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57:
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1068:. He is meant to be a type of "noble savage", devoid of reason and full of emotion, a peasant, a servant, even a slave. His originally wooden and later leather half-mask painted black depicts him as having a short, blunt, ape-like nose, a set of wide, round, arching eyebrows, a rounded beard, and always a "bump" upon his forehead meant to signify a devil's horn. He is a theatrical counterpoint to and often servant of Pantalone, and the two characters often appeared together on the stage.
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770:(also known as Columbine) is a half-mask, only covering the wearer's eyes, nose, and upper cheeks. It is often highly decorated with gold, silver, crystals, and feathers. It is held up to the face by a baton or is tied with ribbon as with most other Venetian masks. The Colombina mask is named after a stock character in the
1096:
class of characters is another classic of the stage. Theirs is a half mask in leather, presenting themselves with low forehead, bulging eyebrows and a long nose with a reverse curve towards the end. It is said that the longer the nose, the more stupid the character. The low forehead is also seen as a
836:
who followed De Lorme's example wore the usual black hat and long black cloak as well as the mask, white gloves and a staff (so as to be able to move patients without having to come into physical contact with them). They hoped these precautions would prevent them contracting the disease. The mask was
567:
perfume, and tossed by young men at their friends or at young women they admired. However, in some cases, the eggs were filled with ink or other damaging substances. Gambling in public was normally illegal, except during
Carnival; the Great Council document decrees that masked persons were forbidden
828:
victims. The mask is often white, consisting of a hollow beak and round eyeholes covered with crystal discs, creating a bespectacled effect. Its use as a
Carnival mask is entirely a modern convention, and today these masks are often much more decorative. Although the mask and costume is worn almost
782:
who was an adored part of the
Italian theatre for generations. It is said it was designed for an actress because she did not wish to have her beautiful face covered completely. In fact, the Colombina is entirely a modern creation. There are no historic paintings depicting its use on the stage or in
265:
After a long absence, the
Carnival returned in 1979. The Italian government decided to bring back the history and culture of Venice and sought to use the traditional Carnival as the centrepiece of its efforts. The redevelopment of the masks began as the pursuit of some Venetian college students for
820:("The Plague Doctor" in English), with its long beak, is one of the most bizarre and recognizable of the Venetian masks, although it did not start out as Carnival mask at all but as a method of preventing the spread of disease. The striking design originates from 17th-century French physician
527:
and are hand-painted, using natural feathers and gems to decorate. However, this makes them rather expensive when compared to the widespread, low-quality masks produced abroad. This competition accelerates the decline of this historical craftsmanship particular to the city of Venice.
922:
mask invented in France in the 16th century, but differed in not having a hole to speak through. The mask was only just large enough to conceal a woman's identity and was held in place by the wearer biting on a button or bit (the women wearing this mask were unable to speak, hence
726:
had become a standardized society mask and disguise regulated by the
Venetian government. It was obligatory to wear it at certain political decision-making events when all citizens were required to act anonymously as peers. Only citizens (i.e., men) had the right to use the
518:
Venetian masks can be made of leather or porcelain, or by using the original glass technique. The original masks were rather simple in design, decoration, and often had a symbolic and practical function. Nowadays, most
Italian masks are made with the application of
539:
There is less evidence explaining the motive for the earliest mask being worn in Venice. One scholar argues that covering the face in public was a uniquely
Venetian response to one of the most rigid class hierarchies in European history. During Carnival, the
574:
Near the end of the
Republic, the wearing of the masks in daily life was severely restricted. By the 18th century, it was limited only to about three months from December 26. The masks were traditionally worn with decorative beads matching in colour.
262:, the festival was outlawed entirely in 1797 and the use of masks became strictly forbidden. It reappeared gradually in the 19th century, but only for short periods and above all for private feasts, where it became an occasion for artistic creations.
253:
Carnival preserved the prestigious image of Venice in the world. It was very famous during the 18th century. It encouraged licence and pleasure, but it was also used to protect
Venetians from present and future anguish. However, under the rule of the
841:
practiced at that time: the hollow beak allowed for the containment of flowers and other sweet-smelling substances designed to keep away the foul odors that were thought to spread infection. Those who wear the plague doctor mask often also wear the
1038:
referencing the conquests of Venice and the origin of this character, is usually represented as a sad old man with an oversized nose like the beak of a crow with high brows and slanted eyes (meant to signify intelligence on the stage). Like other
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998:
covers the entire face of the wearer, including the whole of the chin. Unlike a typical mask, it also extends farther back to just before the ears and upwards to the top of the forehead; also unlike the
703:, a projecting "chin line", and no mouth. The mask's beak-like chin is designed to enable the wearer to talk, eat, and drink without having to remove it, thereby preserving the wearer's anonymity. The
555:
The first documented sources mentioning the use of masks in Venice can be found as far back as the 13th century. The Great
Council made it a crime for masked people to throw scented eggs. These
970:("ghost" in English) is the iconic modern Venetian mask: it is often made of stark white porcelain or thick plastic, although also frequently gilded and decorated, and is commonly worn with a
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744:
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Another law in 1339 forbade Venetians from wearing vulgar disguises and visiting convents while masked. The law also prohibited painting one's face, or wearing false beards or wigs.
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belonged to the fringe of painters and were helped in their task by sign-painters who drew faces onto plaster in a range of different shapes and paying extreme attention to detail.
201:, existing for several centuries until it was abolished in 1797. The tradition was revived in 1979, and the modern event now attracts approximately 3 million visitors annually.
637:
1735:
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at the modern festival, it is typically worn with a headdress, scarf, veil, another mask, or a combination of all four. It is secured in the back with a ribbon. Unlike the
266:
the tourist trade. Since then, approximately 3 million visitors have been coming to Venice every year for the Carnival. One of the most important events is the contest for
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exclusively by males, the enhancement in decoration also suggests that women are now more probably to wear the mask and costume than in previous years at the Carnival.
618:
1611:
Ignatio Toscani: Die venezianische Gesellschaftsmaske. Ein Versuch zur Deutung ihrer Ausformung, ihrer Entstehungsgründe und ihrer Funktion. Diss. Saarbrücken 1970.
918:("mute servant woman" in English) was a small strapless black velvet oval mask with wide eyeholes and no lips or mouth worn by patrician women. It derived from the
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1985:
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were suspended, and people could dress as they liked, instead of according to the rules that were set down in law for their profession and social class.
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Several distinct styles of mask are worn in the Venice Carnival, some with identifying names. People with different occupations wore different masks.
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in modern democracies. Also, the bearing of weapons along with the mask was specifically prohibited by law and enforceable by the Venetian police.
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cannot be worn while eating and drinking because the coverage of the chin and cheeks is too complete and tight (although the jaw on some original
209:
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masks, Pantalone is also a half mask. This mask is almost exclusively worn by men, although its popularity at the modern festival has declined.
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1335:
270:("the most beautiful mask"), which is judged by a panel of international costume and fashion designers. Since 2007 the winners have been:
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have always been an important feature of the Venetian Carnival. Traditionally people were allowed to wear them between the festival of
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1978:
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James H. Johnson, Venice incognito: masks in the Serene Republic, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011; Gilles Bertrand,
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was usually worn by men, but many paintings done in the 18th century also depict women wearing this mask and tricorn hat.
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See Pauline Frommer's Italy by Keith Bain, Reid Bramblett, Pippa de Bruyn, William Fink, Barbie Latza Nadeau p. 333
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695:, although originally simple stark white, which is designed to comfortably cover the entire face; this traditional
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731:. Its role was similar to the anonymizing processes invented to guarantee general, direct, free, equal and
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announced the decision to call off the Carnival celebrations in an attempt to contain the spread of the
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1968:
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Gilles Bertrand, Histoire du carnaval de Venise, XIe-XXIe siècle, Paris, Pigmalion, 2013, p. 237-310.
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Arlecchino's half-mask is painted black with an ape-like nose and a "bump" to signify a devil's horn.
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performance, often fulfilling similar societal roles as Arlecchino, although with smaller parts.
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is also quite heavier than a typical mask and has a much tighter fit; many people who experience
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Danilo Reato, Les masques de Venise, Paris, Hersher, 1991 (first published in italian, 1988)
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1193:(in Italian), Studio LT2, 2010; Fulvio Roiter, Carnaval de Venise, Lausanne, Payot , 1981.
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In the 18th century, together with a black circular or semicircular clasped cape called a
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The Historical Anthropology of Early Modern Italy: Essays on Perception and Communication
241:, in the year 1162. In honour of this victory, the people started to dance and gather in
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Frommer's Northern Italy: Including Venice, Milan & the Lakes by John Moretti p. 168
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1138:. Stores that supplied the masks include both Ca' Macana and Il Canovaccio in Venice.
846:. The popularity of the Medico della peste among carnival celebrants can be seen as a
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by Paolo and Cinzia Pagliasso and Anna Rotonaia, best costume for the official theme
191:
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According to legend, the Carnival of Venice began after the military victory of the
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2186:
1958:
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piece of art was characterized by the inclusion of an over-prominent nose, a thick
245:. Apparently, this festival started in that period and became official during the
1228:(in Italian), Venezia, Assessorato alla Cultura della Provincia di Venezia, 1988.
1997:
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198:
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170:, Italy, famous throughout the world for its elaborate costumes and masks. The
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2016:
1948:
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1308:[Cinzia Mandrelli wins the competition for the most beautiful mask].
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who adopted the mask together with other sanitary precautions while treating
17:
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at the Carnival. If worn by a woman, who are the most common wearers of the
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507:) enjoyed a special position in society, with their own laws and their own
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1338:[French Karen Duthoit wins the Most Beautiful Mask competition].
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The Venetian Carnival tradition is most famous for its distinctive masks.
1003:, it depicts the nose and lips in simple facial expressions. Unlike the
1782:
1208:"What's with those mysterious masks? The dark drama of Venice Carnival"
1082:
787:
692:
445:
250:
1642:
The Masks of Menander: Sign and Meaning in Greek and Roman Performance
1336:"La francese Karen Duthoit vince il concorso della Maschera più Bella"
1097:
sign of stupidity. The Zanni are often the supporting characters in a
1576:
1191:
Il carnivale in età moderna: 30 agni di carnivale a Venezia 1980-2010
919:
466:
437:
422:
214:
167:
96:
943:, depicts this mask in use in 1751. It fell into disuse about 1760.
674:
masks. The women's mouth is just visible under the beak of the mask.
786:
While both men and women now wear this mask, it began as a woman's
2164:
1696:
1092:
1081:
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605:
546:
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106:
484:, December 26) and the end of the Carnival season at midnight of
368:
by Anna and Lorenzo Marconi, best costume for the official theme
473:
462:
187:
1717:
551:
Masked men threw eggshells filled with perfume during carnival.
1288:"Italy cancels Venice Carnival in bid to halt spread of virus"
1211:
500:, people could spend a large portion of the year in disguise.
1306:"Cinzia Mandrelli vince il concorso della Maschera più bella"
658:
masks, black tricorn hats, grey tabarros, and black zendales.
1704:
Carnivalofvenice.com: History, photos and videos since 1998
1147:
is also set in the Carnival of Venice in the year of 1486.
1622:
Images of plague and pestilence: iconography and iconology
738:
Given this history and its grotesque design elements, the
1286:
Bruno and D'Emilio, Luca and Frances (23 February 2020).
1019:
mask and so is never hinged—the lips are always sealed).
837:
originally beaked with a purpose in congruence with the
631:, circa. late 1700s. She is not actually wearing a mask.
1064:("Harlequin" in English) is a Zanni character of the
1158:, who wrote twenty variations on the original tune.
353:
by Horst Raack, best costume for the official theme
2287:
2271:
2144:
2076:
2006:
1807:
1752:
707:was often accompanied by a red or black cape and a
136:
128:
112:
102:
92:
84:
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66:
39:
1027:Another classic character from the Italian stage,
2367:Recurring events established in the 12th century
1122:Venetian masks feature prominently in the films
1265:Histoire du carnaval de Venise, XIe-XXIe siècle
1239:Histoire du carnaval de Venise, XIe-XXIe siècle
1086:A leather version of a Zanni mask, profile view
465:worn at the Venice Carnival, which portray the
1507:Venice incognito: masks in the serene republic
1430:Venice incognito: masks in the serene republic
1241:(in French), Paris, Pigmalion, 2013, p. 37-94.
511:, with their own statute dated 10 April 1436.
1729:
1624:(Truman State University Press, 2000), p. 27.
1185:
1183:
372:by Salvatore Occhipinti and Guglielmo Miceli.
8:
1399:"Venetian Masquerade Ball - Hawthorne Hotel"
1366:"What you need to know about Venetian Masks"
357:by Tanja Schulz-Hess, most creative costume
1467:. Cambridge University Press. p. 186.
397:by Borboni si Nasce, most original costume
319:Il servizio da thè del settecento (teatime)
1736:
1722:
1714:
927:) and was often finished off with a veil.
650:, detail. A man and a woman, both wearing
314:by Lea Luongsoredju and Roudi Verbaanderd.
1267:(in French), Paris, Pigmalion, p. 95-235.
1154:is popularized by violinist and composer
756:are two examples of this from the 1750s.
405:In February 2020, the Governor of Veneto
393:by Horst Raack, best traditional costume
1634:
1632:
1630:
1559:"TABARRO: The Medieval Gentleman's Cape"
1486:
1484:
1119:, is set in Venice during the carnival.
844:associated clothing of the plague doctor
807:
798:Medico Della Peste ("The Plague Doctor")
332:by Anna Marconi, most colourful costume
208:
186:), which is the day before the start of
1179:
197:The Carnival traces its origins to the
1252:Il Carnivale di Venezia nel Settecento
469:and exaggerated appearances often used
321:by Horst Raack, most creative costume
36:
1645:. Cambridge University. p. 126.
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1346:from the original on 21 February 2023
1201:
1199:
401:by Nicola Pignoli and Ilaria Cavalli.
292:by Horst Raack and Tanja Schulz-Hess.
7:
1254:(in Italian), Roma, Jouvence, 1992.
1206:Adams, William Lee (4 March 2014).
434:4 elements: fire, air, earth, water
32:Carnival of Venice (disambiguation)
25:
1141:The 9th Sequence of the story of
691:) is a mask, today often heavily
492:). As masks were also allowed on
2323:
2309:
1798:
1342:(in Italian). 20 February 2023.
1316:from the original on 18 May 2022
1015:masks was hinged, this is not a
892:
870:
663:
636:
617:
589:
355:La regina della cucina veneziana
166:) is an annual festival held in
55:
1226:Storia del carnivale di Venezia
899:Closer view, in a 1745 portrait
881:, and another holding one, in
563:that were usually filled with
490:during February or early March
330:Alla Ricerca del Tempo Perduto
258:and later Emperor of Austria,
1:
2377:1162 establishments in Europe
1531:Ackroyd, Peter (2010-11-02).
1031:, possibly stemming from the
432:by Karen Duthoit. Second was
1312:(in Italian). 1 March 2022.
600:mask with black zendale and
384:L'amore al tempo del campari
359:Monsieur Sofa et Madame Coco
1461:Burke, Peter (2005-11-17).
912:("dark one" in English) or
839:miasmatic theory of disease
346:by Maria Roan di Villavera.
249:. In the 17th century, the
2393:
1504:Johnson, James H. (2011).
1427:Johnson, James H. (2011).
1075:
801:
425:and her brother Piersante.
29:
2303:
1796:
812:A Medico della Peste mask
644:Conversation of the masks
421:by Cinzia Mandrelli from
290:The voyages of Marco Polo
219:Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo
54:
1949:Belarus, Russia, Ukraine
1599:www.magiedicarnevale.com
1189:Alessandro Bressanello,
366:I bagnanti di Senigallia
340:Una giornata in campagna
1112:The Cask of Amontillado
964:("face" in English) or
687:(sometimes referred as
442:Processione a San Marco
436:by Alissa Karaeva from
395:matrimonio all'italiana
163:
27:Italian annual festival
2362:Annual events in Italy
2316:Catholicism portal
1087:
1056:
813:
552:
496:and from October 5 to
470:
444:by Simone Fracca from
325:by Jacqueline Spieweg.
222:
155:
1639:Wiles, David (2004).
1620:Christine M. Boeckl,
1085:
1054:
811:
804:Plague doctor costume
670:A man and a woman in
550:
460:
285:by Tanja Schulz-Hess.
278:by Tanja Schulz-Hess.
268:la maschera più bella
212:
45:Carnevale di Venezia
1595:"Magie di Carnevale"
1565:. November 21, 2015.
1340:Carnevale di Venezia
1310:Carnevale di Venezia
1135:The Witches' Sabbath
940:Clara the rhinoceros
391:I bambini della luce
377:Il signore del bosco
351:Le stelle dell'amore
342:by Horst Raack, and
306:by Horst Raack, and
239:Ulrich II von Treven
156:Carnevale di Venezia
30:For other uses, see
2352:Festivals in Venice
2136:Trinidad and Tobago
1788:Ati-Atihan festival
1581:Tabarrificio Veneto
1492:The souls of Venice
1250:Stefania Bertelli,
1144:Assassin's Creed II
937:, sometimes called
625:Woman of the Bautta
482:Saint Stephen's Day
411:coronavirus disease
370:I caretti siciliani
361:by Lorenzo Marconi.
164:Carneval de Venèsia
47:Carneval de Venèsia
2357:Carnivals in Italy
2114:Dominican Republic
1709:Carnival of Venice
1370:Carnival in Venice
1168:Commedia dell'arte
1152:Carnival of Venice
1088:
1057:
818:Medico della Peste
814:
774:: Colombina was a
772:commedia dell'arte
750:The Perfume Seller
701:supraorbital ridge
553:
471:
304:La famille Fabergé
256:Holy Roman Emperor
223:
148:Carnival of Venice
40:Carnival of Venice
2339:
2338:
1534:Venice: Pure City
1494:, 2003. Page 132.
1237:Gilles Bertrand,
629:Alessandro Longhi
604:; in background,
379:by Luigi di Como.
308:Ommagio a Venezia
227:Venetian Republic
144:
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16:(Redirected from
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2219:Negros y Blancos
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213:Carnival in
196:
179:
147:
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2061:New Orleans
2022:Quebec City
1986:Switzerland
1924:Netherlands
776:maidservant
745:The Ridotto
722:hood), the
568:to gamble.
419:Dragon Baby
247:Renaissance
199:Middle Ages
113:Inaugurated
93:Location(s)
2346:Categories
2295:Mardi Gras
2246:Las Tablas
2151:Argentina
1979:Santa Cruz
1974:Las Palmas
1759:Indonesia
1413:2017-08-18
1375:2024-05-28
1174:References
1105:In culture
1061:Arlecchino
1047:Arlecchino
565:rose water
513:Mascherari
505:mascherari
334:Luna Park.
260:Francis II
184:Mardi Gras
137:Attendance
2279:Australia
2256:Cajamarca
2192:São Paulo
2077:Caribbean
2039:Vera Cruz
1928:Portugal
1914:Lithuania
1902:Viareggio
1577:"Tabarro"
1150:The song
1029:Pantalone
1023:Pantalone
780:soubrette
767:Colombina
760:Colombina
697:grotesque
610:Pantalone
561:eggshells
525:gold leaf
498:Christmas
494:Ascension
467:satirical
430:Astrostar
407:Luca Zaia
297:Pantegane
283:Luna park
231:Patriarch
229:over the
85:Frequency
2209:Colombia
2171:Bolivia
2109:Dominica
2094:Barbados
2044:Mazatlán
1959:Slovenia
1819:Belgium
1745:Carnival
1658:27 April
1344:Archived
1314:Archived
1162:See also
1099:commedia
1066:commedia
1041:commedia
1017:commedia
1013:commedia
602:tricorne
461:Typical
235:Aquileia
174:ends on
172:Carnival
160:Venetian
88:Annually
79:Carnival
2288:Related
2272:Oceania
2263:Uruguay
2242:Panama
2231:Cayenne
2089:Bahamas
2084:Antigua
2027:Toronto
2013:Canada
1954:Croatia
1932:Madeira
1887:Hungary
1870:Cologne
1865:Germany
1849:France
1845:Finland
1840:England
1835:Denmark
1815:Austria
1783:Sinulog
1773:Jakarta
1350:22 June
1320:22 June
1033:Italian
972:tricorn
909:moretta
879:moretta
857:Moretta
790:to the
720:zendale
716:tabarro
709:tricorn
596:Simple
446:Bologna
251:Baroque
205:History
152:Italian
129:Founder
118: (
103:Country
2238:Guyana
2202:Recife
2182:Brazil
2056:Mobile
2034:México
2017:Ottawa
1998:Turkey
1965:Spain
1944:Slavic
1897:Venice
1882:Greece
1828:Binche
1808:Europe
1768:Jember
1649:
1541:
1514:
1471:
1437:
1007:, the
994:, the
920:visard
826:plague
788:analog
693:gilded
689:baùtta
535:Origin
438:Pesaro
428:2023:
423:Rimini
417:2022:
399:Paguri
382:2018:
375:2017:
364:2016:
349:2015:
338:2014:
328:2013:
323:Oceano
317:2012:
302:2011:
295:2010:
288:2009:
281:2008:
274:2007:
221:, 1750
215:Venice
168:Venice
97:Venice
70:Active
67:Status
2252:Peru
2197:Bahia
2175:Oruro
2165:Murga
2130:Ponce
2124:Nevis
2119:Haiti
1991:Basel
1969:Cádiz
1919:Malta
1907:Ivrea
1892:Italy
1875:Mainz
1858:Paris
1823:Aalst
1093:Zanni
1078:Zanni
1072:Zanni
1009:volto
1005:bauta
996:volto
988:volto
984:volto
976:volto
967:larva
961:volto
952:larva
948:Volto
792:bauta
740:bauta
729:bauta
724:bauta
718:(and
705:bauta
684:bauta
672:bauta
656:bauta
652:bauta
646:, by
627:, by
606:Zanni
598:bauta
580:Bauta
559:were
521:gesso
509:guild
474:Masks
463:masks
389:2019:
217:, by
107:Italy
75:Genre
2104:Cuba
1937:Ovar
1853:Nice
1763:Solo
1753:Asia
1660:2013
1647:ISBN
1563:Baco
1539:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1352:2023
1322:2023
1128:and
1090:The
958:The
925:muta
906:The
832:The
816:The
778:and
764:The
748:and
681:The
612:mask
523:and
188:Lent
146:The
120:1979
116:1979
2187:Rio
1212:CNN
1132:'s
933:by
752:by
608:or
233:of
190:on
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