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1163:"The storm which had been gathering for more than two hours burst at once, with a violence that threatened the sweeping of the whole city with destruction. A shout was raised: 'Go for the shops' and 'clean out the black-legs' ; and immediately the crowd began to move ... It was at once revealed, through the telescopes of the watchers all along the avenue, that these crowds were armed with clubs, which were shaken in the fury of violence. It was afterwards learned that a store down the valley had been robbed by men on their way to this meeting, showing that, at least some of them had come prepared for mischief."
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540:, had far reaching implications for US industry, shuttering more than a hundred railroads in the first year and cutting construction of new rail lines from 7,500 miles of track in 1872 to 1,600 miles in 1875. Approximately 18,000 businesses failed between 1873, and in 1875, production in iron and steel alone dropped as much as 45%, and a million or more lost their jobs. In 1876 alone, 76 railroad companies went bankrupt or entered
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prompted a meeting of local businessmen at the
Anthracite Club, which resolved that the men of the Corps should be commended for their "courageous efforts" in dispersing the mob and averting calamity, and that they would "stand shoulder and purse if need be in their defense." Governor Hartranft arrived in the city along with his staff and 800 men of the Pennsylvania National Guard Second Division, under the command of General
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reduction in your wages for nearly a year, while during that time there has been a falling off in the prices we get for iron and steel of over twenty-five per cent. I think you ought to consider these things fully and reflect whether the little work we can give you is not better than no work at all. I assure you when prices will warrant it we shall be very glad to pay wages in proportion.
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1201:"In the Scranton area on 8 August 'the engineer on the bloomsburg train saw, when about 2 miles form the city, what he supposed to be a woman lying across the track. He stopped and just as ne did so a bullet went whistling through his hat, and he found the obstruction was merely a dummy, placed there to stop the train and give the assassin a chance for the deadly shot.'"
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1154:"Not a mine in the valley is at work and the most of them are filling fast with water. An idea of the importance of flooding a mine can be obtained from the fact that in 1868 the Diamond Colliery was idle three days for the repair of its machinery, and it took eight months, and cost $ 30,000 to pump out the water that accumulated in that time."
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1056:, to reorganize the police force, "that had disgraced itself in 1877 during a strike of anthracite miners in the Scranton area." In contrast, Logan, who was present as events unfolded, dedicates his book on the topic to the "patriotic young men, who had wisdom to discern the city's danger, and the patient courage to provide for its defense."
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the Mayor threw uphis hands, waved a bloody kerchief with which he had wiped his face, and shouted, 'Fire, Boys!'"... Whether the soldiers, or their sergeant, heard the command of the Mayor is more than doubtful. The men at the rear of the column, finding no alternative left them, opened fire as by a single impulse ..."
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Lackawanna Iron and Coal
Company would reduce wages to $ 0.35 per day. W. W. Scranton, manager of the company, later denied this, but the rumor spurred an angry protest. Men yelled, "Go for the shops!," and the crowd moved against the Lackawanna Iron and Coal facilities. They routed other workers and injured some.
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suggested that violence became a type of corporate tool rather than a civic last resort: "management consistently refused to negotiate in any way with their workers and relied entirely on military force to settle the contest." He notes a letter in which W.W. Scranton wrote to a friend, "I trust when
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On
October 11, W. W. Scranton convinced some to return to work in the Pine Brook mine, and posted a notice that any miner who did not return to work the following day would no longer by employed by the company. Many did, and worked under guard of two companies of soldiers. That evening word came that
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On August 2 as many as 3,000 troops of the
Pennsylvania National Guard First Division arrived from Pittsburgh under the command of Major General Robert Brinton, and imposed martial law. The troops had arrested an estimated 70 activists en route, and forced those apprehended to repair places where the
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The night passed relatively quietly. Two spies were apprehended hiding in a lumber box wagon, attempting to ascertain the strength and activity of the Corps. They were questioned and released with assurances that the Corps was well prepared for any attack. In the early morning an attack was attempted
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On July 30, due to the efforts of Mayor McKune, who assured the strikers that railway traffic would resume even if it meant enforcement by troops, the strikers from the
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad returned to work at their old wages. Telegrams were sent to New York City and Binghamton
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The First
Division as it arrived in Scranton was composed of the following: 1ST BDE 1ST REGT Infantry, COL R. Dale Benson Commanding; 1ST BDE 2D REGT Infantry, COL S Bonaffon Jr. Commanding; Wecaco Legion, CPT Denny Commanding; Keystone BAT; 2D BDE 2D REGT Infantry, COL Peter Lyle Commanding; 3D BDE
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Steven
Phillips would die six days later from injuries sustained in the confrontation. Charles Dunleavy, Patrick Lane, and Patrick Langan were killed at the scene of the confrontation. "Seeing the attack at the rear, and the stones flying from the open lot, and hearing the crack of the pistol shots,
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announcing that the four companies had been formed, and would muster on
September 11 for inspection by the governor. In 1878 the Pennsylvania legislature organized the group as the Thirteenth Regiment, Third Brigade, Pennsylvania National Guard. The brigade went on to see action in three other major
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In response, W. W. Scranton (along with First
Sergeant Bartholomew, as Captain Ripple was out of town) led an assembly of his own employees and the Citizens' Corps. The Mayor confronted the crowd and urged them to halt, but was struck by a man, knocked down, and badly injured. Cries went up from the
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By the summer of 1877 tensions were high as news spread of the violence in industrial centers across
Pennsylvania and the nation. Making matters worse, the local mining companies had again reduced wages, and railroad and industry owners imposed similar cuts for rail and manufacturing workers. As one
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Each man was subsequently released August 10 on $ 3,000 bail. The charge of murder was later amended to manslaughter by the grand jury indictment. The trial was convened November 26 under Judge Harding, with the widow of Patrick Langan, one of those slain on August 1, named as prosecutor. Of the 20
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reported that a general strike had taken place in Scranton. A committee representing the miners called a meeting with W. R. Storrs, coal superintendent. They demanded higher wages, and vowed not to return to work, even if the railroad workers abandoned their strike. The brakemen, firemen and others
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Every taxpayer will realize that any destruction of property will have to be paid for by the city, and would by so much increase the burden of taxation. In one day Pittsburgh has put upon herself a load that her taxpayers will struggle under for years. I again earnestly urge upon men of all classes
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On August 8, a coroner's jury indicted 22 members of the Citizens' Corps on charges of Willful Murder. The arrest warrants were placed in the custody of constables, with orders to execute them. Some of the suspects may not have been present at the time that strikers were killed. General Huidekoper
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The sullen determination of the strikers in the recent struggle is shown most forcibly by the fact that despite the powerful protection now here for those who desire to pursue their peaceful avocations, none of the miners have returned to work, and the mine pumps are still worked by the bosses and
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The Miner's Executive Committee opened a store for families, stocked by the donations of local businessmen and farmers, to relieve those who were suffering as negotiations to end the strike continued. A piece appeared in the newspaper accusing W.W. Scranton and the men of the Corps of murder. This
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W. W. Scranton's assembly met with the group near Washington Ave, with Bartholomew passing into the crowd along with those following him. As they went they were assailed with jeers of "See the damn vigilantes! We'll take their guns!" Several were struck and knocked down by stones and clubs, with
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Rumors spread that the strike was weakening. Volunteers and others not connected with the miners association took over the mine pumps, which had been abandoned by the miners, in order to prevent flooding of the tunnels. There were minor acts of violence. The Citizens' Corps prepared for a possible
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The railroad strike carried implications for the remainder of local industry, as large amounts of goods could not be transported in or out of the city without the use of rail. As one man said, "If the coal trains shall cease to carry the coal to market, the mining of coal must cease." The strikers
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Following the uprising, prominent figures in Scranton began advocating for a permanent militia, and within a week nearly a thousand dollars were raised to this effect. On August 8 a meeting was held and it was decided to form a four company battalion, pending approval of the governor and adjutant
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charging W. W. Scranton with the "crime of murder" during the 1877 strike. These articles were published during a period of intense lobbying in Pennsylvania to organize an independent Lackawanna County and designate the city of Scranton as its county seat. (The new county was chartered by October
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Evidently the great mass of laboring men failed to comprehend the situation. Too much then, as now, capital was their enemy, not their friend. Too much then, as now, in their way of thinking, there was no limit to the ability of capital. They did not see that capital could not pay wages, buy raw
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By October 8, some of the miners of the Pennsylvania Coal Company, who were forced to join the strike by the actions of that July, resolved to return to work, but were prevented two days later when the only line of transportation for their coal was burned by the remaining strikers. By this point
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The Pennsylvania State forces were joined on August 6 by seven companies of United States Regulars under Lieutenant Colonel Brennan, and on August 9 by the Third United States Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Henry Marrow. On August 10, General Huidekoper and his state forces departed.
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On August 1, as many as 5,000 strikers converged on an open space between a hill and the city's iron mills at 8:00 a.m. They censured those in the companies who had returned openly to work, as well those working in secret. During the meeting, an activist showed a forged letter claiming that
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Mayor McKune met on July 27 with representatives of the Brotherhood of Trainmen. Following a meeting of the railway strikers, the firemen and brakemen agreed to return to work at their previous wages. Shortly thereafter, the mill workers returned to work, with assurances from W. W. Scranton. The
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with the present frightfully low prices of iron and steel rails it is utterly impossible for us to advance wages at all ... Our steel works, as everybody knows, are now idle because we have no work to do there. Until the reduction of ten per cent on the 10th of this month there has been no
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According to Azzarelli, two events stand out in Scranton's labor history: the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the 1902 Anthracite Strike. In 2008 the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission placed a historical marker commemorating the 1877 strike in Scranton. The inscription reads:
912:. At the time, it included the area of Lackawanna County, which was not organized until October 1878. Transportation by wagon was believed to be too dangerous, and would be vulnerable to attack. Again, as W. W. Scranton phrased it, "the whole neighborhood is filled with Molly Maguires."
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In 1874 mine owners reduced workers' wages by ten percent. Efforts to rouse a strike in response were fruitless. The next two years saw the mines run on two-thirds time, and another wage reduction of fifteen percent was made in 1876. Again, efforts to organize a strike were ineffective.
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Historians Hitchcock and Downs emphasized the far-reaching effects of the ongoing depression, inflation, rapidly increasing commodity prices, and mass unemployment, as well as the failure of the strikers to appreciate that these conditions affected the employer as well as the employee.
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a mob of some 500 were approaching the city with intent to "fix the black legs" (strikebreakers) at Pine Brook. Men of the guard were assembled at the mine and stood guard till morning. Every night following the 12th, at the request of the mayor, a 40-man garrison stood at the ready.
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was being published in Elmira, NY. Stanton had been elected as judge in 1877 as a candidate of the Greenbacker-Labor Party. so perhaps this is the correct association. The Greenbacker Party was particularly prominent in the Southern Tier of New York, reaching its peak there in
494:, and was the last in a number of violent outbreaks across Pennsylvania. The strike began on July 23 when railroad workers walked off the job in protest of recent wage cuts, and within three days it grew to include perhaps thousands of workers from a variety of industries.
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material and manufacture goods unless it could sell its products and get returns. And if a few more intelligent did see these things the pressure of hungry wives and children obscured all reason and they were ready to go along on anything that offered a shadow of relief.
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A riot occurred here on August 1, 1877, in which armed citizens fired upon strikers, killing four. Many were injured, including Scranton's mayor. As in numerous US cities, this labor unrest was a result of the US depression of 1873 and a nationwide railroad strike in
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An order was given to fire, though it's doubtful it was heard, and three volleys were released into the crowd. which was quickly dispersed, leaving four dead or dying. Estimates of the wounded vary from 16 to 54. Father Dunn returned to comfort the mortally wounded.
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I hereby order all places of business to be immediately closed and all good citizens to hold themselves in readiness to assemble at my headquarters, at the office of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, upon a signal of four long whistles from the gong at the blast
1960:"Hyde Park History: Excerpts from History of Luzerne, Lackawanna and Wyoming Counties, Pa., W.W. Munsell & Co., New York, 1880. & Jubilee History of Lackawanna County Pennsylvania, by Thomas Murphy, Historical Publishing Company, Topeka-Indianapolis, 1928"
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dispatched troops to take control of the prisoners. This was done primarily to ensure the safety of the men, as it was believed that those who had been in the mob, and compatriots of those slain, intended to do them harm. As W. W. Scranton wrote of the situation:
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They hold that we are guilty of murder, and with their aldermanic jury's verdict to back them, they would hold a court of Judge Lynch and hang the unfortunate one of us who got into their clutches without an hour's delay, providing they didn't first tear him to
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issued a proclamation, urging "all good citizens to use their best efforts to preserve peace and uphold the law," and to "abstain from all excited discussion of the prominent question of the day." Referring to the recent violence in Pittsburgh, he concluded:
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allowed some passenger trains to reach their destinations. They did not, however, allow mail to enter the city. The strikers met that night at Father Matthew Hall, and agreed to "Be in favor of maintaining the peace and quiet of the city in every emergency."
505:. Minor acts of violence continued until the last of the strikers returned to work on October 17, having won no concessions. More than a score of those involved in the shooting were arrested for murder, and later tried and found not-guilty of the crime of
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On the morning of July 26, Mayor McKune proposed organizing a group of armed special police to help maintain order in the city. At the time the local militia were stationed across the state in response to railway strike-related struggles occurring in
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Two separate trials were held: in September 1879 Chase was found guilty and sentenced to a $ 200 fine and 30 days imprisonment. Stanton was acquitted in his own trial that month. He had been forced to resign from the judgeship in February 1879.
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The entire Lackawanna region is idle. Week before last this region sent nearly 150,000 tons of coal to market. Last week it did not send any ... The situation here is absolutely painful, and there is no knowing what moment an outbreak will
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subpoenaed by the prosecution to bear witness to the peaceful nature of the protest, only six appeared to testify. Three admitted to seeing violence committed by the mob prior to the shooting. Many more testified on behalf of the accused.
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3D REGT Infantry, COL George R. Snowden Commanding; 3D BDE 6TH REGT Infantry, COL Maxwell Commanding; State Fencibles, CPT Ryan Commanding; Black Hussars, CPT Kleinz Commanding; Philadelphia City Troops, CPT A. L. Snowden Commanding
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We therefore hold that there was a riot, and that these men here charged were in the full heroic performance of their duties as citizens when this unfortunate event occurred. But the blood of these victims must be upon their own
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as their captain. Ripple obtained the approval of General Osbourne, the commander of the Pennsylvania National Guard, to procure arms for the company. Within three days, they acquired 350 guns as well as ammunition.
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He also wired the Governor, who informed that the National Guard brigade from Philadelphia, which had been on the way home from quelling riots in Pittsburgh, had been diverted and were en route to Scranton.
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History of Scranton, Penn: With Full Outline of the Natural Advantages, Accounts of the Indian Tribes, Early Settlements, Connecticut's Claim to the Wyoming Valley, the Trenton Decree, Down to the Present
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They go on to suggest that some unknown number of those participating in the ensuing riot may have traveled to Scranton expressly for that purpose, and not in support of the strikers or their objectives.
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veterans. The group used the mine company store owned by W. W. Scranton as their headquarters, after vacating two other locations because owners feared the presence of the group would attract violence.
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the troops come,--if they ever get here,--that we may have a conflict, in which the mob shall be completely worsted. In no other way will the thing end with any security for property in the future."
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On October 16 the miners held a meeting and unanimously voted to return to work. They did so beginning the next day, having won nothing in concessions. On October 19, the Governor advised President
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The railway strikers held a mass meeting and resolved to demand a 25 percent increase in wages, "in order to supply ourselves and our little ones with the necessaries of life." General Manager
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1878.) Stanton had been sitting judge in 1877 and was arrested for libel in the Scranton case after being implicated by witnesses; he was alleged to have written an "incendiary" piece in the
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clerks in the employ of the companies ... They will be peaceable while the soldiers are here, but when they go away, they will have many a grievance to redress from their standpoint.
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The History of the Great Riots: The Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads of the United States and in the Mining Regions Together with a Full History of the Molly Maguires
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that the federal troops could be withdrawn. The Thirteenth Infantry departed the city on October 31, and Colonel Hartley's temporary forces departed in November 1877.
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New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of Commonwealths and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 4
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Placing obstructions upon the railroads, burning buildings, firing upon watchmen and pump engineers at the mines, and the robbing of arms in the neighborhood.
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That day the jury returned verdicts of not guilty on all charges. Some of the prominent strikers were also arrested, but none was sentenced to punishment.
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shouts of "Go for their guns, they have only blank cartridges; kill the sons-of-bitches." Pistols were fired and one of the posse was wounded in the knee.
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Over 200 members of the Citizens' Corps were mustered and posted as guards along the streets. At 11:30 AM Mayor McKune issued the following proclamation:
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in Scranton proposed that their wages be restored to that prior to the recently imposed 10% reduction. On July 24 at 12:00 P.M., 1,000 employees of the
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History of Luzerne, Lackawanna, and Wyoming Counties, Pa: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Their Prominent Men and Pioneers
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604:, unaffiliated with the railroad, peacefully walked out due to their own wage reduction. The railroad workers struck at 6:00 P.M. that same day.
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In the first labor action during his tenure as a Knight, A general strike that paralyzed Scranton and ended in gunfire and death (1877) ...
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A City's Danger and Defense. Or, Issues and Results of the Strikes of 1877, Containing the Origin and History of the Scranton City Guard
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Opinions differ on the root cause of the strike and ensuing violence, and what persons or groups should shoulder the blame.
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The accused were transferred to the custody of the mayor and sheriff and taken by train to appear before the court in
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Stepenoff writes of organized labor's "triumph" in the 1878 Scranton mayoral election, and the efforts of then Mayor
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observer stated "the great trouble here in Scranton is our population, an excess of miners for the work to be done."
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Here a general strike in 1877 has halted operations on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad in Scranton
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crowd, "The Mayor is killed!" He escaped however, aided by Father Dunn, who was carried away by the throng.
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The Citizens' Corps assembled in the Forest & Stream Sportsman's Club and elected officers, including
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replied that same day, insisting that "nothing in the world would give me more pleasure," but continued:
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joined, and every industry in the city was halted with the exception of the Pennsylvania Coal Company.
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in our city the necessity of sober, careful thought and the criminal folly of any precipitate action.
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Attack upon Mayor McKune. Father Dunn is seen on the left attempting to restrain members of the mob.
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Position of the Citizens' Corps when the battle began, † represents position and direction of mob
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2110:"The Scranton Libel Suits, Relics of the Railroad Riots-Scranton's Fight Against his Defamers"
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Kleppner, Paul "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," in Arthur M. Schlesinger (ed.),
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on W. W. Scranton's residence, but was averted by the patrols that had been dispatched.
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General position of the column at the close of battle, ∵ represents position of bodies
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W. W. Scranton filed libel suits in 1879 against Aaron Augustus Chase, editor of the
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Their Fathers' Daughters: Silk Mill Workers in Northeastern Pennsylvania, 1880–1960
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miners, however, denounced the concession and resolved to continue the strike.
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The Elementary School of the Army: The Pennsylvania National Guard, 1877–1917
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American Labor and Immigration History, 1877–1920s: Recent European Research
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A dispatch from Scranton on July 29 summarized the current state of things:
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The miners denounced the capitulation of the railway workers. Governor
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Opinions differ on the root causes of the strike and ensuing violence.
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Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. (1997). "Depression of 1873–1879".
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The role of federal military forces in domestic disorders, 1877-1945
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In his closing remarks for the defense, Stanley Woodward concluded:
56:
The Scranton Citizens' Corps fires on strikers, August 1, 1877, by
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856:
820:
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694:
662:
618:
587:
523:
220:
1463:"History of Maryland From the Earliest Period to the Present Day"
1192:
One account reckons the number of prisoners at "several hundred".
2966:
2604:
1635:. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. pp. 96–97.
2577:
2465:
2446:
2403:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2005, pp. 455–456
2246:
Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor
224:
137:
704:
armed confrontation, drilled by those of its members who were
547:
The resulting public dissatisfaction erupted July 14, 1877 in
1550:. The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History: Routledge.
1364:
History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860–1910, The
1262:
For sources referring to the event as a general strike see:
2548:
2217:
Strategic Alliances: Coalition Building and Social Movements
2052:"Early Mine Workers' Organizations In The Anthracite Region"
1293:
Strategic Alliances: Coalition Building and Social Movements
3891:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
1511:
41.3 (2000) 636–638, via Project MUSE, accessed 20 May 2016
1525:"The Great Strike of 1877: Remembering a Worker Rebellion"
733:, began to flout the strike and return to work in secret.
1410:
Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune
1633:
Keystone of Democracy: A History of Pennsylvania Workers
1370:
New York: Chelsea House/R.R. Bowker Co., 1973; pg. 1556.
2056:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
834:
railroad tracks between the cities had been destroyed.
2356:
The Chemung Co. Greenbacker, and Labor Reform Advocate
1241:
The Chemung Co. Greenbacker, and Labor Reform Advocate
1121:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
1778:
McCabe, James Dabney; Martin, Edward Winslow (1877).
1131:
List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
486:
was a widespread work stoppage in 1877 by workers in
1564:
A People's History of the United States 1492-present
963:"calculated to incite the killing of Mr. Scranton".
3937:
History of rail transportation in the United States
3883:
3836:
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1239:According to the Library of Congress, in that year
528:
Burning of Union Depot, Pittsburgh, 21–22 July 1877
124:
116:
111:
103:
87:
64:
36:
870:"outrages" were being committed on a daily basis:
1503:Streets, Railroads, and the Great Strike of 1877
1383:Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia
1352:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. pp. 295–298.
27:1877 strikes and riots in Scranton, Pennsylvania
2275:. Susquehanna University Press. pp. 24–5.
2174:William Warren Scranton: Pennsylvania Statesman
2022:. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. p.
1919:Azzarelli, Margo L.; Azzarelli, Marnie (2016).
1269:Secret Societies and Clubs in American History
1116:History of rail transport in the United States
592:Scranton, as depicted on an 1890 panoramic map
2589:
2477:
2421:. W.W. Munsell & Company. 1880. pp.
1887:Schroeder, Steven Patrick (October 2, 2006).
236:
149:
8:
3775:1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
2762:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
2334:. University of Illinois Press. p. 72.
2214:Van Dyke, Nella; McCammon, Holly J. (2010).
2074:Pennsylvania: A Guide to the Keystone State,
1829:History of Scranton and Its People, Volume 1
1290:Van Dyke, Nella; McCammon, Holly J. (2010).
722:stating, "all was going to be right again".
2157:Wyoming Historical and Geological Society,
1231:It is difficult to know what newspaper the
563:, and strikers set fire to much of central
3523:
3036:
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2596:
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2470:
2462:
2443:, Chronicling America, Library of Congress
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2100:
2086:
2084:
2082:
1826:Hitchcock, Frederick; Downs, John (1914).
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
667:Blast furnaces of Lackawanna Iron and Coal
243:
229:
221:
156:
142:
134:
50:
33:
3896:Mass racial violence in the United States
3307:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
2864:Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911
2045:
2043:
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1815:
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1567:. New York: Harper Collins. p. 248.
1413:. Harvard University Press. p. 167.
1019:Armory of the Scranton City Guard in 1878
598:Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad
3942:Riots and civil disorder in Pennsylvania
2209:
2207:
1992:1877: America's Year of Living Violently
1809:
1807:
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974:
3589:Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
2400:The Empire State: A History of New York
2092:History of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
1984:
1982:
1980:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1832:. Lewis historical publishing Company.
1469:. Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press: 733–42.
1255:
3861:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
3702:1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
3505:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
3473:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
3013:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2783:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1664:
1662:
1483:
1472:
3216:1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre
3018:Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1002:general. On August 23 a piece ran in
845:W. W. Scranton wrote August 3 to the
7:
3972:General strikes in the United States
3624:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
3567:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
2220:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 31.
1995:. New York: New Press. p. 169.
1604:. Press of the Scranton Republican.
1519:
1517:
1296:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 31.
980:Pennsylvania state historical marker
3594:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
3133:1912 Forsyth County racial conflict
2612:in the history of the United States
2368:"Obituary: William Henry Stanton,"
2187:"Coal Miners' and Laborers' Strike"
1834:History of Scranton and Its People.
1136:Timeline of labor issues and events
76:– November 17, 1877
3917:1870s strikes in the United States
3110:Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908
2927:St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
2904:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
2700:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
1320:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 30.
997:Reformation of the Citizens' Corps
825:Gov Hartranft's headquarters in a
490:, which took place as part of the
107:Return to work, no concessions won
25:
2778:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
2035:Worthington Scranton mining 1871.
1434:Laurie, Clayton (July 15, 1997).
3871:1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots
3866:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
2751:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
2358: : (Elmira, N.Y.) 1878–18??
1852:The Great Labor Uprising of 1877
1094:
1080:
1066:
602:Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company
3932:1877 labor disputes and strikes
3691:1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
3252:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2819:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
2682:New York City Food Riot of 1917
2382:"Obituary Notes:" W.H. Stanton"
2094:, Volume 1, 1893, Pages 232–233
1989:Bellesiles, Michael A. (2010).
1730:Logan, Samuel Crothers (1887).
982:for the strike, erected in 2008
596:On July 23, the workers of the
3952:Labor disputes in Pennsylvania
2854:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
2746:Anthracite coal strike of 1902
2677:1874 Tompkins Square Park riot
1670:"A General Strike At Scranton"
1440:. Government Printing Office.
1:
3977:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
3461:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
3450:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
2922:1877 St. Louis general strike
2859:Springfield race riot of 1908
2642:1880 Garret Rock May Day riot
2565:Great Railroad Strike of 1922
2493:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
2457:Lackawanna Historical Society
2441:(Cincinnati, Ohio) 1912–1937"
2016:Cutter, William, ed. (1913).
1501:Molloy, Scott, "Book Review:
44:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
3270:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
3176:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
2788:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1655:. August 6, 1877. p. 4.
910:Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
2756:Philadelphia general strike
1678:. July 25, 1877. p. 2.
1461:Scharf, J. Thomas (1967) .
761:Rioters attacking a citizen
536:, sparked in the US by the
511:Pennsylvania National Guard
3993:
3572:San Francisco riot of 1877
3500:Meridian race riot of 1871
3211:1891 New Orleans lynchings
3128:1906 Atlanta race massacre
2957:1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot
2269:Stepenoff, Bonnie (1999).
2160:Annual Meeting Proceedings
2139:"The Scranton Libel Suits"
2072:Federal Writer's Project,
1601:A Half Century in Scranton
1407:Katz, Philip Mark (1998).
906:Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
623:A passenger volunteers as
549:Martinsburg, West Virginia
3055:Election Massacre of 1874
2705:Reading Railroad Massacre
2647:1913 Paterson silk strike
2546:
2191:Historical Marker Project
1598:Throop, Benjamin (1895).
1548:"The Strike Wave of 1877"
1346:Bruce, Robert V. (1959).
1052:, national leader of the
262:
175:
49:
41:
3732:Battle of Lincoln (1878)
3666:Honolulu Courthouse riot
3605:Preparedness Day Bombing
3337:Memphis massacre of 1866
3282:McIntosh County Seat War
2975:Cincinnati riots of 1884
2932:St. Louis bullfight riot
1922:Labor Unrest in Scranton
1899:University of Pittsburgh
1647:"Distress of the Miners"
1631:Blatz, Perry K. (1999).
1386:. Taylor & Francis.
1272:. ABC-CLIO. p. 86.
1266:Luhrssen, David (2015).
817:Conclusion and aftermath
627:on stopped D&L train
3478:West Virginia coal wars
3421:Slocum Massacre of 1910
3199:Battle of Liberty Place
3085:Hartford coal mine riot
2875:East St. Louis massacre
2711:Scranton general strike
2248:. Praeger. p. 20.
2050:Aurand, Harold (1991).
1546:Lloyd, John P. (2009).
1074:Organized labour portal
1004:The Scranton Republican
647:William Walker Scranton
567:in disturbances there.
484:Scranton general strike
68:July 23, 1877
37:Scranton general strike
18:Scranton General Strike
3947:Scranton, Pennsylvania
3922:1877 in rail transport
3641:Colorado Coalfield War
3467:Tucker County Seat War
3403:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
3354:Battle of Depot Street
2717:1877 Shamokin uprising
2553:
2328:Hoerder, Dirk (1983).
2303:. H. W. Crew. p.
2244:Phelan, Craig (2000).
1509:Technology and Culture
1482:Cite journal requires
1349:1877: Year of Violence
1314:Crosby, David (2009).
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561:Shamokin, Pennsylvania
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488:Scranton, Pennsylvania
93:Scranton, Pennsylvania
3815:Rock Springs massacre
3750:Hells Canyon Massacre
3577:Mussel Slough Tragedy
3561:Anti-Chinese violence
3397:San Elizario Salt War
3318:Phoenix election riot
3276:Brooks–McFarland feud
2986:May Day riots of 1894
2552:
2296:Craft, David (1891).
2147:. September 12, 1879.
1847:Foner, Philip Sheldon
1561:Zinn, Howard (1995).
1505:By Stowell, David O."
1042:Michael A. Bellesiles
1029:
1018:
989:
978:
921:
908:, the county seat of
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492:Great Railroad Strike
167:Great Railroad Strike
3967:November 1877 events
3927:1877 in Pennsylvania
3785:Seattle riot of 1886
3432:Houston riot of 1917
3288:Green Corn Rebellion
3221:Robert Charles riots
3157:French–Eversole feud
2447:ExplorePAHistory.com
1740:: J.B. Rogers Print.
1527:. UE News. June 2002
1235:was referring to as
996:
938:Scranton Daily Times
737:Events of August 1st
659:Events of 26–30 July
584:Events of 23–25 July
3962:October 1877 events
3780:Tacoma riot of 1885
3635:Colorado Labor Wars
3536:Pleasant Valley War
3455:Lincoln County feud
3409:Reese–Townsend feud
2452:Labor History Links
2439:The Labor Advocate.
2119:. September 8, 1879
1111:Anti-union violence
1102:Pennsylvania portal
946:), and state Judge
884:Rutherford B. Hayes
847:Philadelphia Times:
840:Henry S. Huidekoper
3850:Fence Cutting Wars
3821:Johnson County War
3756:Sheepshooters' War
3726:Lincoln County War
3696:Deep Creek murders
3629:Colorado Range War
3599:Wheatland hop riot
3542:Bisbee Deportation
3415:Brownsville affair
3379:Sutton–Taylor feud
3205:Thibodaux massacre
3193:Coushatta massacre
3181:Opelousas massacre
3104:Barber–Mizell feud
2991:Akron riot of 1900
2836:Illinois coal wars
2554:
2144:The New York Times
2117:The New York Times
2090:Bradsby, Henry C.
1927:Arcadia Publishing
1675:The New York Times
1652:The New York Times
1317:Scranton Railroads
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3827:Spring Creek raid
3720:Colfax County War
3583:Castaic Range War
3513:
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3079:Brooks–Baxter War
3026:
3025:
3007:Bay View massacre
2899:1894 Detroit riot
2894:1891 Detroit riot
2796:
2795:
2740:Lattimer massacre
2728:Morewood massacre
2571:
2570:
2398:Milton M. Klein,
2314:978-1-295-63271-8
2255:978-0-313-30948-9
1901:. pp. 56–57.
1866:978-0-87348-828-0
1611:978-1-293-15356-7
1327:978-0-7385-6518-7
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727:John F. Hartranft
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16:(Redirected from
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3884:Related articles
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3790:Bellingham riots
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3495:Greene–Jones War
3426:Boyce–Sneed feud
3391:Mason County War
3312:Hamburg massacre
3151:Rowan County War
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1893:(Ph.D thesis).
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1126:List of strikes
1100:
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1088:Railways portal
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999:
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956:Labor Advocate,
948:William Stanton
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3348:Coal Creek War
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2431:External links
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3563:(1860s–1890s)
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2980:Reservoir war
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3728:(1878; 1881)
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2671:Orange Riots
2609:civil unrest
2529:
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2018:
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1967:. Retrieved
1963:
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1738:Philadelphia
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507:manslaughter
496:
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324:Philadelphia
288:
272:Philadelphia
199:
58:Frank Leslie
42:Part of the
29:
3857:(1870–1920)
3846:(1864–1912)
3823:(1889–1893)
3758:(1895–1906)
3722:(1873–1888)
3674:(1893–1894)
3643:(1913–1914)
3637:(1903–1904)
3585:(1890–1916)
3538:(1882–1892)
3480:(1912–1921)
3469:(1888–1893)
3457:(1878–1890)
3428:(1911–1912)
3411:(1898–1907)
3405:(1888–1889)
3399:(1877–1878)
3393:(1875–1876)
3381:(1868–1876)
3375:(1865–1869)
3350:(1891–1892)
3284:(1907–1909)
3278:(1896–1902)
3272:(1893–1894)
3227:Grabow riot
3159:(1887–1894)
3153:(1884–1887)
3062:(1892–1893)
3060:Mitcham War
2871:(1916–1921)
2838:(1898–1900)
2673:(1870–1871)
932:Libel suits
637:On July 25
503:martial law
358:Minneapolis
305:New Orleans
104:Resulted in
3911:Categories
3855:Sheep wars
3767:Washington
3712:New Mexico
3672:Black Week
3553:California
2634:New Jersey
2520:Pittsburgh
1895:Pittsburgh
1580:October 5,
1366:Gilded Age
1251:References
1040:Historian
731:black-legs
678:Harrisburg
553:Pittsburgh
520:Background
190:Pittsburgh
112:Casualties
80:1877-11-17
72:1877-07-23
3329:Tennessee
3168:Louisiana
2848:Pana riot
2625:Northeast
2616:1865–1918
2540:St. Louis
2507:Baltimore
1859:: Monad.
1007:strikes.
961:Advocate,
940:(now the
778:furnaces.
706:Civil War
330:Vancouver
284:St. Louis
210:St. Louis
180:Baltimore
3616:Colorado
3262:Oklahoma
3143:Kentucky
3071:Arkansas
2943:Nebraska
2914:Missouri
2886:Michigan
2811:Illinois
2657:New York
2560:See also
2535:Shamokin
2530:Scranton
2516:New York
1857:New York
1849:(1977).
1060:See also
571:Scranton
557:uprising
445:European
382:Paraguay
341:Winnipeg
289:Scranton
205:Shamokin
200:Scranton
125:Injuries
117:Death(s)
88:Location
3807:Wyoming
3528:Arizona
3120:Georgia
3096:Florida
3041:Alabama
2802:Midwest
2525:Reading
2512:Chicago
2437:"About
2196:May 16,
2123:May 18,
1531:May 22,
674:Altoona
625:fireman
499:militia
468:Catalan
462:Catalan
394:Uruguay
388:Namibia
376:Finland
370:Austria
364:Oakland
347:Germany
336:Seattle
278:Catalan
195:Reading
185:Chicago
78: (
70: (
3837:Others
3829:(1909)
3817:(1885)
3798:(1916)
3792:(1907)
3752:(1887)
3742:Oregon
3698:(1896)
3668:(1874)
3658:Hawaii
3649:(1914)
3631:(1900)
3607:(1916)
3601:(1913)
3579:(1880)
3544:(1917)
3488:Others
3463:(1888)
3417:(1906)
3387:(1875)
3356:(1897)
3344:(1868)
3320:(1898)
3314:(1876)
3290:(1917)
3248:(1870)
3229:(1912)
3223:(1900)
3207:(1887)
3201:(1874)
3195:(1874)
3189:(1873)
3183:(1868)
3106:(1870)
3087:(1914)
3081:(1874)
3051:(1870)
3009:(1886)
3000:Others
2982:(1887)
2953:(1882)
2934:(1904)
2877:(1917)
2850:(1899)
2844:(1898)
2832:(1894)
2826:(1886)
2771:Others
2758:(1910)
2742:(1897)
2736:(1892)
2730:(1891)
2724:(1886)
2713:(1877)
2707:(1877)
2667:(1870)
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971:Legacy
924:heads.
717:occur.
611:Mayor
457:Brazil
421:Guinea
318:Sweden
301:) 1886
3683:Idaho
3365:Texas
3032:South
2605:Riots
2113:(PDF)
2076:1940.
1616:1877.
1244:1878.
1143:Notes
992:1877.
952:Times
451:India
439:Spain
427:Egypt
415:2000s
408:Nepal
400:Spain
312:1900s
266:1800s
128:16–54
3519:West
2967:Ohio
2607:and
2425:–21.
2336:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2300:Time
2277:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2198:2016
2125:2016
2062:(4).
2031:2015
2024:1841
1997:ISBN
1971:2015
1931:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1582:2009
1569:ISBN
1533:2016
1488:help
1442:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1219:See
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532:The
482:The
470:2019
464:2017
453:2016
447:2012
441:2010
435:2009
429:2008
423:2007
410:1992
402:1988
396:1973
390:1971
384:1958
378:1956
372:1950
366:1946
360:1934
349:1920
343:1919
332:1918
326:1910
320:1909
307:1892
291:1877
280:1855
274:1835
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