318:, the term "stem" is used for the part of the word that never changes, even morphologically, when inflected, and a lemma is the base form of the word. For example, given the word "produced", its lemma (linguistics) is "produce", but the stem is "produc-" because of the inflected form "producing".
291:, the stem is usually not distinct from the "normal" form of the word (the lemma, citation, or dictionary form). However, in other languages, word stems may rarely or never occur on their own. For example, the English verb stem
307:) and always appears in actual speech as a non-finite (infinitive or participle) or conjugated form. Such morphemes that cannot occur on their own in this way are usually referred to as
649:
Historically, the difference in stems arose due to sound changes in the nominative. In the Latin third declension, for example, the nominative singular suffix
418:(Latin) or -ος (Greek) to the oblique stem, and the genitive singular is conventionally listed in Greek and Latin dictionaries to illustrate the oblique.
837:
804:
908:
587:
573:
315:
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is indistinguishable from its present tense form (except in the third person singular). However, the equivalent
729:
110:
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724:
326:
A list of all the inflected forms of a word stem is called its inflectional paradigm. The paradigm of the
207:
102:
559:
545:
244:(infinitive, imperative, present subjunctive, and present indicative except in the 3rd-person singular)
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794:
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403:
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288:
284:
734:
106:
55:
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The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Indo-European Roots Appendix
345:
Some paradigms do not make use of the same stem throughout; this phenomenon is called
82:, where it can be modified according to morphological rules or peculiarities, such as
897:
391:
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639:
621:
463:
31:
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346:
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47:
889:
Searchable reference for word stems including affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
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446:
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English words derived from Latin or Greek often involve the oblique stem:
303:
never appears as such because it is cited with the infinitive inflection (
744:
702:
411:
399:
134:
94:
51:
17:
497:
349:. An example of a suppletive paradigm is the paradigm for the adjective
90:
857:
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109:. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the
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singular cases. Such words belong to, respectively, the so-called
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693:
before the nominative ending was also lost, producing pairs like
387:
227:
39:
888:
653:
is combined with a stem-final consonant. If that consonant was
237:: it is the part that is common to all its inflected variants.
426:
341:
tall (positive); taller (comparative); tallest (superlative)
799:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 124.
365:
good (positive); better (comparative); best (superlative)
163:, it can not be attached to the root within it to form
147:(which some linguists call a stem, too), the new word
46:
meaning. Typically, a stem remains unmodified during
121:that cannot appear on its own and that carries the
333:is given below, and the stem of this adjective is
283:In languages with very little inflection, such as
27:Part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning
250:s (3rd person singular simple present indicative)
99:comparative philology and comparative linguistics
874:Williams, Edwin and Anna-Maria DiScullio (1987)
410:of the Ancient Greek grammar. For example, the
93:between word stems and roots within and across
661:(a mere orthographic change), while if it was
226:(examples of compound verbs). The stem of the
199:, on the other hand, is not part of the stem.
8:
65:
59:
871:. Georgetown University Press; 2nd edition.
832:. Cambridge University Press. p. 248.
677:. If the stem-final consonant was another
179:unable to stand alone) is the root of the
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430:
202:Stem may either consist of a root (e.g.
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406:of the Latin grammar and the so-called
745:Stemming algorithms (computer science)
171:variants are formed. For example, the
167:. A stem is a base from which all its
7:
273:Citation forms and bound morphemes
25:
869:Introducing Linguistic Morphology
218:(examples of compound nouns) or
117:, for example, a verb stem is a
113:of the language in question. In
864:, Glossary of Linguistic Terms.
796:The 'language instinct' debate
1:
414:singular is formed by adding
390:uses a different stem in the
183:, while the stem consists of
70:("in the city"); in English,
876:On the definition of a word.
775:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
769:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
50:with few exceptions due to
925:
276:
151:was synthesized. While an
316:computational linguistics
89:Uncovering and analyzing
878:Cambridge MA, MIT Press.
730:Morphology (linguistics)
685:), it elided before the
353:: its stem changes from
322:Paradigms and suppletion
268:ing (present participle)
909:Linguistics terminology
725:Morphological typology
357:to the bound morpheme
115:Athabaskan linguistics
66:
60:
867:Bauer, Laurie (2003)
826:Paul Kroeger (2005).
673:, again resulting in
596:μαθήματ- (mathḗmat-)
518:equipment, furniture
386:(inflection) of some
103:determine the history
262:ed (past participle)
42:responsible for its
155:can be attached to
791:Paul Martin Postal
740:Root (linguistics)
715:Lemma (morphology)
689:. In a later era,
679:alveolar consonant
582:κάλπιδ- (kálpid-)
279:Lemma (morphology)
862:SIL International
839:978-0-521-81622-9
829:Analyzing grammar
806:978-0-8264-7385-1
657:, the result was
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133:By attaching the
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206:) alone or a
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129:Root vs stem
97:has allowed
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534:Greek word
434:Latin word
224:standardize
165:friendsship
161:friendships
32:linguistics
898:Categories
845:2009-07-21
812:2009-07-21
756:References
590:(máthēma)
473:altitudin-
396:nominative
384:declension
347:suppletion
299:verb stem
216:bottleneck
210:, such as
157:friendship
149:friendship
111:morphology
48:inflection
904:Morphemes
623:altitudin
593:learning
576:(kálpis)
328:adjective
169:inflected
142:root word
95:languages
91:cognation
67:w mieść-e
36:word stem
18:Verb stem
793:(2005).
709:See also
703:Atlantic
641:mathemat
537:meaning
514:supellex
486:pointer
464:altitudo
437:meaning
422:Examples
412:genitive
400:vocative
374:Both in
212:meatball
159:to form
135:morpheme
52:apophony
683:t, d, r
671:devoice
562:(anḗr)
548:(ánax)
469:height
297:Spanish
289:Chinese
285:English
231:to wait
220:blacken
173:stabil-
140:to the
61:miast-o
44:lexical
836:
803:
720:Lexeme
665:, the
637:, and
602:
588:μάθημα
574:κάλπις
490:indic-
382:, the
305:correr
195:. The
177:stable
145:friend
84:sandhi
78:, and
56:Polish
699:Atlas
551:lord
481:index
456:adip-
447:adeps
388:nouns
380:Greek
378:and
376:Latin
301:corr-
197:-(e)d
138:-ship
834:ISBN
801:ISBN
632:andr
614:adip
579:jug
565:man
560:ἀνήρ
546:ἄναξ
507:reg-
452:fat
398:and
359:bet-
355:good
351:good
335:tall
331:tall
287:and
266:wait
260:wait
254:wait
248:wait
242:wait
235:wait
228:verb
222:and
214:and
193:-ize
191:and
123:tone
119:root
80:sung
76:sang
72:sing
40:word
34:, a
705:).
643:ics
634:oid
616:ose
498:rex
416:-is
314:In
293:run
233:is
204:run
189:de-
101:to
30:In
900::
860:–
789:;
701:,
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651:-s
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628:,
625:al
619:,
361:.
337:.
311:.
86:)
74:,
58:,
848:.
815:.
691:n
681:(
675:x
663:g
659:x
655:c
153:s
20:)
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