part of the
1597:Thaumaptilon
1595:
1587:
1580:Unclassified
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1515:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1469:Pectinifrons
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1434:Gigarimaneta
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1399:Avalofractus
1397:
1386:Rangeomorpha
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1260:Superphylum
1237:
1182:
1176:
1158:(1): 59–69.
1155:
1151:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1098:
1092:
1069:
1063:
1016:
1013:Paleobiology
1012:
1006:
996:– via
975:
969:
956:
919:
913:
903:
894:
888:
878:
869:
863:
854:
825:
819:
808:
801:
795:
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703:
655:
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598:
582:
578:
537:
533:
517:
513:
481:
477:
461:
457:
417:
384:
382:
332:
329:Distribution
316:
308:
276:frondomorphs
275:
263:
260:petalonamids
259:
257:
250:Frondomorpha
221:Rangeomorpha
212:
193:
132:
126:
25:
1821:Petalonamae
1634:Petalonamae
1558:Paracharnia
1462:Pambikalbae
1455:Khatyspytia
1420:Fractofusus
1357:Swartpuntia
1343:Pteridinium
1306:Vaizitsinia
1299:Khatyspytia
1262:Vendobionta
1254:Subkingdom
1238:Petalonamae
872:. Springer.
747:Vendobionta
657:Swartpuntia
604:Pambikalbae
519:Pteridinium
421:Petalonamae
264:Petalonamae
198:Phlug, 1972
194:Petalonamae
181:Vendobionta
31:Petalonamae
1810:Categories
1565:Culmofrons
1544:Bomakellia
1528:Charniidae
1350:Phyllozoon
1101:(4): 292.
1019:(1): 1–4.
778:References
755:Trilobozoa
304:Vendozoans
292:octocorals
1537:Beothukis
1508:Rangeidae
1497:Vinlandia
1490:Trepassia
1406:Bradgatia
1256:Eumetazoa
1199:129317326
1033:0094-8373
994:0031-0239
772:Eumetazoa
698:Eumetazoa
349:Phylogeny
319:bilateral
300:Ediacaran
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
106:Ediacaran
1663:56959373
1649:Q3376321
1643:Wikidata
1371:Ernietta
1250:Animalia
1248:Kingdom
1041:89131248
998:U. Essex
948:19706530
809:see also
738:See also
700:
648:
539:Ernietta
440:
432:
407:
377:Porifera
361:
359:Animalia
296:sea pens
242:Synonyms
204:Subtaxa
187:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
110:Cambrian
1551:Charnia
1364:Nasepia
1285:Arborea
1094:Lethaia
939:2732876
696:
584:Arborea
423:
416:
405:
357:
339:Namibia
312:osmosis
280:benthic
268:animals
1676:121415
1517:Rangea
1197:
1039:
1031:
992:
946:
936:
704:
463:Rangea
383:
343:Russia
335:Canada
284:fronds
1761:This
1704:This
1195:S2CID
1037:S2CID
966:(PDF)
288:algae
1767:stub
1710:stub
1029:ISSN
990:ISSN
944:PMID
897:(1).
826:A134
802:A135
341:and
258:The
45:PreꞒ
1658:EoL
1187:doi
1160:doi
1135:doi
1103:doi
1074:doi
1021:doi
980:doi
934:PMC
924:doi
920:106
706:···
385:···
294:or
1812::
1673::
1660::
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1193:.
1183:88
1181:.
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1097:.
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1070:61
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1015:.
988:.
976:61
974:.
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912:.
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893:.
887:.
853:.
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345:.
337:,
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290:,
135:)
131:(=
95:Pg
39:Ma
1798:e
1791:t
1784:v
1773:.
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1734:t
1727:v
1716:.
1600:?
1592:?
1230:e
1223:t
1216:v
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1156:1
1141:.
1137::
1131:3
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926::
851:"
845:†
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515:†
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419:†
262:(
231:†
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219:†
211:†
191:†
178:†
108:-
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
23:.
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