384:"Alfred Volkmann (1863). Physiological Investigations in the Field of Optics (Physiologische Untersuchungen im Gebiete der Optik). Partial translation and Commentary; Supplement to Strasburger, H.; Huber, J.; Rose, D. (2018). "Ewald Hering (1899) On the Limits of Visual Acuity"
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335:"Ewald Hering (1899) On the Limits of Visual Acuity: A Translation and Commentary. With a Supplement on Alfred Volkmann (1863) Physiological Investigations in the Field of Optics"
81:. Vernier acuity develops rapidly during infancy and continues to slowly develop throughout childhood. At approximately three to twelve months old, it surpasses grating acuity in
73:) acuity is the smallest visible offset between the stimuli that can be detected. Because the disalignments are often much smaller than the diameter and spacing of
20:
Animated vernier scale (“Nonius”): The lower rectangle is divided into 10 sections but is equal in length to 9 sections in the upper scale. It is used, e.g., in a
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Ian P. Howard Center for Vision
Research York University; Brian J. Rogers Department of Experimental Psychology Oxford University (30 November 1995).
77:, vernier acuity requires neural processing and "pooling" to detect it. Because vernier acuity exceeds acuity by far, the phenomenon has been termed
567:
Norcia, A.M.; Wesemann, W.; Manny, R.E. (1999). "Electrophysiological correlates of vernier and relative motion mechanisms in human visual cortex".
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Vernier measures in infants and non-verbal children can be done using the preferential-looking technique or by electrophysiological techniques.
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Vernier acuity is measured by asking participants to judge the offset between two parallel line segments with both eyes (
47:– that measures the ability to discern a disalignment among two line segments or gratings. A subject's vernier (IPA:
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Shimojo, S.; Birch, E.E.; Gwiazda, J.; Held, R. (1984). "Development of vernier acuity in infants".
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Visual
Impairment in Children due to Damage to the Brain: Clinics in Developmental Medicine
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vision in humans. However, vernier acuity decreases more quickly than grating acuity in
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Westheimer G, McKee SP (1978). "Stereoscopic acuity for moving retinal images".
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Visual
Development, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Pediatric Patient
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284:"Peripheral vision and pattern recognition: a review"
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Strasburger, H.; Rentschler, I.; Jüttner, M. (2011).
202:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 36–48.
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Strasburger, Hans; Huber, Jörg; Rose, David (2018).
104:, but is subject to practice effects and changes in
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Vernier acuity is resistant to defocus, motion, and
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in 1863 and results by Ernst Anton Wülfing in 1892.
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176:Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
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503:. Oxford University Press. p. 180.
89:. Vernier acuity was first explained by
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234:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 80.
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93:in 1899, based on earlier data by
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124:) or with each eye individually (
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500:Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
172:"Visual acuity and hyperacuity"
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108:. After training, observers'
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170:Westheimer, Gerald (1975).
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196:Robert H. Duckman (2006).
35:", named after astronomer
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437:Zeitschrift für Biologie
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261:. Elsevier. p. 95.
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394:(3): 204166951876367.
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43:– more precisely of
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146:Stereoscopic acuity
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622:Visual perception
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288:Journal of Vision
268:978-0-08-086740-3
241:978-1-898683-86-5
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