263:, where a group of 'radicals' collapsed into two distinct factions over the question of whether power should be seized immediately (and thus minimizing both public participation and shakeup of party officials) or later on with a broader political base to draw from. These sub-factions, in different localities, sometimes collapsed into even further infighting over minute ideological points, which were driven forward by changing circumstances on the national stage. Often in these cases, there was no such distinct social class that these factions represented. The fighting increasingly became an attempt to dominate the political scene and ensure the continued control of one's own faction at the expense of others. Events going on at the elite level of politics had a significant influence on the movement as well, and a crucial part of Violent Struggle was the constant attempt not to end up on the wrong side of the political battle being waged in the bureaucracy and in the halls of power. Attempts to win elite favor could lead competing factions to engage in a spiral of increasingly radical acts that were detached from the core ideological beliefs of its members, as happened with escalating violent confrontations at
166:
277:
246:
Maoist system of ranking people by their "class background." Many of those lacking a 'good class background', and its associated privileges, were more likely to engage in left factions. Students in families with cadre associations skewed conservative, and were more likely to defend existing political authorities or otherwise pursue much more moderate actions. These 'conservative' factions tended to characterize the radicals as full of "petty-bourgeois revolutionary spirit' and acting against proper revolutionary authorities. Factions existed not just among students and workers, but also within the
27:
233:, and against it from the left. Factional conflict between Red Guard and rebel organizations happened for a wide range of reasons: some purely for the seizure and dominance of political power, others were fought over pre-existing class resentments, while still more struggled to stay afloat in the turmoil of changing alliances. One of the primary reasons for the emerging factionalism was about social discontent and access to privileges. In
310:
cannons and even tanks were used in battles. According to some documents, different factions received weapons from supporting army branches, while some factions even raided local armories or created their own guns. The total number of guns used in the violent struggles was approximately 18.77 million (some say 1.877 million). These developments brought many regions of the country into a state of virtual civil war.
2367:
250:. Wading into a complicated web of shifting alliances and political positions, local army units often had to contend with the dual tasks of interpreting contradictory orders from above, and then actually carrying them out within the constraints of chaotic regional conditions. For example, from 1967 to 1969, military units in
323:
was forced to issue several announcements to stop the battles. As a result, the factions gradually turned in their weapons and dissolved their armed teams, or were crushed by the force of the PLA. Factional violence on a local level declined precipitously after this point, and the purges carried out
309:
on July 23. At the same time, Chairman Mao called for a "nationwide arming of the left", which emboldened radicals and swayed some PLA formations onto the side of the rebels. Faction clashes subsequently entered into a new phase of violence which rocked the nation. Weapons such as guns, grenades,
245:
writes that the political orientation of Red Guard factions could often reflect the social group of its members, with deep-seated economic and social motivations being a driver for conflict. One of the decisive factors pushing students to conservative or radical factions was their relation to the
267:
throughout 1967 and 1968. Sometimes, support received from the center could be arbitrary or based on misperceptions about the relative conformity that one faction had versus their rivals. Nevertheless, at varying points the passion and political convictions of factions participants were equally
254:
became embroiled in civilian factional politics and sharply divided into 'Kick' (tipai 踢派) and 'Support' (zhipai 支派) factions based on whether they wished to support the left or kick it out. These splits were driven by ideological beliefs, personal rivalries and ambitions, as well as pragmatic
258:
Splits between factions were not solely a question of broader social issues though. Questions of strategy and tactics were also a factor. In these debates, the question of whether a faction was 'radical' or 'conservative' could become increasingly muddy. As a rule, the clean division between
221:, the wife of Mao Zedong, promoted the idea of "Wen Gong Wu Wei (文攻武卫)", meaning "attack with reason, defend with force". During this time, a dizzying array of political groups and factions rose and fell throughout China - a situation which often led to bloody conflict between groups.
367:
argues, however, that the death toll caused by the violent struggles committed at the hand of insurgent Red Guards or rebel groups is only a fraction of the deaths caused by the violent purges at the hands of state forces, for example during the
2342:
643:
115:
During much of the fighting weapons were either acquired by the rebel groups through raids on arms depots or direct support from local military establishments. Weapons used in armed conflicts included some 18.77 million
165:
318:
In the summer of 1968, the violent struggles had grown out of control in a number of places, Ultimately, the PLA was the only organization which was capable of restoring order to the country, and so the
1751:
303:
thought that counter-revolutionaries appeared in the military and thus publicly proposed the idea of "Wen Gong Wu Wei (文攻武卫)", or "attack with reason, defend with force". Jiang's idea was published by
372:
campaign. Walder put the deaths at the hand of insurgent organizations from 1966 to 1971 at 37,046. In comparison, Walder put the deaths at the hand of state forces during the same period at 130,378.
259:'conservative' and 'radical' became harder to sustain as 1967 progressed, and sub-groupings would drive conflict even within existing factions. An illustrative example is the situation in
633:
1726:
1706:
665:
2234:
336:
Chinese researchers have pointed out that the death toll in violent struggles ranged from 300,000 to 500,000. Serious cases of violent struggles included the battles in
2317:
320:
109:
1605:
1051:
276:
2037:
140:
have revealed that 237,000 people were killed and another 7,030,000 were injured or permanently disabled. Notable violent struggles include the battles in
2396:
2182:
823:
136:. Researchers have pointed out that the death toll in violent struggles ranged from 300 thousand to 500 thousand, while certain documents from the
968:
871:
732:
181:
in
December 1966 were regarded as the first large-scale violent struggles in mainland China. In January 1967, factions in Shanghai started the "
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2101:
1799:
381:
194:
105:
2009:
1247:
1091:
1005:
978:
509:
482:
1160:
763:
2300:
2192:
787:
81:
1736:
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with PLA support, but succeeded nowhere else. The violent struggles across China escalated significantly in the summer of 1967 after
1598:
1488:
361:
in 1996 claims that 237,000 people died due to the violent struggles, and another 7,030,000 were injured or permanently disabled.
2146:
1676:
1648:
1367:"The Policy of the Military "Supporting the Left" and the Spread of Factional Warfare in China's Countryside: Shaanxi, 1967–1968"
34:. At least 1,700 people were killed during the violent faction clash in Chongqing, with 400–500 of them buried in this cemetery.
2244:
2030:
386:
238:
198:
295:
Much of the early phase of faction clashes involved street brawls, brick throwing, and low level violence. However, after the
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2229:
1711:
51:
913:
526:
499:
472:
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2141:
2016:
43:
935:
435:
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2096:
2086:
1653:
1591:
186:
1543:
995:
85:
247:
1122:
1557:
697:
237:, for instance, fighting between student-based Red Guards was often predicated on the ability to apply to join the
567:
Andreas, Joel (August 2002). "Battling over
Political and Cultural Power during the Chinese Cultural Revolution".
2224:
1681:
819:
369:
325:
2274:
2066:
2002:
1812:
1746:
1469:"Passion, Reflection, and Survival: Political Choices of Red Guards at Qinghua University, June 1966-}uly 1968"
406:
2391:
2202:
1794:
1761:
1756:
1731:
1696:
358:
230:
137:
698:"August 2016: The Chinese Cultural Revolution at Fifty | Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective"
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1628:
1548:
129:
26:
2156:
1822:
879:
722:
2111:
2081:
1940:
1633:
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important determiners and should not dismissed in favor of wholly cynical and pragmatic motivations.
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1339:
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1207:
1188:"Students and Class Warfare: The Social Roots of the Red Guard Conflict in Guangzhou (Canton)"
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31:
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2254:
2207:
1834:
1782:
229:
The
Cultural Revolution brought to the forefront numerous power struggles both within the
112:
as well as the
Chinese government to take multiple interventions in the summer of 1968.
2322:
2249:
2219:
2197:
2116:
2076:
1884:
1701:
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himself, the "Shanghai model" spread to other regions of China where factions began to
20:
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1024:
391:
182:
596:
553:
2259:
1960:
1894:
1875:
206:
666:"The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion"
997:
The Power of Place: Contentious
Politics in Twentieth-Century Shanghai and Bombay
903:
843:
2239:
2136:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1900:
1889:
1716:
1520:
638:
634:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)"
629:
468:
1468:
1272:
1187:
2305:
2177:
1970:
1955:
1935:
1879:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1777:
1480:
1418:
1319:
1288:
1257:
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1211:
947:
677:
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1950:
1930:
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1910:
758:
345:
260:
234:
178:
141:
101:
93:
1524:
328:
campaign would herald the end of this portion of the
Cultural Revolution.
1019:
1017:
436:"Chaos of Cultural Revolution Echoes at a Lonely Cemetery, 50 Years Later"
1945:
1865:
210:
174:
89:
1565:
108:
of rebel groups, and gradually grew out of control in 1968, forcing the
76:, refers to the violent conflicts between different factions (mostly of
1915:
1320:"Forces of Disorder: The Army in Xuzhou's Factional Warfare, 1967–1969"
908:
588:
214:
145:
121:
1583:
1237:
1083:
A social history of Maoist China : conflict and change, 1949-1976
1081:
2295:
341:
337:
251:
202:
149:
125:
59:
2240:
Hunan
Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
1273:"The Radical Students in Kwangtung During the Cultural Revolution"
275:
164:
97:
25:
133:
1752:
Counterattack the Right-Deviationist
Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
1587:
255:
attempts to make sense of orders from the central government.
201:. These seizures of power were successful in the provinces of
117:
348:, each of which saw deaths of at least thousands of people.
169:
Establishment of the
Shanghai Revolutionary Committee, 1967
16:
Factional conflicts in China during the
Cultural Revolution
1239:
Fractured Rebellion : The Beijing Red Guard Movement
792:
The Central Government of the People's Republic of China
474:
Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
19:
For the concept of tension between social classes, see
84:" composed mostly of students and workers) during the
1186:
Chan, Anita; Rosen, Stanley; Unger, Jonathan (1980).
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
527:"Factional Conflict at Beijing University, 1966–1968"
96:
in December 1966, and then spread to other areas of
2288:
2170:
2054:
1994:
1843:
1770:
1669:
1621:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
498:Jian, Guo; Song, Yongyi; Zhou, Yuan (2009-09-17).
189:was established. After receiving the support from
100:in 1967 which brought the country to the state of
2235:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
1046:
1044:
2318:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1318:Guoqiang, Dong; Walder, Andrew G. (2017-09-04).
321:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
241:and perceived prospects for upward advancement.
110:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
88:(1966–1976). The factional conflicts started in
866:
864:
1544:"Rebellion and Repression in China, 1966–1971"
104:. Most violent struggles took place after the
1599:
1475:, Stanford University Press, pp. 60–63,
1462:
1460:
501:The A to Z of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
352:
197:from the local governments, establishing the
8:
1515:
1513:
837:
835:
814:
812:
2038:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
1606:
1592:
1584:
1473:The Chinese Cultural Revolution as History
898:
896:
1382:
904:"1967:"革命样板戏"开始推行_大国脚印：网友心中60年最具影响力的60件事"
429:
427:
128:, millions of other ammunitions and even
2343:3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee
936:"China's Cultural Revolution, Explained"
794:(in Chinese). 2012-02-08. Archived from
1181:
1179:
1177:
1029:Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies
423:
120:(some say 1.877 million), 2.72 million
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
1412:
1410:
1231:
1229:
1075:
1073:
1071:
7:
30:The Cultural Revolution Cemetery in
973:(in Chinese). Joint Publishing HK.
525:Walder, Andrew G. (December 2006).
1737:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
14:
2397:Riots and civil disorder in China
1365:Tanigawa, Shinichi (2017-06-21).
2366:
2365:
2301:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
2147:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
1677:Down to the Countryside Movement
1649:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
2031:Six Articles of Public Security
1163:from the original on 2020-06-22
1123:"Glossary (English to Chinese)"
994:Frazier, Mark W. (2019-05-16).
916:from the original on 2021-01-07
766:from the original on 2021-01-03
735:from the original on 2021-01-03
646:from the original on 2021-08-01
173:The violent faction clashes in
2270:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student
2230:Central Case Examination Group
1712:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
1000:. Cambridge University Press.
848:Independent Chinese PEN Center
353:
64:
55:
47:
1:
2402:Political and cultural purges
2280:Xiang River Storm and Thunder
2142:Learn from Daqing in industry
2017:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
1467:Zheng, Xiaowei (2006-03-22),
1052:"A Short History of Shanghai"
434:Buckley, Chris (2016-04-04).
2097:Continuous Revolution Theory
2087:Cow demons and snake spirits
2010:Quotations from Chairman Mao
1654:Socialist Education Movement
934:Ramzy, Austin (2016-05-14).
878:(in Chinese). Archived from
664:Phillips, Tom (2016-05-11).
477:. Rowman & Littlefield.
471:; Zhou, Yuan (2015-07-23).
86:Chinese Cultural Revolution
2428:
1558:Cambridge University Press
1542:Walder, Andrew G. (2014).
1025:"China: The January Storm"
842:Ding, Shu (8 April 2016).
762:(in Chinese). 2014-08-26.
731:(in Chinese). 2013-03-19.
287:at the time, talking with
18:
2361:
2225:Cultural Revolution Group
1682:Cleansing the Class Ranks
1481:10.1515/9780804767989-003
1289:10.1017/s0305741000022013
1204:10.1017/s030574100001290x
754:"1980年邓小平接受外媒专访:坦率回应敏感话题"
546:10.1017/S0305741006000531
370:Cleansing the Class Ranks
326:Cleansing the Class Ranks
187:Shanghai People's Commune
2275:May Seventh Cadre School
2067:Newborn socialist things
2003:Bombard the Headquarters
1813:Shaoyang County Massacre
1747:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
1435:10.1177/0097700414533633
1384:10.1177/0097700417714159
1336:10.1177/0097700417729123
248:People's Liberation Army
225:Motivations and ideology
199:revolutionary committees
2245:Revolutionary committee
1795:Inner Mongolia incident
1762:1976 Tiananmen Incident
1732:Black Painting incident
1697:February Countercurrent
1417:Yan, Fei (2014-05-13).
1271:Rosen, Stanley (1977).
581:10.1023/A:1020949030112
387:Revolutionary committee
359:Chinese Communist Party
138:Chinese Communist Party
2215:May Sixteenth elements
1629:Anti-Rightist Campaign
1549:Social Science History
967:He, Shu (2010-08-01).
351:An official document (
292:
239:Communist Youth League
170:
35:
2250:8341 Special Regiment
2157:Five Black Categories
1823:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
1757:1976 Nanjing incident
702:Ohio State University
279:
272:Escalation and height
168:
29:
2183:Conservative Faction
2112:One Divides into Two
2082:Big-character poster
1634:Great Chinese Famine
1242:. pp. 257–260.
2412:Civil wars in China
2407:Cultural Revolution
2162:Five Red Categories
2024:May 16 Notification
1727:10th Party Congress
1615:Cultural Revolution
1566:10.1017/ssh.2015.23
1277:The China Quarterly
1192:The China Quarterly
828:(in Chinese). 天地图书.
534:The China Quarterly
504:. Scarecrow Press.
265:Tsinghua University
74:Factional Conflicts
52:traditional Chinese
2338:Morning Sun (film)
2313:Great Leap Forward
2203:Ultra-Left Faction
2152:Stinking Old Ninth
1800:Guangdong Massacre
1707:9th Party Congress
1659:Taoyuan Experience
1639:Great Leap Forward
1130:The British Museum
940:The New York Times
872:"文革五十周年：必须再来一次反文革"
569:Theory and Society
440:The New York Times
299:on July 20, 1967,
293:
171:
44:simplified Chinese
36:
2379:
2378:
2328:Sino-Soviet split
2188:Little Red Guards
2132:Capitalist roader
2122:Eight model plays
1819:Yunnan Massacres
1742:Hangzhou incident
1722:Lin Biao incident
1644:Lushan Conference
1529:China News Digest
1525:"文革中"非正常死亡"了多少人？"
1249:978-0-674-05478-3
1093:978-1-107-12370-0
1080:Wemheuer, Felix.
1007:978-1-108-48131-1
980:978-962-04-2995-8
970:為毛主席而戰——文革重慶大武鬥實錄
728:Phoenix New Media
511:978-0-8108-7033-8
484:978-1-4422-5172-4
407:Hangzhou incident
68:), also known as
2419:
2369:
2368:
2107:Violent Struggle
2102:Seizure of power
2092:Bloodline theory
2072:Struggle session
2045:On Class Origins
1828:Shadian incident
1808:Daoxian massacre
1804:Hunan Massacres
1790:Guangxi Massacre
1608:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1236:Walder, Andrew.
1233:
1224:
1223:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1147:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1077:
1066:
1065:
1063:
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1048:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1021:
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991:
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784:
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772:
771:
750:
744:
743:
741:
740:
723:"1980年：法拉奇对话邓小平"
719:
713:
712:
710:
709:
694:
688:
687:
685:
684:
661:
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557:
531:
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489:
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458:
457:
455:
454:
431:
397:Struggle session
365:Andrew G. Walder
356:
355:
66:
57:
49:
40:Violent Struggle
32:Chongqing, China
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2357:
2353:Scar literature
2348:Boluan Fanzheng
2284:
2265:Barefoot doctor
2255:Sent-down youth
2208:Xiaoyao Faction
2166:
2050:
1990:
1839:
1835:Ruijin Massacre
1783:Daxing Massacre
1766:
1665:
1617:
1612:
1582:
1581:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1501:
1491:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1250:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1109:
1094:
1086:. p. 204.
1079:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1008:
993:
992:
988:
981:
966:
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961:
952:
950:
933:
932:
928:
919:
917:
902:
901:
894:
885:
883:
870:
869:
862:
853:
851:
844:"文革死亡人数统计为两百万人"
841:
840:
833:
825:天地翻覆: 中国文化大革命历史
818:
817:
810:
801:
799:
786:
785:
778:
769:
767:
752:
751:
747:
738:
736:
721:
720:
716:
707:
705:
704:. 5 August 2016
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378:
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231:Communist Party
227:
185:" during which
163:
158:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:1970s in China
2384:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2359:
2358:
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2330:
2325:
2323:Class struggle
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2289:Related topics
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Five Man Group
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:Scarlet Guards
2195:
2190:
2185:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2117:Democracy Wall
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2077:Feudal fascism
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
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2048:
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2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
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1992:
1991:
1989:
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1983:
1978:
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1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1885:Zhang Chunqiao
1882:
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1868:
1863:
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1734:
1729:
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1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:Wuhan incident
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1679:
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1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1534:
1523:(2011-10-11).
1509:
1489:
1456:
1429:(2): 168–196.
1419:"Rival Rebels"
1406:
1357:
1330:(2): 139–169.
1310:
1263:
1248:
1225:
1173:
1159:. 2009-05-26.
1135:
1107:
1092:
1067:
1056:New York Times
1040:
1013:
1006:
986:
979:
959:
926:
912:(in Chinese).
892:
860:
831:
822:(2017-07-04).
808:
776:
745:
714:
689:
656:
602:
575:(4): 463–519.
559:
517:
510:
490:
483:
459:
422:
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
412:Wuhan incident
409:
404:
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333:
330:
315:
312:
297:Wuhan incident
283:, the wife of
273:
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226:
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162:
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21:class struggle
15:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
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2:
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2333:Two Whatevers
2331:
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2221:
2218:
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2209:
2206:
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2201:
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2196:
2194:
2193:Rebel Faction
2191:
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2180:
2179:
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2173:
2169:
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2138:
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2127:Loyalty dance
2125:
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2110:
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2100:
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1954:
1952:
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1939:
1937:
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1926:Wang Dongxing
1924:
1922:
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1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
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1871:Deng Xiaoping
1869:
1867:
1864:
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1692:January Storm
1690:
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1687:12-3 incident
1685:
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1563:
1559:
1556:(3 & 4).
1555:
1551:
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1538:
1535:
1531:(in Chinese).
1530:
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1490:9780804767989
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945:
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927:
915:
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910:
905:
899:
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893:
882:on 2021-02-24
881:
877:
873:
867:
865:
861:
849:
845:
838:
836:
832:
827:
826:
821:
820:Yang, Jisheng
815:
813:
809:
798:on 2020-08-21
797:
793:
789:
783:
781:
777:
765:
761:
760:
755:
749:
746:
734:
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724:
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715:
703:
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645:
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631:
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603:
598:
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586:
582:
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574:
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563:
560:
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551:
547:
543:
540:: 1023–1047.
539:
535:
528:
521:
518:
513:
507:
503:
502:
494:
491:
486:
480:
476:
475:
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463:
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441:
437:
430:
428:
424:
417:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
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392:January Storm
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Power seizure
380:
379:
375:
373:
371:
366:
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360:
349:
347:
343:
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331:
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322:
313:
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308:
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298:
291:(August 1967)
290:
286:
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278:
271:
269:
266:
262:
256:
253:
249:
244:
243:Andrew Walder
240:
236:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:January Storm
180:
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160:
155:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
113:
111:
107:
106:power seizure
103:
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91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
61:
53:
45:
41:
33:
28:
22:
2260:61 Renegades
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1961:Yang Chengwu
1895:Wang Hongwen
1876:Gang of Four
1670:Major events
1553:
1547:
1537:
1528:
1521:Song, Yongyi
1502:, retrieved
1472:
1426:
1423:Modern China
1422:
1377:(1): 35–67.
1374:
1371:Modern China
1370:
1360:
1327:
1324:Modern China
1323:
1313:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1238:
1195:
1191:
1165:. Retrieved
1154:
1129:
1082:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:
996:
989:
969:
962:
951:. Retrieved
939:
929:
918:. Retrieved
907:
884:. Retrieved
880:the original
876:www.hybsl.cn
875:
852:. Retrieved
850:(in Chinese)
847:
824:
800:. Retrieved
796:the original
791:
768:. Retrieved
757:
748:
737:. Retrieved
726:
717:
706:. Retrieved
701:
692:
681:. Retrieved
670:The Guardian
669:
659:
648:. Retrieved
637:
630:Song, Yongyi
572:
568:
562:
537:
533:
520:
500:
493:
473:
469:Song, Yongyi
462:
451:. Retrieved
439:
363:
354:建国以来历史政治运动事实
350:
335:
317:
304:
294:
257:
228:
207:Heilongjiang
172:
130:armored cars
114:
82:rebel groups
73:
69:
63:
39:
37:
2137:Yiku sitian
1986:Ye Jianying
1981:Hua Guofeng
1976:Mao Yuanxin
1966:Chen Zaidao
1901:Peng Dehuai
1890:Yao Wenyuan
1844:Key figures
1717:Project 571
1560:: 513–539.
1283:: 390–399.
1198:: 397–446.
1156:Renmin Wang
1151:"（2）"文攻武卫""
639:Sciences Po
467:Jian, Guo;
357:) from the
324:during the
2386:Categories
2306:Mango cult
2178:Red Guards
1971:Kang Sheng
1956:Qiu Huizuo
1936:Ji Dengkui
1880:Jiang Qing
1861:Zhou Enlai
1856:Liu Shaoqi
1851:Mao Zedong
1778:Red August
1504:2022-12-20
1258:1262307607
1167:2020-04-03
1102:1090439919
1061:2020-04-03
1034:2020-04-03
953:2020-02-16
920:2020-06-09
886:2020-06-09
854:2020-02-16
802:2020-04-01
788:"1968年大事记"
770:2020-02-16
739:2020-02-16
708:2020-02-16
683:2020-02-16
650:2020-02-16
453:2020-02-16
418:References
402:Red Terror
332:Death toll
306:Wenhui Bao
301:Jiang Qing
289:Red Guards
285:Mao Zedong
281:Jiang Qing
219:Jiang Qing
195:grab power
191:Mao Zedong
78:Red Guards
2062:Four Olds
1995:Documents
1951:Wu Faxian
1931:Xie Fuzhi
1921:Chen Boda
1911:Peng Zhen
1771:Massacres
1574:143087356
1499:246167750
1451:145108614
1443:0097-7004
1401:148920995
1393:0097-7004
1352:148715322
1344:0097-7004
1305:144728829
1297:0305-7410
1220:154982790
1212:0305-7410
948:0362-4331
678:0261-3077
448:0362-4331
346:Chongqing
261:Guangzhou
235:Guangdong
179:Chongqing
148:, and in
142:Chongqing
124:, 14,828
102:civil war
94:Chongqing
2371:Category
2055:Concepts
1946:Qi Benyu
1866:Lin Biao
1161:Archived
914:Archived
764:Archived
733:Archived
644:Archived
597:55652966
554:36643030
376:See also
211:Shandong
175:Shanghai
122:grenades
90:Shanghai
1941:Wang Li
1916:Tao Zhu
1622:Prelude
909:Tencent
589:3108513
215:Guizhou
161:Origins
156:History
146:Sichuan
126:cannons
2296:Maoism
2171:Groups
1906:Wu Han
1572:
1497:
1487:
1449:
1441:
1399:
1391:
1350:
1342:
1303:
1295:
1256:
1246:
1218:
1210:
1100:
1090:
1004:
977:
946:
676:
595:
587:
552:
508:
481:
446:
342:Xuzhou
338:Luzhou
252:Xuzhou
203:Shanxi
150:Xuzhou
62::
60:pinyin
54::
46::
1570:S2CID
1495:S2CID
1447:S2CID
1397:S2CID
1348:S2CID
1301:S2CID
1216:S2CID
1126:(PDF)
593:S2CID
585:JSTOR
550:S2CID
530:(PDF)
144:, in
134:tanks
98:China
80:and "
70:Wudou
65:wǔdòu
1485:ISBN
1439:ISSN
1389:ISSN
1340:ISSN
1293:ISSN
1254:OCLC
1244:ISBN
1208:ISSN
1098:OCLC
1088:ISBN
1002:ISBN
975:ISBN
944:ISSN
759:Sina
674:ISSN
506:ISBN
479:ISBN
444:ISSN
344:and
213:and
177:and
132:and
118:guns
92:and
38:The
1562:doi
1477:doi
1431:doi
1379:doi
1332:doi
1285:doi
1200:doi
577:doi
542:doi
538:188
314:End
72:or
2388::
1568:.
1554:38
1552:.
1546:.
1527:.
1512:^
1493:,
1483:,
1471:,
1459:^
1445:.
1437:.
1427:41
1425:.
1421:.
1409:^
1395:.
1387:.
1375:44
1373:.
1369:.
1346:.
1338:.
1328:44
1326:.
1322:.
1299:.
1291:.
1281:70
1279:.
1275:.
1252:.
1228:^
1214:.
1206:.
1196:83
1194:.
1190:.
1176:^
1153:.
1138:^
1128:.
1110:^
1096:.
1070:^
1054:.
1043:^
1027:.
1016:^
942:.
938:.
906:.
895:^
874:.
863:^
846:.
834:^
811:^
790:.
779:^
756:.
725:.
700:.
672:.
668:.
642:.
636:.
632:.
605:^
591:.
583:.
573:31
571:.
548:.
536:.
532:.
442:.
438:.
426:^
340:,
209:,
205:,
152:.
58:;
56:武鬥
50:;
48:武斗
1897:)
1878:(
1607:e
1600:t
1593:v
1576:.
1564::
1479::
1453:.
1433::
1403:.
1381::
1354:.
1334::
1307:.
1287::
1260:.
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1202::
1170:.
1132:.
1104:.
1064:.
1037:.
1010:.
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956:.
923:.
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599:.
579::
556:.
544::
514:.
487:.
456:.
42:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
