Cello - Knowledge (XXG)

1212:, with the G and C strings wire-wound. Modern cellos often have fine tuners connecting the strings to the tailpiece, which makes it much easier to tune the instrument, but such pins are rendered ineffective by the flexibility of the gut strings used on Baroque cellos. Overall, the modern instrument has much higher string tension than the Baroque cello, resulting in a louder, more projecting tone, with fewer overtones. In addition, the instrument was less standardized in size and number of strings; a smaller, five-string variant (the violoncello piccolo) was commonly used as a solo instrument and five-string instruments are occasionally specified in the Baroque repertoire. BWV 1012 (Bach's 6th Cello Suite) was written for 5 string Cello but since its additional High E String is an Octave below the same string on the Violin, anything written for the Violin can be played on the 5 string Cello, sounding an Octave lower than written. 2706:), but Pernambuco, used for higher-quality bows, is the heartwood of the tree and is darker in color than brazilwood (which is sometimes stained to compensate). Pernambuco is a heavy, resinous wood with great elasticity, which makes it an ideal wood for instrument bows. Horsehair is stretched out between the two ends of the bow. The taut horsehair is drawn over the strings, while being held roughly parallel to the bridge and perpendicular to the strings, to produce sound. A small knob is twisted to increase or decrease the tension of the horsehair. The tension on the bow is released when the instrument is not being used. The amount of tension a cellist puts on the bow hair depends on the preferences of the player, the style of music being played, and for students, the preferences of their teacher. 2799:

such as the cello, this lack of volume is solved by mounting the vibrating string on a larger hollow wooden body. The vibrations are transmitted to the larger body, which can move more air and produce a louder sound. Different designs of the instrument produce variations in the instrument's vibrational patterns and thus change the character of the sound produced. A string's fundamental pitch can be adjusted by changing its stiffness, which depends on tension and length. Tightening a string stiffens it by increasing both the outward forces along its length and the net forces it experiences during a distortion. A cello can be tuned by adjusting the tension of its strings, by turning the tuning pegs mounted on its pegbox and tension adjusters (fine tuners) on the tailpiece.

2647:, a solid wooden cylinder which is wedged between the top and bottom plates. The bass bar, found under the bass foot of the bridge, serves to support the cello's top and distribute the vibrations from the strings to the body of the instrument. The soundpost, found under the treble side of the bridge, connects the back and front of the cello. Like the bridge, the soundpost is not glued but is kept in place by the tensions of the bridge and strings. Together, the bass bar and sound post transfer the strings' vibrations to the top (front) of the instrument (and to a lesser extent the back), acting as a 1412: 1183: 2997:(a general name for notes on the remainder of the fingerboard) the thumb usually rests alongside the fingers on the string. Then, the side of the thumb is used to play notes. The fingers are normally held curved with each knuckle bent, with the fingertips in contact with the string. If a finger is required on two (or more) strings at once to play perfect fifths (in double stops or chords), it is used flat. The contact point can move slightly away from the nail to the finger's pad in slower or more expressive playing, allowing a fuller vibrato. 2929:.) Thus shortening a string increases the frequency, and thus the pitch. Because of this effect, you can raise and change the pitch of a string by pressing it against the fingerboard in the cello's neck and effectively shortening it. Likewise strings with less mass per unit length, if under the same tension, will have a higher frequency and thus higher pitch than more massive strings. This is a prime reason the different strings on all string instruments have different fundamental pitches, with the lightest strings having the highest pitches. 1044:, and cellos. Contrary to a popular misconception, the cello did not evolve from the viola da gamba, but existed alongside it for about two and a half centuries. The violin family is also known as the viola da braccio (meaning viola for the arm) family, a reference to the primary way the members of the family are held. This is to distinguish it from the viola da gamba (meaning viola for the leg) family, in which all the members are all held with the legs. The likely predecessors of the violin family include the 1200:-era cellos differed from the modern instrument in several ways. The neck has a different form and angle, which matches the baroque bass-bar and stringing. The fingerboard is usually shorter than that of the modern cello, as the highest notes are not often called for in baroque music. Modern cellos have an endpin at the bottom to support the instrument (and transmit some of the sound through the floor), while Baroque cellos are held only by the calves of the player. Modern bows curve in and are held at the 2778: 2960:” because it is an unpleasant growling sound. The wood resonance appears to be split into two frequencies by the driving force of the sounding string. These two periodic resonances beat with each other. This wolf tone must be eliminated or significantly reduced for the cello to play the nearby notes with a pleasant tone. This can be accomplished by modifying the cello front plate, attaching a wolf eliminator (a metal cylinder or a rubber cylinder encased in metal), or moving the soundpost. 1935: 1236: 3100: 2631:, named for their shape, are located on either side of the bridge and allow air to move in and out of the instrument as part of the sound-production process. The f-holes also act as access points to the interior of the cello for repairs or maintenance. Sometimes a small length of rubber hose containing a water-soaked sponge, called a Dampit, is inserted through the f-holes and serves as a humidifier. This keeps the wood components of the cello from drying out. 2933: 3091:("on the fingerboard") calls for bowing nearer to (or over) the end of the fingerboard. At its extreme, sul ponticello produces a harsh, shrill sound with emphasis on overtones and high harmonics. In contrast, sul tasto produces a more flute-like sound that emphasizes the note's fundamental frequency and produces softened overtones. Composers have used both techniques, particularly in an orchestral setting, for special sounds and effects. 649: 1440: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1419: 5528: 3596: 3385: 2680: 1416: 2979: 2598:

play the cello, the endpin is pulled out to lengthen it. The endpin is locked into the player's preferred length with a screw mechanism. The adjustable nature of endpins enables performers of different ages and body sizes to adjust the endpin length to suit them. In the Baroque period, the cello was held between the calves, as there was no endpin at that time. The endpin was "introduced by

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The sharp tip of the cello's endpin is sometimes capped with a rubber tip that protects the tip from dulling and prevents the cello from slipping on the floor. Many cellists use a rubber pad with a metal cup to keep the tip from slipping on the floor. A number of accessories exist to keep the endpin from slipping; these include ropes that attach to the chair leg and other devices.

2663:, which is strong but reversible, allowing for disassembly when needed. Tops may be glued on with diluted glue since some repairs call for the removal of the top. Theoretically, hide glue is weaker than the body's wood, so as the top or back shrinks side-to-side, the glue holding it lets go and the plate does not crack. Cellists repairing cracks in their cello do not use regular 668: 2433:. While purfling is attractive, it is also functional: if the instrument is struck, the purfling can prevent cracking of the wood. A crack may form at the rim of the instrument but spreads no further. Without purfling, cracks can spread up or down the top or back. Playing, traveling and the weather all affect the cello and can increase a crack if purfling is not in place. 2615: 2594:

of the string (lowering the pitch). When the performer is putting on a new string, the fine tuner for that string is normally reset to a middle position, and then the peg is turned to bring the string up to pitch. The fine turners are used for subtle, minor adjustments to pitch, such as tuning a cello to the oboe's 440 Hz A note or tuning the cello to a piano.

2382: 641: 219: 3230:, for example, can be clearly divided into two models: the style made before 1702, characterized by larger instruments (of which only three exist in their original size and configuration), and the style made during and after 1707, when Stradivari began making smaller cellos. This later model is the design most commonly used by modern luthiers. The 2774:) is a convex curved bow which, unlike the ordinary bow, renders possible polyphonic playing on the various strings of the instrument. The solo repertoire for violin and cello by J. S. Bach the BACH.Bow is particularly suited to it: and it was developed with this in mind, polyphonic playing being required, as well as monophonic. 3377: 1451:, which usually includes eight to twelve cellists. The cello section, in standard orchestral seating, is located on stage left (the audience's right) in the front, opposite the first violin section. However, some orchestras and conductors prefer switching the positioning of the viola and cello sections. The 586:) family. The term "violone" today usually refers to the lowest-pitched instrument of the viols, a family of stringed instruments that went out of fashion around the end of the 17th century in most countries except England and, especially, France, where they survived another half-century before the louder 3610:

Specific instruments are famous (or become famous) for a variety of reasons. An instrument's notability may arise from its age, the fame of its maker, its physical appearance, its acoustic properties, and its use by notable performers. The most famous instruments are generally known for all of these

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playing, the string is plucked directly with the fingers or thumb of the right hand. However, the strings may be plucked with a finger of the left hand in certain advanced pieces, either so that the cellist can play bowed notes on another string along with pizzicato notes or because the speed of the

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A played note of E or F-sharp has a frequency that is often very close to the natural resonating frequency of the body of the instrument, and if the problem is not addressed this can set the body into near resonance. This may cause an unpleasant sudden amplification of this pitch, and additionally a

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When a string is bowed or plucked, it vibrates and moves the air around it, producing sound waves. Because the string is quite thin, not much air is moved by the string itself, and consequently, if the string was not mounted on a hollow body, the sound would be weak. In acoustic stringed instruments

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1845 to give the instrument greater stability". Modern endpins are retractable and adjustable; older ones were removed when not in use. (The word "endpin" sometimes also refers to the button of wood located at this place in all instruments in the violin family, but this is usually called "tailpin".)

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is glued to the neck and extends over the body of the instrument. The fingerboard is given a curved shape, matching the curve on the bridge. Both the fingerboard and bridge need to be curved so that the performer can bow individual strings. If the cello were to have a flat fingerboard and bridge, as

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and the bridge, in a direction perpendicular to the strings; however, the player may wish to move the bow's point of contact higher or lower depending on the desired sound. The bow is held and manipulated with all five fingers of the right hand, with the thumb opposite the fingers and closer to the

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played on the cello fall into two classes; natural and artificial. Natural harmonics are produced by lightly touching (but not depressing) the string at certain places and then bowing (or, rarely, plucking) the string. For example, the halfway point of the string will produce a harmonic that is one

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on lower-cost instruments. It attaches the strings to the lower end of the cello and can have one or more fine tuners. The fine tuners are used to make smaller adjustments to the pitch of the string. The fine tuners can increase the tension of each string (raising the pitch) or decrease the tension

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Around 1700, Italian players popularized the cello in northern Europe, although the bass violin (basse de violon) continued to be used for another two decades in France. Many existing bass violins were literally cut down in size to convert them into cellos according to the smaller pattern developed

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Bows are also made from other materials, such as carbon fibre—stronger than wood—and fiberglass (often used to make inexpensive, lower-quality student bows). An average cello bow is 73 cm (29 in) long (shorter than a violin or viola bow) 3 cm (1.2 in) high (from the frog to the

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for Cello and Violin are also part of the concertante repertoire, although in both cases the cello shares solo duties with at least one other instrument. Moreover, several composers wrote large-scale pieces for cello and orchestra, which are concertos in all but name. Some familiar "concertos" are

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Playing the cello is done while seated with the instrument supported on the floor by the endpin. The right hand bows (or sometimes plucks) the strings to sound the notes. The left-hand fingertips stop the strings along their length, determining the pitch of each fingered note. Stopping the string

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A string's length also affects its fundamental pitch. Shortening a string stiffens it by increasing its curvature during a distortion and subjecting it to larger net forces. Shortening the string also reduces its mass, but does not alter the mass per unit length, and it is the latter ratio rather

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The endpin or spike is made of wood, metal, or rigid carbon fiber and supports the cello in playing position. The endpin can be retracted into the hollow body of the instrument when the cello is being transported in its case. This makes the cello easier to move about. When the performer wishes to

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The cellos are a critical part of orchestral music; all symphonic works involve the cello section, and many pieces require cello soli or solos. Much of the time, cellos provide part of the low-register harmony for the orchestra. Often, the cello section plays the melody for a brief period, before

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holds the strings above the cello and transfers their vibrations to the top of the instrument and the soundpost inside (see below). The bridge is not glued but rather held in place by the tension of the strings. The bridge is usually positioned by the cross point of the "f-hole" (i.e., where the

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stick) and 1.5 cm (0.59 in) wide. The frog of a cello bow typically has a rounded corner like that of a viola bow, but is wider. A cello bow is roughly 10 g (0.35 oz) heavier than a viola bow, which in turn is roughly 10 g (0.35 oz) heavier than a violin bow.

2504:, one for each string. The pegs are used to tune the cello by either tightening or loosening the string. The pegs are called "friction pegs", because they maintain their position by friction. The scroll is a traditional ornamental part of the cello and a feature of all other members of the 3418:, is applied to the bow hair to increase the effectiveness of the friction, grip or bite, and allow proper sound production. Rosin may have additives to modify the friction such as beeswax, gold, silver or tin. Commonly, rosins are classified as either dark or light, referring to color. 3205:. The fractions refer to volume rather than length, so a 1/2 size cello is much longer than half the length of a full size. The smaller cellos are identical to standard cellos in construction, range, and usage, but are simply scaled-down for the benefit of children and shorter adults. 2420:

The top and back are traditionally hand-carved, though less expensive cellos are often machine-produced. The sides, or ribs, are made by heating the wood and bending it around forms. The cello body has a wide top bout, narrow middle formed by two C-bouts, and wide bottom bout, with the

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things. The most highly prized instruments are now collector's items and are priced beyond the reach of most musicians. These instruments are typically owned by some kind of organization or investment group, which may loan the instrument to a notable performer. For example, the

2460:. Carbon fibre instruments are particularly suitable for outdoor playing because of the strength of the material and its resistance to humidity and temperature fluctuations. Luis & Clark has produced over 1000 cellos, some of which are owned by cellists such as 3258: in). The new size offered fuller tonal projection and a greater range of expression. The instrument in this form was able to contribute to more pieces musically and offered the possibility of greater physical dexterity for the player to develop technique. 1415: 3012:

on a particular string. Artificial harmonics (also called false harmonics or stopped harmonics), in which the player depresses the string fully with one finger while touching the same string lightly with another finger, can produce any note above middle C.

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are found in the lower part of the cello. The tailpiece is the part of the cello to which the "ball ends" of the strings are attached by passing them through holes. The tailpiece is attached to the bottom of the cello. The tailpiece is traditionally made of

1113:, allowed for a finer bass sound than was possible with purely gut strings on such a short body. This instrument had disadvantages as well, however. The cello's light sound was not as suitable for church and ensemble playing, so it had to be doubled by 2361:, Abby Newton, and Liz Davis Maxfield have contributed significantly to the use of cello playing in Celtic folk music, often with the cello featured as a primary melodic instrument and employing the skills and techniques of traditional fiddle playing. 3024:

player. Arguably, it is a major factor in the expressiveness of the playing. The right hand holds the bow and controls the duration and character of the notes. In general, the bow is drawn across the strings roughly halfway between the end of the

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cellist is the section leader, determining bowings for the section in conjunction with other string principals, playing solos, and leading entrances (when the section begins to play its part). Principal players always sit closest to the audience.

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Few educational works specifically devoted to the cello existed before the 18th century and those that do exist contain little value to the performer beyond simple accounts of instrumental technique. One of the earliest cello manuals is

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by sounding out a certain number of beats per minute. This tool is often used to instill a sense of rhythm into a musician. It acts as a mirror for rhythmic stability, allowing the musician to analyze where they rush or drag a

610:" ("little"). By the turn of the 20th century, it had become common to shorten the name to 'cello, with the apostrophe indicating the missing stem. It is now customary to use "cello" without apostrophe as the full designation. 1563:

In the 20th century, the cello repertoire grew immensely. This was partly due to the influence of virtuoso cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, who inspired, commissioned, and premiered dozens of new works. Among these, Prokofiev's

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is a technique in which notes are smoothly connected without breaks. It is indicated by a slur (curved line) above or below – depending on their position on the staff – the notes of the passage that is to be played legato.

2717:, though synthetic hair, in varying colors, is also used. Prior to playing, the musician tightens the bow by turning a screw to pull the frog (the part of the bow under the hand) back and increase the tension of the hair. 1384: 1254: 2725:-style (1600–1750) cello bows were much thicker and were formed with a larger outward arch than modern cello bows. The inward arch of a modern cello bow produces greater tension, which in turn produces a louder sound. 842: 2919: 3017:(Italian for "sliding") is an effect achieved by sliding the finger up or down the fingerboard without releasing the string. This causes the pitch to rise and fall smoothly, without separate, discernible steps. 3388:

A brass wolf tone eliminator typically placed on the G string (second string from the left) of a cello, between the bridge and the tailpiece. (The black rubber piece on the D string (third from the left) is a

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When a string is bowed or plucked to produce a note, the fundamental note is accompanied by higher frequency overtones. Each sound has a particular recipe of frequencies that combine to make the total sound.

2085:, a cello rock band that performs original rock/classical crossover music; and Jelloslave, a Minneapolis-based cello duo with two percussionists. These groups are examples of a style that has become known as 798:(before 1753), dates from this era. As the title of the work suggests, it contains 12 toccatas for solo cello, which along with Johann Sebastian Bach's Cello Suites, are some of the first works of that type. 959:(1909–1969) was writing for cello in the mid 20th century with Concerto No. 1 for Cello and Orchestra (1951), Concerto No. 2 for Cello and Orchestra (1963) and in 1964 composed her Quartet for four cellos. 3225:

tended to be considerably larger than those made and commonly played today. Around 1680, changes in string-making technology made it possible to play lower-pitched notes on shorter strings. The cellos of

2524:, which is much harder and more expensive. Ebonized parts such as tuning pegs may crack or split, and the black surface of the fingerboard will eventually wear down to reveal the lighter wood underneath. 2987:

closer to the bridge results in a higher-pitched sound because the vibrating string length has been shortened. On the contrary, a string stopped closer to the tuning pegs produces a lower sound. In the

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positions (which use just less than half of the fingerboard, nearest the top of the instrument), the thumb rests on the back of the neck, some people use their thumb as a marker of their position; in

2552:. Cellists may mix different types of strings on their instruments. The pitches of the open strings are C, G, D, and A (black note heads in the playing range figure above), unless alternative tuning ( 2500:

is a raised piece of wood, fitted where the fingerboard meets the pegbox, in which the strings rest in shallow slots or grooves to keep them the correct distance apart. The pegbox houses four tapered

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and other mixed ensembles. There are also pieces written for two, three, four, or more cellos; this type of ensemble is also called a "cello choir" and its sound is familiar from the introduction to

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with a typical guitar, the performer would only be able to bow the leftmost and rightmost two strings or bow all the strings. The performer would not be able to play the inner two strings alone.

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enjoyed great commercial success taking inspiration from so-called "Beatlesque" arrangements, adding the cello (and violin) to the standard rock combo line-up and in 1978 the UK-based rock band

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is a small oscillation in the pitch of a note, usually considered an expressive technique. The closer towards the bridge the note is, the smaller the oscillation needed to create the effect.

1133:, who also made a number of old pattern large cellos (the 'Servais'). The sizes, names, and tunings of the cello varied widely by geography and time. The size was not standardized until 273: 3424:

stops or straps (tradenames include Rock stop and Black Hole) keep the cello from sliding if the endpin does not have a rubber piece on the end, or if a floor is particularly slippery.

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Above the main body is the carved neck. The neck has a curved cross-section on its underside, which is where the player's thumb runs along the neck during playing. The neck leads to a

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includes a solo part for cello, along with the violin and viola, although this work is incomplete and only exists in fragments, therefore it is given an Anhang number (Anh. 104).

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of a D chord arpeggiated on the cello. Yellow bands at the same level indicate the same harmonics excited by the bowing of different notes. Notes played from left to right: D–F

1926:(or "the Twelve" as they have since taken to being called) specialize in this repertoire and have commissioned many works, including arrangements of well-known popular songs. 1888:

also starts with a cello ensemble, with four cellos playing the top lines and two violas playing the bass lines. As a self-sufficient ensemble, its most famous repertoire is

1383: 1253: 834: 271: 3477:, specialists in building and repairing stringed instruments, ranging from guitars to violins. The following luthiers are notable for the cellos they have produced: 2452:

as well as German luthier G.A. Pfretzschner produced an unknown number of aluminum cellos (in addition to aluminum double basses and violins). Cello manufacturer

2251:(who was not a bassist) was one of the first notable jazz cellists to use the instrument's standard tuning and arco technique. Contemporary jazz cellists include 2330:. Other cellists performing Indian classical music are Nancy Lesh (Dhrupad) and Anup Biswas. Both Rao and Lesh play the cello sitting cross-legged on the floor. 3738: 3758: 3723: 1639: 3076:, the player moves the bow a small distance and stops it on the string, making a short sound, the rest of the written duration being taken up by silence. 2417:, because they are much more durable than carved wood cellos (i.e., they are less likely to crack if bumped or dropped) and they are much less expensive. 5191: 1301: 4762:, is properly what we call the Bass Violin with four strings, sometimes even five or six; but those are not common, the first being most used among us. 4724: 3061:, pizzicato is often abbreviated as "pizz." The position of the hand in pizzicato is commonly slightly over the fingerboard and away from the bridge. 1293: 4350: 3072:

playing, the bow still moves in a horizontal motion on the string but is allowed to bounce, generating a lighter, somewhat more percussive sound. In

3733: 3728: 4951: 4719: 2077:, an ensemble of seven singing cellists known for their arrangements of rock, pop and classical hits; Von Cello, a cello-fronted rock power trio; 3615:, which is currently in the possession of one of the most widely known living cellists, Yo-Yo Ma, is actually owned by the Vuitton Foundation. 2540:, which, despite its name, is made from sheep or goat intestines. Most modern strings used in the 2010s are wound with metallic materials like 2032: 2520:, can be used. Black fittings on low-cost instruments are often made from inexpensive wood that has been blackened or "ebonized" to look like 1356: 888:

Compositions from the late 19th and early 20th century include three cello sonatas (including the Cello Sonata in C Minor written in 1880) by

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family came into greater favour in that country as well. In modern symphony orchestras, it is the second largest stringed instrument (the

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includes the cello in its instrumental ensemble, which includes a number of instruments unusual for this sort of music. Bass guitarist

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involve the playing of two notes simultaneously. Two strings are fingered at once, and the bow is drawn to sound them both. Often, in

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were among the first to use the cello as a solo instrument; both tuned their instruments in fourths, an octave above the double bass.

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cellist's body. Tone production and volume of sound depend on a combination of several factors. The four most important ones are

1990: 2564:’’) ask that the low C be tuned down to a B-flat so that the performer can play a different low note on the lowest open string. 3840: 2803:

than the total mass which governs the frequency. The string vibrates in a standing wave whose speed of propagation is given by

2176:. An Atlanta-based trio, King Richard's Sunday Best, also uses a cellist in their lineup. So-called "chamber pop" artists like 4222: 3647: 2005:, who had originally studied music on a performance scholarship for cello, played a prominent cello part in "As You Said" on 1812: 1083:", or "large viola", as were the viols of the same period. Instruments that share features with both the bass violin and the 68: 4167: 3994: 1496:, and Elgar. There were also some composers who, while not otherwise cellists, did write cello-specific repertoire, such as 2204:, which has pioneered the use of stringed and symphonic instruments, employs the cello in creative ways for many of their " 5503: 5430: 4988: 1923: 1739: 1566: 1391: 863: 2184:

and Margot and the Nuclear So and So's have also recently made cello common in modern alternative rock. Heavy metal band

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have already become part of the standard repertoire. Other major composers who wrote concertante works for him include

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loud beating sound results from the interference produced between these nearby frequencies; this is known as the “

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is the mass per unit length; there is a node at either end of the vibrating length, and thus the vibrating length

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do exist, and cellists with unusually large hands may require such a non-standard instrument. Cellos made before

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is half a wavelength. Since the frequency of any wave is equal to the speed divided by the wavelength, we have

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makes frequent use of cello in their music, notably for the songs "Burn The Witch" and "Glass Eyes" in 2016.

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than in classical music. Several bands feature a cello in their standard line-up, including Hoppy Jones of

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are placed on cello strings between the tailpiece and the bridge to eliminate acoustic anomalies known as

2409:, are sometimes used for the back and sides. Less expensive cellos frequently have tops and backs made of 2315: 2252: 2181: 1788: 1489: 1338: 1269: 1164: 1160: 999: 905: 897: 867: 64: 35: 5508: 5456: 5092: 3627: 2648: 1893: 1869: 1772: 1526: 1309: 1204:; Baroque bows curve out and are held closer to the bow's point of balance. Modern strings are normally 995: 917: 747: 1678: 1189:

plays a violoncello piccolo, a five-string variant of the Baroque cello, during a recording session of

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that rests on the floor to support the instrument's weight. The cello is most closely associated with

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are used to change the sound of the cello by adding mass and stiffness to the bridge. They alter the

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octave above the unfingered (open) string. Natural harmonics only produce notes that are part of the

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Fine tuners, located on the tailpiece, allow the cello to be tuned easily and with greater accuracy.

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structure, modifying the timbre and reducing the overall volume of sound produced by the instrument.

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recordings, examples of which are noted later in this article. The cello has also appeared in major

885:(1805–1847), who wrote Fantasia in G Minor for cello and piano and a Capriccio in A-flat for cello. 5268: 5141: 4731:

Cyr, Mary (April 1982). "Basses and basse continue in the Orchestra of the Paris Opéra 1700–1764".

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supposedly wrote a Cello Concerto in F major, K. 206a in 1775, but this has since been lost. His

767: 763: 416: 228: 3626:, is one of the oldest known cellos, built between 1538 and 1560—it is in the collection of the 3487: 2073:, a group of cellists committed to an intricate cello style intermingled with Gothic music; the 1796: 1627: 4896: 2932: 1222:

Méthode, thèorique et pratique pour apprendre en peu de temps le violoncelle dans sa perfection

1094:

A baroque cello strung with gut strings. Note the absence of fine-tuning pins on the tailpiece.

5263: 4908: 4871: 4845: 4826: 4790: 4647: 4590: 4563: 4536: 4509: 4482: 4455: 4393: 4303: 3919: 3578: 3492: 2561: 2557: 2284: 2145: 1897: 1808: 1761: 1726: 1674: 1643: 1464:, which are orchestral pieces that feature a solo cellist accompanied by an entire orchestra. 1443:

The cello section of the orchestra of the Munich University of Applied Sciences is shown here.

1427: 882: 775: 734:(although many composers give it a melodic role as well), as well as being part of many other 540: 408: 161: 4026:

Cyr, Mary (1982). "Basses and basse continue in the Orchestra of the Paris Opéra 1700–1764".

3973: 2429:

just below the middle. The top and back of the cello have a decorative border inlay known as

2212:

band I Would Set Myself On Fire For You featured a cello as well as a viola to create a more

2196:

are known for using a cello as a major staple of their sound; similarly, the indie rock band

5476: 5451: 5405: 5339: 5201: 5003: 4791:"The Etymology of Violoncello: Implications on Literature in the Early History of the Cello" 4777: 4740: 4035: 3679: 3574: 3564: 3411: 3058: 2292: 2185: 2157: 2078: 2070: 1710: 1698: 1591: 1587: 1571: 1423: 1366: 1148: 1015: 944: 940: 932: 826: 583: 560: 463: 364: 353: 292: 3944:"Rihanna feat. Ne Yo - Umbrella & hate that i love you live american music awards 2007" 446:'s four strings are each an octave higher. Music for the cello is generally written in the 5554: 5415: 5344: 5253: 5064: 5059: 4998: 4983: 3507: 3502: 2973: 2763: 2729: 2721:

is applied by the player to make the hair sticky. Bows need to be re-haired periodically.

2414: 2346: 2334: 2280: 2240: 2074: 2054: 2045: 1994: 1853: 1747: 1702: 1619: 1518: 1509: 1481: 1217: 1172: 1045: 952: 881:. A review of compositions for cello in the Romantic era must include the German composer 878: 853: 779: 755: 719: 648: 3764: 3481: 1735: 1493: 3811: 3068:

technique strikes or rubs the strings with the wood of the bow rather than the hair. In

2512:

is usually used for the tuning pegs, fingerboard, and nut, but other hardwoods, such as

1439: 5466: 5379: 5354: 5349: 5334: 5319: 5309: 5291: 5171: 5074: 5026: 4857: 3718: 3542: 2993: 2533: 2481: 2453: 2327: 2177: 2133: 2102: 2049: 2011: 1998: 1914: 1849: 1820: 1792: 1764:'s first rhapsody (also transcribed by the composer, originally for violin and piano). 1721: 1706: 1694: 1651: 1635: 1615: 1603: 1576: 1497: 1473: 1099: 913: 901: 731: 727: 619: 520: 496: 488: 480: 3886: 2326:

is a well-established soloist as well as playing duets with her sitarist husband, Pt.

5548: 5364: 5324: 5176: 5031: 4960: 4904: 4414: 3713: 2505: 2413:. Laminated cellos are widely used in elementary and secondary school orchestras and 2350: 2256: 2244: 2225: 1982: 1954: 1950: 1909: 1885: 1857: 1743: 1607: 1595: 1114: 963: 735: 676: 508: 420: 412: 238: 210: 3848: 3595: 3384: 2770:: and since then many pieces have been composed especially for it. This curved bow ( 2679: 5513: 5493: 5374: 5369: 5329: 5036: 5008: 4892: 4768:

Holman, Peter (1982). "The English Royal Violin Consort in the Sixteenth Century".

3631: 3623: 3437: 3390: 2767: 2643:, which is glued to the underside of the top of the instrument, and a round wooden 2457: 2390: 2358: 2272: 2264: 2221: 2169: 2149: 2137: 2121: 2097:(Novosibirsk) groups playing rock and metal and having more and more popularity in 2062: 2023: 2006: 1969:

is to bring the instrument in for a particular song. In the 1960s, artists such as

1942: 1938: 1686: 1662: 1647: 1611: 1541: 1485: 1130: 1053: 921: 893: 806: 771: 595: 504: 472: 104: 3057:

piece would not allow the player sufficient time to pluck with the right hand. In

2744: 1323:

Concert Suite in D major for Orchestra and Viola da Gamba – TWV55:D6 – 1. Overture

499:, it often plays the bass part, where it may be reinforced an octave lower by the 4865: 4821:

Woodfield, Ian (1984) . Howard Mayer Brown; Peter le Huray; John Stevens (eds.).

4584: 4557: 4530: 4503: 4476: 4449: 4387: 4297: 4175: 4002: 2081:, who mix elements of classical music with the more modern rock and metal genre; 1426:'s Sonata for Two Cellos in C Major, 1st movement: Allegro moderato performed by 1382: 1354: 1329: 1300: 1276: 1252: 931:

The cello's versatility made it popular with many composers in this era, such as

5483: 5425: 5410: 5314: 5258: 5209: 5161: 5129: 5084: 5054: 3380:

Rosin is applied to bow hair to increase the friction of the bow on the strings.

3049: 3026: 2978: 2936: 2695: 2691: 2489: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2205: 2173: 2161: 2129: 2090: 1970: 1881: 1861: 1837: 1825: 1076: 1068: 889: 711: 591: 528: 500: 455: 396: 254: 203: 188: 184: 46: 4223:"Radiohead's A Moon Shaped Pool is actually a stunning work of classical music" 4098: 2389:

The cello is typically made from carved wood, although other materials such as

2117:

as the main solo instrument to create East meets West progressive (folk) rock.

1896:

for cello ensemble (the fifth is for soprano and 8 cellos). Other examples are

1090: 150: 5395: 5285: 5214: 5181: 5156: 4744: 4039: 3943: 3227: 3087:("on the bridge") refers to bowing closer to (or nearly on) the bridge, while 2782: 2755: 2740: 2699: 2644: 2628: 2553: 2501: 2365:

is becoming well known for playing the cello like a guitar, with her cover of

2342: 2338: 2276: 2260: 2213: 2189: 2141: 2086: 2082: 2037: 2002: 1966: 1731: 1403: 975: 667: 603: 544: 524: 451: 3923: 3768:, a percussive Hungarian folk instrument similar in construction to the cello 1036:, show three sizes of instruments, roughly corresponding to what we now call 770:

was one of the first composers to treat the cello as a solo instrument. As a

17: 5461: 5280: 5273: 5220: 5186: 4781: 4615: 3447: 3431: 3415: 3065: 3053: 3021: 3014: 3004: 2957: 2759: 2737: 2714: 2664: 2660: 2573: 2229: 2220:

uses a cello in their song "Build God, Then We'll Talk", with lead vocalist

2153: 2125: 2066: 1962: 1670: 1551: 1522: 1477: 1448: 1205: 971: 723: 492: 447: 404: 400: 2614: 1341:, performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with cellist Stephen Balderston 4145:"The Issue of Size: A Glimpse into the History of the Violoncello Piccolo" 2319:

use small string ensembles (including solo cellos) to a prominent extent.

1071:. Monteverdi referred to the instrument as "basso de viola da braccio" in 5471: 5248: 5236: 5146: 5134: 5124: 5102: 3441: 3073: 3069: 2921:. (Some writers, including Muncaster (cited below), use the Greek letter 2640: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2517: 2461: 2430: 2288: 2106: 1756:(transcribed by the composer – with Gregor Piatigorsky – from his ballet 1546: 1461: 1287:. Performed by Annie Camp in Atlanta on a 2008 Stephanie Voss Violoncello 1201: 983: 691: 484: 2381: 1836:

There are also modern solo pieces written for cello, such as Julie-O by

640: 218: 5400: 5241: 5231: 5097: 5069: 4641: 3887:"Hensel, Fanny Mendelssohn, 1805-1847. Fantasia, cello, piano, G minor" 3673: 3474: 3468: 3000: 2722: 2668: 2586: 2484:, which are all normally carved out of a single piece of wood, usually 2426: 2410: 2402: 2209: 2098: 1905: 1901: 1877: 1865: 1580:, the concertos of Shostakovich and Lutosławski as well as Dutilleux's 1197: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1061: 987: 979: 571: 567: 536: 516: 2667:, because it cannot be steamed open when a repair has to be made by a 796:

Principij da imparare a suonare il violoncello e con 12 Toccate a solo

5420: 5151: 4975: 4273:"Cello Construction: How Cellos Are Made | Johnson String Instrument" 3421: 3077: 2914:{\displaystyle frequency={\frac {1}{2l}}\cdot {\sqrt {\frac {T}{m}}}} 2577: 2537: 2477: 2406: 2394: 2094: 1682: 1209: 1152: 1151:

family, meaning "viol of the arm", which includes, among others, the

1037: 715: 687: 587: 579: 243: 4924: 4438:

As opposed to the German bow popular in baroque era, held underhand.

825:, Capricci by dall'Abaco, and Sonatas by Flackton, Boismortier, and 1716:

Other important pieces for cello and piano include Schumann's five

5488: 5018: 3594: 3451: 3408: 3404: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3098: 2977: 2931: 2776: 2718: 2678: 2613: 2590: 2582: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2485: 2449: 2437: 2398: 2380: 2110: 1933: 1873: 1666: 1438: 1410: 1181: 1156: 1089: 1057: 1049: 1041: 991: 967: 790:(1665–1729), who wrote six sonatas for violin and basso continuo. 707: 666: 647: 639: 443: 269: 247: 1029:

family. The earliest depictions of the violin family, from Italy

784:

Il primo libro di madrigali, per 2–5 voci e basso continuo, op. 1

594:

is the largest). Thus, the name "violoncello" contained both the

5498: 4929: 4688: 2353:, who, in addition to her own projects, has played for those of 2236: 2114: 2052:

was originally a cellist and included some cello parts in their

1977:

used the cello in popular music, in songs such as The Beatles' "

1974: 1144: 1026: 924:(1882–1955) (two trio sonatas for flute, cello, and piano) and 575: 532: 512: 4933: 3401:

Cases are used to protect the cello and bow (or multiple bows).

2200:

employs two cello players in their lineup. The orch-rock group

2065:, a group of Finnish cellists best known for their versions of 3338:

Distance beneath fingerboard to surface of belly at neck join

3046:

of the bow hair with the string (sometimes abbreviated WASP).

2093:

also includes a cellist. Silenzium and Cellissimo Quartet are

1208:

with a metal (or synthetic) core; Baroque strings are made of

1175:, these were short-lived and the more practical and ergonomic 817:

stand out, as do the five sonatas for cello and pianoforte of

40: 3126:" but are also made in smaller (fractional) sizes, including 706:. It is tuned in the exact same intervals and strings as the 483:. As a solo instrument, the cello uses its whole range, from 370: 319: 4842:

Il violoncello. Conoscere la tecnica per esprimere la musica

3656:, played by Jacqueline du Pré, currently played by Yo-Yo Ma. 2436:

The fingerboard and pegs on a cello are generally made from

1369:, performed by Hans Goldstein (cello) and Eli Kalman (piano) 1234: 217: 4807:"The King Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, after 1538" 4325:"Cold Case: Luis and Clark Carbon Expedition for Yo-Yo Ma?" 2618:

The bridge of a cello, with a mute (the mute is not in use)

928:(1901–1953) (Diaphonic suite No. 2 for bassoon and cello). 754:. Other significant works include Sonatas and Concertos by 379: 373: 328: 322: 310: 304: 301: 4248:"A music theory breakdown of Radiohead's 'Burn The Witch'" 2732:. Jimmy Page pioneered its application on tracks such as " 2295:. Modern musical theatre pieces like Jason Robert Brown's 746:

Among the most well-known Baroque works for the cello are

3322:

Rib depth at shoulders including edges of front and back

3116:

Standard-sized cellos are referred to as "full-size" or "

3966:"Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, Mid-16th Century" 3282:

Approximate width horizontally from A peg to C peg ends

539:. Cellos are found in many other ensembles, from modern 3020:

In cello playing, the bow is much like the breath of a

2040:

included a cello solo in their 1970 epic instrumental "

1246:

Bach's Cello Suite #1 (Bwv1007), 1st movement – Prelude

2850: 2809: 2747:'s lead singer often plays guitar using a cello bow. 2556:) is specified by the composer. Some composers (e.g. 1918:

for seven cellos, or even Villa-Lobos' rarely played

388: 337: 313: 295: 30:"Violoncello" redirects here. For the racehorse, see 4054:"Violin (Baroque) – Early Music Instrument Database" 2639:

Internally, the cello has two important features: a

2401:

for the back, sides, and neck. Other woods, such as

1779:(which are among the best-known solo cello pieces), 1460:

returning to the harmony role. There are also cello

774:

instrument the cello may have been used in works by

622: 376: 325: 307: 298: 5444: 5388: 5300: 5200: 5115: 5083: 5045: 5017: 4974: 4967: 4124:"Cello (Baroque) – Early Music Instrument Database" 2393:or aluminum may be used. A traditional cello has a 367: 316: 263: 227: 209: 195: 175: 167: 160: 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4643:Antonio Stradivari: The Cremona Exhibition of 1987 3290:Back length excluding half-round where neck joins 2913: 2824: 2120:More recent bands who have used the cello include 1492:, two by Dvořák, and one each by Robert Schumann, 2349:and the "Cajun cellist" Sean Grissom, as well as 2188:has also made use of the cello's rich sound. The 2061:Established non-traditional cello groups include 1930:Popular music, jazz, world music and neoclassical 1087:appear in Italian art of the early 16th century. 831:Divertimento for Piano, Clarinet, Viola and Cello 4673:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2440:, as it is strong and does not wear out easily. 2228:added cellist Nela Pekarek to the band in 2010. 1067:The direct ancestor to the violoncello was the 4097:Marsh, Gregory and Elizabeth (March 7, 2016). 966:, but was more commonly used in 1970s pop and 4945: 4586:The Cambridge Companion to the String Quartet 4478:How things work: the physics of everyday life 3739:List of double concertos for violin and cello 3599:The Servais Stradivarius is preserved in the 2585:or another hardwood, but can also be made of 1922:(1958) for 32 cellos. The 12 cellists of the 1025:as a family of instruments distinct from the 1018:, including cello-sized instruments, emerged 835:Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 8: 4770:Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association 3759:Triple concerto for violin, cello, and piano 3724:List of compositions for cello and orchestra 1742:(originally a violin sonata, transcribed by 1179:position eventually replaced them entirely. 1052:. The earliest surviving cellos are made by 998:. The instrument has also been modified for 523:group alongside chordal instruments such as 143: 4723:, ed. L. Macy (accessed January 28, 2006), 3692:, formerly played by Mstislav Rostropovich. 2702:. Both come from the same species of tree ( 1488:, three by C. P. E. Bach, two by 1056:, the first known member of the celebrated 722:. The instrument is a part of the standard 4971: 4952: 4938: 4930: 4656:. Archived from the original on 2006-01-01 4529:Berg, Richard E.; Stork, David G. (2005). 3834: 3832: 3573:. For a list of notable cellists, see the 3397:There are many accessories for the cello. 2659:Cellos are constructed and repaired using 1476:– where a solo cello is accompanied by an 916:. Pieces including cello were written by 574:("big viola") was a large-sized member of 4825:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4021: 4019: 3569:A person who plays the cello is called a 2899: 2881: 2849: 2810: 2808: 2728:The cello bow has also been used to play 1848:The cello is a member of the traditional 970:music. Today it is sometimes featured in 962:In the 2010s, the instrument is found in 487:to soprano, and in chamber music such as 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 3734:List of compositions for cello and piano 3729:List of compositions for cello and organ 3260: 2627:horizontal line occurs in the "f"). The 1312:Book I by J.S. Bach, later rewritten as 843:Sinfonia Concertante in A major, K. 320e 4907:(editor), Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 4901:Evocative Objects: Things We Think With 4636:Beare, Charles; Carlson, Bruce (1993). 3778: 2448:In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the 1872:as well as Zaccharia's prayer scene in 1799:'s Sonatas for Solo Cello, Dutilleux's 4666: 3839:Delbanco, Nicholas (January 1, 2001). 2825:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {T}{m}}}} 1484:, 12 by Boccherini, at least three by 1401: 1376:Cello Concerto by Dvořák, 1st movement 710:, but an octave lower. Similar to the 142: 4556:Chattopadhyay, D. (January 1, 2004). 4168:"Cello Playing in 18th Century Italy" 3995:"Cello Playing in 18th Century Italy" 3695:Piatti Stradivarius, 1720, played by 2472:Neck, fingerboard, pegbox, and scroll 1900:'s cello duets, quartet, and sextet, 1270:J.S. Bach's Cello Suite #3, Sarabande 908:, and unaccompanied cello sonatas by 873:, as well as the two sonatas and the 352: 7: 4583:Stowell, Robin (November 13, 2003). 4389:The Cambridge Companion to the Cello 3682:, played by Clive Greensmith of the 1147:, the cello is actually part of the 1102:(fine wire around a thin gut core), 471:, it enjoys a large solo repertoire 69:adding citations to reliable sources 4351:"Luis and Clark Carbon Fibre Cells" 3841:"The Countess of Stanlein Restored" 3749:Queen Elisabeth Competition § Cello 3605:National Museum of American History 2651:to produce the instrument's sound. 2450:Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) 1801:Trois Strophes sur le Nom de Sacher 4844:. Milano: Casa Musicale Sonzogno. 4413:Eric Halfpenny; Theodore C Grame. 4323:Chris Museler (January 18, 2009). 4099:"The Endpin – The Classy Musician" 3787:"violoncello noun – Pronunciation" 3330:Rib depth at hips including edges 2224:recording the cello solo himself. 1811:'s Suite for Solo Cello, Ligeti's 1402:Problems playing these files? See 559:is derived from the ending of the 277:Bach, Cello Suite no. 1 in G major 25: 3354:Overall height excluding end pin 2341:, with notable players including 2208:-esque" melodies. The first-wave 1791:. Other notable examples include 1500:, who wrote six cello concertos. 1171:suggest that the bass violin had 5527: 5526: 4386:Stowell, Robin (June 28, 1999). 4143:Randvere, Johanna (April 2020). 3954:from the original on 2021-11-24. 3872:One Hundred Years of Violoncello 1991:Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) 1642:for other cellists, notably for 1508:for Cello, Violin and Piano and 1447:Cellos are part of the standard 1380: 1352: 1327: 1298: 1274: 1250: 833:is among the surviving works by 782:(1619–1677) with pieces such as 458:used for higher-range passages. 363: 291: 149: 45: 3680:Paganini-Ladenburg Stradivarius 3650:, played by Gregor Piatigorsky. 3112:size cello with full size cello 2089:. The crossover string quartet 1746:with the composer's approval), 730:, and is the bass voice of the 627:, meaning stringed instrument. 578:(viola da gamba) family or the 415:. Its four strings are usually 357:), often simply abbreviated as 177:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 56:needs additional citations for 4717:Stephen Bonta. "Violoncello", 4612:"Table of 'cello measurements" 4589:. Cambridge University Press. 4392:. Cambridge University Press. 4299:Aluminum in America: A History 4197:Boilen, Bob (26 August 2008). 3791:Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com 3648:Batta-Piatigorsky Stradivarius 3484:and others in the Amati family 3038:of the bow on the string, bow 2333:The cello can also be used in 2113:is using a cello along with a 986:performances, such as singers 788:Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre 1: 4823:The Early History of the Viol 4646:. London: J. & A. Beare. 3874:. Cambridge University Press. 3357:120.9 cm (47.6 in) 3219: 2602: 1924:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 1713:are particularly well known. 1308:Prelude No.1 in C Major from 1163:'s "The Rustic Wedding", and 1134: 1103: 1030: 1019: 199: 4349:van Lier, Josephine (2006). 4296:R. Skrabec, Quentin (2017). 3754:String instrument repertoire 3709:Category:Composers for cello 3640:is in the collection of the 3498:Giovanni Battista Guadagnini 3349:26.7 cm (10.5 in) 3309:43.9 cm (17.3 in) 3301:34.0 cm (13.4 in) 3293:75.4 cm (29.7 in) 3208:Cellos in sizes larger than 2766:, Mstislav Rostropovich and 2750:In 1989, the German cellist 1949:The cello is less common in 1844:Quartets and other ensembles 1537:Variations on a Rococo Theme 1143:Despite similarities to the 1098:The invention of wire-wound 4448:Cowling, Elizabeth (1983). 3346:Bridge to back total depth 3333:12.7 cm (5.0 in) 3325:12.4 cm (4.9 in) 3285:16.0 cm (6.3 in) 3264:Approximate dimensions for 3244:cello is about 70 cm ( 3034:applied to the string, the 2560:in the final movement of ‘’ 2322:In Indian classical music, 1701:, Shostakovich, Prokofiev, 1430:and 8-year-old Sujari Britt 1173:alternate playing positions 1075:(1607). Although the first 994:'s 2007 performance at the 511:typically assumes a cello, 155:Cello, front and side view. 5591: 5570:Basso continuo instruments 4925:The Violoncello Foundation 4752:Grassineau, James (1740). 4475:Bloomfield, Louis (2001). 4358:Alberta String Association 3910:Jeal, Erica (2019-08-22). 3885:Congress, The Library of. 3591:Category:Individual cellos 3588: 3562: 3466: 3365:5.6 cm (2.2 in) 3341:2.3 cm (0.9 in) 3317:8.9 cm (3.5 in) 2971: 2713:Bow hair is traditionally 2216:-oriented sound. The band 2026:collaborated with cellist 1394:, performed by John Michel 1316:. Performed by John Michel 1263:. Performed by John Michel 906:Sonata for Cello and Piano 671:Cello close-up with a bow. 29: 5522: 4562:. New Age International. 4535:. Pearson Prentice Hall. 4502:Muncaster, Roger (1993). 4302:. McFarland. p. 88. 3744:List of solo cello pieces 2781:Michael Bach, cello with 2313:, and Ricky Ian Gordon's 1987:Strawberry Fields Forever 1961:. The more common use in 1583:Tout un monde lointain... 898:Cello Concerto in E minor 823:Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach 618:, which was derived from 614:is derived from the root 268: 234: 216: 148: 5288:(changing string tuning) 4864:Pleeth, William (1982). 4840:Ghigi, Marcella (1999). 3523:Giovanni Battista Rogeri 3298:Upper bouts (shoulders) 2166:Electric Light Orchestra 2020:Electric Light Orchestra 1720:and transcriptions like 1159:. Though paintings like 848:Well-known works of the 720:European classical music 4745:10.1093/earlyj/10.2.155 4419:Encyclopedia Britannica 4040:10.1093/earlyj/10.2.155 4034:(Apr., 1982): 155–170. 3870:Valerie Walden (2004). 3642:Smithsonian Institution 3601:Smithsonian Institution 3553:Jean Baptiste Vuillaume 3362:End pin unit and spike 2456:constructs cellos from 2385:Main parts of the cello 1392:Dvořák's Cello Concerto 1261:Bwv1007, first movement 839:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 805:, the two concertos by 354:[vjolonˈtʃɛllo] 27:Bowed string instrument 4870:. Kahn & Averill. 4727:(subscription access). 4638:"Foreword by Yo-Yo Ma" 4454:. C. Scribner's Sons. 3970:collections.nmmusd.org 3660:Barjansky Stradivarius 3607: 3548:Carlo Giuseppe Testore 3394: 3381: 3113: 2983: 2952: 2915: 2826: 2785: 2687: 2619: 2536:had cores made out of 2386: 2316:My Life with Albertine 2182:Vitamin String Quartet 1946: 1650:, Gregor Piatigorsky, 1444: 1431: 1339:Georg Philipp Telemann 1285:BWV 1009, 4th movement 1239: 1194: 1191:Bach's 6th Cello Suite 1095: 1000:Indian classical music 758:, and solo sonatas by 672: 664: 645: 623: 566:, which means "little 479:, as well as numerous 350:Italian pronunciation: 278: 222: 36:Cello (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 5509:Violin musical styles 5457:History of the violin 5093:Electric upright bass 4782:10.1093/jrma/109.1.39 4756:. London: J. Wilcox. 4415:"Stringed instrument" 4277:www.johnsonstring.com 4103:Theclassymusician.com 4074:"Baroque Instruments" 3950:. December 25, 2015. 3628:National Music Museum 3618:Some notable cellos: 3598: 3428:Wolf tone eliminators 3387: 3379: 3102: 2981: 2935: 2916: 2827: 2780: 2682: 2617: 2444:Alternative materials 2384: 2015:studio album (1968). 1937: 1908:for eight cellos and 1894:Bachianas Brasileiras 1870:William Tell Overture 1785:Sonata for Solo Cello 1773:Johann Sebastian Bach 1767:There are pieces for 1442: 1422: 1310:Well-Tempered Clavier 1238: 1185: 1093: 996:American Music Awards 918:American Music Center 750:'s six unaccompanied 748:Johann Sebastian Bach 670: 651: 643: 477:without accompaniment 276: 221: 5360:Double bass concerto 4754:A Musical Dictionary 4532:The Physics of Sound 3684:Tokyo String Quartet 3670:Bonjour Stradivarius 3654:Davidov Stradivarius 3638:Servais Stradivarius 3613:Davidov Stradivarius 2848: 2807: 2704:Caesalpinia echinata 2568:Tailpiece and endpin 2532:Historically, cello 2202:The Polyphonic Spree 1920:Fantasia Concertante 1787:and Britten's three 1661:There are also many 926:Ruth Crawford Seeger 819:Ludwig van Beethoven 675:Cellos are tuned in 423:: from low to high, 65:improve this article 5389:Related instruments 5303:and genres of music 5269:Finger substitution 4789:Jesselson, Robert. 4758:VIOLONCELLO of the 4559:Elements Of Physics 3690:Duport Stradivarius 3664:Julian Lloyd Webber 3533:Stefano Scarampella 3518:Domenico Montagnana 3473:Cellos are made by 3306:Lower bouts (hips) 3064:A player using the 2836:is the tension and 2754:began developing a 2683:A cello French bow 2357:. Cellists such as 2298:The Last Five Years 2218:Panic! at the Disco 2194:The Stiletto Formal 2028:Julian Lloyd Webber 1805:Les Mots Sont Allés 1669:. Those written by 1656:Julian Lloyd Webber 1472:There are numerous 937:Dmitri Shostakovich 868:Camille Saint-Saëns 760:Francesco Geminiani 714:, the cello has an 652:Cello open strings 631:General description 229:Related instruments 145: 32:Violoncello (horse) 5575:Italian inventions 4994:Five-string violin 4856:With a preface by 4809:. 21 November 2023 4720:Grove Music Online 4508:. Nelson Thornes. 4329:The New York Times 3851:on January 8, 2009 3608: 3585:Famous instruments 3538:Antonio Stradivari 3528:Francesco Ruggieri 3395: 3382: 3114: 2984: 2953: 2911: 2822: 2786: 2734:Dazed and Confused 2688: 2620: 2610:Bridge and f-holes 2466:Josephine van Lier 2387: 2324:Saskia Rao-de Haas 2044:". Bass guitarist 2018:In the 1970s, the 1959:the Avett Brothers 1947: 1890:Heitor Villa-Lobos 1718:Stücke im Volkston 1449:symphony orchestra 1445: 1432: 1390:First movement of 1314:Gounod's Ave Maria 1240: 1195: 1187:Josephine van Lier 1096: 1004:Saskia Rao-de Haas 1002:by Nancy Lesh and 955:. Polish composer 949:Witold Lutoslawski 792:Francesco Supriani 768:Domenico Gabrielli 764:Giovanni Bononcini 673: 665: 646: 602:" ("big") and the 541:Chinese orchestras 279: 223: 5542: 5541: 5111: 5110: 4913:978-0-262-20168-1 4877:978-1-871082-38-8 4596:978-0-521-00042-0 4569:978-81-224-1538-4 4542:978-0-13-145789-8 4515:978-0-7487-1584-8 4488:978-0-471-38151-8 4461:978-0-684-17870-7 4399:978-0-521-62101-4 3845:Harper's Magazine 3579:Category:Cellists 3513:Charles Mennégand 3493:Matteo Goffriller 3463:Instrument makers 3450:provide a steady 3369: 3368: 2968:Playing technique 2909: 2908: 2894: 2820: 2819: 2635:Internal features 2562:The Pines of Rome 2558:Ottorino Respighi 2307:, Adam Guettel's 2301:, Duncan Sheik's 2285:Fred Lonberg-Holm 2146:Smashing Pumpkins 2042:Atom Heart Mother 2030:on the recording 1727:Arpeggione Sonata 1567:Symphony-Concerto 1428:Alisa Weilerstein 1420: 1385: 1357: 1332: 1303: 1279: 1255: 883:Fanny Mendelssohn 776:Francesca Caccini 726:, as part of the 409:string instrument 403:and occasionally 283: 282: 274: 162:String instrument 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 5582: 5530: 5529: 5452:Violin acoustics 5406:Hardanger fiddle 5340:String orchestra 5004:Alexander violin 4972: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4931: 4881: 4855: 4836: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4802: 4795:Strings Magazine 4785: 4764: 4748: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4614:. Archived from 4610:Alan Stevenson. 4607: 4601: 4600: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4367:on April 7, 2014 4366: 4360:. Archived from 4355: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4178:on March 3, 2016 4174:. Archived from 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4078:History Of Music 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4001:. Archived from 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3972:. Archived from 3962: 3956: 3955: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3847:. Archived from 3836: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3783: 3644:, Washington DC. 3575:list of cellists 3565:List of cellists 3273: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3059:musical notation 3044:point of contact 2950: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2882: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2794:Physical aspects 2758:, encouraged by 2730:electric guitars 2604: 2454:Luis & Clark 2415:youth orchestras 2304:Spring Awakening 2293:Erik Friedlander 2186:System of a Down 2158:Phillip Phillips 2079:Break of Reality 2036:. Most notably, 1957:and Joe Kwon of 1777:Suites for Cello 1730:(originally for 1480:– notably 25 by 1424:Luigi Boccherini 1421: 1387: 1386: 1359: 1358: 1334: 1333: 1305: 1304: 1281: 1280: 1257: 1256: 1237: 1149:viola da braccio 1139: 1136: 1108: 1105: 1035: 1032: 1024: 1021: 957:Grażyna Bacewicz 941:Benjamin Britten 933:Sergei Prokofiev 890:Dame Ethel Smyth 827:Luigi Boccherini 694:), followed by G 679:, starting with 663: 662: 661: 659: 626: 584:viola da braccio 391: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 356: 351: 344: 340: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 275: 201: 153: 146: 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5518: 5504:Violin lutherie 5440: 5416:Lira da braccio 5384: 5345:Violin concerto 5302: 5296: 5196: 5107: 5079: 5065:Cello da spalla 5060:Baritone violin 5041: 5013: 4999:Violino piccolo 4984:Electric violin 4963: 4958: 4921: 4889: 4887:Further reading 4884: 4878: 4863: 4852: 4839: 4833: 4820: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4801:(JAN/FEB 1991). 4788: 4767: 4751: 4730: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4621: 4619: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4505:A-level Physics 4501: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4281: 4279: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4008: 4006: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3979: 3977: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3928: 3926: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3895: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3838: 3837: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3816:Merriam-Webster 3810: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3705: 3622:the "King", by 3593: 3587: 3567: 3561: 3508:Pietro Guarneri 3503:Andrea Guarneri 3488:Nicolò Gagliano 3471: 3465: 3374: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3097: 3022:wind instrument 3010:harmonic series 2976: 2974:Cello technique 2970: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2940: 2926: 2922: 2886: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2805: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2764:Dieter Schnebel 2690:Traditionally, 2677: 2657: 2637: 2612: 2570: 2530: 2474: 2446: 2379: 2347:Sparrow Quartet 2281:Ernst Reijseger 2241:Oscar Pettiford 2075:Massive Violins 2046:Mike Rutherford 1995:Good Vibrations 1989:", and Cher's " 1932: 1892:' first of his 1854:string quintets 1846: 1815:, Carter's two 1753:Suite italienne 1602:. In addition, 1519:Richard Strauss 1514:Double Concerto 1506:Triple Concerto 1474:cello concertos 1470: 1437: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1348:Élégie by Fauré 1344: 1343: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1241: 1235: 1230: 1224:(Paris, 1741). 1218:Michel Corrette 1169:Epitome Musical 1137: 1106: 1046:lira da braccio 1033: 1022: 1012: 953:Henri Dutilleux 879:Johannes Brahms 875:Double Concerto 854:Robert Schumann 780:Barbara Strozzi 756:Antonio Vivaldi 744: 705: 701: 697: 684: 657: 655: 654: 653: 638: 633: 553: 519:as part of the 489:string quartets 440: 436: 432: 428: 389: 366: 362: 349: 342: 338: 294: 290: 270: 182: 156: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5565:String section 5562: 5557: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5467:Bass amplifier 5459: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5380:Carnatic music 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5355:Cello concerto 5352: 5350:Viola concerto 5347: 5342: 5337: 5335:String section 5332: 5327: 5322: 5320:String quintet 5317: 5312: 5310:String quartet 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5206: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5075:Electric cello 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5027:Vertical viola 5023: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4919:External links 4917: 4916: 4915: 4905:Turkle, Sherry 4888: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4876: 4861: 4858:Mario Brunello 4850: 4837: 4831: 4818: 4803: 4786: 4765: 4749: 4739:(2): 155–170. 4728: 4725:grovemusic.com 4714: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4680: 4652: 4628: 4602: 4595: 4575: 4568: 4548: 4541: 4521: 4514: 4494: 4487: 4467: 4460: 4440: 4431: 4405: 4398: 4378: 4341: 4315: 4308: 4288: 4264: 4239: 4214: 4189: 4159: 4135: 4115: 4089: 4065: 4045: 4015: 3986: 3957: 3935: 3902: 3877: 3862: 3828: 3803: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3719:Electric cello 3716: 3711: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3677: 3667: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3635: 3586: 3583: 3563:Main article: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3543:David Tecchler 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3467:Main article: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3445: 3435: 3425: 3419: 3402: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3314:Bridge height 3311: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3096: 3093: 3085:Sul ponticello 2994:thumb position 2972:Main article: 2969: 2966: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2818: 2815: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2694:are made from 2685:sul ponticello 2676: 2673: 2656: 2653: 2636: 2633: 2611: 2608: 2600:Adrien Servais 2569: 2566: 2529: 2526: 2473: 2470: 2445: 2442: 2411:laminated wood 2378: 2375: 2328:Shubhendra Rao 2178:Kronos Quartet 2103:Cold Fairyland 2012:Wheels of Fire 1999:the Beach Boys 1931: 1928: 1915:Messagesquisse 1850:string quartet 1845: 1842: 1665:for cello and 1652:Siegfried Palm 1644:Gaspar Cassadó 1626:, Penderecki, 1577:Cello Symphony 1498:Nikolaus Kraft 1469: 1466: 1436: 1433: 1399: 1389: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1361: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1336: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1307: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1283: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1145:viola da gamba 1085:viola da gamba 1027:viola da gamba 1011: 1008: 914:Paul Hindemith 902:Claude Debussy 861:Antonín Dvořák 772:basso continuo 743: 740: 732:string quartet 728:string section 703: 699: 695: 682: 644:Cello close-up 637: 634: 632: 629: 620:Medieval Latin 552: 549: 521:basso continuo 513:viola da gamba 497:string section 438: 434: 430: 426: 421:perfect fifths 281: 280: 266: 265: 261: 260: 259: 258: 251: 232: 231: 225: 224: 214: 213: 207: 206: 197: 193: 192: 179: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 158: 157: 154: 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5587: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5560:C instruments 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5535: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5365:Violin sonata 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:String sextet 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5177:Shoulder rest 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5032:Viola pomposa 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4961:Violin family 4955: 4950: 4948: 4943: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4893:Machover, Tod 4891: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4853: 4851:88-87318-08-5 4847: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4832:0-521-24292-4 4828: 4824: 4819: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4689:"Collections" 4684: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4655: 4653:0-9519397-0-X 4649: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4629: 4618:on 2008-01-04 4617: 4613: 4606: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4579: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4382: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4342: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4309:9781476625645 4305: 4301: 4300: 4292: 4289: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4204: 4200: 4199:"Ra Ra Cello" 4193: 4190: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4146: 4139: 4136: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4005:on 2016-03-03 4004: 4000: 3999:www.cello.org 3996: 3990: 3987: 3976:on 2022-06-11 3975: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3903: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3817: 3813: 3812:"Violoncello" 3807: 3804: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3714:Brahms guitar 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697:Carlos Prieto 3694: 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