335:, as the three main contributors to new scholarship on linguistic discourse. Settee noted that this new scholarship on linguistic, cultural and critical political discourse- that establishes "necessary varied theoretical and practical strands" represented "Indigenous world views and methodologies" and integrating storytelling. Settee's PhD literature review discussed "cultural and linguistic knowledge that builds on the work of Cree linguists Ahenakew and Kirkness and the Canadian Indigenous Languages and Literacy Development Institute (CILLDI) at the
317:"Kirkness maintains that language is key to identity, and Aboriginal people are more likely to maintain their identity if governments give the same support to Indigenous languages as they have to French language retention: Language is the principal means whereby culture is accumulated, shared and transmitted from one generation to another. Language expresses the uniqueness of a group's world view."
190:—and then the National Indian Brotherhood where she played a pivotal role in the publication of the two quintessential policy documents, "Wahbung: Our Tomorrows" (1971) and "Indian Control of Indian Education" (1972). "These two major works have shaped First Nations education in Canada for more than 40 years."
288:
Achievement Award for her work in 1994. She has also been awarded the Order of Canada (1998) Order of
Manitoba (2007), Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal (2003) as well as honorary degrees from UBC (1994), University of Western Ontario (1992) and Mount St. Vincent (1990), and the University of Manitoba (2008)."
287:
Kirkness has received numerous awards, including the "Outstanding
Educator of British Columbia award (1990), the Golden Eagle Feather Award from the Professional Native Women's Association and the Canadian Youth Education Excellence Prize as Canada's Educator of the Year. She received the Aboriginal
236:
Kirkness also participated in the development of the landmark 1972 national policy—the first written policy on Indian education—entitled "Indian
Control of Indian Education"—which the Chiefs of the National Indian Brotherhood adopted and then presented to then-Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern
291:
The Verna J. Kirkness
Science and Engineering Education Program at the University of Manitoba, was founded in 2009 in her honour with a mandate to "ncrease the number of First Nations, MĂ©tis and Inuit students graduating from science and engineering programs in Canada." This Program has since been
255:
When
Kirkness joined the faculty at the University of British Columbia in 1981, she was appointed director of the Native teacher education program where she "worked to extend new programs, support services and cultural enrichment to Aboriginal students," providing leadership for the Native Teacher
222:." The federal government proposed that by eliminating "Indian" as a distinct legal status, the resulting equality among all Canadians would help resolve the problems faced by Aboriginal peoples. After opposition from many Aboriginal leaders—including the MIB—the white paper was abandoned in 1970.
163:
With her teaching certificate in 1959, Kirkness began to teach in a residential school. She taught elementary school in the
Manitoba public school system then worked as principal in First Nations schools. While acting as the "first cross-cultural consultant for the Manitoba Department of Education
256:
Education
Program (NITEP) and creating the Ts’kel Graduate Program. Kirkness became the first director of UBC's First Nations House of Learning in 1985 and she was also instrumental in the conception and construction of the First Nations Longhouse which opened on the campus in 1993."
270:
She was also an inspiration and a catalyst for the creation of
Canadian Indigenous Languages and Literacy Development Institute (CILLDI) in 1999.—an intensive annual "summer school for Indigenous language activists, speakers, linguists, and teachers"—hosted at the
126:
scholar, pioneer and lifelong proponent of indigenous language, culture and education who has been influential in
Canadian indigenous education policy and practice. She is an associate professor emeritus at the
265:
198:
Kirkness participated in the development and implementation of the
Manitoba Indian Brotherhood (MIB)'s 1971 position paper entitled "Wahbung: Our Tomorrows"—written in opposition to then-Prime Minister
304:
The title referred to her work at UBC in "terms of access and support to enable Aboriginal students to enter any of the faculties was a way to make space in higher learning." Like the Lakota scholar
1134:
155:
Kirkness graduated from the Manitoba Normal School with a Teaching Certificate in 1959. She completed her B.A (1974), B.Ed. (1976) and Master of Education (1980) at the University of Manitoba.
135:
in 1998. Kirkness had an important impact on Canadian indigenous education policy and practice. She is the author of "numerous books and articles on the history of Indigenous education." The
876:
139:'s Verna J. Kirkness Science and Engineering Education Program was established in 2009 and in November 2013 a native studies colloquium honoured her as a national leader in education.
755:
1184:
1169:
1014:
408:
147:
Kirkness attended a private high school in the 1950s 160 kilometres away from Fisher River with her tuition paid by the Women's Missionary Society of Canada.
1199:
1179:
1164:
1194:
1189:
1174:
892:, Language Issues in Comparative Education Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Non-Dominant Languages and Cultures, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, p. 23,
793:
164:
Curriculum Branch" and Elementary School Supervisor with Frontier School Division from 1967 to 1970, Kirkness launched a language immersion program in
1129:
672:
1124:
1139:
897:
650:
584:
504:
1119:
300:
Kirkness has "written and edited eight books and is published extensively in academic journals" including her 2013 autobiography entitled
275:, Edmonton In her 2008 presentation to the United Nations, Priscilla Settee described how "Cree scholars and language specialists, Dr.
131:
and resides in Winnipeg. Kirkness has received numerous awards for her outstanding contributions spanning five decades including the
1037:
985:
888:
Ball, Jessica; McIvor, Onowa (2013), Benson, Carol; Kosonen, Kimmo (eds.), "Canada's Big Chill: Indigenous Languages in Education",
1204:
865:. Conference of the Canadian Association of Applied Linguistics (CAAL). Indigenous Languages and Reconciliation. Calgary, Alberta
214:
The federal government at the time argued that the Indian Act was discriminatory and that the special legal relationship between
940:
95:
1149:
912:
McEachern, William; Kirkness, Verna (1987). "Teacher Education for Aboriginal Groups: one model and suggested applications".
719:
250:
128:
613:
215:
857:
231:
187:
181:
537:
418:
United Nations Division for Social Policy and Development, Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
673:"Fisher River native an active voice in indigenous education: Verna Kirkness launches book about her experiences"
1159:
119:
35:
218:
and the Canadian state should be dismantled in favour of equality, in accordance with Trudeau's vision of a "
186:
In the early 1970s she was the first education director for the Manitoba Indian Brotherhood—now known as the
1154:
200:
136:
67:
336:
272:
787:
1144:
1114:
332:
1073:
Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove (1988). "Minority education: from shame to struggle". In Cummins, Jim (ed.).
756:"Wahbung: The Position Paper: a return to the Beginning for our Tomorrows: An Elder's Perspective"
327:
In her 2007 doctoral dissertation Patricia Settee identified Kirkness along with Cree scholar Dr.
1082:
1047:
995:
1033:
981:
893:
646:
580:
113:
90:
966:
Ahenakew, F. (1987). Stories of the house people. Winnipeg: The University of Manitoba Press
921:
727:
238:
204:
169:
1094:
1059:
1007:
374:
308:, Verna argued that "Aboriginal history, values, and knowledge are not just for Natives."
132:
109:
85:
328:
276:
1108:
792:
Department of Adult Education, Community Development and Counselling Psychology, The
165:
454:
1028:
Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove (1984). "Bilingualism or not - the education of minorities".
574:
505:"Native studies colloquium honours national leader in education: Verna J. Kirkness"
305:
219:
798:, National Indian Brotherhood Releases Indian Control of Indian Education, Ontario
835:
455:"Verna J. Kirkness Science and Engineering Education Program Board of Directors"
945:
209:
925:
845:, Nurturing Native Languages, Flagstaff, Arizona, Northern Arizona University
615:
A Personal History of Indigenous Education: Verna Kirkness's Creating Space
978:
Linguistic genocide in education? or worldwide diversity and human rights?
279:
and Dr. Verna Kirkness ... helped inspire the development of the CILLDI."
512:
462:
260:
Canadian Indigenous Languages and Literacy Development Institute (CILLDI)
731:
754:
Courchene (Nh Gaani Aki mini—Leading Earth Man), Dave (October 1971),
941:"Review of Creating Space: My Life and Work in Indigenous Education"
836:"Preparing Indigenous language advocates, teachers, and researchers"
547:
Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Saskatchewan
576:
Review of Creating Space: My Life and Work in Indigenous Education
859:
Towards A Living Digital Archive of Canadian Indigenous Languages
266:
Canadian Indigenous Languages and Literacy Development Institute
123:
834:
Blair, Heather A.; Paskemin, Donna; Laderoute, Barbara (2003),
416:. International expert group meeting on indigenous languages.
539:
Pimatisiwin: Indigenous knowledge systems: our time has come
607:
605:
603:
568:
566:
564:
302:
Creating Space: My Life and Work in Indigenous Education.
713:
711:
643:
Creating Space: My Life and Work in Indigenous Education
549:(PhD dissertation). Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. p. 288
818:
National Indian Brotherhood/Assembly of First Nations
1135:
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
816:"Indian Control of Indian Education: Policy Paper",
636:
634:
632:
515:, Manitoba, University of Manitoba, November 6, 2013
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
81:
73:
63:
51:
43:
28:
21:
763:Anishnabe Nation, Eagle Clan Sagkeeng First Nation
499:
531:
529:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
410:Native Languages Supporting Indigenous Knowledge
402:
400:
398:
749:
747:
696:
694:
666:
664:
662:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
315:
877:Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences
856:Rice, Sally; Thunder, Dorothy (May 30, 2016).
292:expanded to other universities across Canada.
16:Cree scholar and indigenous language proponent
829:
827:
645:. University of Manitoba Press. p. 208.
579:. University of Manitoba Press. p. 208.
8:
781:
779:
794:Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
331:(1999) and Finnish linguist and educator,
18:
1185:21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers
1170:20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
720:"Wahbung: Our Tomorrows – 37 Years Later"
407:Settee, Priscilla (January 8–10, 2008).
322:Kirkness 1998:4 cited in Settee 2007:107
1013:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
382:University of British Columbia Archives
348:
1090:
1080:
1055:
1045:
1003:
993:
796:of the University of Toronto (OISE/UT)
788:"Selected Moments of the 20th Century"
420:. No. PFII/2008/EGM1/13. New York
765:(published April 16, 2012), p. 8
7:
671:Ratuski, Andrea (October 10, 2013).
207:which proposed the abolition of the
1200:Indigenous Canadian women academics
1180:21st-century Canadian women writers
1165:20th-century Canadian women writers
641:Kirkness, Verna J. (October 2013).
1195:Canadian women non-fiction writers
1190:21st-century First Nations writers
1175:20th-century First Nations writers
786:Schugurensky, Daniel, ed. (1972),
14:
980:. Mahwah, New Jersey and London.
914:Journal of Education for Teaching
612:Fish, Daniel (January 14, 2014),
1130:Members of the Order of Manitoba
536:Settee, Priscilla (April 2007).
373:Hives, Christopher, ed. (2012),
939:Marker, Michael (Winter 2015),
1125:Members of the Order of Canada
976:Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove (2000).
251:University of British Columbia
245:University of British Columbia
129:University of British Columbia
77:University of British Columbia
1:
1140:University of Manitoba alumni
843:The Indian Tribes of Manitoba
384:, Vancouver, British Columbia
172:in several Manitoba schools.
96:Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal
1120:First Nations women writers
232:National Indian Brotherhood
226:National Indian Brotherhood
188:Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs
182:Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs
176:Manitoba Indian Brotherhood
1221:
263:
248:
229:
179:
59:Master of Education (1980)
618:, Toronto Review of Books
573:Kirkness, Verna J. (nd).
375:"Verna J. Kirkness fonds"
1032:. Multilingual Matters.
926:10.1080/0260747870130203
718:Kirkness, Verna (2008),
120:Fisher River Cree Nation
36:Fisher River Cree Nation
1205:First Nations academics
241:—on December 21, 1972.
702:Wahbung: Our Tomorrows
459:University of Manitoba
325:
201:Pierre Elliott Trudeau
194:Wahbung: Our Tomorrows
137:University of Manitoba
68:University of Manitoba
1150:Writers from Manitoba
875:Held during the 2016
337:University of Alberta
273:University of Alberta
1075:Multilingual Matters
1030:Multilingual Matters
679:. Winnipeg, Manitoba
333:Tove Skutnabb-Kangas
312:Linguistic discourse
105:Verna Jane Kirkness
23:Verna Jane Kirkness
732:10.14288/1.0103056
283:Awards and honours
216:Aboriginal peoples
899:978-94-6209-218-1
726:, Vancouver, BC,
652:978-0-88755-743-9
586:978-0-88755-743-9
122:, Manitoba) is a
102:
101:
91:Order of Manitoba
1212:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1001:
999:
991:
973:
967:
964:
958:
957:
956:
954:
936:
930:
929:
909:
903:
902:
890:Sense Publishers
885:
879:
874:
872:
870:
864:
853:
847:
846:
840:
831:
822:
821:
813:
807:
806:
805:
803:
783:
774:
773:
772:
770:
760:
751:
742:
741:
740:
738:
724:UBC Open Library
715:
706:
705:
698:
689:
688:
686:
684:
668:
657:
656:
638:
627:
626:
625:
623:
609:
598:
597:
595:
593:
570:
559:
558:
556:
554:
544:
533:
524:
523:
522:
520:
501:
474:
473:
472:
470:
451:
430:
429:
427:
425:
415:
404:
393:
392:
391:
389:
379:
370:
323:
205:1969 White Paper
117:
19:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1160:Indspire Awards
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1089:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1054:
1044:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
988:
975:
974:
970:
965:
961:
952:
950:
938:
937:
933:
911:
910:
906:
900:
887:
886:
882:
868:
866:
862:
855:
854:
850:
838:
833:
832:
825:
815:
814:
810:
801:
799:
785:
784:
777:
768:
766:
758:
753:
752:
745:
736:
734:
717:
716:
709:
700:
699:
692:
682:
680:
670:
669:
660:
653:
640:
639:
630:
621:
619:
611:
610:
601:
591:
589:
587:
572:
571:
562:
552:
550:
542:
535:
534:
527:
518:
516:
503:
502:
477:
468:
466:
453:
452:
433:
423:
421:
413:
406:
405:
396:
387:
385:
377:
372:
371:
350:
345:
324:
321:
314:
298:
285:
268:
262:
253:
247:
234:
228:
196:
184:
178:
161:
153:
145:
133:Order of Canada
108:
94:
89:
86:Order of Canada
64:Alma mater
58:
56:
39:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1077:. p. 410.
1065:
1038:
1020:
986:
968:
959:
931:
904:
898:
880:
848:
823:
808:
775:
743:
707:
704:, October 1971
690:
658:
651:
628:
599:
585:
560:
525:
475:
465:, Manitoba, nd
431:
394:
347:
346:
344:
341:
329:Freda Ahenakew
319:
313:
310:
297:
294:
284:
281:
277:Freda Ahenakew
264:Main article:
261:
258:
249:Main article:
246:
243:
230:Main article:
227:
224:
195:
192:
180:Main article:
177:
174:
160:
157:
152:
149:
144:
141:
118:(born 1935 in
100:
99:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
34:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1217:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Living people
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1096:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1049:
1041:
1039:0-905028-17-1
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1009:
997:
989:
987:0-8058-3468-0
983:
979:
972:
969:
963:
960:
948:
947:
942:
935:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
905:
901:
895:
891:
884:
881:
878:
861:
860:
852:
849:
844:
837:
830:
828:
824:
819:
812:
809:
797:
795:
789:
782:
780:
776:
764:
757:
750:
748:
744:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
712:
708:
703:
697:
695:
691:
678:
674:
667:
665:
663:
659:
654:
648:
644:
637:
635:
633:
629:
617:
616:
608:
606:
604:
600:
588:
582:
578:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
548:
541:
540:
532:
530:
526:
514:
510:
509:UM Today News
506:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
476:
464:
460:
456:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
432:
419:
412:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
383:
376:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
349:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
318:
311:
309:
307:
303:
295:
293:
289:
282:
280:
278:
274:
267:
259:
257:
252:
244:
242:
240:
239:Jean Chrétien
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
211:
206:
202:
193:
191:
189:
183:
175:
173:
171:
167:
158:
156:
150:
148:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
115:
111:
106:
97:
92:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
57:B.Ed. (1976)
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
31:
27:
20:
1074:
1068:
1029:
1023:
977:
971:
962:
951:, retrieved
944:
934:
917:
913:
907:
889:
883:
867:. Retrieved
858:
851:
842:
817:
811:
800:, retrieved
791:
767:, retrieved
762:
735:, retrieved
723:
701:
681:. Retrieved
676:
642:
620:, retrieved
614:
590:. Retrieved
575:
551:. Retrieved
546:
538:
517:, retrieved
508:
467:, retrieved
458:
422:. Retrieved
417:
409:
386:, retrieved
381:
326:
316:
306:Vine Deloria
301:
299:
296:Publications
290:
286:
269:
254:
237:Development—
235:
220:just society
208:
197:
185:
162:
154:
146:
104:
103:
1145:Cree people
1115:1935 births
1091:|work=
1056:|work=
1004:|work=
143:Early years
44:Nationality
1109:Categories
946:BC Studies
343:References
210:Indian Act
55:B.A (1974)
38:, Manitoba
1093:ignored (
1083:cite book
1058:ignored (
1048:cite book
1006:ignored (
996:cite book
920:(2): 12.
151:Education
52:Education
953:July 13,
869:July 11,
802:July 13,
769:July 13,
737:July 13,
683:July 13,
677:CBC News
622:July 13,
592:July 13,
553:July 14,
519:July 13,
513:Winnipeg
469:July 13,
463:Winnipeg
424:July 13,
388:July 13,
320:—
74:Employer
47:Canadian
93:(2007),
88:(1998),
1036:
984:
896:
820:, 1972
649:
583:
170:Ojibwa
159:Career
98:(2003)
82:Awards
949:(184)
863:(PDF)
839:(PDF)
759:(PDF)
543:(PDF)
414:(PDF)
378:(PDF)
116:
112:
1095:help
1060:help
1034:ISBN
1015:link
1008:help
982:ISBN
955:2016
894:ISBN
871:2016
804:2016
771:2016
739:2016
685:2016
647:ISBN
624:2016
594:2016
581:ISBN
555:2016
521:2016
471:2016
426:2016
390:2016
168:and
166:Cree
124:Cree
32:1935
29:Born
922:doi
728:doi
203:'s
1111::
1087::
1085:}}
1081:{{
1052::
1050:}}
1046:{{
1000::
998:}}
994:{{
943:,
918:13
916:.
841:,
826:^
790:,
778:^
761:,
746:^
722:,
710:^
693:^
675:.
661:^
631:^
602:^
563:^
545:.
528:^
511:,
507:,
478:^
461:,
457:,
434:^
397:^
380:,
351:^
339:.
114:OM
110:CM
107:,
1097:)
1062:)
1042:.
1017:)
1010:)
990:.
928:.
924::
873:.
730::
687:.
655:.
596:.
557:.
428:.
212:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.