List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes

2164:

two broken ribs and a fractured nose. Later at police barracks over the course of four hours, according to trial testimony, a third officer beat Barkoski with a strap while he lay semiconscious on the floor, twisted his ears until the miner cried aloud, and twisted his broken nose until he lapsed again into unconsciousness. Then he beat Barkoski over the chest with a poker until the poker bent, straightened the implement and beat the man again. He stripped the miner to the waist in order to better use a strap and kicked Barkoski until the miner's body rolled over and over on the floor. The original attacker also beat Barkoski, kicked him, struck him over the head with knucklers, and slapped him on the arms and legs and neck with his blackjack. The next morning he was taken to a hospital where he died. A jury acquitted the three officers of murder.

673:: The union asked for a wage increase of 50 cents-per-day for those making less than $ 3-per-day, to restore a 50-cent cut imposed in 1893. The county sheriff and his deputies supported the strikers. Leadville city police took the side of the mine owners, recruited new officers from Denver, and "apparently kept up a near-constant campaign of harassment and violence against union members throughout the strike." As many as six union men were killed during the strike, by strikebreakers, police, or under mysterious circumstances. Four more union men died when they joined about 50 strikers in a nighttime rifle and dynamite attack on the Coronado and Emmett mines; the attackers burned the Coronado shafthouse and killed a firefighter trying to extinguish the blaze. 3302:. With the backing of the IWW, his conviction was appealed to the Utah Supreme Court. Citing dozens of alleged errors in procedure and fairness, attorney O.N. Hilton called Hill's case "utterly lacking in the essential fundamentals of proof." Recent research findings support "that the circumstantial case made against the man who ultimately was executed for the crime was nowhere near as convincing as the one that could and should have been made against (Frank Z.) Wilson," who was a serial criminal well known to police, who picked him up mere blocks from the murder, detained him and then let him go. 2068:: Several hundred armed UMWA strikers laid siege to a nonunion mine. After an afternoon of gunfire by both sides, three of the besieging strikers were dead or mortally wounded. The next morning, the approximately 50 strikebreakers agreed to surrender their arms in exchange for a guarantee of safe passage out of the county. After the disarmed strikebreakers left the mine, 19 were killed by the strikers in various ways; some were killed in the town cemetery, in front of a crowd of about 1,000 cheering townspeople. Some were tied up and repeatedly shot at close range; some had their throats slit. 908:-friendly information was prohibited. On June 8, 130 armed soldiers and deputies went to the small mining camp of Dunnville, 14 miles south of Victor, to arrest union miners. When they arrived, 65 miners were stationed behind rocks and trees on the hills above the soldiers. One of the miners shot at the troops, who returned fire. There were 7 minutes of steady gunfire, followed by an hour of occasional gunfire. Miner John Carley was killed in the gunfight. The much better-armed soldiers prevailed, and arrested 14 of the miners. 4296:

a mob of Klansmen. Shoemaker died nine days later after he was stripped, flogged with tire chains, clubbed on the head, burned with a hot poker in the genitals, covered in boiling tar and feathers and paralyzed on one side. The cigar industry moguls of Tampa had actively opposed Shoemaker, had close ties to the police and posted bail for the arrested policemen. "A thorough investigation revealed that the murder resulted from a collaboration between Tampa Chief of Police R. G. Tittsworth and (the) local Klan."

1263:: a confrontation between striking coal miners and coal operators in Kanawha County, West Virginia, centered on the area between two streams, Paint Creek and Cabin Creek. 12 miners were killed on July 26, 1912, at Mucklow. On February 7, 1913, the county sheriff's posse attacked the Holly Grove miners' camp with machine guns, killing striker Cesco Estep. Many more than 50 deaths among miners and their families were indirectly caused, as a result of starvation and malnutrition. 1381:: Sheriff's deputies visited a boarding house with the intent to arrest one of the boarders who had trespassed on company property while taking a shortcut home. The suspect, John Kalan, resisted arrest and went inside the house. As the deputies prepared to leave, someone tossed a bowling pin at them. The deputies opened fire into the crowded home, killing Alois Tijan and Steve Putich and injuring two others. The people inside the house were unarmed. 2830:: Following a walkout of union longshoremen on October 1, 1935, uncounted strikers and strikebreakers were beaten and injured in sporadic violence despite hired guards and injunctions against force. Three men were killed in Houston, 3 at Port Arthur, 1 at Beaumont, 3 at Lake Charles, La., 2 at New Orleans, and 2 at Mobile. At least two of the reported 14 people killed were strikers: an ILA member named Etienne Christ shot to death in 3956:: Gunmen hired by the Great Southern Lumber Company converged on the organizing office of the International Union of Timber Workers and without warning began to shoot. Lem Williams was shot down at the front door, and J.P. Bouchillon and Thomas Gaines were then killed as each appeared at the doorway. Stanley O'Rourke attempted to leave by the back door where he was shot while coming out with his hands above his head. 2024:

Jeffery, Sharples and Blair. Army bombers were used for aerial surveillance. Sporadic gun battles continued for a week. Sources differ greatly on the number of men wounded and the number killed. Best estimates put the death toll at sixteen. On September 2, federal troops arrived by presidential order, and the miners started heading home the next day. About one million rounds were fired in the battle.

2415:, a crowd of several hundred threw stones, breaking windows at various Kohler company buildings. Special deputies used tear gas a number of times to disperse the crowd, forcing the crowd to move to the next building. At one point the guards fired guns, killing two strikers named Lee Wakefield and Harry Englemann. In addition, 47 "men, women and boys were wounded, gassed, and injured". 4436: 3786:. Three striking miners (two Finnish brothers named Huhta and an Austrian) fired random rifle shots from 50 yards into the boarding house of Thomas Dally on Baltic Street, which housed replacement miners. The gunshots killed Dally and two English brothers, William Arthur Jane and Thomas Henry Jane. The attached house also received fire, injuring 13-year-old Mary Nicholson. 774:: The Police Board swore in 2500 citizens in a posse commanded by John H. Cavender, who had played a similar paramilitary role in the 1877 general strike. On the evening of June 10, men of that posse fatally shot three strikers returning from a picnic and left 14 others wounded. Between May 7 and the end of the strike in September, 14 people had been killed. 6185: 1566:: When two trainloads of strikebreakers from the South were smuggled into the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. plant, angry strikers assembled at the mill gates. Mill guards fired into the crowd, killing 3 strikers. A riot then began that burned six square blocks of the city. A grand jury found that the guards had precipitated the disturbance. 952:

to bail out those arrested, but the sheriff refused to release them. When a brick was thrown at the jail's window, private armed guards hired earlier in the strike by the company opened fire on the crowd, killing three miners (Steve Popovich, Matus Tomen, Simeon Vojcek), fatally wounding a 10-year-old boy, and wounding 18 others.

2834:, on 10/21, and striker Samuel L. Brandt shot to death in Houston on 11/25. Strikebreakers allegedly fired the shots that killed Brandt. Striker Ernest Dukes was shot dead by a policeman on October 30 in Mobile. Two special guards protecting non-union workers were killed by sniping pickets on October 22 in Lake Charles. 454:: Louisiana Militia, aided by bands of prominent citizens, shot at least 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar-per-day wage and lynched two strike leaders. "No credible official count of the victims was ever made; bodies continued to turn up in shallow graves outside of town for weeks to come." 645:

shoreline in south Chicago embarking on several straight days of vandalism and violence, burning switchyards and hundreds of railroad cars. Thousands of federal troops and deputy marshals were inserted over the governor's protests and clashed with rioters. The strike dissolved by August 2. Debs biographer

7743:

The shootings occurred when a body of men who quit the strikers ... met a body of strikers. ... The men who went back to work were armed with rifles and they had an escort of militia, the state troops having been brought into the region in April. Stones were thrown and one of the men who had returned

5701:

The I.W.W., its first seventy years (1905–1975). The history of an effort to organize the working class. A corrected facsimile of the 1955 volume: The I.W.W. its first fifty years by Fred Thompson with new chapter by Patrick Murfin on I.W.W. 1955–1975 and an appendix listing sources on I.W.W. history

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By late August 200 ships stood idle in the bay in a shutdown estimated to be costing California a net loss of $ 1 million a day. Mayor James Duval Phelan was forced to hire 200 special police to escort non-striking teamsters around the city. Five men died as a result of violent clashes, and more than

4117:

Eight hundred black workers associated with the newly founded Croppers and Farm Workers Union struck in July for cash wages and a nine-month school year for tenant children, among other demands. On the 15th a vigilante anti-union white lynch mob descended on SCU meetings, but were held off by strike

2293:

Executives at Jones & Laughlin Steel in Aliquippa, PA recruited a group of 200 deputies, armed them with tear gas and rifles, and sent them armed across the river to a sister plant that was on strike. They attacked a picket line outside the Spang-Chalfant Seamless Tube Mill, shooting 21 strikers,

794:

About 250 armed striking union miners took hidden positions around an entrance to the Smuggler-Union mine complex, and demanded that the nonunion miners leave the mine. One striker and two strikebreakers died in the ensuing gunfight. The strikers were more numerous and better-armed, and after several

474:

Several days of street riots and strikes by unorganized city laborers climaxed with an hour-long gun battle on Michigan Street with municipal police. Two Finnish strikers, Ed Johnson and Matt Mack, later died of their wounds. Another estimated 30 were wounded, and another young bystander was killed

4295:

harassed and intimidated union leaders. On November 30, 1935, Tampa police raided an organizational meeting of "Modern Democrats" in a private home without a warrant. Joseph A. Shoemaker and five other organizers were taken to a Tampa police station. Five policemen then turned three of them over to

4027:

The "Harrison Railroad Riot": striking railroad worker Ed C. Gregor was jailed for discharging a shotgun in the air to fend off a mob, then kidnapped from jail and lynched on a railroad bridge. Other fellow AFL members were taken from their homes and flogged. The Klan had allied with townspeople,

3380:

A group of white nativists organized as a "Laborers' Union" openly plotted assassination and arson before murdering four Chinese farmhands in a worker's cabin. Two survived to bear witness. Partly hate crime and partly labor conflict, this was one event in the attempted purge of Chinese immigrants

3267:

to protest the police brutality. A bomb thrown at the rally caused police to open fire, killing at least one worker and injuring many. Blamed for the Haymarket bomb, four labor leaders were eventually hanged and one committed suicide the day before the scheduled executions. The prosecution admitted

3199:

spy. Three of the defendants confessed: Manus Cull, Francis McHugh, and Patrick Butler, as did Molly Maguire member "Powder Keg" Kerrigan. Their confessions and testimony corroborated that of Pinkerton agent McParlan. Historians have written that the murder charge against John Keyhoe, the subject of

1702:

Five men were killed and more than a dozen wounded by police guarding streetcar barns of the Southern Public Utilities Company. As a crowd of striking conductors and motormen surged, over 100 shots were fired. Operators of street cars in Charlotte and other cities had gone on strike on August 10 for

900:, took the side of the mine owners against the miners. Bell announced that "the military will have sole charge of everything ..." and suspended the Bill of Rights, including freedom of assembly and the right to bear arms. Union leaders were arrested and either thrown in the bullpen, or banished. The 750:

sent in U.S. Army troops, who, upon the order of Idaho officials, arrested nearly every adult male. About 1000 men were confined in a pine board prison surrounded by a 6-foot barbed wire fence patrolled by armed soldiers. Most were released within a week, but more than a hundred remained for months,

3647:

Amid a string of assaults and injuries, three men were killed in separate incidents during a strike of metal polishers against the Wehrle Stove Company. Striker Michael Goodwin, a union guard, was shot to death on October 17. Non-union worker Charles Higgins was killed on November 11 by a striker.

3403:

A long-standing "armed truce" had stood between striking coal miners and imported non-union black replacement workers at Coal Creek for about a year. Since November 1877 some of the strikers had joined a local volunteer militia, armed by the State arsenal. A drunken argument left one black worker

2240:

at the end of a planned march to the Dearborn plant. Dearborn police and Ford security guards opened fire on the marchers. As protestors retreated, machine guns were fired at them. 4 workers were shot to death and over 60 were injured, many by gunshot wounds. Three months later, another worker died

951:

Two weeks into a strike by as many as 5000 miners against the Berwind-White Coal Company, the striking miners held a large meeting, at which an infiltrator from the company was discovered. The resulting disturbance led to the arrest and jailing of several miners. A large group assembled at the jail

848:

were attacked by nighttime gunfire. The guards returned fire, and the next morning immigrant striker Anthony Giuseppe was found dead by a gunshot outside the site. On October 9, a striker named William Durham was loitering near a non-striker's house, which had been partly destroyed by dynamite the

4606:

Police violence had taken a terrible toll: approximately thirty were killed − the true number could not be reported since many were buried at night in lime pits south of the city − and another two hundred were wounded. (These figures are estimates based on comparing newspaper accounts and names of

2163:

to death. He had gone to his mother-in-law's home and there fell into the hands of two coal and iron policemen employed by the Pittsburgh Coal Company. Eyewitnesses said one of them had launched an unprovoked attack on Barkoski, who received a laceration of the left cheek, five or six head wounds,

1798:

Casimer Mazurek, 26-year-old decorated World War veteran and steelworker, was killed by Lackawanna Steel Company police when they fired into a strike gathering of 3,000 men, women, and children assembled at Gate No. 3. On September 25, Maciecz Buczkowski, a 38-year-old Polish laborer, succumbed to

815:

Waterfront workers struck beginning July 30, an action that triggered sympathy strikes from bakers, sailors and other sectors. The city was in a commercial standstill by late August, with hundreds of ships stacked up in the bay unable to unload, while a violent struggle played out on the streets.

3733:

were strikers: Robert Mitchell, Cairo Illinois, October 3; Lem Haley, McComb Mississippi, October 4; J.S. Coldereau, Bakersfield California, November 25, 1911; John G. Hayden, Salt Lake City, December 5; and Ed Lefevre, Mojave California, January 25. Five replacement workers and one non-striking

2023:

set up defenses on Blair Mountain, with the nation's largest private armed force of 2000. By August 29, battle was fully joined. Chafin's men, though outnumbered, had the advantage of higher positions and better weaponry. Private hired planes dropped homemade bombs on the miners near the towns of

1641:

workers coming to support the strikers. A 10-minute gun battle ensued, with most gunfire coming from the dock. The IWW listed 5 dead with 27 wounded, although as many as 12 members may have been killed (some people were last seen drowning in the harbor waters). Two deputies were killed by fellow

1007:, for four hundred replacement workers. Farley's armed workers took control of the entire streetcar system. Violence started two days into the strike when a shootout on Turk Street left 2 dead and about 20 injured. Of the 31 deaths from shootings and streetcar accidents, 25 were among passengers. 2988:

Shooting broke out when several hundred picketers tried to stop a truck from entering the plant, and then rushed the plant gate, guarded by local police. One striker and one policeman were killed by gunfire; accounts differ as to which side fired first. The governor sent in national guardsmen to

2208:

was a violent, nearly decade-long conflict between miners and mine operators who adamantly resisted unionization. It consisted of skirmishes, executions, bombings, and strikes. The incidents involved coal miners and union organizers on one side and coal firms and law enforcement officials on the

4096:

Twenty-year-old striking hosiery mill worker Alberta Bachman was shot and killed, and two others wounded, by a former striker who had returned to work. The former striker shot into a car he believed was going to throw rocks at his house. Bachman was a member of the American Federation of Full

644:

to unionize the Pullman railroad car company in suburban Chicago developed into a strike on May 10, 1894. Other unions were drawn in. On June 26 a national rail strike of 125,000 workers paralyzed traffic in 27 states for weeks. By July 3 a mob peaking at perhaps 10,000 had gathered near the

3207:

The Molly Maguire trials were a surrender of state sovereignty. A private corporation initiated the investigation through a private detective agency. A private police force arrested the alleged defenders, and private attorneys for the coal companies prosecuted them. The state provided only the

41:

This list is not comprehensive. Several factors including multi-sided conflicts, physically remote locations, company-controlled locations, and exaggerated or biased original reporting make some of the death and injury counts uncertain. In all, the number of deaths documented total over 1100.

1027:

On Christmas Day U.S. Marshals battled a number of union organizers at the McFerrin Hotel in Stearns as they sought to arrest Berry Simpson. The hotel was set ablaze by order of the marshal, leaving the hotel burned out, many wounded, and two shot dead: Deputy U.S. Marshal John Mullins and

2763:

A Teamsters picket, William Usatalo, was shot and killed on the street in Tacoma by armed guards employed by brewery owner Peter Marinoff in a union dispute. Both the shooter and Marinoff himself were sentenced to 20 years in prison for manslaughter. Marinoff's conviction was overturned.

3877:

was a patrolman, Richard D. Reemts. During an altercation in which he and an associate disarmed two volunteer replacement officers, another non-striking officer approached, prompting Reemts to flee into the path of a startled storekeeper, who shot Reemts for fear of being attacked.

359:

Troops of the Illinois state militia, pitted against "the most desperate and howling mob" of immigrant quarrymen and their women, throwing cobblestones, fired into the crowd. They killed two Polish strikers, Jacob Kugawa and Henry Stiller, and wounded several others with bayonets.

403:: As protesters chanted for an 8-hour workday, 250 state militia were ordered to shoot into the crowd as it approached the iron rolling mill at Bay View, leaving 7 dead at the scene, including a 13-year-old boy. The Milwaukee Journal reported that eight more died within 24 hours. 185:: As militiamen approached and sought to protect the roundhouse, they bayoneted and fired on rock-throwing strikers, killing 20 people and wounding 29.The next day, the militia mounted an assault on the strikers, shooting their way out of the roundhouse and killing 20 more people. 37:

around 1636 for better working conditions. It does not include killings of enslaved persons. According to a study in 1969, the United States has had the bloodiest and most violent labor history of any industrial nation in the world, and few industries were immune from that blot.

1778:, clashed with local police and company guards sworn in as police. After weeks of unrest and increasing lawlessness requiring state troops, three strikers were killed (Stanley Skis, George Rosko, Stephen Krowczek) and one soldier (Lawrence Dudek). Another fifty were wounded. 1117:

July 1910 – South Greensburg: Striking miners had obtained a permit to march, but as they began, deputy sheriffs on horseback stopped them. In defiance of the local police chief, the deputies charged with their horses, swinging clubs and then firing into the crowd, killing a

1610:: On June 22, 1916, in Virginia, MN, miner John Alar was shot and killed in a confrontation between police and a group of pickets. Shortly afterward, a miner left his shift after being paid less than the contracted rate, helping to ignite the Mesabi Range strike of 1916. The 502:

for higher wages and an 8-hour work day. As a crowd of about 1000 strikers accompanied by a brass band marched on the company store, deputized members of the 10th Regiment of the National Guard fired several volleys into the crowd, killing 6 strikers and fatally wounding 3.

6398:"Riot results in 1 death, 4 wounded: Special plant policemen leave company property, line up in street and fire upon closely massed strikers: Seven men arrested after fatal clash: One of four wounded expected to die as result of bullet in head, child not wounded seriously". 3761:

leader Richie "Blackie" Ford as he addressed striking field workers at the Durst Ranch. Four people died, including two workers, the local district attorney and a deputy. Despite the lack of evidence against them, Ford and another strike leader were found guilty of murder.

3929:: Two American Legion members in an Armistice Day parade were shot dead by IWW members firing rifles, after which the unarmed Legionaires attempted to force their way into the IWW hall. Two more were shot dead by members of the IWW, after which an IWW organizer named 2507:: 50 armed policemen were escorting a non-union truck that was then cut off by a vehicle carrying picketers. The police opened fire on the vehicle with shotguns and then turned their guns on the strikers filling the streets. Two strikers were killed and 67 wounded. 1079:: At least 12 people died when strikers battled with private security agents and Pennsylvania State Police mounted on horseback. Eight men died on August 22, including 4 strikers. By the time the rioting was over, a dozen men were dead and more than 50 were wounded. 5091: 2438:: Upon hearing that scab crews were about to take two oil tankers out of the port, union members went to the dock. When the longshoremen tried to get past the dock's gates, they were ambushed by guards. Worker Shelvy Daffron was shot in the back and later died. 931:: Riots erupted on April 7 and continued almost daily until mid-July. Sometimes thousands of striking workers would clash with strikebreakers and armed police each day. By late July, when the strike ended, 21 people had been killed and a total of 416 injured. 1405:

in April 1914, for ten days striking miners at the other tent colonies went to war. They attacked and destroyed mines, fighting pitched battles with mine guards and militia along a 40-mile front from Trinidad to Walsenburg. The strike ended in defeat for the

1056:, struck a multistate Great Lakes shipping cartel called the Lake Carriers' Association. By late November 1909 five union members had been "shot and killed by strikebreakers and private police." The difficult and fruitless strike dragged on until 1912. 8936:"Woman killed, 15 shot in strike riot, Bullets fly as workers try to break picket lines at Carolina Mills, Troops called out as mother of 2 dies in short gun battle, Shooting starts at 2 textile plants as man attempts to drive car through ring of strikers" 237:

ventured into the Seventh Street Cut (a man-made railway ravine) to address a train disabled by rioters. They were bombarded from above with bricks and stones, harassed, and finally they fired a rifle volley into the crowd at the far end, killing ten.

2325:, 60 miles (97 km) south of Pixley. After a stand-off, the two sides attacked each other (the workers using wooden poles, the growers' men using their rifle butts). A shot rang out, killing a striking worker. 8 growers were charged with murder. 4461:

Philip Taft and Philip Ross, "American Labor Violence: Its Causes, Character, and Outcome," The History of Violence in America: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, ed. Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr,

2787:: three lumber workers were killed in a fight with police and strikebreakers outside of the Holmes-Eureka lumber mill (Wilhelm Kaarte died immediately; Harold Edlund and Paul Lampella, mortally wounded, died on June 24 and August 7, respectively). 3501:

under a man named Oliver Cromwell in 1888 drew the armed opposition of white authorities, planters and retailers. In the resulting "Leflore County Massacre" six prominent "insurgents" were captured, accused of various crimes, and made subject to

4221:

James Connor, a 22-year-old college student and newlywed working as a replacement worker on his vacation, was shot and killed in an altercation with striking longshoremen. This was one of a string of violent incidents, including visiting Senator

1586:

Strikers had arranged to parade outside the Carnegie Steel Co. plant, but the company had stationed an armed force inside the plant. When the paraders arrived, the guards opened fire, shooting strikers and bystanders. Two strikers were killed.

6347: 3190:

A 20% pay cut in December, 1874, led to a long strike that began on January 1, 1875, and quickly turned violent. Several company bosses were killed. Bodies of militant miners were sometimes found in deserted mine shafts. 20 workers (suspected

3208:

courtroom and the gallows. ... Any objective study of the tenor of the times and the entire record must conclude that (the Mollies) ... did not have fair and impartial juries. They were, therefore, denied one of the fundamental rights that

2044:

Posse of 70 to 100 deputies and state police went to the small mining community of Sharples to arrest miners and their leaders. The confrontation resulted in a gunfight in which at least two miners were killed and two others were wounded.

2088:

John Chrosniak, a striking streetcar conductor, was killed when a city patrolman on a moving streetcar fired four shots into an obstructing crowd of 20 protesters throwing stones. The motorman was also sprayed with acid in the incident.

1518:: During a strike by stillcleaners at Standard Oil of New Jersey and Tidewater Petroleum, armed strikebreakers protected by police fired into a crowd of strikers and sympathizers, killing four striking workers (John Sterancsak was one). 719:: The Chicago-Virden Coal Company attempted to break a strike by importing black replacement workers. After union workers stopped a train transporting non-union workers and a tense standoff, eight of the union workers were killed when 5189:

By the end of September the City Front strike had brought San Francisco two months of violent industrial conflict, during which two strikebreakers and two strikers had been killed, and several hundred men had been injured, some quite

4344:

in Chester, Pennsylvania, one striker named John Young was killed, another (Peter Martain) was not expected to live, and 40 were injured, in battles between strikers and non-strikers in fighting that involved thrown rocks and bricks.

3220:, who wrote, "t is impossible for us to imagine the plight of the 19th Century miners in Pennsylvania's anthracite region. ... We can be proud of the men known as the Molly Maguires", whom he praised as "these martyred men of labor". 4389:, as workers were attempting to organize across racial lines at various textile mills in the area. A rally to protest recruitment at the mills by the Ku Klux Klan and Nazis turned violent, resulting in the deaths of the organizers. 3821:

organized a Christmas-Eve party for strikers and their families. The hall was packed with 400 to 500 people when someone shouted "fire". There was no fire, but 73 people, 62 of them children, were crushed to death trying to escape.

2461:: When striking longshoremen surrounded a San Francisco police car and tried to tip it over, the police shot into the air, and then fired into the crowd, killing Nick Bordoise (originally named Nick Counderakis) and Howard Sperry. 6481:

Although casualty figures were not kept by either side, best estimates put the death toll during the Battle of Blair Mountain at sixteen with all but four of the dead being miners. None of the casualties were inflicted by federal

4270:

As a non-striking worker tried to drive a car through a picket line, gunfire between strikers and non-strikers broke out. Laura Gertrude Kelly, standing among a group of workers at a distance outside the plant gate, was killed.

4501:

A History of Livingston County, New York: From Its Earliest Traditions, to Its Part in the War for Our Union: with an Account of the Seneca Nation of Indians, and Biographical Sketches of Earliest Settlers and Prominent Public

2368:: When 500 strikers attacked and tried to set fire to a ship housing strikebreakers in San Pedro, police unsuccessfully tried to stop them with tear gas, then shot into the crowd, killing strikers Dick Parker and John Knudsen. 3668:

Five labor organizers were lynched in Tampa during 1910. The Committee for the Defense of Civil Rights in Tampa stated, "The Tampa cigar bosses carry on a constant campaign to prevent the organization of cigar makers unions."

3431:'s policy of preferentially hiring Chinese miners and paying them lower wages than white miners. Racial tensions were a factor in the massacre. When the rioting ended, at least 28 Chinese miners were dead and 15 were injured. 1113:

May 1910 – State police stopped four immigrant miners who did not speak English to question them. A bilingual miner came by and told the four to leave, but the troopers chased, shot and killed the fifth man, allegedly in cold

3359:

union coal strike. The shot was fired by a non-striking worker being escorted by state militia, who in April had been called in under the command of William W. Scranton. Eight thousand people attended the strikers' funeral.

649:

calculated thirty people killed in Chicago alone. Historian David Ray Papke, building on the work of Almont Lindsey published in 1942, estimated another 40 killed in other states. Property damage exceeded $ 80 million.

9071: 4118:

leader Ralph Gray. The following day a gun battle between Gray and the local sheriff left both wounded. Later a white mob assassinated Gray in his bed, burned down his house, and deposited his body on the grounds of the

1105:

May 8, 1910 – Yukon, PA: As 25 sheriff's deputies and state police vainly searched a boarding house, a crowd of striking miners gathered and ridiculed them. The deputies then fired into the crowd, killing one and injuring

3272:

found that "much of the evidence given in the trial was pure fabrication," and that the police had bribed and "terrorized ignorant men" or threatened witnesses "with torture if they refused to swear to anything desired."

1109:

May 1910 – Export, PA: Miners who were walking home passed by coal company property, whereupon 20 sheriff's deputies and State Police attacked and severely beat them. One miner, trying to protect a child in his arms, was

980:. He died of his injuries on December 10, 1907. His attacker was tried for assault, his wife reached an out-of-court settlement with Allis-Chalmers, and the killing exposed a pattern of armed intimidation of strikers. 7272: 7112: 6928: 2391:, the Electric Auto-Lite Strike: Ohio National Guardsmen guarding the Auto-Lite plant fired into the crowd, killing Frank Hubay and Steve Cyigon, who were strike sympathizers. At least 15 others were shot and wounded. 1642:

deputies lay dead with 16 or 20 others wounded, including Sheriff McRae. The two businessman-deputies that were shot were actually shot in the back by fellow deputies; their injuries were not caused by Wobbly gunfire.

1102:: 70 percent of the miners were Slovak immigrants. Employers used force to intimidate striking miners, partially paying the cost for the Coal and Iron Police, local law enforcement and the Pennsylvania State Police. 1186:

were strikers killed by private detectives. The first was Charles Lazinskas, killed by a private detective on December 3, and Frank Nagreckis was shot and killed by a special policeman while picketing on the 15th.

795:

hours, the strikebreakers agreed to surrender, and assistant company manager Arthur Collins agreed to stop work at the mine. The following year, Collins was killed by a shotgun fired through a window into his home.

4150:

and in a protest march at the state capitol, Taylorville coal miner Melville Staples was shot once in the chest and died within 15 minutes. The shooter was later identified as a local United Mine Workers official.

7352: 208:

part of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877: The first general strike in the United States was ended when 3000 federal troops and 5000 deputized police had killed at least 18 people in skirmishes around the city.

4320:: Johnny Kane, who was shot on December 4 by a union official, and who died on December 15, and an Alaskan striker named Peter Banfield, a tanker seaman fatally stabbed in a fight in Galveston on December 9. 696:: 19 unarmed striking Polish, Lithuanian and Slovak coal miners were killed and 36 wounded by the Luzerne County sheriff's posse for refusing to disperse during a peaceful march. Most were shot in the back. 3530:

for higher wages. Strikers killed two nonstriking cotton pickers on September 25, and killed a plantation manager three days later. In retaliation, a white mob killed 12 strikers, most of them by lynching.

1919:

against coal mine operators. On December 23, 1920, local union official Adrian Northcutt of Nauvo was summoned out of his home by soldiers of Company M of the Alabama Guard, who fired 7 shots, killing him.

1542:

sent in three companies of the state militia, armed with bayonets, to disperse a crowd of hundreds of workers. The following day, striker Joseph Solunski died of a gunshot wound in an Ogdensburg hospital.

9049: 973: 160:, to face strikers. As they marched toward their train in Baltimore, violent street battles between the striking workers and the guardsmen erupted. Troops fired on the crowd, killing 10 and wounding 25. 3697:) struck on January 9, 1911, when the company refused their demand that their black counterparts be fired within 90 days. Trains continued to run, with black firemen on their crews, in the vicinity of 3473:

Striker John Gibbons was fatally shot by a "non-union switchman and private watchman" acting in self-defense against his three assailants in St. Louis. Gibbons was among ten known casualties of the

9158: 4250:

strike against Monarch Mills, a lunchtime fight at the mill gate became a riot. Overseer A.L. Stutts was shot and killed by Constable W.B. Franklin, who was then shot and killed by a third man.

3583:, three-way conflict with a racial character among local white miners, newly settled unionized black miners, and non-union black miners resulted in an estimated seven killed and 28 more wounded. 1121:

A legislator's survey found that violence significantly increased after the arrival of the State Police, and that almost all acts of violence committed by state troopers were without provocation:

1538:

In 1915, workers revolted at the Mellon family's aluminum mill and took over every section of the plant. The sheriff of St. Lawrence County deputized businessmen to break the strike. New York

613:

in multiple mid-Western states on April 21, ending in late June. Among many other violent incidents in Illinois, Ohio, and elsewhere, five strikers were killed and eight wounded by guards near

4365:

Lloyd Rourke was beaten so severely when he attempted to deliver laundry to the Del Prado Hotel, that he died two days later. Police suspected striking hotel workers, but no arrests were made.

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A group of deputized gunmen went to a miner's house, and a fight started in which two men were killed. A miner was shot and killed on the picket line. The strike ended without a settlement ...

3498: 3356: 1495:: In an unprovoked attack, 40 deputies fired on strikers at the Williams & Clark Fertilizing Company after the strikers had stopped a train to check for strikebreakers and had found none. 4048:

Textile mill striker and songwriter Ella May Wiggins, 29, a mother of five, was killed when local vigilantes forced the pickup truck in which she was riding off the road and began shooting.

2928:: In the "Little Steel" strike at Republic Steel, a gunfight between heavily armed police officers and scantily armed protesters lasted into the night, leaving dozens injured and two dead. 108:

At least two tailors died as police confronted a street mob of about 300 strikers, mostly German, with clubs. These deaths stand as the "first recorded strike fatalities in U.S. history".

3298:

labor organizer and songwriter, was executed by firing squad by the State of Utah for the alleged murder of a grocer, despite worldwide protests and two attempts to intervene by President

1468:

and other mine operators, and sworn into the State Militia just for the occasion, attacked a union tent camp with machine guns, then set it afire. Luka Vahernik, 50, was shot in the head.

5637:

Palmer, Walter B., ed. (1912-06-22). Report on the miners' strike in bituminous coal field in Westmoreland County, Pa., in 1910–11 (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office.

2968:

Picketers trying to prevent the night shift from entering the plant fought briefly with deputy sheriffs. One striker was fatally wounded by a tear gas shell fired by one of the deputies.

1822:: A strike by Butte miners was suppressed with gunfire when deputized mine guards suddenly fired upon unarmed picketers. 17 were shot in the back as they tried to flee, and one man died. 1853:

tried to arrest the detectives for illegally evicting miners and carrying weapons. A gun battle ensued, resulting in the deaths of 7 private agents, 2 miners, and Mayor Cabel Testerman.

9168: 264:, part of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877: Violence erupted between a crowd and police, federal troops, and state militia at the Halsted Street Viaduct. When it ended, 30 were dead. 3204:, owner of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad and the person who hired Pinkerton, had himself appointed special prosecutor. The 20 men were hanged by the State of Pennsylvania. 1401:

Amid escalating violence in the coalfields and pressure from mine operators, the governor called out the National Guard, which arrived at the mining towns in October 1913. After the

4416: 2112:: Sixteen striking Filipino sugar workers on the Hawaiʻi island of Kauaʻi were killed by police; four police also died. Many of the surviving strikers were jailed, then deported. 4073: 9138: 291:, general manager of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company. When a posse member was shot in the knee, the posse responded by killing or fatally wounding four of the strikers. 3709:, in terrain well-suited for sniper attacks. At least eleven people were killed by sharpshooters within four days, nine of them black railroad employees, and two detectives. 2184:

A sheriff and 11 deputies attempting to disperse a picket line opened fire on strikers, killing 6 and wounding 17 others. Most of the dead and wounded were shot in the back.

1131:

Severe beatings of citizens and striking miners for no reason were common, with troopers resisting local police attempts to stop them and breaking into homes without warrants.

5531:

Coast Seamen's Journal, Vol XXIII, no 13, December 15, 1909, pages 2,7. The names of the five: James O'Rourke, Richard Brown, William Woods, Matthew Dwyer, George Houghton.

2807:

After strikers threw rocks at plant windows, police targeted a large crowd of strikers for tear gas and pistol fire. Eugene Caspar and Melvin Bjorklund were shot and killed.

873:

conducted a dawn raid against a houseful of black striking coal miners, shooting three of them to death. Another three white strikers were also killed in related violence.

743: 4175:: George Marchuk of the Auto Workers Union, and John Bielak of the Hudson Motor Local of the AFL, both Communist labor activists, found shot to death three months apart. 3899: 287:, part of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877: The day after railroad workers conceded and returned to work, angry striking miners clashed with a 38-man posse partly led by 9133: 4524: 3690: 1099: 8648: 7294: 3607:, five black strikebreakers died in a gunfight while being chased by a crowd of striking white miners. Government troops were again summoned following the killings. 1358:: bystander Valentino Modestino fatally shot by a private guard on April 17, 1913, and striking worker Vincenzo Madonna fatally shot by a strikebreaker on June 29. 5465: 130:

Two striking workers of the New York and Erie Railroad were shot and killed by police officers. Strikers were dispersed the following morning by the state militia.

8523: 7178: 4642:

New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of Commonwealths and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 4

8861: 8269: 4953: 2603:: National Guardsmen fired on strikers at the Rayon plant, killing one and injuring three others, one day after the governor placed the area under martial law. 1004: 8291: 9188: 9173: 3730: 577:

Dozens were injured and five were killed when quarrymen and canal workers clashed with replacement workers, local law enforcement, and two regiments of the

554: 9163: 8313: 4723: 4317: 3902:

to fight for better pay and higher cotton prices. They were shot at by a group of whites and returned the fire. News of the confrontation spread and the

3263:

On May 4, 1886, one day after police fired into a crowd of striking McCormick Harvesting Machine workers outside Chicago, 3000 people rallied at Chicago's

6022:

New York Times. "1 KILLED, 20 SHOT BY STRIKE GUARDS; Deputies Drive Off Laborers at the Liebig Fertilizer Works in Carteret, N.J.". January 20, 1915. p. 1

1727:

was riddled with bullets by Steel Trust gunmen on the eve of a nationwide steel strike. Joseph Starzeleski, a miner, was also gunned down that same day.

8250: 2580:: Deputies stationed in and around Chiquola Mill opened fire on picketing textile workers with pistols and shotguns. They killed 7 and wounded about 30. 845: 8993:– via Institutional Life: Family, Schools, Race, and Religion — American Cities – A Collection of Essays (Routledge), ed. Shumsky, Neil L. (2014). 3853:

would recall his early days as a Pinkerton detective agency operative and recount how a mine company representative offered him $ 5,000 to kill Little.

1515: 427:, went on strike. A battalion of national guardsmen supporting a sheriff's posse massacred as many as 20 people in the black village of Pattersonville, 5437: 606: 9183: 4411: 2827: 4878:

Official Documents, Comprising the Department and Other Reports Made to the Governor, Senate and House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, Volume 4

3474: 3450: 7234:"Two killed in Minneapolis riot – 30 injured in strike battle – Iron factory closed by authorities to keep peace – Police use gas, guns on crowd" 3810: 3783: 1614:

supported the strike for better pay and shorter hours. On July 3, a clash between guards and several strikers left a guard and a bystander dead.

1378: 7616: 4072:, was shot to death and three others were wounded seriously in a battle between employees of the H. C. Aberle hosiery mills and members of the 2743:

One striking clay worker (Andy Latiska or Lastivka) was killed outright and several were wounded as guards fired into a crowd of 100 strikers.

1000: 1134:

State Police troopers shot up towns and fired indiscriminately into crowds and tent cities (killing and wounding sleeping women and children).

6509: 6430: 4891:

Taft, Philip; Ross, Philip (1969). Graham, Hugh Davis; Gurr, Ted Robert (eds.). American Labor Violence: Its Causes, Character, and Outcome.

1430: 9114: 1240:, Michael Hoy died after a police assault in jail, and Joseph Mikolash, was killed by police in the IWW headquarters in San Diego on May 7. 6530:"Mountaintop Rescue – Archaeology, coal, and activism collide in the Appalachian Mountains at the site of America's largest labor conflict" 6461:"The United States Army and the Return to Normalcy in Labor Dispute Interventions: The Case of the West Virginia Coal Mine Wars, 1920–1921" 7385: 7445: 2948:

One picketer named John Cephas was killed at the strike at Phillips Packing Co. by a company truck that deliberately swerved to hit him.

8634:

The Denver tramway strike of 1920 : report of an investigation made under the auspices of the Denver Commission of Religious Forces

6271: 4426: 34: 9143: 6785: 5609:"Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911" 4823: 1441:, the crowd attacked the policemen who were protecting the strikebreakers. Strikebreakers then opened fire on the crowd, killing four. 870: 557:: In July a union miner was killed by mine guards. Company guards also fired into a saloon where union men were sheltering, killing 3. 9153: 8590: 7718: 7558: 7429: 6581: 5724: 5642: 5582: 5550: 5405: 5305: 5275: 5155: 4769: 4599: 2504: 771: 5800: 2135:: State police and mine guards fired pistols, rifles and a machine gun into a group of five hundred striking miners and their wives. 746:: Following a mass attack in which a non-union ore mill was destroyed by dynamite, and two men were shot and killed by union miners, 9178: 9033: 8982: 8884: 8789: 8750: 8482: 8045: 7963: 7894: 7788: 7693: 7630: 7508: 7498: 7069: 6769: 6007: 5947: 5772: 5380: 5345: 4796: 4707: 4172: 3552: 2484:: Portland police chief ordered his force to "shoot to kill" picketers at the dock. Four were shot, one of whom died of his wounds. 2481: 2458: 2435: 2365: 4341: 1472:

and two other miners were captured, shot and killed by the militia. 5 miners, 2 women and 12 children in total died in the attack.

928: 1968:

avenged the deaths of their colleagues by shooting to death two men as they and their wives prepared to enter the court building.

5245:

The West Virginia Encyclopedia, entry "Battle of Stanaford", written by Lois C. McLean, last revised October 29, 2010, online at

4247: 2011:

and other basic legal rights. Talk spread of a march to free those confined miners, end martial law, and organize the county. In

1892:

Joe Bagley, a reportedly well-known member of the IWW, was shot and killed by Special Agent Nolan of the Great Northern railway.

1076: 534:

plant via the river was repulsed by strikers. In the ensuing gun battle, 9 strikers and 7 Pinkerton guards were shot and killed.

8972: 4003:

strike of 1921–22: Jake Brooks in Oklahoma City on January 14, 1922, and an unnamed injured black meatpacker, kidnapped by the

8700: 8546: 8412: 8069: 7987: 6529: 5051: 4471:

Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, by Sean Wilentz, 2004, pages 380–381, citing the

3976: 3926: 3842: 3093: 2784: 1638: 1159: 720: 582: 1849:

agents and 13 of the mining company's managers arrived to evict miners and their families from the mine camp. Chief of Police

1183: 8901: 6905: 6744: 5973:. Detroit, Michigan: Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University. 17 December 2013 4580:

Anthracite's Demise and the Post-Coal Economy of Northeastern Pennsylvania, by Thomas Keil, Jacqueline M. Keil, 2014, page 39

3121: 6050: 8567: 8433: 8008: 6501: 5072: 4147: 3527: 3428: 2902: 2600: 2577: 2550: 2527: 2012: 1287: 336: 313: 205: 182: 153: 3355:

Two strikers, Benjamin Davis and Daniel Jones, were shot and killed by a single bullet fired in Scranton during the 1871

33:

captures known incidents of fatal labor-related violence in U.S. labor history, which began in the colonial era with the

9193: 7622: 3818: 3196: 1207: 905: 2321:

and fired on them, killing 3. That same day, a group of striking grape-pickers faced armed growers' men at a farm near

1637:: 200 citizen deputies under the authority of the Snohomish County sheriff waited for the arrival by passenger ship of 1162:

became a neighborhood melee, with outnumbered police dodging bricks thrown from tenement roofs. Thirty more were hurt.

1158:

A striking worker identified as Walla Noblowsky was shot multiple times and died instantly when a labor action against

9148: 2016: 2004: 1237: 5865: 3979:: Seven workers were killed and 80 others wounded over two nights of violent riots triggered by a streetcar strike. 670: 8685: 8021: 3453:: A sabotaged section of rail led to a fatal derailment, killing fireman William Carlisle and brakeman John Horton. 4119: 1771: 428: 5005:

The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America. Landmark law cases & American society

3953: 2314: 1355: 234: 230: 7602: 4893:

The History of Violence in America: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence

1128:

Mounted State Police routinely charged onto sidewalks or into crowds, severely injuring men, women and children.

7134: 5477:

see resulting 1911 insurance case, American Central Insurance Company vs. Stearns Lumber Company, 145 Ky. 245,

5438:"REMEMBERING THE 1906 STRIKE FOR UNION IN WINDBER, PENNSYLVANIA Select Readings compiled by Mildred Allen Beik" 5224: 4931: 4000: 3698: 3694: 3174: 3170: 3166: 1988: 1912: 1563: 8672:

Meatpackers: An Oral History of Black Packinghouse Workers and Their Struggle for Racial and Economic Equality

8085: 2317:: Up to 18,000 cotton workers had gone on strike. About 30 armed ranchers surrounded a meeting of strikers in 7578: 7219: 4028:

under economic pressure from the strike, to combat the strikers and their campaign of railroad bridge arson.

2209:

other. Before its conclusion, state and federal troops would occupy the county more than half a dozen times.

5886: 5124: 4441: 4123: 3849:

was lynched by six masked men. 10,000 workers lined the route of his funeral procession. Years later writer

3846: 3427:: A riot between Chinese immigrant miners and white immigrant miners resulted from a labor dispute over the 2925: 2132: 1465: 1003:: As the strike loomed, United Railroads contracted with the nationally known "King of the Strikebreakers", 614: 578: 288: 284: 6838: 6516:

In the entire operation only twelve miners and four men among the citizens militias and police were killed.

3049:

Striker Raymond Cooke was killed at Oscar Nebel Hosiery Company, shot to death by the town's police chief.

1750:: 18 strikers were killed, hundreds seriously injured, and thousands jailed over the course of the strike. 896:: In December 1903, the governor declared martial law. The Colorado National Guard, under Adjutant General 17: 8233: 6700:

STRIFE IN KENTUCKY IS LIKENED TO WAR: Investigator Who Was Jailed ... New York Times. Nov 18, 1931. p. 18.

5282:

Jameson states that Peabody later called it "qualified martial law." Suggs suggests that Adjutant General

3814: 2573: 1819: 1053: 7043: 6369: 5503: 1991:: the largest labor uprising in United States history and the largest organized armed uprising since the 585:. Four of the five were strikers: Gregor Kilka, Jacob (or Ignatz) Ast, Thomas Moorski, and Mike Berger 8110: 6612: 3806: 3424: 3178: 261: 8471:"Labor and the Boston Police Strike of 1919," in Aaron Brenner, Benjamin Day, and Immanuel Ness, eds., 7917:

Holmes, William (1973). "The Leflore County Massacre and the Demise of the Colored Farmers' Alliance".

3096:

called on March 9 grew violent as the union used mass picketing tactics, and launched assaults against

1028:

organizer Richard Ross. The employer was the Stearns Coal Company, and the organizers attached to the

6879:

Irons, Janet (2000), "Testing the New Deal:The General Textile Strike of 1934 in the American South",

6761:

Tennessee Coal Mining, Railroading & Logging in Cumberland, Fentress, Overton, and Putnam Counties

5262:

All That Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek (Working Class in American History)

4122:. By one report four other black union members were lynched. Workers immediately reorganized as the 49:

and companies' militia, armed detectives and guards; executions by the state; violence perpetrated by

7021: 3874: 3404:

shot to death in a saloon, two more assassinated in the streets, and many turned out of their homes.

2156: 1747: 1334:, killing one and wounding 4 others. Robert Neumann, one of the wounded, would die a few days later. 1331: 1260: 841: 157: 6202: 849:

previous week, when a soldier ordered him to halt. He refused, and the soldier shot and killed him.

4386: 3389: 3289: 3090: 2894: 2266: 1492: 1029: 893: 840:

in Pennsylvania caused about eight known casualties, two of them confirmed as strikers. On July 1,

837: 610: 8340:

Industrial Relations: Final Report and Testimony, United States Commission on Industrial Relations

4506: 8998: 7934: 6676: 6460: 5678: 5371:

Solidarity for Sale: How Corruption Destroyed the Labor Movement and Undermined America's Promise

4646: 4592:

Labor and Urban Politics: Class Conflict and the Origins of Modern Liberalism in Chicago, 1864–97

4226:

coming under fire. A second replacement worker named R.A. Griffin was also wounded in the head.

3754: 3706: 3702: 3604: 3580: 3269: 2831: 2318: 2237: 1992: 1539: 523: 451: 8362: 6965:

Pakulski (October 24, 1999). "As Auto-Lite's Labor Battle Became a War, Union Seeds Took Root".

5468:, proceedings published as "Limiting Federal Injunctions, Volumes 1–5", U.S. GPO, 1914, page 367 5267: 5260: 8449:"The Dally-Jane Murders in Painesdale during the Copper Strike of 1913–14 (A personal account)" 7884: 6552: 6446: 6422: 6301: 5911: 1437:

to operate the streetcars. When the strikebreakers attempted to move the streetcars into their

9029: 8978: 8880: 8785: 8781: 8606: 8586: 8561: 8478: 8469: 8427: 8384: 8160: 8041: 8002: 7959: 7953: 7890: 7859: 7832: 7784: 7714: 7689: 7626: 7554: 7504: 7425: 6901: 6895: 6765: 6577: 6505: 6426: 6003: 5943: 5937: 5768: 5764: 5720: 5638: 5578: 5546: 5401: 5376: 5341: 5301: 5271: 5151: 5096: 5066: 5019: 4792: 4765: 4703: 4595: 3503: 3216:

Following an investigation 100 years after his death, John Kehoe was posthumously pardoned by

3201: 2322: 2262: 2205: 2109: 1842: 1228: 869:

In the so-called Battle of Stanaford a volunteer armed posse of 30 led by federal, county and

693: 495: 400: 116: 8813: 8035: 7780: 7255:"Seek conciliation in Texas strike, 14 men killed in courses of striking and strike-breaking" 6495: 6279: 5184: 4975: 4909: 4831: 4786: 7926: 7804: 7373: 5086: 4747:

Uncivil war: five New Orleans street battles and the rise and fall of radical Reconstruction

4476: 4223: 4207: 3903: 3850: 3506:

and lynchings. "A welter of reports (placed) the number of black dead between 30 and 100."

3264: 2388: 1775: 1634: 1434: 1310:

1 worker named Emidio Bacchiocci killed while picketing during strike at the Draper Company

747: 527: 499: 424: 4852: 4561: 3648:

And non-union polisher Homer Loar was shot and killed on December 21 by a striking worker.

3555:

as they loaded an ocean-going cotton vessel, attacked by a mob of union white competitors.

9010: 8123: 6710: 6657: 5807: 5298:

Colorado's War on Militant Unionism, James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners

4472: 4421: 2065: 1461: 1402: 716: 46: 9093: 5573:

Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America

5321: 5147: 5141: 5092:

Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America

8632: 8338: 6147: 6127:

Eleff, Robert M. (Summer 1988). "THE 1916 MINNESOTA MINERS' STRIKE AGAINST U.S. STEEL".

5672: 4499: 751:

and some were held until December 1899. Three workers died in the primitive conditions.

8960:. Vol. XCVI, no. 15700. York, Pennsylvania. September 3, 1935. pp. 1, 5. 6415: 5608: 5571: 4640: 3930: 3299: 3250: 3238: 3192: 3100:

using dynamite and arson. Firefights were common. At least three strikers were killed.

2898: 2412: 2233: 1724: 977: 641: 637: 531: 8836: 8607:"Bloody Bogalusa, 1919: When Four White Unionists Died Defending Their Black Comrades" 7044:"Portland mayor laughs at blood soaked shirt of dying picket; communists call protest" 6812: 6111: 6051:"MILITIA CONTROLS MASSENA.; Fifteen Arrests Made for Rioting – Trouble Seems Near End" 5460:"History of a Criminal Conspiracy Against Union Workmen", testimony of union official 3627:

14 non-union workers killed, 42 badly injured, at anthracite strike near Hazleton, PA

3268:

that none of eight defendants was involved in the bombing. In 1893 Illinois Governor

1682:

A negotiator for the strikers named Shoemaker was shot and killed by a sheep rancher.

723:

opened fire from the train. Six guards were also killed and 30 persons were wounded.

9127: 8774: 7853: 7826: 7773: 7744:

to work, fired his rifle. The bullet killed two men, Benjamin Davis and Daniel Jones.

7741:. Vol. 96, no. 79. Scranton, Pennsylvania. September 30, 1916. p. 43. 7685: 5757: 5369: 5177: 4594:. Urbana and Chicago, Illinois, U.S.: University of Illinois Press. pp. 75, 95. 2270: 2229: 2160: 2008: 2000: 1965: 1846: 94: 8925:"Slain Constable Buried at Union", Spartanburg Herald-Journal, June 22, 1935, page 1 8704: 7711:

The Man Who Never Died: The Life, Times, and Legacy of Joe Hill, American Labor Icon

5844: 8954:"Woman killed in strike riot, 15 persons wounded in shooting at Pelzer, S. C. mill" 8138:"Mrs. Paul Fox was called to New Straitsville to attend the funeral of her brother" 7855:

The official history of the great strike of 1886 on the Southwestern railway system

7828:

The official history of the great strike of 1886 on the Southwestern railway system

7648:

The Hard Coal Docket: 150 Years of the Bench & Bar of Carbon County (1843–1993)

6148:"IWW History Project–Arrests, Prosecutions, Beatings, and other Violence 1906–1920" 5461: 5283: 4292: 4196: 4069: 4004: 3246: 3242: 3217: 3209: 3162: 1996: 1958: 1850: 1607: 1433:: The Terminal and Traction Company hired 300 professional strikebreakers from the 1211: 897: 299: 156:, first national strike in United States, National Guard regiments were ordered to 8239:(Report). New York City: Committee for the Defense of Civil Rights in Tampa. 1935. 7341:. Vol. IX, no. 98. Elizabethton, Tennessee. October 23, 1935. p. 1. 6250: 3009:"Little Steel" strike: The local police force opened fire on strikers, killing 3. 8725: 8206: 7070:"Seventy-five years later, the Chiquola incident in Honea Path still significant" 6759: 6732: 5479: 5335: 4697: 4619: 2003:

strikebreakers, who were backed by coal mine operators. In the summer of 1921 in

8942:. Vol. 55, no. 12. Des Moines, Iowa. September 2, 1935. pp. 1, 3. 8184: 8137: 6569: 5398:

Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union (Working Class in American History)

5202: 3256: 1469: 1283: 6731:

Ansley, Fran & Bell, Brenda (1974). Thrasher, Sue & Wise, Leah (eds.).

6643:

The Third Asiatic Invasion: Empire and Migration in Filipino America, 1898–1946

6080: 2273:

by company mine guards Jack "Shorty" Green and Doc Thompson on April 30, 1933.

8726:"HOSIERY WORKER SLAIN When Mill Employees, Members of Union, Engage in Battle" 8505: 8185:"POLICE Inadequate in Newark To Deal With the Trouble Growing Out of a Strike" 7334: 7316: 7254: 7233: 7200: 7160: 7094: 6995:"Two Slain, Score Injured, As National Guard Fires on Toledo Strike Rioters". 5912:"Wounded Striker Dies: Neumann Succumbs to Wound Received in Wednesday's Riot" 5037:

The Lessons of Leadville, or, Why the Western Federation of Miners turned left

4431: 2020: 646: 168: 8953: 8935: 8524:"Complete List of Killed and Injured Since the Police Strike Began in Boston" 7734: 5246: 7886:

Race and Racism in the United States: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic

7678: 5337:

The Colorado Labor Wars: Cripple Creek 1903–1904, A Centennial Commemoration

4724:"The First Blood A Collision Between the Militia and the Strikers at Lemont" 4540: 3576: 138: 50: 8267:

Subsequent reports of a total twenty dead are harder to substantiate: see

7095:"1 killed in strike, Sympathizer slain, another wounded in Georgia walkout" 1995:. During an attempt by the miners to unionize, and following the murder of 6897:

A Terrible Anger: The 1934 Waterfront and General Strikes in San Francisco

4824:"Massacre at Morewood Mine & Coke Works, (Coal Miners Strike of 1891)" 4526:

History of Maryland From the Earliest Period to the Present Day: 1819–1880

8862:"Access Newspaper Archive Institutional Version | Unauthorized User" 6980:

Sallah (July 26, 1998). "1934 Conflict, Killings Shaped Labor Movement".

5887:"Riot on the River Front: Strike of Steamship Crews Results in Bloodshed" 5788:"Assassins Attack and Wound Two Policemen". San Diego Union. May 8, 1912. 5543:

The Point of Pittsburgh: Production and Struggle at the Forks of the Ohio

5227:. The Rock Island Argus, Volume 51, Number 303. 9 October 1902. p. 1 3229: 1438: 816:

Four were killed (of whom two were strikers), and some 250 were wounded.

8448: 7424:(reprint ed.). University of North Carolina Press. pp. 62–63. 7398:

Parker, Russell (1976). "Alcoa, Tennessee: The Early Years, 1919–1939".

7323:. Vol. 57, no. 301. Tyler, Texas. October 31, 1935. p. 1. 5421:"History of Great Teamsters' Strike Filled with Sensational Incidents". 4435: 1286:: Galloway Lumber Company guards fired on striking demonstrators of the 7990:. Rochester, New York. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013 1799:

his wounds after being shot in the head at the September 23 gathering.

246: 8070:"The African-American mining experience in Illinois from 1800 to 1920" 7938: 5970: 1662:

1 striker, Martinus Petkus, killed, many beaten, in sugar mill strike

5054:. Rochester, New York. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014 3813:

dragged on into the cold of December, the hatred on both sides grew.

3097: 8549:. Rochester, New York. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013 6081:"The Mellon family war against workers: Coal mines and machine guns" 4488:

Civil War America, 1850 to 1875, by Richard F. Selcer, 2014, page 88

2623:

7 killed, unknown number injured in Pennsylvania anthracite strikes

62:

Law enforcement and companies' militia, armed detectives, and guards

8333: 8331: 7930: 5324:, US Senate Document 122, 58th Congress, 3rd Session, Jan. 27 1905. 8581:

Bond, Horace Mann; Bond, Julia W. (1997). Fairclough, Adam (ed.).

8415:. Rochester, New York. Archived from the original on July 31, 2014 5677:. Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. Research Dept. p. 1964:

On the steps of the McDowell County Courthouse, the gunmen of the

8512:. Vol. XCVI, no. 73. September 11, 1919. pp. 1, 6. 3757:: Fighting broke out when sheriff's deputies attempted to arrest 8365:. Vol. 111, no. 6. San Francisco Call. 6 December 1911 7816:

A History of Indiana, Volume 2, by Logan Esarey, 1918, page 1072

6952:

The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941

4195:

Frank Norman, a citrus workers union organizer, was abducted by

3281: 3195:) were tried for murder and convicted largely on testimony of a 1916: 1407: 976:

was targeted and severely beaten by "labor detectives" hired by

423:

10,000 sugar workers (90% of whom were black), organized by the

8209:. Times-Recorder, Zanesville, Ohio. 22 December 1905. p. 1 7955:

Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta After the Civil War

5484:(vol. 140 ed.). West Publishing Company. 1912. p. 148 4853:"Morewood Massacre [Bituminous Coal] Historical Marker" 7201:"One striker dead, 2 dying after police battle in lumber town" 6786:"Hatred flares in Wilder with killing of popular union leader" 5742:

The San Diego World's Fairs and Southwestern Memory, 1880–1940

4702:. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 3999:

Two black strikebreaking meat packers were lynched during the

3758: 3295: 2019:

on August 24. The reviled anti-union sheriff of Logan County,

1611: 1330:

Police shot at maritime workers who were striking against the

5179:

Industrial Relations in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1900–1918

3551:

Six non-union black longshoremen were shot and killed in the

7735:"Labor's great part in progress of city; Great leaders here" 6497:

A guide to historic coal towns of the Big Sandy River Valley

5971:"Copper Country Strike, Violence, "Seeberville Affair" 1913" 4932:"Altgeld Inquiries What is the Matter on the Drainage Canal" 1290:, causing 4 deaths (including Decatur Hall) and 50 wounded. 45:

The table below has three sections: violence perpetrated by

8140:. Logan, Ohio: Hocking Sentinel. 19 October 1905. p. 1 7883:

Gallagher, Charles A.; Lippard, Cameron D. (24 June 2014).

7101:. Vol. 51, no. 223. February 4, 1935. p. 19. 1915:: The Alabama miners' strike was a statewide strike of the 1210:: A police officer fired into a crowd of strikers, killing 233:, part of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, a unit of the 8037:

For Jobs and Freedom: Race and Labor in America Since 1865

7261:. New Brunswick, New Jersey. November 26, 1935. p. 9. 5205:. Daily News from Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania. July 2, 1902 4541:"The Great Strike of 1877: Remembering a Worker Rebellion" 3029:

Other killings occurred during the "Little Steel" strike.

8406: 8404: 7010:"Six Thousand in Battle". Associated Press. May 25, 1934. 6819:. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee 4904: 4902: 2345:

1 union leader killed, 2 aides beaten, in textile strike

2015:, up to 13,000 miners gathered and began marching toward 1464:: On Greek Easter morning, 177 company guards engaged by 8753:. Madison State Journal. 24 February 1931. pp. 1, 4 8207:"Third Murder From Polishers Strike at Newark, Thursday" 4822:

Washlaski, Raymond A.; Washlaski, Ryan P. (2006-11-12).

4607:

casualties.) Not one policeman or militiaman was killed.

3499:

Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union

3124:, a company foreman shot and killed a picketing worker. 2643:

1 striker killed, 6 others wounded in anthracite strike

7775:

Driven Out: the Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans

7684:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Peregrine Smith Books. p. 7240:. Eau Claire, Wisconsin. September 13, 1935. p. 1. 5704:. Chicago: Industrial Workers of the World. p. 56. 5613:

Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies

5322:

A Report on Labor Disturbances in the State of Colorado

1940:

Elmer Cost, a striker, was shot and killed by a guard.

8637:. New York: The Denver Commission of Religious Forces. 7295:"Young Striker is Shot to Death on Houston Waterfront" 6576:. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 82–84. 6035:

Brenner, Aaron; Day, Benjamin; Ness, Immanuel (2009).

4788:

By the Ore Docks: A Working People's History of Duluth

4417:

List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

1999:, 10,000 armed coal miners confronted 3000 lawmen and 8776:

Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949

8343:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1916. p. 9878 7858:. Missouri Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1886. p. 7831:. Missouri Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1886. p. 7756:"Imposing Demonstration at the Two Miners' Funeral". 6574:

Woman from Spillertown: a memoir of Agnes Burns Wieck

6278:. Charlotte Mecklenburg Library. 2017. Archived from 5143:

Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California

4828:

Virtual Museum of Coal Mining in Western Pennsylvania

4529:. Baltimore, Maryland: John B. Piet. pp. 732–42. 4074:

American Federation of Full Fashioned Hosiery Workers

3873:

At least one of the nine people killed in riots when

2663:

unknown numbers killed and injured in textile strike

31:

list of worker deaths in United States labor disputes

9159:

Industrial Workers of the World in the United States

8699: