1782:
2030:
2018:
2054:
2042:
557:
1281:
Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Garrigue A, Wang GP, Soulier J, Lim A, Morillon E, Clappier E, Caccavelli L, Delabesse E, Beldjord K, Asnafi V, MacIntyre E, Dal
Cortivo L, Radford I, Brousse N, Sigaux F, Moshous D, Hauer J, Borkhardt A, Belohradsky BH, Wintergerst U, Velez MC, Leiva L, Sorensen R, Wulffraat N,
431:
in the distant past, and are now transmitted through reproduction. Generally these types of viruses have become highly evolved, and have lost the expression of many gene products. Some of the proteins expressed by these viruses have co-evolved with host cells to play important roles in normal
539:
research, proviral latency in specific long-lived cell types is the basis for the concept of one or more viral reservoirs, referring to locations (cell types or tissues) characterized by persistence of latent virus. Specifically, the presence of replication-competent HIV in resting
69:
viral infection. Latency is the phase in certain viruses' life cycles in which, after initial infection, proliferation of virus particles ceases. However, the viral genome is not eradicated. The virus can reactivate and begin producing large amounts of viral progeny (the
322:
A disadvantage of this method is the need to enter the nucleus (and the need for packaging proteins that will allow for that). However, viruses that integrate into the host cell's genome can stay there as long as the cell lives.
362:(LRAs) are under development for possible use in shock-and-kill strategies in which the latently infected cellular reservoirs would be reactivated (the shock) so that anti-viral treatment could take effect (the kill).
370:
Both proviral and episomal latency may require maintenance for continued infection and fidelity of viral genes. Latency is generally maintained by viral genes expressed primarily during latency. Expression of these
483:. This is a result of the random insertion of the viral genome into the host's own gene and expression of host cellular growth factors for the benefit of the virus. In a notable event, this actually happened during
544:
allows this virus to persist for years without evolving despite prolonged exposure to antiretroviral drugs. This latent reservoir of HIV may explain the inability of antiretroviral treatment to cure HIV infection.
314:
Advantages include automatic host cell division results in replication of the virus's genes, and the fact that it is nearly impossible to remove an integrated provirus from an infected cell without killing the
353:
latency allows the virus to largely avoid the immune system. Like other viruses that go latent, it does not typically cause symptoms while latent. HIV in proviral latency is nearly impossible to target with
1138:"Stable cell lines expressing high levels of the herpes simplex virus type 1 LAT are refractory to caspase 3 activation and DNA laddering following cold shock induced apoptosis"
796:
1236:
Hayashida K, Omagari K, Masuda JI, Kohno S (2007). "An integrase of endogenous retrovirus is involved in maternal mitochondrial DNA inheritance of the human mammal".
1538:
Finzi D, Hermankova M, Pierson T, et al. (November 1997). "Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy".
698:
926:
1948:
1706:
1407:
1333:"Treating cancer as an infectious disease-viral antigens as novel targets for treatment and potential prevention of tumors of viral etiology"
627:
883:
1011:
404:
464:. Although the sores are quickly resolved by the immune system, they may be a minor annoyance from time to time. In the case of
417:
2058:
479:
More serious ramifications of a latent infection could be the possibility of transforming the cell, and forcing the cell into
65:
part of the viral life cycle. A latent viral infection is a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a
1093:
Divito S, Cherpes TL, Hendricks RL (2006). "A triple entente: virus, neurons, and CD8+ T cells maintain HSV-1 latency".
810:
32:"Viral reservoir" redirects here. For a population of organisms in which a pathogen naturally lives and reproduces, see
278:
Disadvantages include more exposure to cellular defenses, leading to possible degradation of viral gene via cellular
1699:
2085:
1740:
524:
359:
221:
loosening with stress, although the chromatin compacts (becomes latent) upon oxygen and nutrient deprivation.
1735:
251:
in particular) often results in CMV reactivation. CMV reactivation is commonly seen in patients with severe
182:
1941:
465:
144:
1692:
512:
424:
346:
1993:
1988:
1643:
1547:
1503:
Blankson JN, Persaud D, Siliciano RF (2002). "The challenge of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection".
1344:
452:, the virus is still able to reactivate via external activators (sunlight, stress, etc.) to cause an
148:
78:) without the host becoming reinfected by new outside virus, and stays within the host indefinitely.
2046:
1983:
1968:
1730:
749:
456:
infection. In the case of herpes simplex virus, which generally infects an individual for life, a
2017:
1002:. In Arvin A, Campadelli-Fiume G, Mocarski E, Moore PS, Roizman B, Whitley R, Yamanishi K (eds.).
1433:
1421:
1136:
Carpenter D, Hsiang C, Brown DJ, Jin L, Osorio N, Benmohamed L, Jones C, Wechsler SL (Dec 2007).
1118:
745:"Herpes Simplex Virus Establishment, Maintenance, and Reactivation: In Vitro Modeling of Latency"
516:
194:
169:
66:
963:
Burton EA, Fink DJ, Glorioso JC (Dec 2002). "Gene delivery using herpes simplex virus vectors".
879:"Cytomegalovirus reactivation in "immunocompetent" patients: a call for scientific prophylaxis"
597:
N.J. Dimmock et al. "Introduction to Modern
Virology, 6th edition." Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
2080:
1958:
1803:
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33:
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1331:
Wang XG, Revskaya E, Bryan RA, Strickler HD, Burk RD, Casadevall A, Dadachova E (Oct 2007).
1303:
1295:
1253:
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1208:
1198:
1157:
1149:
1102:
1057:
972:
935:
892:
849:
841:
768:
758:
715:
707:
694:"Epstein-Barr virus lytic reactivation regulation and its pathogenic role in carcinogenesis"
664:
615:
496:
453:
82:
75:
1062:
1045:
1864:
1849:
1844:
1828:
1781:
1583:"A stable latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes in infected children"
1445:
520:
488:
236:
229:
1516:
1284:"Insertional oncogenesis in 4 patients after retrovirus-mediated gene therapy of SCID-X1"
263:
Advantages of episomal latency include the fact that the virus may not need to enter the
1647:
1551:
1348:
2022:
1953:
1921:
1808:
1766:
1367:
1332:
1308:
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854:
829:
773:
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562:
441:
388:
384:
355:
316:
233:
1607:
1582:
2074:
1973:
1885:
1771:
1666:
1631:
588:
Villarreal, Luis P. (2005). Viruses and the
Evolution of Life. Washington, ASM Press.
541:
473:
380:
174:
137:
1425:
1034:
Marcello A. "Latency: the hidden HIV-1 challenge." Retrovirology. 2006 Jan 16;3(1):7
797:"Discovery shows how herpes simplex virus reactivates in neurons to trigger disease"
1936:
1931:
1895:
1880:
1859:
1715:
1122:
830:"Cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation: recent insights into an age old problem"
484:
428:
413:
268:
264:
240:
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115:
110:
during latency. In this latency type, viral genes are stabilized, floating in the
1559:
1357:
1926:
1905:
1823:
1798:
1153:
669:
652:
651:
Souza TA, Stollar BD, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Thorley-Lawson DA (2007-09-01).
614:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 310. pp. 61–80.
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332:
186:
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2003:
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17:
1963:
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genes may function to keep the viral genome from being digested by cellular
218:
156:
125:
111:
62:
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1021:
984:
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729:
678:
637:
209:
In the case of herpes simplex (HSV), the virus has been shown to fuse with
1567:
1477:
1460:
173:
subfamily is associated with episomal latency established in cells of the
1745:
1203:
500:
457:
303:
291:
54:
47:
1390:
Molho-Pessach V, Lotem M (2007). "Viral carcinogenesis in skin cancer".
58:
1258:
711:
449:
396:
279:
252:
214:
178:
152:
107:
1684:
1399:
1282:
Blanche S, Bushman FD, Fischer A, Cavazzana-Calvo M (September 2008).
940:
921:
556:
1998:
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1299:
845:
480:
248:
198:
120:
1598:
1046:"The Current Status of Latency Reversing Agents for HIV-1 Remission"
653:"Influence of EBV on the peripheral blood memory B cell compartment"
128:
or host foreign gene degradation than proviral latency (see below).
1459:
Carrillo-Infante C, Abbadessa G, Bagella L, Giordano A (Jun 2007).
897:
878:
610:
Minarovits J (2006). "Epigenotypes of Latent
Herpesvirus Genomes".
1719:
492:
306:
is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell.
71:
50:
1632:"Latent reservoirs of HIV: obstacles to the eradication of virus"
1394:. Current Problems in Dermatology. Vol. 35. pp. 39–51.
922:"Review article: cytomegalovirus and inflammatory bowel disease"
143:, all of which establish latent infection. Herpes virus include
1688:
536:
350:
342:
338:
210:
1004:
151:(HSV-1, HSV-2), all of which establish episomal latency in
920:
Sager K, Alam S, Bond A, Chinnappan L, Probert CS (2015).
399:
to allow more copies of the infected cell to be produced.
1581:
Persaud D, Pierson T, Ruff C, et al. (April 2000).
692:
Li H, Liu S, Hu J, Luo X, Li N, M Bode A, Cao Y (2016).
612:
DNA Methylation: Development, Genetic
Disease and Cancer
1044:
Rodari A, Darcis G, Van Lint CM (29 September 2021).
124:
structures. Episomal latency is more vulnerable to
27:
Ability of some viruses to lie dormant within a cell
1914:
1873:
1837:
1789:
1754:
495:, where twenty young boys received treatment for a
423:A certain type of latency could be ascribed to the
337:One of the best-studied viruses that does this is
155:and leave linear genetic material floating in the
1000:"Molecular basis of HSV latency and reactivation"
1461:"Viral infections as a cause of cancer (review)"
217:or neurons, and HSV reactivates upon even minor
1498:
1496:
460:of the virus reactivates occasionally to cause
998:Preston CM, Efstathiou S (21 September 2018).
605:
603:
472:) the virus lies dormant until reactivated as
408:in herpes simplex virus, which interfere with
106:Episomal latency refers to the use of genetic
1700:
487:through the use of retroviral vectors at the
8:
699:International Journal of Biological Sciences
420:(MHC) and inhibiting the apoptotic pathway.
427:. These viruses have incorporated into the
1707:
1693:
1685:
927:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1665:
1655:
1606:
1476:
1366:
1356:
1307:
1257:
1212:
1202:
1161:
1061:
939:
896:
853:
772:
762:
719:
668:
511:This is also seen with infections of the
402:An example of such a gene product is the
118:as distinct objects, either as linear or
81:Virus latency is not to be confused with
1949:Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
1187:"Human-specific endogenous retroviruses"
349:to create a DNA copy of its RNA genome.
581:
440:While viral latency exhibits no active
1441:
1431:
1392:Environmental Factors in Skin Diseases
1063:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-103029
811:"Starve a Cell, Compact Its DNA - GEN"
1288:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
7:
2041:
1630:Chun TW, Fauci AS (September 1999).
1517:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104024
743:Thellman NM, Triezenberg SJ (2017).
468:, after an initial acute infection (
416:a number of host factors, including
405:latency associated transcripts (LAT)
2053:
290:Reactivation may be due to stress,
884:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
189:reactivation (which can be due to
25:
2052:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2016:
1780:
555:
418:major histocompatibility complex
383:. Certain viral gene products (
61:) within a cell, denoted as the
391:and proteins) may also inhibit
1006:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
1560:10.1126/science.278.5341.1295
499:, after which five developed
232:(CMV) establishes latency in
1636:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1358:10.1371/journal.pone.0001114
828:Dupont L, Reeves MB (2016).
310:Advantages and disadvantages
259:Advantages and disadvantages
193:or radiation) can result in
1154:10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.023
834:Reviews in Medical Virology
670:10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3153
358:drugs. Several classes of
2102:
1250:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.127
1238:Biochem Biophys Res Commun
977:10.1089/104454902762053864
481:uncontrolled cell division
379:or being found out by the
330:
213:in neurons, such as nerve
31:
2012:
1778:
1741:Social history of viruses
1726:
1050:Annual Review of Virology
1657:10.1073/pnas.96.20.10958
764:10.3390/pathogens6030028
397:cell growth and division
360:latency reversing agents
269:nuclear domain 10 (ND10)
239:, and is reactivated by
620:10.1007/3-540-31181-5_5
525:cellular transformation
425:endogenous retroviruses
1942:Helper dependent virus
1191:ScientificWorldJournal
519:infection may lead to
466:varicella zoster virus
267:, and hence may avoid
247:and critical illness (
149:herpes simplex viruses
46:) is the ability of a
1478:10.3892/ijo.30.6.1521
1185:Buzdin A (Nov 2007).
657:Journal of Immunology
513:human papilloma virus
507:Human papilloma virus
347:reverse transcriptase
331:Further information:
185:. Epstein–Barr virus
138:herpes virus family,
1994:Virus quantification
1989:Virus classification
1204:10.1100/tsw.2007.270
542:CD4-positive T cells
205:Herpes simplex virus
1984:Virus-like particle
1648:1999PNAS...9610958C
1552:1997Sci...278.1295F
1349:2007PLoSO...2.1114W
1107:10.1385/ir:36:1:119
1024:– via PubMed.
366:Maintaining latency
136:One example is the
1546:(5341): 1295–300.
712:10.7150/ijbs.16564
373:latency-associated
275:via that pathway.
195:genome instability
183:Epstein–Barr virus
170:Gammaherpesvirinae
163:Epstein-Barr virus
2068:
2067:
1959:Neurotropic virus
1804:Viral replication
1409:978-3-8055-8313-8
1400:10.1159/000106409
941:10.1111/apt.13124
706:(11): 1309–1318.
629:978-3-540-31180-5
503:-like syndromes.
245:Immunosuppression
145:chicken-pox virus
87:incubation period
34:Natural reservoir
16:(Redirected from
2093:
2086:Viral life cycle
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2055:
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2043:
2032:
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2020:
1855:Phenotype mixing
1791:Viral life cycle
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1709:
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1669:
1659:
1642:(20): 10958–61.
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1300:10.1172/JCI35700
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891:(9): 1273–1275.
877:Cook CH (2007).
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846:10.1002/rmv.1862
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535:In the field of
497:genetic disorder
298:Proviral latency
271:from activating
237:progenitor cells
123:
102:Episomal latency
89:when a virus is
83:clinical latency
76:viral life cycle
21:
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1865:Viral evolution
1850:Antigenic shift
1845:Antigenic drift
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1829:Lysogenic cycle
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1599:10.1172/JCI9006
1593:(7): 995–1003.
1587:J. Clin. Invest
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1101:(1–3): 119–26.
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523:as a result of
521:cervical cancer
509:
489:Necker Hospital
444:nor causes any
438:
389:non-coding RNAs
385:RNA transcripts
368:
335:
329:
312:
300:
288:
261:
230:Cytomegalovirus
227:
225:Cytomegalovirus
207:
181:in the case of
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119:
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1954:Marine viruses
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1922:Antiviral drug
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1809:Viral shedding
1806:
1801:
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1767:Viral envelope
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1505:Annu. Rev. Med
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1294:(9): 3132–42.
1273:
1244:(1): 206–211.
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1056:(1): 491–514.
1036:
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955:
934:(8): 725–733.
912:
898:10.1086/522433
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663:(5): 3153–60.
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566:
563:Viruses portal
550:
547:
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442:viral shedding
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414:downregulating
367:
364:
356:antiretroviral
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2011:
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1974:Viral disease
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1886:Bacteriophage
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1819:Virus latency
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1932:Helper virus
1896:Human virome
1881:Animal virus
1860:Reassortment
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1716:Microbiology
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286:Reactivation
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241:inflammation
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191:chemotherapy
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2059:WikiProject
1927:Giant virus
1906:Plant virus
1824:Lytic cycle
1799:Viral entry
1465:Int J Oncol
1259:10069/22710
1197:: 1848–68.
1148:(1): 12–8.
446:pathologies
432:processes.
333:HIV latency
85:during the
2075:Categories
2004:Virosphere
1979:Viral load
1969:Satellites
1755:Components
1511:: 557–93.
757:(3): E28.
577:References
571:Slow virus
517:persistent
470:chickenpox
462:cold sores
395:or induce
273:interferon
177:, such as
97:Mechanisms
48:pathogenic
1964:Oncovirus
1901:Mycovirus
1891:Virophage
1814:Viroplasm
1444:ignored (
1434:cite book
1072:2327-056X
750:Pathogens
515:in which
410:apoptosis
393:apoptosis
377:ribozymes
219:chromatin
157:cytoplasm
126:ribozymes
112:cytoplasm
93:dormant.
63:lysogenic
2081:Virology
2035:Category
1838:Genetics
1746:Virology
1676:10500107
1617:10749578
1525:11818490
1487:17487374
1426:14519920
1418:17641489
1377:17971877
1337:PLOS ONE
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1268:18054325
1223:18060323
1172:17727910
1142:Virology
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1080:34586875
1022:21348106
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907:17922387
864:26572645
783:28644417
730:27877083
679:17709530
638:16909907
549:See also
501:leukemia
458:serotype
450:symptoms
387:such as
304:provirus
292:UV light
108:episomes
2047:Commons
1874:By host
1731:History
1644:Bibcode
1568:9360927
1548:Bibcode
1540:Science
1368:2040508
1345:Bibcode
1309:2496963
1214:5901341
1163:2276668
1123:6150236
855:5458136
774:5617985
721:5118777
294:, etc.
280:enzymes
253:colitis
234:myeloid
215:ganglia
179:B-cells
153:neurons
116:nucleus
67:chronic
55:dormant
53:to lie
2023:Portal
1999:Virome
1762:Capsid
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249:sepsis
199:cancer
121:lariat
59:latent
1915:Other
1720:Virus
1667:34225
1422:S2CID
1119:S2CID
493:Paris
454:acute
345:uses
187:lytic
72:lytic
51:virus
1672:PMID
1613:PMID
1564:PMID
1521:PMID
1483:PMID
1446:help
1414:PMID
1404:ISBN
1373:PMID
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1008:ISBN
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675:PMID
634:PMID
624:ISBN
317:cell
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167:The
147:and
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1652:doi
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1254:hdl
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769:PMC
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537:HIV
531:HIV
491:in
448:or
412:by
351:HIV
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339:HIV
327:HIV
211:DNA
114:or
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