38:
963:. However, old world primates (including humans) have since evolved two versions in the LWS class to regain trichromacy. Unlike most mammals, rodents' UVS opsins have remained at shorter wavelengths. Along with their lack of UV filters in the lens, mice have a UVS opsin that can detect down to 340 nm. While allowing UV light to reach the retina can lead to retinal damage, the short lifespan of mice compared with other mammals may minimize this disadvantage relative to the advantage of UV vision. Dogs have two cone opsins at 429 nm and 555 nm, so see almost the entire visible spectrum of humans, despite being dichromatic. Horses have two cone opsins at 428 nm and 539 nm, yielding a slightly more truncated red vision.
833:. Variance in the position of the individual opsin spectral sensitivity functions therefore affects the luminous efficiency function and the visible range. For example, the long-wave (red) limit changes proportionally to the position of the L-opsin. The positions are defined by the peak wavelength (wavelength of highest sensitivity), so as the L-opsin peak wavelength blue shifts by 10 nm, the long-wave limit of the visible spectrum also shifts 10 nm. Large deviations of the L-opsin peak wavelength lead to a form of
1075:
981:, including UVS opsins that extend further into the ultraviolet than humans' VS opsin. The sensitivity of avian UVS opsins vary greatly, from 355–425 nm, and LWS opsins from 560–570 nm. This translates to some birds with a visible spectrum on par with humans, and other birds with greatly expanded sensitivity to UV light. The LWS opsin of birds is sometimes reported to have a peak wavelength above 600 nm, but this is an effective peak wavelength that incorporates the filter of avian
194:
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571:, have suggested that indigo should not be regarded as a color in its own right but merely as a shade of blue or violet. Evidence indicates that what Newton meant by "indigo" and "blue" does not correspond to the modern meanings of those color words. Comparing Newton's observation of prismatic colors with a color image of the visible light spectrum shows that "indigo" corresponds to what is today called blue, whereas his "blue" corresponds to
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and some of the beam passes into and through the glass, emerging as different-colored bands. Newton hypothesized light to be made up of "corpuscles" (particles) of different colors, with the different colors of light moving at different speeds in transparent matter, red light moving more quickly than
883:
of the ocular media, rather than direct absorption of UV light by the opsins. As UVA light is absorbed by the ocular media (lens and cornea), it may fluoresce and be released at a lower energy (longer wavelength) that can then be absorbed by the opsins. For example, when the lens absorbs 350 nm
1966:
The foveal sensitivity to several near-infrared laser wavelengths was measured. It was found that the eye could respond to radiation at wavelengths at least as far as 1,064 nm. A continuous 1,064 nm laser source appeared red, but a 1,060 nm pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the
853:
Regardless of actual physical and biological variance, the definition of the limits is not standard and will change depending on the industry. For example, some industries may be concerned with practical limits, so would conservatively report 420–680 nm, while others may be concerned with
176:
blue light more than red light, and so the midday sky appears blue (apart from the area around the Sun which appears white because the light is not scattered as much). The optical window is also referred to as the "visible window" because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum. The
862:
does not have a hard cutoff, but rather an exponential decay, such that the function's value (or vision sensitivity) at 1,050 nm is about 10 times weaker than at 700 nm; much higher intensity is therefore required to perceive 1,050 nm light than 700 nm light.
871:
Under ideal laboratory conditions, subjects may perceive infrared light up to at least 1,064 nm. While 1,050 nm NIR light can evoke red, suggesting direct absorption by the L-opsin, there are also reports that pulsed NIR lasers can evoke green, which suggests
805:. UVB light (< 315 nm) is filtered mostly by the cornea, and UVA light (315–400 nm) is filtered mostly by the lens. The lens also yellows with age, attenuating transmission most strongly at the blue part of the spectrum. This can cause
610:. Goethe argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon. Where Newton narrowed the beam of light to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that a wider aperture produces not a spectrum but rather reddish-yellow and blue-cyan edges with
950:
Testing the visual systems of animals behaviorally is difficult, so the visible range of animals is usually estimated by comparing the peak wavelengths of opsins with those of typical humans (S-opsin at 420 nm and L-opsin at 560 nm).
567:, and the days of the week. The human eye is relatively insensitive to indigo's frequencies, and some people who have otherwise-good vision cannot distinguish indigo from blue and violet. For this reason, some later commentators, including
845:) shortens the visible spectrum by about 30 nm at the long-wave limit. Forms of color blindness affecting the M-opsin and S-opsin do not significantly affect the luminous efficiency function nor the limits of the visible spectrum.
1027:
in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light rather than how colorful they appear to humans. Bees' long-wave limit is at about 590 nm.
1010:
can extend their LWS opsin sensitivity to 625 nm. The popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light is incorrect, because goldfish cannot see infrared light.
181:(NIR) window lies just out of the human vision, as well as the medium wavelength infrared (MWIR) window, and the long-wavelength or far-infrared (LWIR or FIR) window, although other animals may perceive them.
124:. These boundaries are not sharply defined and may vary per individual. Under optimal conditions these limits of human perception can extend to 310 nm (ultraviolet) and 1100 nm (near infrared).
930:
with 4 cones (tetrachromatic) or 2 cones (dichromatic) relative to humans' 3 (trichromatic) will also tend to have a wider or narrower visible spectrum than humans, respectively.
753:, which is the range of light that can pass through the atmosphere. The ozone layer absorbs almost all UV light (below 315 nm). However, this only affects cosmic light (e.g.
789:(orange). The solid lines are for a 4.5 year old eye. The dashed orange line is for a 53 year old eye, and dotted for a 75 year old eye, indicating the effect of lens yellowing.)
1019:
The visual systems of invertebrates deviate greatly from vertebrates, so direct comparisons are difficult. However, UV sensitivity has been reported in most insect species.
985:. The peak wavelength of the LWS opsin alone is the better predictor of the long-wave limit. A possible benefit of avian UV vision involves sex-dependent markings on their
2799:
1006:(bony fish) are generally tetrachromatic. The sensitivity of fish UVS opsins vary from 347-383 nm, and LWS opsins from 500-570 nm. However, some fish that use alternative
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function, which defines how likely it is to absorb a photon of each wavelength. The luminous efficiency function is approximately the superposition of the contributing
2069:
427:. The various color ranges indicated in the illustration are an approximation: The spectrum is continuous, with no clear boundaries between one color and the next.
37:
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can target vulnerable body parts of the prey at which it strikes, and other snakes with the organ may detect warm bodies from a meter away. It may also be used in
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In the early 19th century, the concept of the visible spectrum became more definite, as light outside the visible range was discovered and characterized by
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Radiation below 320 nm is largely screened out by the ozone layer in the Earth's upper atmosphere and is therefore unavailable to the visual system,
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Similarly, young subjects may perceive ultraviolet wavelengths down to about 310–313 nm, but detection of light below 380 nm may be due to
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Neumeyer, Christa (2012). "Chapter 2: Color Vision in
Goldfish and Other Vertebrates". In Lazareva, Olga; Shimizu, Toru; Wasserman, Edward (eds.).
1930:
Sliney, David H.; Wangemann, Robert T.; Franks, James K.; Wolbarsht, Myron L. (1976). "Visual sensitivity of the eye to infrared laser radiation".
153:, for example, are absent because they can only be made from a mix of multiple wavelengths. Colors containing only one wavelength are also called
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Normally the human eye responds to light rays from 390 to 760 nm. This can be extended to a range of 310 to 1,050 nm under artificial conditions.
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451:, from D to D. Newton's circle places red, at one end of the spectrum, next to violet, at the other. This reflects the fact that non-spectral
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2722:"Heat in evolution's kitchen: evolutionary perspectives on the functions and origin of the facial pit of pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae)"
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1996:
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is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit, absorb or reflect. Visible-light spectroscopy is an important tool in
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are missing a lens, so UVA light can reach the retina and excite the visual opsins; this expands the visible range and may also lead to
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In addition to the photopic and scotopic systems, humans have other systems for detecting light that do not contribute to the primary
858:
and achieving the broadest spectrum would liberally report 380–750, or even 380–800 nm. The luminous efficiency function in the
741:. Each of these functions have different visible ranges. However, discussion on the visible range generally assumes photopic vision.
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447:. The spectral colors from red to violet are divided by the notes of the musical scale, starting at D. The circle completes a full
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is sometimes considered to be the same as the visible spectrum, but some authors define the term more broadly, to include the
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725:, which accounts for all of these factors. In humans, there is a separate function for each of two visual systems, one for
4783:
3899:
2304:
Hart, Nathan S.; Hunt, David M. (January 2007). "Avian Visual
Pigments: Characteristics, Spectral Tuning, and Evolution".
2135:"A "melanopic" spectral efficiency function predicts the sensitivity of melanopsin photoreceptors to polychromatic lights"
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Kurzel, Richard B.; Wolbarsht, Myron L.; Yamanashi, Bill S. (1977). "Ultraviolet
Radiation Effects on the Human Eye".
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The visible spectrum is defined as that visible to humans, but the variance between species is large. Not only can
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Carleton, Karen L.; Escobar-Camacho, Daniel; Stieb, Sara M.; Cortesi, Fabio; Marshall, N. Justin (15 April 2020).
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Greene HW. (1992). "The ecological and behavioral context for pitviper evolution", in
Campbell JA, Brodie ED Jr.
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and other reflexive processes. Since the melanopsin system does not form images, it is not strictly considered
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discovered that prisms could disassemble and reassemble white light, and described the phenomenon in his book
2453:"True or False? "The common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infra-red and ultra-violet light.""
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Carroll, Joseph; Murphy, Christopher J.; Neitz, Maureen; Ver Hoeve, James N.; Neitz, Jay (3 October 2001).
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as well as a slight truncation of the short-wave (blue) limit of the visible spectrum. Subjects with
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641:, and others. Young was the first to measure the wavelengths of different colors of light, in 1802.
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2607:"Integration of visual and infrared information in bimodal neurons in the rattlesnake optic tectum"
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Briscoe, Adriana D.; Chittka, Lars (January 2001). "The evolution of color vision in insects".
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563:, of there being a connection between the colors, the musical notes, the known objects in the
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Kardong, KV; Mackessy, SP (1991). "The strike behavior of a congenitally blind rattlesnake".
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at other wavelengths), where scientists use it to analyze the properties of distant objects.
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some wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, but in visible light it is mostly transparent
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2009:
Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1,050 nanometers
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as the seventh color since he believed that seven was a perfect number as derived from the
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The visible spectrum is limited to wavelengths that can both reach the retina and trigger
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513:) less sharply than violet as it passes through the prism, creating a spectrum of colors.
370:
172:" region of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of this phenomenon is when clean air
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2622:
2563:
2217:
Neitz, Jay; Geist, Timothy; Jacobs, Gerald H. (August 1989). "Color vision in the dog".
2182:
Gouras, Peter; Ekesten, Bjorn (December 2004). "Why do mice have ultra-violet vision?".
1945:
1784:
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Boettner, Edward A.; Wolter, J. Reimer (December 1962). "Transmission of Ocular Media".
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Temperament: How Music Became a
Battleground for the Great Minds of Western Civilization
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exhibit up to 14 opsins, enabling a visible range of less than 300 nm to above 700 nm.
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1142:) of distant objects to determine their velocities towards or away from the observer.
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between them. The spectrum appears only when these edges are close enough to overlap.
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were produced by a similar process to the passage of light through glass or crystal.
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violet/ultraviolet sensitive (VS/UVS) with peak sensitivity between 355–435 nm.
120:. In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 400–790
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for "appearance" or "apparition") in this sense in print in 1671 in describing his
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236:
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2405:"Seeing the rainbow: mechanisms underlying spectral sensitivity in teleost fishes"
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Most mammals have retained only two opsin classes (LWS and VS), due likely to the
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How
Animals See the World: Comparative Behavior, Biology, and Evolution of Vision
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correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive color.
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The
Cambridge History of Science: The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences
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Hunt, D.M.; Wilkie, S.E.; Bowmaker, J.K.; Poopalasundaram, S. (October 2001).
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Pedrotti, Frank L.; Pedrotti, Leno M.; Pedrotti, Leno S. (December 21, 2017).
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Colors that can be produced by visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths (
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1352:"Human infrared vision is triggered by two-photon chromophore isomerization"
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shortwave sensitive (SWS) with peak sensitivity between 415–470 nm, and
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682:
681:(green) luminous efficiency functions. The horizontal axis is wavelength in
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and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light, which helps them find
17:
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Krochmal, Aaron R.; George S. Bakken; Travis J. LaDuc (15 November 2004).
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Enezi J, Revell V, Brown T, Wynne J, Schlangen L, Lucas R (August 2011).
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middlewave sensitive (MWS) with peak sensitivity between 480–520 nm,
754:
738:
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622:
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100:
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2067:[The visibility of the ultraviolet to the wave length of 3130].
1459:
The
Science of Logic: An Inquiry Into the Principles of Accurate Thought
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Most other vertebrates (birds, lizards, fish, etc.) have retained their
27:
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye
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longwave sensitive (LWS) with peak sensitivity between 500–570 nm,
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150:
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light, the fluorescence emission spectrum is centered on 440 nm.
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parts of the electromagnetic spectrum as well, known collectively as
2697:
Fang, Janet (14 March 2010). "Snake infrared detection unravelled".
2675:
2065:"Sur la visibilité de l'ultraviolet jusqu'à la longueur d'onde 3130"
1985:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
1602:
Introduction to light : the physics of light, vision, and color
2350:(1997). "Ultraviolet vision in birds". In Peter J.B. Slater (ed.).
2317:
1826:
Astronomy
Methods: A Physical Approach to Astronomical Observations
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1130:. The shift in frequency of spectral lines is used to measure the
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Lines of light: the sources of dispersive spectroscopy, 1800–1930
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of light as it passes through the ocular media, namely after the
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2354:. Vol. 29. Oxford, England: Academic Press. p. 161.
2262:"Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in the horse"
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529:
528:
Newton originally divided the spectrum into six named colors:
394:
1436:
CRC Handbook of
Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts.
2852:
1605:(Dover ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. p. 193.
192:
2379:. Charlottesville VA: University of Virginia. p. 128.
1329:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
164:
Visible wavelengths pass largely unattenuated through the
30:"Color spectrum" redirects here. For the music album, see
900:
has an absorption range of 420–540 nm and regulates
1632:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 278.
455:
colors are observed when red and violet light are mixed.
116:
will respond to wavelengths from about 380 to about 750
1150:
to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions.
749:
The visible range of most animals evolved to match the
509:
violet in glass. The result is that red light is bent (
2544:"Photoreceptor Spectral Sensitivity in the Bumblebee,
1518:
Eyes on the universe : a history of the telescope
1126:
was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the
933:
Vertebrates tend to have 1-4 different opsin classes:
926:
be spectrally shifted to alter the visible range, but
1979:
Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001).
1967:
presence of second harmonic generation in the retina.
1114:
can be detected in astronomical objects by observing
717:
functions of the visual opsins. The range is defined
1486:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 12–13.
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2909:
2886:
1433:Bruno, Thomas J. and Svoronos, Paris D. N. (2005).
2542:Skorupski, Peter; Chittka, Lars (10 August 2010).
2021:Dash, Madhab Chandra; Dash, Satya Prakash (2009).
1515:
1220:
1177:- A method for seeing outside the visible spectrum
666:Color vision § Physiology of color perception
4562:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
1350:Grazyna Palczewska; et al. (December 2014).
705:is generally limited by transmission through the
1777:Introduction to Optics and Lasers in Engineering
1754:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
1268:"What is light? The visible spectrum and beyond"
989:that are visible only in the ultraviolet range.
644:The connection between the visible spectrum and
1551:(null ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
1356:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
443:of 1704, showing the colors he associated with
197:sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light
908:and does not contribute to the visible range.
496:. Newton observed that, when a narrow beam of
3925:
3445:
3306:
2793:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1572:McLaren, K. (March 2007). "Newton's indigo".
8:
1857:Ohannesian, Lena; Streeter, Anthony (2001).
1198:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–8.
785:(red), after the lens (gray) and before the
2398:
2396:
2377:Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds
2299:
2297:
2027:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 213.
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
4944:
4736:
4481:
4324:
3954:
3932:
3918:
3910:
3472:
3452:
3438:
3430:
3313:
3299:
3291:
2869:
2800:
2786:
2778:
1829:. Cambridge University Press. p. 26.
1779:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
1054:to a degree of accuracy such that a blind
973:Bird_vision § Ultraviolet_sensitivity
876:may be enabling extended NIR sensitivity.
737:, used in dim light, which is mediated by
520:Newton's observation of prismatic colors (
188:
2737:
2638:
2581:
2571:
2428:
2277:
2150:
2102:Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews
2070:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences
1933:Journal of the Optical Society of America
1747:
1745:
1714:
1385:
1375:
1299:
729:, used in daylight, which is mediated by
4713:International Commission on Illumination
1891:Ahluwalia, V.K.; Goyal, Madhuri (2000).
797:, light must first transmit through the
53:into the colors of the visible spectrum.
1186:
4703:Color Association of the United States
3793:Wireless electronic devices and health
1046:Some snakes can "see" radiant heat at
127:The spectrum does not contain all the
7:
3819:List of civilian radiation accidents
3788:Wireless device radiation and health
3783:Biological dose units and quantities
3733:Electromagnetic radiation and health
2081:from the original on 24 October 2013
1695:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1522:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p.
2041:from the original on 8 October 2022
1999:from the original on 8 October 2022
1860:Handbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis
1480:Isacoff, Stuart (16 January 2009).
1170:Electromagnetic absorption by water
867:Vision outside the visible spectrum
582:wrote about optical spectra in his
480:. He was the first to use the word
4567:Blue–green distinction in language
3768:Radioactivity in the life sciences
1223:Biology: Concepts and Applications
25:
2605:Newman, EA; Hartline, PH (1981).
2352:Advances in the Study of Behavior
999:Vision_in_fish § Ultraviolet
652:in the early 19th century. Their
648:was explored by Thomas Young and
596:) to designate a ghostly optical
4943:
4934:
4933:
4724:International Colour Association
4307:
1574:Color Research & Application
2726:Journal of Experimental Biology
2409:Journal of Experimental Biology
2375:Jamieson, Barrie G. M. (2007).
1894:A Textbook of Organic Chemistry
1227:. Thomson Brooks/Cole. p.
757:), not terrestrial light (e.g.
4719:International Color Consortium
4708:International Colour Authority
1266:D. H. Sliney (February 2016).
1:
4784:List of Crayola crayon colors
2521:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.471
2486:. Oxford Scholarship Online.
2139:Journal of Biological Rhythms
2063:Saidman, Jean (15 May 1933).
1659:. CRC Press. pp. 30–32.
2573:10.1371/journal.pone.0012049
1793:10.1017/CBO9781139174190.004
723:luminous efficiency function
687:luminous efficiency function
500:strikes the face of a glass
439:Newton's color circle, from
4587:Traditional colors of Japan
4364:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
4247:Multi-primary color display
4021:Spectral power distribution
3656:Cosmic background radiation
2901:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
2509:Annual Review of Entomology
2110:10.1007/978-1-4684-2577-2_3
1691:"Vision in the ultraviolet"
1165:Cosmic ray visual phenomena
5001:
3885:
3743:Lasers and aviation safety
2896:Very-high-energy gamma ray
2196:10.1016/j.exer.2004.06.031
2024:Fundamentals of Ecology 3E
1863:. CRC Press. p. 187.
1255:. Britannica. 27 May 2024.
1088:
1042:Infrared sensing in snakes
1039:
996:
970:
915:
888:Non-visual light detection
663:
580:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
412:
29:
4929:
4447:Color realism (art style)
4305:
4105:Evolution of color vision
3883:
3773:Radioactive contamination
3626:Electromagnetic radiation
3616:
2815:
2231:10.1017/S0952523800004430
2184:Experimental Eye Research
1982:Color and Light in Nature
1653:John C. D. Brand (1995).
1626:Mary Jo Nye, ed. (2003).
1326:Color and light in nature
1323:W. C. Livingston (2001).
1160:High-energy visible light
1144:Astronomical spectroscopy
918:Evolution of color vision
191:
79:Electromagnetic radiation
4975:Electromagnetic spectrum
4764:List of colors (compact)
4582:Color in Chinese culture
4232:Digital image processing
3965:Electromagnetic spectrum
3886:See also the categories
3824:1996 Costa Rica accident
3485:Acoustic radiation force
2809:Electromagnetic spectrum
2762:Biology of the Pitvipers
2152:10.1177/0748730411409719
1771:Laufer, Gabriel (1996).
1547:Evans, Ralph M. (1974).
745:Atmospheric transmission
695:visual phototransduction
91:(or simply light). The
67:electromagnetic spectrum
4769:List of colors by shade
3798:Radiation heat-transfer
3651:Gravitational radiation
2631:10.1126/science.7256281
2306:The American Naturalist
1897:. Narosa. p. 110.
1549:The perception of color
1377:10.1073/pnas.1410162111
841:and a missing L-opsin (
660:Limits to visible range
588:. Goethe used the word
4774:List of color palettes
3839:1990 Zaragoza accident
3834:1984 Moroccan accident
3803:Linear energy transfer
3477:Non-ionizing radiation
2857:
2664:Journal of Herpetology
2548:(Hymenoptera: Apidae)"
2459:. 2013. Archived from
1954:10.1364/JOSA.66.000339
1599:Waldman, Gary (2002).
1586:10.1002/col.5080100411
1514:Asimov, Isaac (1975).
1456:Coffey, Peter (1912).
1253:"The visible spectrum"
1196:Introduction to Optics
1086:
1050:between 5 and 30
790:
690:
654:theory of color vision
525:
456:
198:
54:
4698:Color Marketing Group
4453:On Vision and Colours
4386:Tinctures in heraldry
3997:Structural coloration
3829:1987 Goiânia accident
3631:Synchrotron radiation
3621:Earth's energy budget
3603:Radioactive materials
3598:Particle accelerators
2856:
2707:10.1038/news.2010.122
1219:Starr, Cecie (2005).
1175:Two-photon absorption
1146:uses high-dispersion
1081:partially or totally
1077:
874:two-photon absorption
849:Different definitions
772:
673:
650:Hermann von Helmholtz
639:Thomas Johann Seebeck
627:Johann Wilhelm Ritter
578:In the 18th century,
519:
504:at an angle, some is
470:In the 17th century,
459:In the 13th century,
438:
196:
40:
4779:List of color spaces
4671:Tint, shade and tone
4554:Cultural differences
4369:Polychromatic colors
4354:Complementary colors
4342:Monochromatic colors
3900:Radiation protection
3753:Radiation protection
3641:Black-body radiation
3548:Background radiation
3463:(physics and health)
3352:Intraocular pressure
2732:(Pt 24): 4231–4238.
2463:on December 24, 2013
2104:. pp. 133–167.
1823:Bradt, Hale (2004).
1773:"Geometrical Optics"
1462:. Longmans. p.
1284:10.1038/eye.2015.252
1148:diffraction gratings
961:nocturnal bottleneck
827:spectral sensitivity
793:Before reaching the
775:transmission spectra
715:spectral sensitivity
701:). Insensitivity to
607:On Vision and Colors
425:pure spectral colors
4759:List of colors: N–Z
4754:List of colors: G–M
4749:List of colors: A–F
3870:Radiation hardening
3812:Radiation incidents
3748:Medical radiography
3707:Radiation syndrome
3661:Cherenkov radiation
2942:Extreme ultraviolet
2623:1981Sci...213..789N
2564:2010PLoSO...512049S
2219:Visual Neuroscience
1946:1976JOSA...66..339S
1785:1996iole.book.....L
1368:2014PNAS..111E5445P
1362:(50): E5445–E5454.
781:(blue), before the
765:Ocular transmission
709:. Insensitivity to
421:monochromatic light
4806:List of web colors
4801:List of RAL colors
4207:Color reproduction
4172:Lüscher color test
4009:Color of chemicals
3865:Radioactive source
3686:Radiation exposure
3666:Askaryan radiation
3646:Particle radiation
3530:Ionizing radiation
2947:Vacuum ultraviolet
2858:
2421:10.1242/jeb.193334
1707:10.1007/PL00000798
1468:roger bacon prism.
1087:
1079:Earth's atmosphere
791:
713:is limited by the
691:
526:
457:
199:
166:Earth's atmosphere
138:Unsaturated colors
55:
32:The Color Spectrum
4957:
4956:
4897:
4896:
4679:
4678:
4471:
4470:
4461:Theory of Colours
4303:
4302:
4215:Color photography
4167:Color preferences
4110:Impossible colors
4100:Color vision test
4095:Color temperature
4073:Color calibration
4002:Animal coloration
3907:
3906:
3888:Radiation effects
3758:Radiation therapy
3694:
3693:
3636:Thermal radiation
3573:Neutron radiation
3538:Radioactive decay
3427:
3426:
3288:
3287:
2992:Visible (optical)
2739:10.1242/jeb.01278
2493:978-0-19-533465-4
2386:978-1-57808-386-2
2361:978-0-12-004529-7
2266:Journal of Vision
2119:978-1-4684-2579-6
2034:978-1-259-08109-5
1992:978-0-521-77504-5
1904:978-81-7319-159-6
1870:978-0-8247-4194-5
1836:978-0-521-53551-9
1802:978-0-521-45233-5
1701:(11): 1583–1598.
1666:978-2-88449-163-1
1639:978-0-521-57199-9
1612:978-0-486-42118-6
1558:978-0-471-24785-2
1533:978-0-395-20716-1
1493:978-0-307-56051-3
1411:"Spectral Colors"
1238:978-0-534-46226-0
1108:Chemical elements
825:Each opsin has a
585:Theory of Colours
552:. He later added
411:
410:
135:can distinguish.
106:optical radiation
81:in this range of
16:(Redirected from
4992:
4980:Optical spectrum
4947:
4946:
4937:
4936:
4737:
4603:Color dimensions
4592:Human skin color
4482:
4359:Analogous colors
4325:
4311:
4237:Color management
4154:Color psychology
4120:Opponent process
4036:Color perception
3955:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3911:
3848:Related articles
3763:Radiation damage
3588:Nuclear reactors
3473:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3392:Opponent process
3315:
3308:
3301:
3292:
2879:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2764:. Texas: Selva.
2758:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2617:(4509): 789–91.
2602:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2546:Bombus impatiens
2539:
2533:
2532:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2348:Cuthill, Innes C
2344:
2338:
2337:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2154:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1718:
1686:
1671:
1670:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1453:
1447:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1226:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1191:
1120:absorption lines
1060:thermoregulation
902:circadian rhythm
821:Opsin absorption
719:psychometrically
619:William Herschel
391:
367:
343:
319:
295:
271:
247:
189:
149:variations like
93:optical spectrum
59:visible spectrum
21:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4925:
4893:
4810:
4728:
4685:
4675:
4598:
4577:Blue in culture
4548:
4467:
4414:Secondary color
4390:
4347:black-and-white
4319:
4312:
4299:
4201:
4187:National colors
4182:Political color
4162:Color symbolism
4148:
4078:Color constancy
4056:Color blindness
4030:
3987:Spectral colors
3944:
3938:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3879:
3875:Havana syndrome
3860:Nuclear physics
3843:
3807:
3700:
3690:
3676:Unruh radiation
3612:
3593:Nuclear weapons
3578:Nuclear fission
3524:
3464:
3458:
3428:
3423:
3375:Color blindness
3361:
3328:
3319:
3289:
3284:
3250:
3177:
3152:
3138:
3106:
3034:
2986:
2928:
2905:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2811:
2806:
2776:
2759:
2755:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2676:10.2307/1564650
2661:
2660:
2656:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1688:
1687:
1674:
1667:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1156:
1122:. For example,
1093:
1072:
1044:
1038:
1017:
1001:
995:
975:
969:
957:
920:
914:
896:. For example,
890:
869:
851:
835:color blindness
823:
767:
759:Bioluminescence
747:
735:scotopic vision
727:photopic vision
668:
662:
463:theorized that
433:
417:
398:
389:
374:
365:
350:
341:
326:
317:
302:
293:
278:
269:
254:
245:
234:
223:
212:
187:
185:Spectral colors
159:spectral colors
131:that the human
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4998:
4996:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4941:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:Color history
4571:
4570:
4569:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4456:(Schopenhauer)
4449:
4444:
4441:Color analysis
4438:
4436:Color triangle
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4242:Color printing
4239:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4177:Kruithof curve
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:Sonochromatism
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3961:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3723:Health physics
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3681:Dark radiation
3678:
3673:
3671:Bremsstrahlung
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Nuclear fusion
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3553:Alpha particle
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3385:Köllner's rule
3382:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3072:
3067:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2753:
2712:
2689:
2670:(2): 208–211.
2654:
2597:
2534:
2515:(1): 471–510.
2499:
2492:
2474:
2444:
2392:
2385:
2367:
2360:
2339:
2318:10.1086/510141
2312:(S1): S7–S26.
2293:
2252:
2225:(2): 119–125.
2209:
2190:(6): 887–892.
2174:
2145:(4): 314–323.
2125:
2118:
2092:
2055:
2033:
2013:
1991:
1971:
1940:(4): 339–341.
1917:
1903:
1883:
1869:
1849:
1835:
1815:
1801:
1763:
1741:
1672:
1665:
1645:
1638:
1618:
1611:
1591:
1580:(4): 225–229.
1564:
1557:
1539:
1532:
1506:
1492:
1472:
1448:
1426:
1401:
1342:
1335:
1315:
1278:(2): 222–229.
1258:
1244:
1237:
1211:
1204:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1116:emission lines
1089:Main article:
1071:
1068:
1040:Main article:
1037:
1036:Thermal vision
1034:
1016:
1013:
994:
991:
968:
965:
956:
953:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
913:
910:
889:
886:
868:
865:
850:
847:
822:
819:
766:
763:
751:optical window
746:
743:
733:, and one for
689:for more info.
661:
658:
522:David Brewster
432:
429:
415:Spectral color
413:Main article:
409:
408:
405:
402:
399:
388:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
364:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
340:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
316:
313:
312:
309:
306:
303:
292:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
268:
265:
264:
261:
258:
255:
244:
241:
240:
229:
218:
207:
201:
200:
186:
183:
170:optical window
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4997:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4950:
4942:
4940:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:organizations
4682:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4627:Pastel colors
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Primary color
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:Light-on-dark
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4315:
4310:
4296:
4295:Color mapping
4293:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Color balance
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4197:Chromotherapy
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:Tetrachromacy
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:Achromatopsia
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:Chromesthesia
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:Color physics
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Color science
3947:
3942:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3892:Radioactivity
3889:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Beta particle
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Cluster decay
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:Main articles
3467:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:Tetrachromacy
3410:
3408:
3407:Pentachromacy
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Achromatopsia
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Accommodation
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:visual system
3323:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2771:
2770:0-9630537-0-1
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:(8): e12049.
2557:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2467:September 28,
2462:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2279:10.1167/1.2.2
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2080:
2076:
2073:(in French).
2072:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2010:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1816:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1510:
1507:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:9781420037685
1442:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1336:0-521-77284-2
1332:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1205:9781108428262
1201:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Doppler shift
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1076:
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1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1030:Mantis shrimp
1026:
1022:
1015:Invertebrates
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
979:tetrachromacy
974:
966:
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954:
952:
945:
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936:
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934:
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912:In non-humans
911:
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903:
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894:visual system
887:
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866:
864:
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856:psychometrics
848:
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831:visual opsins
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558:ancient Greek
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445:musical notes
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232:Photon energy
230:
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203:
202:
195:
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180:
179:near infrared
175:
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144:
140:
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134:
133:visual system
130:
125:
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107:
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98:
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90:
89:
88:visible light
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4659:Fluorescence
4622:Colorfulness
4615:Dichromatism
4459:
4451:
4421:Chromaticity
4404:Color mixing
4396:Color theory
4329:Color scheme
4192:Chromophobia
4141:
3979:
3896:Radiobiology
3778:Radiobiology
3738:Laser safety
3402:Monochromacy
3367:Color vision
3357:Visual field
2991:
2860:
2834:
2761:
2756:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2698:
2692:
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2555:
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2483:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:the original
2456:
2447:
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2408:
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2370:
2351:
2342:
2309:
2305:
2272:(2): 80–87.
2269:
2265:
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2222:
2218:
2212:
2187:
2183:
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2142:
2138:
2128:
2101:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2074:
2068:
2058:
2050:
2043:. Retrieved
2023:
2016:
2008:
2001:. Retrieved
1981:
1974:
1965:
1937:
1931:
1908:. Retrieved
1893:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1859:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1825:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1776:
1766:
1757:
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1628:
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1517:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1482:
1475:
1467:
1458:
1451:
1434:
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1415:Hyperphysics
1414:
1404:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1325:
1318:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1247:
1222:
1214:
1195:
1189:
1104:spectroscopy
1096:Spectroscopy
1094:
1091:Spectroscopy
1070:Spectroscopy
1066:detection.
1045:
1018:
1008:chromophores
1002:
983:oil droplets
976:
958:
949:
932:
921:
891:
881:fluorescence
878:
870:
852:
824:
792:
748:
699:visual opsin
692:
677:(black) and
646:color vision
643:
635:Thomas Young
616:
605:
602:Schopenhauer
593:
589:
583:
577:
569:Isaac Asimov
565:Solar System
527:
481:
475:
472:Isaac Newton
469:
458:
440:
418:
393:
369:
345:
321:
297:
273:
250:
163:
154:
136:
126:
111:
104:
92:
86:
58:
56:
4796:Color chart
4654:Iridescence
4486:Basic terms
4477:Color terms
4431:Color wheel
4426:Color solid
4290:Color space
4276:subtractive
4259:Color model
4130:Unique hues
4026:Colorimetry
3992:Chromophore
3520:Ultraviolet
3515:Radio waves
3417:Trichromacy
3275:Medium wave
2952:Lyman-alpha
2934:Ultraviolet
2873:wavelengths
2866:frequencies
2830:Ultraviolet
2699:Nature News
1439:CRC Press.
1056:rattlesnake
1048:wavelengths
928:vertebrates
924:cone opsins
839:protanomaly
773:Cumulative
631:ultraviolet
490:experiments
461:Roger Bacon
155:pure colors
97:ultraviolet
83:wavelengths
18:Visual band
4964:Categories
4816:Shades of:
4649:Brightness
4381:Web colors
4337:Color tool
4320:philosophy
4225:Color cast
4125:Afterimage
4115:Metamerism
4088:Color code
4083:Color task
4066:Dichromacy
3701:and health
3699:Radiation
3568:Cosmic ray
3397:Dichromacy
3322:Physiology
3256:Wavelength
3112:Microwaves
2924:Hard X-ray
2919:Soft X-ray
2888:Gamma rays
2820:Gamma rays
2085:21 October
2077:: 1537–9.
2045:18 October
2003:12 October
1910:20 October
1876:20 October
1842:20 October
1808:20 October
1760:: 776-783.
1420:2022-05-11
1182:References
1110:and small
997:See also:
971:See also:
916:See also:
898:melanopsin
843:protanopia
807:xanthopsia
731:cone cells
697:(excite a
664:See also:
598:afterimage
407:1.65–1.98
383:1.98–2.10
359:2.10–2.19
335:2.19–2.48
311:2.48–2.56
287:2.56–2.75
263:2.75–3.26
210:Wavelength
118:nanometers
112:A typical
85:is called
4666:Grayscale
4639:Lightness
4634:Luminance
4443:(fashion)
4143:The dress
3855:Half-life
3728:Dosimetry
3563:Gamma ray
3510:Microwave
3500:Starlight
3461:Radiation
3270:Shortwave
3265:Microwave
2845:Microwave
1409:Nave, R.
1292:1476-5454
1140:blueshift
1112:molecules
1100:astronomy
815:cyanopsia
739:rod cells
600:, as did
511:refracted
506:reflected
221:Frequency
168:via the "
122:terahertz
114:human eye
75:human eye
47:dispersed
4939:Category
4921:Lighting
4644:Darkness
4464:(Goethe)
4264:additive
4252:Quattron
3505:Sunlight
3490:Infrared
3280:Longwave
3040:Infrared
2840:Infrared
2748:15531644
2592:20711523
2552:PLOS ONE
2529:11112177
2457:Skeptive
2439:32327561
2334:25779190
2326:19426092
2288:12678603
2247:23509491
2204:15642326
2169:22369861
2161:21775290
2079:Archived
2039:Archived
1997:Archived
1733:22938704
1725:11706986
1716:11337280
1499:18 March
1396:25453064
1310:26768917
1154:See also
1136:redshift
1064:predator
1004:Teleosts
755:sunlight
711:IR light
703:UV light
679:scotopic
675:Photopic
623:infrared
594:Spektrum
590:spectrum
561:sophists
498:sunlight
482:spectrum
465:rainbows
404:400–480
401:625–750
380:480–510
377:590–625
356:510–530
353:565–590
332:530–600
329:500–565
308:600–620
305:485–500
284:620–670
281:450–485
260:670–790
257:380–450
174:scatters
141:such as
101:infrared
69:that is
4903:Related
4864:Magenta
4789:history
4693:Pantone
3980:Visible
3975:Rainbow
3716:chronic
3324:of the
2871:longer
2864:higher
2835:Visible
2684:1564650
2649:7256281
2640:2693128
2619:Bibcode
2611:Science
2583:2919406
2560:Bibcode
2430:7188444
2239:2487095
1962:1262982
1942:Bibcode
1781:Bibcode
1387:4273384
1364:Bibcode
1301:4763133
1102:(as is
987:plumage
955:Mammals
837:called
811:aphakia
721:by the
477:Opticks
441:Opticks
431:History
151:magenta
73:to the
71:visible
65:of the
61:is the
4985:Vision
4916:Qualia
4911:Vision
4859:Purple
4854:Violet
4834:Yellow
4829:Orange
4524:Orange
4519:Purple
4509:Yellow
3943:topics
3898:, and
3334:Vision
3173:L band
3168:S band
3163:C band
3158:X band
3144:K band
3130:Q band
3125:V band
3120:W band
3025:Orange
3020:Yellow
3000:Violet
2911:X-rays
2825:X-rays
2768:
2746:
2682:
2647:
2637:
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2580:
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1124:helium
1083:blocks
1025:nectar
906:vision
799:cornea
795:retina
787:retina
779:cornea
685:. See
625:) and
554:indigo
550:violet
548:, and
538:yellow
534:orange
494:optics
453:purple
449:octave
392:
390:
371:orange
368:
366:
347:yellow
344:
342:
320:
318:
296:
294:
272:
270:
251:violet
248:
246:
147:purple
129:colors
41:White
4970:Color
4949:Index
4889:Black
4879:White
4874:Brown
4839:Green
4741:Lists
4733:Names
4715:(CIE)
4684:Color
4544:Brown
4539:White
4529:Black
4499:Green
4318:Color
4014:Water
3970:Light
3941:Color
3711:acute
3608:X-ray
3495:Light
3258:types
3183:Radio
3079:Bands
3052:Bands
3015:Green
2850:Radio
2680:JSTOR
2415:(8).
2330:S2CID
2243:S2CID
2165:S2CID
1729:S2CID
967:Birds
612:white
542:green
524:1855)
502:prism
486:Latin
323:green
205:Color
145:, or
51:prism
49:by a
43:light
4884:Gray
4869:Pink
4849:Blue
4844:Cyan
4534:Gray
4514:Pink
4494:Blue
4281:CMYK
3347:Gaze
3153:band
3139:band
3097:LWIR
3075:MWIR
3070:SWIR
3010:Cyan
3005:Blue
2766:ISBN
2744:PMID
2645:PMID
2588:PMID
2525:PMID
2488:ISBN
2469:2013
2435:PMID
2381:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2322:PMID
2284:PMID
2235:PMID
2200:PMID
2157:PMID
2114:ISBN
2087:2013
2047:2013
2029:ISBN
2005:2013
1987:ISBN
1958:PMID
1912:2013
1899:ISBN
1878:2013
1865:ISBN
1844:2013
1831:ISBN
1810:2013
1797:ISBN
1721:PMID
1661:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1501:2014
1488:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1392:PMID
1331:ISBN
1306:PMID
1288:ISSN
1233:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1118:and
1062:and
1021:Bees
993:Fish
803:lens
801:and
783:lens
707:lens
573:cyan
546:blue
299:cyan
275:blue
143:pink
99:and
63:band
57:The
4824:Red
4610:Hue
4504:Red
4269:RGB
3246:ELF
3241:SLF
3236:ULF
3231:VLF
3211:VHF
3206:UHF
3201:SHF
3196:EHF
3191:THF
3102:FIR
3048:NIR
3030:Red
2982:UVA
2977:UVB
2972:UVC
2967:NUV
2962:MUV
2957:FUV
2734:doi
2730:207
2703:doi
2672:doi
2635:PMC
2627:doi
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2568:doi
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2413:223
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2192:doi
2147:doi
2106:doi
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1789:doi
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1703:doi
1582:doi
1464:185
1382:PMC
1372:doi
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1296:PMC
1280:doi
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1128:Sun
860:NIR
761:).
633:),
604:in
530:red
492:in
395:red
226:THz
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