1188:
29:
883:
954:
2600:
2588:
477:
797:
65:
1057:(again, Parwez meaning 'ever-victorious'). Similarly, boar and eagle heads on caps crown the heads of princes. Boar figures are widespread in Sasanian art, appearing in everything from textiles to stucco and in silver ornaments, coins, and seals. Other animal motifs have been found that recall the aspects of Bahram (see the ten forms of Bahram
736:
begins with an enumeration of the ten forms in which the divinity appears: As an impetuous wind (14.2-5); as an armed warrior (14.27) and as an adolescent of fifteen (14.17); and in the remaining seven forms as animals: a bull with horns of gold (14.7); a white horse with ears and a muzzle of gold
1362:
clearly point to the pre-Zoroastrian era, the interpretation of proper names is "highly conjectural", and "in no case do we get a decisive argument against their Indo-Aryan or old Indic character" Adopting "the exact linguistic and exegetic analysis" of
Benveniste and Renou, Thieme concludes
1026:
That Bahram was considered the patron divinity of travelers is perhaps reflected by the life-size rock sculpture of the divinity on the main highway at
Behistun. There Bahram reclines with a goblet in his hand, a club at his feet, and a lion-skin beneath him.
988:, 15.2.14). That this was Bahramb / Verethragna is unlikely if, as per Strabo, he was their "only god." However, the account does reveal that divinities of war were known to the people who were not of the Iranian plateau, evidence for which also comes from
1199:
The interpretation of the divinity was once one of the more widely debated fields in
Zoroastrian scholarship since the theories of origin reflected a radical revolution in ethical, moral and religious values.
1187:
933:
as the name of the most sacred class of fires is a confusion of the adjectival "Victorious Fire" with "Fire of Bahram" The former is the way it appears in Middle
Persian inscriptions such as the
741:, 14.19-21); a ram (14.23); and a wild goat (14.25). Many of these incarnations are also shared with other divinities, for instance, the youth, the bull and the horse are also attributed to
1341:
However, as
Benveniste and Renou demonstrated, many of the objections to the first theory could be negated if the evidence were reviewed in light of the fact that the principal feature of
1038:
and the king. There, he has a lion's skin in his left hand and brandishes a club in his right. The other small figure – who appears to be paying homage to Bahram – is the future king
1303:
Attempts to resolve these objections led to the development of another theory, in which, in addition to the pre-historical divinity of victory, there was also a dragon-slaying hero
722:
14.1), the "best equipped with might" (14.13), with "effervescent glory" (14.3), has "conquering superiority" (14.64), and is in constant battle with men and daemons (14.4, 14.62).
1375:
is the name of Indra only in the later
Sanskrit texts (but not in the Rig Veda), Thieme adds "there is no valid justification for supposing that the Proto-Aryan adjective
505:
718:
14, the hymn of praise to
Verethragna, "though ill-preserved, contains what seem very archaic elements". There, Verethragna is described as "the most highly armed" (
2214:
1591:
Proceedings of the Second
European Conference of Iranian Studies: Held in Bamberg, 30th September to 4th October 1991, by the Societas Iranologica Europaea
563:
of "victory", and "as a giver of victory
Verethragna plainly enjoyed the greatest popularity of old." In Zoroastrian Middle Persian, Verethragna became
1211:
where it appeared "preponderantly a qualification of Indra", Zoroastrians and Hindus accept that in Indo-Iranian times there existed the warrior god
2063:
1307:. Then, while the Iranians retained the figures independently of one another, the Indians conflated the two (leaving an echo in the character of
581:. In Vedic literature, Vrtrahan is predominantly an epithet used for Indra after he defeated Vrtra. Vrtrahan literally means "slayer of Vrtra."
28:
577:
The Proto-Aryan adjective *vrtraghan, which corresponds to the
Avestan noun Verethragna, also has an etymological cognate in Vedic Sanskrit -
1708:
1566:
1539:
1512:
945:. Gnoli attributes the change to natural misunderstanding "abetted in Islamic times by a progressive decay in Zoroastrian priestly teaching"
728:
is not exclusively associated with military might and victory. So, for instance, he is connected with sexual potency and "confers virility" (
2054:
Une encyclopédie mazdéenne: le Dēnkart. Quatre conférences données à l'Université de Paris sous les auspices de la fondation Ratanbai Katrak
788:
14 led Ilya Gershevitch to identify Dāmōiš Upamana – a boar in the Avestan hymn to Mithra – to be an alter-ego of Verethragna.
498:
882:
781:
also appear in hymns dedicated to other divinities, but it is rarely possible to determine in which direction those sections were copied.
1045:
Bahram also appears as wings, or as a bird of prey, in the crowns of the Sasanian kings. This iconography first appears in the crown of
427:
2207:
2164:
2136:
2101:
1976:
1954:
1319:
1242:(which, for the virtue of 'Azi' being cognate with Sanskrit 'Ahi', snake, is – by proponents of the theory - associated with Vedic
491:
1020:
800:
1444:
21.6) Boyce adds that it is preferable to see individual developments rather than elements inherited from a different past.
2631:
2200:
457:
437:
1219:
might be analogous to that divine figure. The Sanskrit cognate of Verethragna is Vritraghna, which is an epithet for
2010:
1986:
1164:
1156:
680:
2636:
2183:
1358:
Paul Thieme agreed with this principal feature, but clarified that while the wealth of archaic elements in the
560:
2604:
412:
48:
1019:. This syncretism is well attested in statuary and iconography, most notably in that of the inscription of
687:
175:
2510:
2043:
2028:
462:
365:
1826:
2223:
849:
417:
360:
2523:
2381:
2386:
2174:
387:
2543:
220:
2538:
2080:
1030:
In the early Sasanian period Bahram is still represented as the Greek Heracles. In the relief of
853:
585:
300:
230:
2528:
2160:
2132:
2097:
2014:
1972:
1950:
1704:
1562:
1535:
1529:
1508:
1502:
1230:
But western scholars oppose this identification: In the Avesta, it is the hero warrior-priest
981:
953:
644:
625:
2558:
1698:
2626:
2495:
2447:
2351:
2311:
2276:
2227:
2072:
2002:
1811:
1334:'s invocation of all three as protectors of contract, again, not a property associated with
1061:, above). The bird motif on Sasanian-era fire altars are also believed to represent Bahram.
612:
526:
392:
215:
210:
2341:
1643:
2592:
2427:
2256:
2120:
1192:
1070:
996:
899:
808:
481:
1262:, but is also a property of a number of other figures, both divine and mortal, including
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2457:
2422:
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2261:
315:
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200:
56:
2620:
2361:
2178:
2125:
1323:
1136:
957:
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845:
432:
225:
130:
1003:(250 BCE–226 CE), that is, in the Empires influenced by Hellenic culture,
1271:
1034:
at Naqs-e Rajab III, Bahram appears as one of the two smaller figures between
887:
872:
320:
305:
265:
195:
190:
155:
1416:
It remains unclear why those two and not any other Azi, or for that matter, Vedic
796:
559:, 'victorious'. Representing this concept is the divinity Verethragna, who is the
2038:
1586:
1556:
2518:
2490:
2306:
2241:
1131:
1035:
812:
541:
350:
205:
80:
2587:
2192:
914:
is both the god of war and the name of the red planet. (see also: "Fatalistic"
476:
2566:
2246:
1964:
1429:
1144:
1118:
1100:
1054:
1031:
961:
820:
751:, another member of the Zoroastrian pantheon associated with martial victory.
669:
295:
185:
95:
34:
2018:
906:
was named Bahram. Zaehner attributes this to the syncretic influences of the
2346:
1110:
1090:
1046:
989:
915:
747:
345:
340:
105:
85:
64:
2032:. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 510–513.
2553:
2548:
2475:
2467:
2417:
2402:
2331:
2301:
2271:
2061:
Thieme, Paul (Oct–Dec 1960). "The 'Aryan' gods of the Mitanni treaties".
1331:
1258:
and other non-divine figures. The term "victorious" is not restricted to
1232:
1123:
1085:
1077:
1049:
which also bears the name of the divinity. A similar image is adopted by
1039:
1012:
977:
816:
742:
694:
250:
245:
150:
2533:
2412:
2266:
1477:; it may just as well mean that Vedic Indra has replaced a Proto-Aryan
1453:
Since "Vedic Indra must be distinguished from a presumable Proto-Aryan
1195:, symbol of the Mazdean god of victory Verethragna. 6th-7th century CE.
1050:
1000:
907:
871:, effectively giving him the high rank for his success in driving back
662:
574:, from which Vahram, Vehram, Bahram, Behram and other variants derive.
370:
290:
270:
110:
2084:
1465:
is the equivalent of the Vedic Indra in his role as the helper of the
1246:). One Western scholar claims that, in the Vedas, the epithet 'hero' (
856:(648–330 BCE), the twentieth day of the month is dedicated to Bahram (
732:
14.29), has the "ability to heal" (14.3) and "renders wonderful". The
2485:
2480:
2452:
2432:
2366:
2326:
2321:
2316:
1593:. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente (published 1995).
1397:
1327:
1297:
1243:
1238:
1224:
1163:. There were a number of ancient Persian and Zoroastrian titles, and
973:
934:
911:
770:
761:
676:
665:
595:
422:
380:
375:
235:
180:
135:
972:
The only evidence of a cult appears in the first century account of
737:(14.9); a camel in heat (14.11-13); a boar (14.15); a bird of prey (
2076:
1722:
1720:
1282:
is attributed with being the "inventor of medicine". In the Vedas,
2500:
2371:
2356:
2026:
Gnoli, Gherardo (1989). "Bahram in old and middle Iranian texts".
1528:
Stewart, Sarah; Williams, Alan; Hintze, Almut (16 February 2016).
1392:
1288:
1275:
1220:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1160:
952:
881:
836:
In the Zoroastrian hierarchy of divinities, Bahram is a helper of
795:
714:
683:
578:
255:
240:
145:
140:
2442:
2437:
2407:
2286:
2281:
2251:
1531:
The Zoroastrian Flame: Exploring Religion, History and Tradition
1350:
1008:
928:
903:
891:
824:
690:
100:
90:
2196:
1330:. That again raises more questions since the treaties echo the
2376:
2296:
1700:
Beyond Alexandria: Literature and Empire in the Seleucid World
1314:
This theory too had its problems, in particular the fact that
1345:
was not to slay noxious creatures but to overcome obstacles (
661:
is highly complex, parallels have also been drawn between,
2177:(1880). "Marvels of Zoroastrianism: The Bahman Yasht". In
1971:. Vol. II, Under the Achamenians. Leiden, NL: Brill.
584:
The name and, to some extent, the deity was borrowed into
1840:
1838:
1504:
Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object
1318:
was already evidently a divine figure, and not a man, in
941:, while the latter is what is now understood by the term
1879:
1877:
633:
1614:
1612:
1558:
The Dragon in Medieval East Christian and Islamic Art
1436:
is specifically named as a demon in both the Avesta (
1223:
in Vedic literature, and he too is the destroyer of "
619:
1949:. Vol. I, The early period. Leiden, NL: Brill.
811:
governor in 148 BCE. Some have interpreted it as an
569:
564:
2509:
2466:
2395:
2234:
1440:10.9) and also in later middle Persian texts (e.g.
1053:(whose name also means 'victorious') as well as by
898:In the astronomical and calendrical reforms of the
21:
2124:
1798:
1585:Fragner, Bert G. (30 September – 4 October 1991).
1501:Fleming, Benjamin; Mann, Richard (26 March 2014).
803:, dedicated in the name of "Herakles Kallinikos" (
606:
601:
593:
588:
2159:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1227:", an Asura whose name literally means obstacle.
1703:. Oxford University Press. p. 75, note 26.
890:relief carving of Bahram (Nergal) from Hatra in
745:. Likewise, the bird, the camel and the wind to
1868:
1856:
1457:" "we may go so far as to say that the Avestan
1367:has assumed the functions of a Proto-Aryan god
926:According to Boyce, the present-day expression
784:The identification of Verethragna as a boar in
1274:, in the Avesta, it is humans who first press
1207:('victorious') had a corresponding Vedic term
652:
647:
638:
628:
2208:
2047:. Vol. III, Fasc. 5, pages 510–514.
1936:Benveniste, Émile & Renou, Louis (1934).
1726:
910:astral-theological system, where Babylonian
535:
499:
8:
2131:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
1250:) is itself almost exclusively reserved for
1175:names, possibly alluding to the role of the
2187:. Vol. 5. Oxford, UK: Oxford U. Press.
1660:
1355:, the waters, the holiest of the elements.
1023:, in which all three names occur together.
2215:
2201:
2193:
2056:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
1997:] (in French). Bombay, IN: Tata Press.
1738:
506:
492:
63:
43:
27:
1461:in his role as the fighting companion of
565:
2064:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1349:), in particular to unblock the flow of
1203:Primarily because the Avestan adjective
976:, who reports, probably on authority of
33:Orlagno (Verethragna) on the coinage of
1762:
1493:
1409:
1254:, while in the Avesta it is applied to
1179:being a victorious military commander.
1155:In his famous book, Al-Najm Al-Thaqib,
848:responsible for the luminaries. In the
807:, "Hercules glorious in victory") by a
55:
2037:Gnoli, Gherardo; Jamzadeh, P. (1988).
1907:
1895:
1883:
1630:
1534:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 184.
1469:. This does not necessarily mean that
1097:274–293. Son and successor of Bahram I
867:is especially venerated as one of the
18:
2150:. Frankfurt am Main, DE: Klostermann.
1919:
1844:
1786:
1774:
1750:
1684:
1672:
1618:
1603:
1573:With a foreword by Robert Hillenbrand
1322:, where he appears in the company of
894:, dating to the 1st or 2nd century AD
7:
629:
1473:has taken the place of Proto-Aryan
1107:293. Son and successor of Bahram II
530:
428:Zoroastrianism in the United States
1940:. Paris, FR: Imprimerie Nationale.
1648:British Museum (britishmuseum.org)
1058:
984:worshipped a divinity of victory (
863:In the later middle Persian texts
14:
2092:Zaehner, Richard Charles (1955).
1432:draws attention to the fact that
1266:. Then, while in the Vedas it is
815:-era depiction of Verethragna as
2599:
2598:
2586:
2052:de Menasce, Jean-Pierre (1958).
1379:was specifically connected with
777:10.70). Several sections of the
475:
648:
16:Zoroastrian divinity of Victory
1831:. New York, Crown. p. 89.
1383:or any other particular god."
1130:420–438. Son and successor of
1117:388–399. Son and successor of
1084:271–274. Son and successor of
1021:Antiochus I Theos of Commagene
922:In the name of a class of fire
801:Statue of Hercules in Behistun
1:
2094:Zurvan, a Zoroastrian dilemma
1869:Benveniste & Renou (1934)
1857:Benveniste & Renou (1934)
1991:La religion de l'Iran ancien
1697:Visscher, Marijn S. (2020).
1555:Kuehn, Sara (12 July 2011).
832:In the Zoroastrian hierarchy
769:is a principal companion of
653:
639:
634:
620:
607:
594:
570:
1727:Gnoli & Jamzadeh (1988)
1069:Bahram was the name of six
1015:, and given the Greek name
852:instituted during the late
536:
458:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
438:Persecution of Zoroastrians
2653:
2127:The destiny of the warrior
2011:Cambridge University Press
2007:The Avestan Hymn to Mithra
1825:Rowland, Benjamin (1975).
1587:"[no title cited]"
1507:. Routledge. p. 433.
1157:Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi
840:(Avestan, middle Persian:
602:
589:
2580:
2096:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
1969:History of Zoroastrianism
1947:History of Zoroastrianism
1799:Duchesne-Guillemin (1973)
902:(224-651 CE), the planet
26:
2184:Sacred Books of the East
1995:Religion of ancient Iran
1236:who battles the serpent
1143:590 - 591. Successor of
792:In culture and tradition
675:, Chaldean / Babylonian
211:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
2146:Lommel, Herman (1939).
1828:The art of Central Asia
1191:A boar in a frescoe at
1159:lists 182 names of the
1007:was both identified as
999:(330–150 BCE) and
878:As the name of a planet
2148:Der arische Kriegsgott
1987:Duchesne-Guillemin, J.
1561:. BRILL. p. 103.
1196:
1183:In Avestan scholarship
969:
949:In art and iconography
895:
828:
657:. While the figure of
611:, and has cognates in
551:is related to Avestan
176:Zoroastrian literature
2519:Fravardigan (Mukhtad)
2157:Comparative Mythology
2155:Puhvel, Jaan (1989).
2044:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2039:"Bahrām (Vərəθraγna)"
2029:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1190:
956:
885:
799:
532:𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀
463:Zoroastrian cosmology
413:Zoroastrians in India
169:Scripture and worship
2632:Ancient Iranian gods
1945:Boyce, Mary (1975).
1420:, should be related.
1320:the Mittani treaties
1292:, but in the Avesta
1065:As the name of kings
1011:and associated with
850:Zoroastrian calendar
418:Zoroastrians in Iran
284:Accounts and legends
2593:Religion portal
1729:, pp. 510–514.
1663:, pp. 166–169.
482:Religion portal
334:History and culture
1910:, p. 312-313.
1687:, p. 83, note 416.
1661:Gershevitch (1959)
1197:
1151:In Twelver Shi'ism
970:
896:
829:
805:Ἡρακλῆν Καλλίνικον
626:Manichaen Parthian
301:Book of Arda Viraf
231:Cypress of Kashmar
2614:
2613:
2003:Gershevitch, Ilya
1938:Vrtra et Vrθragna
1847:, pp. 62–64.
1812:"من أسماء المهدي"
1777:, p. 222 ff.
1765:, p. 147 ff.
1739:de Menasce (1958)
1710:978-0-19-005908-8
1568:978-90-04-18663-7
1541:978-0-85772-815-9
1514:978-1-135-01372-1
1215:and that Avestan
1150:
555:, 'obstacle' and
516:
515:
42:
41:
37:, 2nd century CE.
2644:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2511:Jashe/Parab days
2496:Zartosht No-Diso
2228:Iranian calendar
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2170:
2151:
2142:
2130:
2107:
2088:
2057:
2048:
2033:
2022:
1998:
1982:
1960:
1941:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1741:, pp. 5–18.
1736:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
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1525:
1519:
1518:
1498:
1482:
1451:
1445:
1427:
1421:
1414:
939:Kabah-i Zardusht
806:
656:
651:
650:
642:
637:
632:
631:
623:
617:
613:Buddhist Sogdian
610:
605:
604:
599:
592:
591:
573:
568:
567:
547:The neuter noun
539:
534:
533:
508:
501:
494:
480:
479:
216:Adur Burzen-Mihr
67:
44:
31:
19:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2637:Martian deities
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2585:
2576:
2505:
2462:
2391:
2230:
2221:
2191:
2173:
2167:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2119:
2115:
2113:Further reading
2110:
2104:
2091:
2060:
2051:
2036:
2025:
2001:
1985:
1979:
1963:
1957:
1944:
1935:
1931:
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1527:
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1495:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1452:
1448:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1389:
1371:." Noting that
1185:
1153:
1067:
951:
937:inscription at
924:
880:
834:
804:
794:
757:
711:
703:
645:Kushan Bactrian
615:
531:
512:
474:
469:
468:
467:
452:
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407:
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356:
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327:
326:
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311:Story of Sanjan
285:
277:
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170:
162:
161:
160:
125:
124:Divine entities
117:
116:
115:
75:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2650:
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2572:Sepandarmazgan
2569:
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2536:
2531:
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2524:Ardibeheshtgan
2521:
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2503:
2498:
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2478:
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2279:
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2269:
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2259:
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2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2171:
2165:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2089:
2077:10.2307/595878
2071:(4): 301–317.
2058:
2049:
2034:
2023:
2005:, ed. (1959).
1999:
1983:
1977:
1961:
1955:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1922:, p. 283.
1912:
1900:
1898:, p. 312.
1888:
1886:, p. 302.
1873:
1871:, p. 182.
1861:
1849:
1834:
1817:
1803:
1791:
1789:, p. 512.
1779:
1767:
1763:Zaehner (1955)
1755:
1753:, p. 513.
1743:
1731:
1716:
1709:
1689:
1677:
1675:, p. 511.
1665:
1653:
1635:
1623:
1608:
1606:, p. 510.
1596:
1577:
1567:
1547:
1540:
1520:
1513:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1446:
1422:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1270:who discovers
1184:
1181:
1171:as one of the
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1134:
1121:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1066:
1063:
1055:Khosrau Parwez
968:(Verethragna).
950:
947:
923:
920:
879:
876:
869:Amesha Spentas
854:Achaemenid era
833:
830:
793:
790:
759:Together with
756:
755:In other texts
753:
710:
704:
702:
699:
514:
513:
511:
510:
503:
496:
488:
485:
484:
471:
470:
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454:
453:
451:Related topics
450:
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409:
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401:
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329:
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324:
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318:
316:Chinvat Bridge
313:
308:
306:Book of Jamasp
303:
298:
293:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:
268:
263:
261:Khordeh Avesta
258:
253:
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243:
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233:
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223:
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213:
208:
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201:Airyaman ishya
198:
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172:
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131:Amesha Spentas
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
77:
76:
74:Primary topics
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
57:Zoroastrianism
53:
52:
40:
39:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2649:
2638:
2635:
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2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
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2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:0-8018-3938-6
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2138:0-226-16970-7
2134:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2103:0-8196-0280-9
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:. Cambridge:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1978:90-04-06506-7
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1956:90-04-10474-7
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:Thieme (1960)
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:Thieme (1960)
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:Thieme (1960)
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
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1666:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1621:, p. 63.
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1574:
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1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:"Proto-Aryan
1361:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:strikes with
1285:
1281:
1277:
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1189:
1182:
1180:
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1174:
1170:
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1158:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:Bahram Chobin
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1059:in the Avesta
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
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987:
983:
979:
975:
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955:
948:
946:
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936:
932:
930:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
893:
889:
884:
877:
875:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:Amesha Spenta
843:
839:
838:Asha Vahishta
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
798:
791:
789:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:
754:
752:
750:
749:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
716:
709:
705:
700:
698:
696:
692:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
655:
646:
641:
636:
627:
622:
621:wšɣn w(i)šaɣn
614:
609:
598:
597:
587:
582:
580:
575:
572:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
538:
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520:
509:
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497:
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464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
448:
447:
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434:
431:
429:
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419:
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403:
402:
394:
391:
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386:
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374:
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358:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
331:
330:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
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302:
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294:
292:
289:
288:
281:
280:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
226:Adur Gushnasp
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
166:
165:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
121:
120:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
71:
70:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2603:
2584:
2544:Shahrivargan
2336:
2312:Dae-Pa-Meher
2182:
2179:Müller, F.M.
2156:
2147:
2126:
2093:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2042:
2027:
2006:
1994:
1990:
1968:
1946:
1937:
1929:Bibliography
1920:Boyce (1975)
1915:
1903:
1891:
1864:
1852:
1845:Boyce (1975)
1827:
1820:
1806:
1794:
1787:Gnoli (1989)
1782:
1775:Boyce (1982)
1770:
1758:
1751:Gnoli (1989)
1746:
1734:
1699:
1692:
1685:Boyce (1975)
1680:
1673:Gnoli (1989)
1668:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1626:
1619:Boyce (1975)
1604:Gnoli (1989)
1599:
1590:
1580:
1572:
1557:
1550:
1530:
1523:
1503:
1496:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:Bahram Yasht
1359:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:verethragnan
1204:
1202:
1198:
1168:
1154:
1140:
1127:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1081:
1068:
1044:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1004:
994:
985:
971:
965:
943:Atash-Behram
942:
938:
927:
925:
897:
873:Angra Mainyu
864:
862:
857:
841:
837:
835:
785:
783:
779:Bahram Yasht
778:
774:
766:
760:
758:
746:
738:
733:
729:
725:
724:
719:
713:
712:
708:Bahram Yasht
707:
701:In scripture
672:
658:
630:𐭅𐭓𐭉𐭇𐭓𐭌
583:
576:
566:𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭
557:verethragnan
556:
552:
548:
546:
522:
518:
517:
321:Frashokereti
266:The Rivayats
221:Adur Farnbag
206:Fire Temples
196:Yenghe hatam
191:Ahuna Vairya
156:Angra Mainyu
2539:Amordadegan
2491:Khordad Sal
2458:Aspandarmad
2362:Ashishvangh
2277:Dae-Pa-Adar
2262:Aspandarmad
2224:Zoroastrian
2121:Dumezil, G.
1965:Boyce, Mary
1631:Thieme 1960
1418:ahi budhnya
1343:Verethragna
1336:Verethragna
1309:Trita Aptya
1300:'s weapon.
1260:Verethragna
1217:Verethragna
1132:Yazdegerd I
1036:Ahura Mazda
1005:Verethragna
992:(4.59-62).
986:Geographika
980:, that the
813:Hellenistic
767:Verethragna
726:Verethragna
659:Verethragna
549:verethragna
542:Zoroastrian
519:Verethragna
351:Khurramites
101:Persia/Iran
86:Zarathustra
81:Ahura Mazda
22:Verethragna
2621:Categories
2567:Bahmanagan
2529:Khordadgan
2408:Ardibehest
2382:Mahraspand
2352:Dae-Pa-Din
2252:Ardibehest
2175:West, E.W.
1489:References
1479:Vərəθraγna
1471:Vərəθraγna
1459:Vərəθraγna
1442:Bundahishn
1377:*vrtraghan
1369:*Vrtraghna
1280:Thraetaona
1264:Thraetaona
1256:Thraetaona
1239:Aži Dahāka
1161:Shia Mahdi
1145:Hormizd IV
1119:Shapur III
1101:Bahram III
1032:Ardeshir I
995:Under the
982:Carmanians
962:Kanishka I
886:Syncretic
842:Ardvahisht
821:Kermanshah
775:Mihr Yasht
670:Manichaean
561:hypostasis
537:vərəθraγna
371:Initiation
186:Ashem Vohu
96:Vohu Manah
35:Kanishka I
2549:Meheragan
2468:Festivals
2428:Shehrevar
2403:Fravardin
2332:Fravardin
2257:Shehrevar
2019:459329059
1644:"Orlagno"
1404:Footnotes
1111:Bahram IV
1091:Bahram II
1047:Bahram II
997:Seleucids
990:Herodotus
964:with god
916:Zurvanism
748:Vayu-Vata
406:Adherents
366:Festivals
346:Mazdakism
341:Zurvanism
296:Bundahišn
106:Faravahar
2605:Category
2554:Abanegan
2476:Gambhars
2292:Khorshed
2123:(1970).
1989:(1973).
1967:(1982).
1438:Vendidad
1387:See also
1373:Vrtrahan
1347:verethra
1332:Rig Veda
1233:Fereydun
1209:vrtrahan
1124:Bahram V
1086:Shapur I
1078:Bahram I
1071:Sasanian
1040:Bahram I
1017:Artagnes
1013:Heracles
1001:Arsacids
978:Nearchus
908:Chaldean
900:Sasanian
888:Parthian
817:Heracles
809:Seleucid
743:Tishtrya
695:Heracles
688:Hellenic
681:Egyptian
618:
616:𐫇𐫢𐫄𐫗
586:Armenian
571:Warahrām
553:verethra
388:Marriage
361:Calendar
251:Visperad
246:Vendidad
151:Fravashi
49:a series
47:Part of
2627:Yazatas
2559:Azargan
2534:Tiragan
2423:Amardad
2413:Khordad
2272:Amardad
2267:Khordad
2242:Hormazd
2181:(ed.).
1467:Adityas
1193:Bamiyan
1173:Mahdi's
1167:listed
1165:Tabarsi
1073:kings:
966:Orlagno
931:-Behram
860:1.20).
844:), the
739:veregna
706:In the
663:Puranic
654:Orlagno
649:ορλαγνο
544:deity.
540:) is a
527:Avestan
291:Dēnkard
271:Ab-Zohr
136:Yazatas
111:Avestan
2563:Daegan
2486:Pateti
2481:Nowruz
2453:Bahman
2396:Months
2387:Aneran
2377:Zamyad
2367:Ashtad
2337:Behram
2327:Rashne
2247:Bahman
2163:
2135:
2100:
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