1199:
40:
894:
965:
2611:
2599:
488:
808:
76:
1068:(again, Parwez meaning 'ever-victorious'). Similarly, boar and eagle heads on caps crown the heads of princes. Boar figures are widespread in Sasanian art, appearing in everything from textiles to stucco and in silver ornaments, coins, and seals. Other animal motifs have been found that recall the aspects of Bahram (see the ten forms of Bahram
747:
begins with an enumeration of the ten forms in which the divinity appears: As an impetuous wind (14.2-5); as an armed warrior (14.27) and as an adolescent of fifteen (14.17); and in the remaining seven forms as animals: a bull with horns of gold (14.7); a white horse with ears and a muzzle of gold
1373:
clearly point to the pre-Zoroastrian era, the interpretation of proper names is "highly conjectural", and "in no case do we get a decisive argument against their Indo-Aryan or old Indic character" Adopting "the exact linguistic and exegetic analysis" of
Benveniste and Renou, Thieme concludes
1037:
That Bahram was considered the patron divinity of travelers is perhaps reflected by the life-size rock sculpture of the divinity on the main highway at
Behistun. There Bahram reclines with a goblet in his hand, a club at his feet, and a lion-skin beneath him.
999:, 15.2.14). That this was Bahramb / Verethragna is unlikely if, as per Strabo, he was their "only god." However, the account does reveal that divinities of war were known to the people who were not of the Iranian plateau, evidence for which also comes from
1210:
The interpretation of the divinity was once one of the more widely debated fields in
Zoroastrian scholarship since the theories of origin reflected a radical revolution in ethical, moral and religious values.
1198:
944:
as the name of the most sacred class of fires is a confusion of the adjectival "Victorious Fire" with "Fire of Bahram" The former is the way it appears in Middle
Persian inscriptions such as the
752:, 14.19-21); a ram (14.23); and a wild goat (14.25). Many of these incarnations are also shared with other divinities, for instance, the youth, the bull and the horse are also attributed to
1352:
However, as
Benveniste and Renou demonstrated, many of the objections to the first theory could be negated if the evidence were reviewed in light of the fact that the principal feature of
1049:
and the king. There, he has a lion's skin in his left hand and brandishes a club in his right. The other small figure – who appears to be paying homage to Bahram – is the future king
1314:
Attempts to resolve these objections led to the development of another theory, in which, in addition to the pre-historical divinity of victory, there was also a dragon-slaying hero
733:
14.1), the "best equipped with might" (14.13), with "effervescent glory" (14.3), has "conquering superiority" (14.64), and is in constant battle with men and daemons (14.4, 14.62).
1386:
is the name of Indra only in the later
Sanskrit texts (but not in the Rig Veda), Thieme adds "there is no valid justification for supposing that the Proto-Aryan adjective
516:
729:
14, the hymn of praise to
Verethragna, "though ill-preserved, contains what seem very archaic elements". There, Verethragna is described as "the most highly armed" (
2225:
1602:
Proceedings of the Second
European Conference of Iranian Studies: Held in Bamberg, 30th September to 4th October 1991, by the Societas Iranologica Europaea
574:
of "victory", and "as a giver of victory
Verethragna plainly enjoyed the greatest popularity of old." In Zoroastrian Middle Persian, Verethragna became
1222:
where it appeared "preponderantly a qualification of Indra", Zoroastrians and Hindus accept that in Indo-Iranian times there existed the warrior god
2074:
1318:. Then, while the Iranians retained the figures independently of one another, the Indians conflated the two (leaving an echo in the character of
592:. In Vedic literature, Vrtrahan is predominantly an epithet used for Indra after he defeated Vrtra. Vrtrahan literally means "slayer of Vrtra."
39:
588:
The Proto-Aryan adjective *vrtraghan, which corresponds to the
Avestan noun Verethragna, also has an etymological cognate in Vedic Sanskrit -
1719:
1577:
1550:
1523:
956:. Gnoli attributes the change to natural misunderstanding "abetted in Islamic times by a progressive decay in Zoroastrian priestly teaching"
739:
is not exclusively associated with military might and victory. So, for instance, he is connected with sexual potency and "confers virility" (
2065:
Une encyclopédie mazdéenne: le Dēnkart. Quatre conférences données à l'Université de Paris sous les auspices de la fondation Ratanbai Katrak
799:
14 led Ilya Gershevitch to identify Dāmōiš Upamana – a boar in the Avestan hymn to Mithra – to be an alter-ego of Verethragna.
509:
893:
792:
also appear in hymns dedicated to other divinities, but it is rarely possible to determine in which direction those sections were copied.
1056:
Bahram also appears as wings, or as a bird of prey, in the crowns of the Sasanian kings. This iconography first appears in the crown of
438:
2218:
2175:
2147:
2112:
1987:
1965:
1330:
1253:(which, for the virtue of 'Azi' being cognate with Sanskrit 'Ahi', snake, is – by proponents of the theory - associated with Vedic
502:
1031:
811:
1455:
21.6) Boyce adds that it is preferable to see individual developments rather than elements inherited from a different past.
2642:
2211:
468:
448:
1230:
might be analogous to that divine figure. The Sanskrit cognate of Verethragna is Vritraghna, which is an epithet for
2021:
1997:
1175:
1167:
691:
2647:
2194:
1369:
Paul Thieme agreed with this principal feature, but clarified that while the wealth of archaic elements in the
571:
2615:
423:
59:
1030:. This syncretism is well attested in statuary and iconography, most notably in that of the inscription of
698:
186:
2521:
2054:
2039:
473:
376:
1837:
2234:
860:
428:
371:
2534:
2392:
2397:
2185:
398:
2554:
231:
2549:
2091:
1041:
In the early Sasanian period Bahram is still represented as the Greek Heracles. In the relief of
864:
596:
311:
241:
2539:
2171:
2143:
2108:
2025:
1983:
1961:
1715:
1573:
1546:
1540:
1519:
1513:
1241:
But western scholars oppose this identification: In the Avesta, it is the hero warrior-priest
992:
964:
655:
636:
2569:
1709:
2637:
2506:
2458:
2362:
2322:
2287:
2238:
2083:
2013:
1822:
1345:'s invocation of all three as protectors of contract, again, not a property associated with
1072:, above). The bird motif on Sasanian-era fire altars are also believed to represent Bahram.
623:
537:
403:
226:
221:
2352:
1654:
2603:
2438:
2267:
2131:
1203:
1081:
1007:
910:
819:
492:
1273:, but is also a property of a number of other figures, both divine and mortal, including
2582:
2468:
2433:
2302:
2272:
326:
321:
271:
211:
67:
2631:
2372:
2189:
2136:
1334:
1147:
968:
879:
856:
443:
236:
141:
1014:(250 BCE–226 CE), that is, in the Empires influenced by Hellenic culture,
1282:
1045:
at Naqs-e Rajab III, Bahram appears as one of the two smaller figures between
898:
883:
331:
316:
276:
206:
201:
166:
1427:
It remains unclear why those two and not any other Azi, or for that matter, Vedic
807:
570:, 'victorious'. Representing this concept is the divinity Verethragna, who is the
2049:
1597:
1567:
2529:
2501:
2317:
2252:
1142:
1046:
823:
552:
361:
216:
91:
2598:
2203:
925:
is both the god of war and the name of the red planet. (see also: "Fatalistic"
487:
2577:
2257:
1975:
1440:
1155:
1129:
1111:
1065:
1042:
972:
831:
762:, another member of the Zoroastrian pantheon associated with martial victory.
680:
306:
196:
106:
45:
2029:
917:
was named Bahram. Zaehner attributes this to the syncretic influences of the
2357:
1121:
1101:
1057:
1000:
926:
758:
356:
351:
116:
96:
75:
17:
2043:. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 510–513.
2564:
2559:
2486:
2478:
2428:
2413:
2342:
2312:
2282:
2072:
Thieme, Paul (Oct–Dec 1960). "The 'Aryan' gods of the Mitanni treaties".
1342:
1269:
and other non-divine figures. The term "victorious" is not restricted to
1243:
1134:
1096:
1088:
1060:
which also bears the name of the divinity. A similar image is adopted by
1050:
1023:
988:
827:
753:
705:
261:
256:
161:
2544:
2423:
2277:
1488:; it may just as well mean that Vedic Indra has replaced a Proto-Aryan
1464:
Since "Vedic Indra must be distinguished from a presumable Proto-Aryan
1206:, symbol of the Mazdean god of victory Verethragna. 6th-7th century CE.
1061:
1011:
918:
882:, effectively giving him the high rank for his success in driving back
673:
585:, from which Vahram, Vehram, Bahram, Behram and other variants derive.
381:
301:
281:
121:
2095:
1476:
is the equivalent of the Vedic Indra in his role as the helper of the
1257:). One Western scholar claims that, in the Vedas, the epithet 'hero' (
867:(648–330 BCE), the twentieth day of the month is dedicated to Bahram (
743:
14.29), has the "ability to heal" (14.3) and "renders wonderful". The
2496:
2491:
2463:
2443:
2377:
2337:
2332:
2327:
1604:. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente (published 1995).
1408:
1338:
1308:
1254:
1249:
1235:
1174:. There were a number of ancient Persian and Zoroastrian titles, and
984:
945:
922:
781:
772:
687:
676:
606:
433:
391:
386:
246:
191:
146:
983:
The only evidence of a cult appears in the first century account of
748:(14.9); a camel in heat (14.11-13); a boar (14.15); a bird of prey (
2087:
1733:
1731:
1293:
is attributed with being the "inventor of medicine". In the Vedas,
2511:
2382:
2367:
2037:
Gnoli, Gherardo (1989). "Bahram in old and middle Iranian texts".
1539:
Stewart, Sarah; Williams, Alan; Hintze, Almut (16 February 2016).
1403:
1299:
1286:
1231:
1197:
1187:
1183:
1171:
963:
892:
847:
In the Zoroastrian hierarchy of divinities, Bahram is a helper of
806:
725:
694:
589:
266:
251:
156:
151:
2453:
2448:
2418:
2297:
2292:
2262:
1542:
The Zoroastrian Flame: Exploring Religion, History and Tradition
1361:
1019:
939:
914:
902:
835:
701:
111:
101:
2207:
1341:. That again raises more questions since the treaties echo the
2387:
2307:
1711:
Beyond Alexandria: Literature and Empire in the Seleucid World
1325:
This theory too had its problems, in particular the fact that
1356:
was not to slay noxious creatures but to overcome obstacles (
672:
is highly complex, parallels have also been drawn between,
2188:(1880). "Marvels of Zoroastrianism: The Bahman Yasht". In
1982:. Vol. II, Under the Achamenians. Leiden, NL: Brill.
595:
The name and, to some extent, the deity was borrowed into
1851:
1849:
1515:
Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object
1329:
was already evidently a divine figure, and not a man, in
952:, while the latter is what is now understood by the term
1890:
1888:
644:
1625:
1623:
1569:
The Dragon in Medieval East Christian and Islamic Art
1447:
is specifically named as a demon in both the Avesta (
1234:
in Vedic literature, and he too is the destroyer of "
630:
1960:. Vol. I, The early period. Leiden, NL: Brill.
822:
governor in 148 BCE. Some have interpreted it as an
580:
575:
2520:
2477:
2406:
2245:
1451:10.9) and also in later middle Persian texts (e.g.
1064:(whose name also means 'victorious') as well as by
909:In the astronomical and calendrical reforms of the
32:
2135:
1809:
1596:Fragner, Bert G. (30 September – 4 October 1991).
1512:Fleming, Benjamin; Mann, Richard (26 March 2014).
814:, dedicated in the name of "Herakles Kallinikos" (
617:
612:
604:
599:
2170:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1238:", an Asura whose name literally means obstacle.
1714:. Oxford University Press. p. 75, note 26.
901:relief carving of Bahram (Nergal) from Hatra in
756:. Likewise, the bird, the camel and the wind to
1879:
1867:
1468:" "we may go so far as to say that the Avestan
1378:has assumed the functions of a Proto-Aryan god
937:According to Boyce, the present-day expression
795:The identification of Verethragna as a boar in
1285:, in the Avesta, it is humans who first press
1218:('victorious') had a corresponding Vedic term
663:
658:
649:
639:
2219:
2058:. Vol. III, Fasc. 5, pages 510–514.
1947:Benveniste, Émile & Renou, Louis (1934).
1737:
921:astral-theological system, where Babylonian
546:
510:
8:
2142:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
1261:) is itself almost exclusively reserved for
1186:names, possibly alluding to the role of the
2198:. Vol. 5. Oxford, UK: Oxford U. Press.
1671:
1366:, the waters, the holiest of the elements.
1034:, in which all three names occur together.
2226:
2212:
2204:
2067:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
2008:] (in French). Bombay, IN: Tata Press.
1749:
517:
503:
74:
54:
38:
1472:in his role as the fighting companion of
576:
2075:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1360:), in particular to unblock the flow of
1214:Primarily because the Avestan adjective
987:, who reports, probably on authority of
44:Orlagno (Verethragna) on the coinage of
1773:
1504:
1420:
1265:, while in the Avesta it is applied to
1190:being a victorious military commander.
1166:In his famous book, Al-Najm Al-Thaqib,
859:responsible for the luminaries. In the
818:, "Hercules glorious in victory") by a
66:
2048:Gnoli, Gherardo; Jamzadeh, P. (1988).
1918:
1906:
1894:
1641:
1545:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 184.
1480:. This does not necessarily mean that
1108:274–293. Son and successor of Bahram I
878:is especially venerated as one of the
29:
2161:. Frankfurt am Main, DE: Klostermann.
1930:
1855:
1797:
1785:
1761:
1695:
1683:
1629:
1614:
1584:With a foreword by Robert Hillenbrand
1333:, where he appears in the company of
905:, dating to the 1st or 2nd century AD
7:
640:
1484:has taken the place of Proto-Aryan
1118:293. Son and successor of Bahram II
541:
439:Zoroastrianism in the United States
1951:. Paris, FR: Imprimerie Nationale.
1659:British Museum (britishmuseum.org)
1069:
995:worshipped a divinity of victory (
874:In the later middle Persian texts
25:
2103:Zaehner, Richard Charles (1955).
1443:draws attention to the fact that
1277:. Then, while in the Vedas it is
826:-era depiction of Verethragna as
2610:
2609:
2597:
2063:de Menasce, Jean-Pierre (1958).
1390:was specifically connected with
788:10.70). Several sections of the
486:
659:
27:Zoroastrian divinity of Victory
1842:. New York, Crown. p. 89.
1394:or any other particular god."
1141:420–438. Son and successor of
1128:388–399. Son and successor of
1095:271–274. Son and successor of
1032:Antiochus I Theos of Commagene
933:In the name of a class of fire
812:Statue of Hercules in Behistun
1:
2105:Zurvan, a Zoroastrian dilemma
1880:Benveniste & Renou (1934)
1868:Benveniste & Renou (1934)
2002:La religion de l'Iran ancien
1708:Visscher, Marijn S. (2020).
1566:Kuehn, Sara (12 July 2011).
843:In the Zoroastrian hierarchy
780:is a principal companion of
664:
650:
645:
631:
618:
605:
581:
1738:Gnoli & Jamzadeh (1988)
1080:Bahram was the name of six
1026:, and given the Greek name
863:instituted during the late
547:
469:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
449:Persecution of Zoroastrians
2664:
2138:The destiny of the warrior
2022:Cambridge University Press
2018:The Avestan Hymn to Mithra
1836:Rowland, Benjamin (1975).
1598:"[no title cited]"
1518:. Routledge. p. 433.
1168:Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi
851:(Avestan, middle Persian:
613:
600:
2591:
2107:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
1980:History of Zoroastrianism
1958:History of Zoroastrianism
1810:Duchesne-Guillemin (1973)
913:(224-651 CE), the planet
37:
2195:Sacred Books of the East
2006:Religion of ancient Iran
1247:who battles the serpent
1154:590 - 591. Successor of
803:In culture and tradition
686:, Chaldean / Babylonian
222:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
2157:Lommel, Herman (1939).
1839:The art of Central Asia
1202:A boar in a frescoe at
1170:lists 182 names of the
1018:was both identified as
1010:(330–150 BCE) and
889:As the name of a planet
2159:Der arische Kriegsgott
1998:Duchesne-Guillemin, J.
1572:. BRILL. p. 103.
1207:
1194:In Avestan scholarship
980:
960:In art and iconography
906:
839:
668:. While the figure of
622:, and has cognates in
562:is related to Avestan
187:Zoroastrian literature
2530:Fravardigan (Mukhtad)
2168:Comparative Mythology
2166:Puhvel, Jaan (1989).
2055:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2050:"Bahrām (Vərəθraγna)"
2040:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1201:
967:
896:
810:
543:𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀
474:Zoroastrian cosmology
424:Zoroastrians in India
180:Scripture and worship
2643:Ancient Iranian gods
1956:Boyce, Mary (1975).
1431:, should be related.
1331:the Mittani treaties
1303:, but in the Avesta
1076:As the name of kings
1022:and associated with
861:Zoroastrian calendar
429:Zoroastrians in Iran
295:Accounts and legends
2604:Religion portal
1740:, pp. 510–514.
1674:, pp. 166–169.
493:Religion portal
345:History and culture
1921:, p. 312-313.
1698:, p. 83, note 416.
1672:Gershevitch (1959)
1208:
1162:In Twelver Shi'ism
981:
907:
840:
816:Ἡρακλῆν Καλλίνικον
637:Manichaen Parthian
312:Book of Arda Viraf
242:Cypress of Kashmar
2625:
2624:
2014:Gershevitch, Ilya
1949:Vrtra et Vrθragna
1858:, pp. 62–64.
1823:"من أسماء المهدي"
1788:, p. 222 ff.
1776:, p. 147 ff.
1750:de Menasce (1958)
1721:978-0-19-005908-8
1579:978-90-04-18663-7
1552:978-0-85772-815-9
1525:978-1-135-01372-1
1226:and that Avestan
1161:
566:, 'obstacle' and
527:
526:
53:
52:
48:, 2nd century CE.
16:(Redirected from
2655:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2522:Jashe/Parab days
2507:Zartosht No-Diso
2239:Iranian calendar
2228:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2181:
2162:
2153:
2141:
2118:
2099:
2068:
2059:
2044:
2033:
2009:
1993:
1971:
1952:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:, pp. 5–18.
1747:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
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1612:
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1557:
1556:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1509:
1493:
1462:
1456:
1438:
1432:
1425:
950:Kabah-i Zardusht
817:
667:
662:
661:
653:
648:
643:
642:
634:
628:
624:Buddhist Sogdian
621:
616:
615:
610:
603:
602:
584:
579:
578:
558:The neuter noun
550:
545:
544:
519:
512:
505:
491:
490:
227:Adur Burzen-Mihr
78:
55:
42:
30:
21:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2648:Martian deities
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2596:
2587:
2516:
2473:
2402:
2241:
2232:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2165:
2156:
2150:
2130:
2126:
2124:Further reading
2121:
2115:
2102:
2071:
2062:
2047:
2036:
2012:
1996:
1990:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1847:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1463:
1459:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1400:
1382:." Noting that
1196:
1164:
1078:
962:
948:inscription at
935:
891:
845:
815:
805:
768:
722:
714:
656:Kushan Bactrian
626:
542:
523:
485:
480:
479:
478:
463:
455:
454:
453:
418:
410:
409:
408:
367:
366:
346:
338:
337:
336:
322:Story of Sanjan
296:
288:
287:
286:
181:
173:
172:
171:
136:
135:Divine entities
128:
127:
126:
86:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2661:
2659:
2651:
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2640:
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2623:
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2607:
2592:
2589:
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2583:Sepandarmazgan
2580:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
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2537:
2535:Ardibeheshtgan
2532:
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2518:
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2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
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2489:
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2315:
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2300:
2295:
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2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2231:
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2223:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2176:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2100:
2088:10.2307/595878
2082:(4): 301–317.
2069:
2060:
2045:
2034:
2016:, ed. (1959).
2010:
1994:
1988:
1972:
1966:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1933:, p. 283.
1923:
1911:
1909:, p. 312.
1899:
1897:, p. 302.
1884:
1882:, p. 182.
1872:
1860:
1845:
1828:
1814:
1802:
1800:, p. 512.
1790:
1778:
1774:Zaehner (1955)
1766:
1764:, p. 513.
1754:
1742:
1727:
1720:
1700:
1688:
1686:, p. 511.
1676:
1664:
1646:
1634:
1619:
1617:, p. 510.
1607:
1588:
1578:
1558:
1551:
1531:
1524:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1457:
1433:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1281:who discovers
1195:
1192:
1182:as one of the
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1145:
1132:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1077:
1074:
1066:Khosrau Parwez
979:(Verethragna).
961:
958:
934:
931:
890:
887:
880:Amesha Spentas
865:Achaemenid era
844:
841:
804:
801:
770:Together with
767:
766:In other texts
764:
721:
715:
713:
710:
525:
524:
522:
521:
514:
507:
499:
496:
495:
482:
481:
477:
476:
471:
465:
464:
462:Related topics
461:
460:
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419:
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412:
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354:
348:
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335:
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329:
327:Chinvat Bridge
324:
319:
317:Book of Jamasp
314:
309:
304:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
285:
284:
279:
274:
272:Khordeh Avesta
269:
264:
259:
254:
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244:
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224:
219:
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212:Airyaman ishya
209:
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183:
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142:Amesha Spentas
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
87:
85:Primary topics
84:
83:
80:
79:
71:
70:
68:Zoroastrianism
64:
63:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2660:
2649:
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2641:
2639:
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2618:
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2250:
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2240:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2177:0-8018-3938-6
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2149:0-226-16970-7
2145:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2114:0-8196-0280-9
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:. Cambridge:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1989:90-04-06506-7
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1967:90-04-10474-7
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:Thieme (1960)
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:Thieme (1960)
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:Thieme (1960)
1891:
1889:
1885:
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1876:
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1869:
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1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1632:, p. 63.
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1585:
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1467:
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1434:
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1424:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:"Proto-Aryan
1372:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:strikes with
1296:
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1225:
1221:
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1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Bahram Chobin
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1070:in the Avesta
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
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1002:
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990:
986:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
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951:
947:
943:
941:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
904:
900:
895:
888:
886:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:Amesha Spenta
854:
850:
849:Asha Vahishta
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
813:
809:
802:
800:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:
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763:
761:
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755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
732:
728:
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720:
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709:
707:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
666:
657:
652:
647:
638:
633:
632:wšɣn w(i)šaɣn
625:
620:
609:
608:
598:
593:
591:
586:
583:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
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531:
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328:
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292:
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273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
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248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
237:Adur Gushnasp
235:
233:
230:
228:
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220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
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188:
185:
184:
177:
176:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
132:
131:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2614:
2595:
2555:Shahrivargan
2347:
2323:Dae-Pa-Meher
2193:
2190:Müller, F.M.
2167:
2158:
2137:
2104:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2053:
2038:
2017:
2005:
2001:
1979:
1957:
1948:
1940:Bibliography
1931:Boyce (1975)
1926:
1914:
1902:
1875:
1863:
1856:Boyce (1975)
1838:
1831:
1817:
1805:
1798:Gnoli (1989)
1793:
1786:Boyce (1982)
1781:
1769:
1762:Gnoli (1989)
1757:
1745:
1710:
1703:
1696:Boyce (1975)
1691:
1684:Gnoli (1989)
1679:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1637:
1630:Boyce (1975)
1615:Gnoli (1989)
1610:
1601:
1591:
1583:
1568:
1561:
1541:
1534:
1514:
1507:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:Bahram Yasht
1370:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:verethragnan
1215:
1213:
1209:
1179:
1165:
1151:
1138:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1055:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1015:
1005:
996:
982:
976:
954:Atash-Behram
953:
949:
938:
936:
908:
884:Angra Mainyu
875:
873:
868:
852:
848:
846:
796:
794:
790:Bahram Yasht
789:
785:
777:
771:
769:
757:
749:
744:
740:
736:
735:
730:
724:
723:
719:Bahram Yasht
718:
712:In scripture
683:
669:
641:𐭅𐭓𐭉𐭇𐭓𐭌
594:
587:
577:𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭
568:verethragnan
567:
563:
559:
557:
533:
529:
528:
332:Frashokereti
277:The Rivayats
232:Adur Farnbag
217:Fire Temples
207:Yenghe hatam
202:Ahuna Vairya
167:Angra Mainyu
18:Verethraghna
2550:Amordadegan
2502:Khordad Sal
2469:Aspandarmad
2373:Ashishvangh
2288:Dae-Pa-Adar
2273:Aspandarmad
2235:Zoroastrian
2132:Dumezil, G.
1976:Boyce, Mary
1642:Thieme 1960
1429:ahi budhnya
1354:Verethragna
1347:Verethragna
1320:Trita Aptya
1311:'s weapon.
1271:Verethragna
1228:Verethragna
1143:Yazdegerd I
1047:Ahura Mazda
1016:Verethragna
1003:(4.59-62).
997:Geographika
991:, that the
824:Hellenistic
778:Verethragna
737:Verethragna
670:Verethragna
560:verethragna
553:Zoroastrian
530:Verethragna
362:Khurramites
112:Persia/Iran
97:Zarathustra
92:Ahura Mazda
33:Verethragna
2632:Categories
2578:Bahmanagan
2540:Khordadgan
2419:Ardibehest
2393:Mahraspand
2363:Dae-Pa-Din
2263:Ardibehest
2186:West, E.W.
1500:References
1490:Vərəθraγna
1482:Vərəθraγna
1470:Vərəθraγna
1453:Bundahishn
1388:*vrtraghan
1380:*Vrtraghna
1291:Thraetaona
1275:Thraetaona
1267:Thraetaona
1250:Aži Dahāka
1172:Shia Mahdi
1156:Hormizd IV
1130:Shapur III
1112:Bahram III
1043:Ardeshir I
1006:Under the
993:Carmanians
973:Kanishka I
897:Syncretic
853:Ardvahisht
832:Kermanshah
786:Mihr Yasht
681:Manichaean
572:hypostasis
548:vərəθraγna
382:Initiation
197:Ashem Vohu
107:Vohu Manah
46:Kanishka I
2560:Meheragan
2479:Festivals
2439:Shehrevar
2414:Fravardin
2343:Fravardin
2268:Shehrevar
2030:459329059
1655:"Orlagno"
1415:Footnotes
1122:Bahram IV
1102:Bahram II
1058:Bahram II
1008:Seleucids
1001:Herodotus
975:with god
927:Zurvanism
759:Vayu-Vata
417:Adherents
377:Festivals
357:Mazdakism
352:Zurvanism
307:Bundahišn
117:Faravahar
2616:Category
2565:Abanegan
2487:Gambhars
2303:Khorshed
2134:(1970).
2000:(1973).
1978:(1982).
1449:Vendidad
1398:See also
1384:Vrtrahan
1358:verethra
1343:Rig Veda
1244:Fereydun
1220:vrtrahan
1135:Bahram V
1097:Shapur I
1089:Bahram I
1082:Sasanian
1051:Bahram I
1028:Artagnes
1024:Heracles
1012:Arsacids
989:Nearchus
919:Chaldean
911:Sasanian
899:Parthian
828:Heracles
820:Seleucid
754:Tishtrya
706:Heracles
699:Hellenic
692:Egyptian
629:
627:𐫇𐫢𐫄𐫗
597:Armenian
582:Warahrām
564:verethra
399:Marriage
372:Calendar
262:Visperad
257:Vendidad
162:Fravashi
60:a series
58:Part of
2638:Yazatas
2570:Azargan
2545:Tiragan
2434:Amardad
2424:Khordad
2283:Amardad
2278:Khordad
2253:Hormazd
2192:(ed.).
1478:Adityas
1204:Bamiyan
1184:Mahdi's
1178:listed
1176:Tabarsi
1084:kings:
977:Orlagno
942:-Behram
871:1.20).
855:), the
750:veregna
717:In the
674:Puranic
665:Orlagno
660:ορλαγνο
555:deity.
551:) is a
538:Avestan
302:Dēnkard
282:Ab-Zohr
147:Yazatas
122:Avestan
2574:Daegan
2497:Pateti
2492:Nowruz
2464:Bahman
2407:Months
2398:Aneran
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