73:
44:
288:. Classical VKDB is more common and caused by the relative deficiency at birth with inadequate vitamin K intake. This is often termed idiopathic as no one cause is found. Late VKDB presents after day 8 and up to 6 months of age, coinciding with the typical age for exclusive breast feeding due to the low levels of vitamin K in human breast milk. Many of these infants have poor vitamin K absorption due to
316:
Late onset VKDB is nearly completely prevented by early supplementation of vitamin K which is typically given to newborns shortly after birth. The most effective method of administration is by intramuscular injection shortly after birth but it can be given orally in three doses over the first month.
166:
VKDB can largely be prevented by prophylactic supplementation of vitamin K, which is typically given shortly after birth by intramuscular injection. Most national health organisations recommend routine vitamin K supplementation after birth. Widespread use of this has made this a rare disease.
304:(PT) that is corrected by vitamin K administration is typically sufficient to make the diagnosis. Confirmation, or investigation of minor deficiency, can be performed by testing proteins produced in the absence of vitamin K, the most established assay being for
333:
administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer. However, both studies have been discredited on the basis of poor methodology and small sample sizes, and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two.
875:
753:
738:
723:
320:
It is not possible to reliably distinguish which infants are at high risk of late VKDB and the potential consequences are high, as such most national health organisations recommend routine supplementation in the first 24 hours of life.
146:
Newborn infants have low stores of vitamin K, and human breast milk has low concentrations of the vitamin. This combination can lead to vitamin K deficiency and later onset bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency leads to the risk of blood
1561:
868:
861:
545:
371:
Sutor, Anton; von Kries, RĂĽdiger; Cornelissen, Marlies; McNinch, Andrew; Andrew, Maureen (9 December 2017). "Vitamin K Deficiency
Bleeding (VKDB) in Infancy".
1249:
346:(phylloquinone; phytomenadione; phytonadione) administration which restores the prothrombin time rapidly. Severe bleeding may require blood products such as
252:
VKDB presents typically in the first month of life with bleeding which can be from various locations. Late onset VKDB presents with bleeding into the brain (
175:
VKDB is classified as early, classical or late depending on when it first starts with each having somewhat different types of bleeding and underlying cause:
1264:
1254:
276:, that in adults produces vitamin K, has not yet developed. Early VKDB is rare and caused by maternal medications that interact with vitamin K such as
1244:
477:
552:
1147:
1152:
264:
Newborns are relatively vitamin K deficient for a variety of reasons: They have low vitamin K stores at birth as vitamin K passes the
930:
17:
1473:
1448:
1239:
1540:
1490:
1058:
351:
329:
Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding routine supplementation, when two studies suggested a relationship between
1468:
1391:
1209:
1157:
1458:
1363:
1300:
1181:
1305:
1295:
1186:
502:"Controversies concerning vitamin K and the newborn. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn"
467:
608:"Neonatal vitamin K administration and childhood cancer in the north of England: retrospective case-control study"
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1044:
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1098:
163:. More rarely VKDB can be caused by maternal medicines causing vitamin K deficiency in the newborn.
72:
1535:
1518:
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1224:
1134:
757:
501:
347:
135:, is a rare form of bleeding disorder that affects newborns and young infants due to low stores of
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655:
McMillan DD, et al. (Canadian
Paediatric Society, Fetus and Newborn Committee) (1997).
627:
619:
516:
440:
380:
301:
1485:
1271:
1163:
1083:
431:
Shearer, Martin J. (March 2009). "Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in early infancy".
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43:
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983:
814:
342:
Treatment of established bleeding depends on the location but includes vitamin K
330:
289:
269:
239:
784:
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1523:
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836:
285:
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66:
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136:
51:
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384:
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641:
1219:
305:
277:
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715:
577:
942:
500:
American
Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn (July 2003).
300:
Bleeding in an infant without vitamin K supplementation with elevated
946:
742:
727:
1330:
1077:
160:
795:
585:
857:
151:
due to impaired production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X,
1562:
Haemorrhagic and haematological disorders of fetus and newborn
179:
Classification of vitamin K deficiency in the newborn (VKDB)
705:
1506:
1441:
1400:
1377:
1349:
1321:
1218:
1195:
1133:
1126:
1067:
1033:
997:
965:
939:
907:
896:
805:
709:
606:Parker L, Cole M, Craft AW, Hey EN (January 1998).
114:
106:
98:
90:
80:
60:
33:
28:
657:"Routine administration of vitamin K to newborns"
869:
8:
1130:
904:
876:
862:
854:
706:
578:"Postnatal care up to 8 weeks after birth"
426:
424:
422:
71:
42:
25:
680:
631:
520:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
218:Gut, umbilicus, skin, nose, circumcision
177:
143:with the risk of brain damage or death.
363:
551:. Department of Health. Archived from
131:) of the newborn, previously known as
268:poorly. Levels of vitamin K in human
118:Vitamin K supplementation after birth
7:
1148:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
139:at birth. It commonly presents with
133:haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
37:Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
1153:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
204:Scalp, skin, brain, chest, abdomen
14:
931:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
18:Haemolytic disease of the newborn
1449:Vertically transmitted infection
469:Volpe's neurology of the newborn
1541:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
1491:Group B streptococcal infection
1059:Intrauterine growth restriction
352:prothrombin complex concentrate
884:Conditions originating in the
661:Paediatrics & Child Health
546:"Vitamin K For Newborn Babies"
466:Volpe, Joseph J (2017-10-06).
256:) in more than half of cases.
1:
1233:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
842:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
125:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
29:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
1392:Periventricular leukomalacia
1210:Persistent fetal circulation
1158:Meconium aspiration syndrome
472:(Sixth ed.). Elsevier.
292:which compounds low intake.
238:Idiopathic, breast feeding,
1301:Intraventricular hemorrhage
544:Logan S, Gilbert R (1998).
1583:
1306:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
1296:Velamentous cord insertion
1187:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
445:10.1016/j.blre.2008.06.001
373:Thrombosis and Haemostasis
15:
1336:Necrotizing enterocolitis
1045:Large for gestational age
1041:Small for gestational age
50:
41:
624:10.1136/bmj.316.7126.189
254:intracranial haemorrhage
190:Common sites of bleeding
141:intracranial haemorrhage
94:Birth to 2 months of age
16:Not to be confused with
1498:Neonatal conjunctivitis
989:Single umbilical artery
979:Umbilical cord prolapse
926:Placental insufficiency
899:complicating pregnancy,
1474:ureaplasma urealyticum
1182:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
1106:Brachial plexus injury
522:10.1542/peds.112.1.191
385:10.1055/s-0037-1614494
102:Early, Classical, Late
1422:Congenital hypertonia
1313:Anemia of prematurity
1021:Shoulder presentation
207:Maternal medications
1427:Congenital hypotonia
1341:Meconium peritonitis
1143:Intrauterine hypoxia
1099:Subgaleal hemorrhage
149:coagulation problems
110:Vitamin K deficiency
1536:Neonatal withdrawal
1519:Perinatal mortality
1369:Sclerema neonatorum
1225:hematologic disease
673:10.1093/pch/2.6.429
348:fresh frozen plasma
180:
1469:mycoplasma hominis
1454:Neonatal infection
1410:Gray baby syndrome
1387:Perinatal asphyxia
1277:Hyperbilirubinemia
1054:Postterm pregnancy
901:labour or delivery
806:External resources
248:Signs and symptoms
178:
1549:
1548:
1437:
1436:
1287:Neonatal jaundice
1205:Pneumopericardium
1175:Pneumomediastinum
1116:Klumpke paralysis
1094:Caput succedaneum
1029:
1028:
897:Maternal factors
851:
850:
558:on 7 January 2013
515:(1 Pt 1): 191–2.
479:978-0-323-42876-7
245:
244:
224:, breast feeding
193:Potential causes
122:
121:
23:Medical condition
1574:
1529:Infant mortality
1364:Erythema toxicum
1356:thermoregulation
1323:Gastrointestinal
1131:
1127:Affected systems
1004:
972:
957:Chorioamnionitis
950:
921:Placenta praevia
914:
905:
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864:
855:
707:
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618:(7126): 189–93.
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302:prothrombin time
235:Brain, skin, gut
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1486:Neonatal sepsis
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1402:Musculoskeletal
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1373:
1354:
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1317:
1272:Hydrops fetalis
1223:
1214:
1191:
1164:Pleural disease
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1084:Cephalohematoma
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1025:
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993:
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582:www.nice.org.uk
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1379:Nervous system
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1197:Cardiovascular
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969:umbilical cord
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710:Classification
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702:External links
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667:(6): 429–431.
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201:First 24 hours
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171:Classification
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1050:Preterm birth
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890:fetal disease
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433:Blood Reviews
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187:Time of onset
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1170:Pneumothorax
1162:
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1069:Birth trauma
1011:Breech birth
1001:presentation
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589:. Retrieved
581:
572:
560:. Retrieved
553:the original
539:
512:
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495:
483:. Retrieved
468:
461:
439:(2): 49–59.
436:
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132:
128:
124:
123:
1567:Neonatology
1514:Miscarriage
1416:muscle tone
1282:Kernicterus
1135:Respiratory
1111:Erb's palsy
1016:Asynclitism
984:Nuchal cord
815:MedlinePlus
325:Controversy
290:cholestasis
270:breast milk
240:cholestasis
232:After day 8
91:Usual onset
34:Other names
1556:Categories
1524:Stillbirth
1481:Omphalitis
1442:Infections
1351:Integument
837:Patient UK
780:DiseasesDB
509:Pediatrics
358:References
331:parenteral
312:Prevention
286:rifampicin
222:Idiopathic
115:Prevention
67:Pediatrics
1250:Anti-Kell
888:period /
886:perinatal
826:eMedicine
791:SNOMED CT
350:(FFP), a
338:Treatment
296:Diagnosis
282:phenytoin
274:Gut flora
272:are low.
212:Classical
157:protein S
153:protein C
137:vitamin K
62:Specialty
52:Vitamin K
1220:Bleeding
911:placenta
796:12546009
691:33372508
531:12837888
453:18804903
393:77702558
306:PIVKA-II
278:warfarin
266:placenta
215:1-7 days
184:Syndrome
86:Bleeding
82:Symptoms
1459:rubella
1089:Chignon
943:chorion
774:D006475
682:7745636
642:9468683
633:2665412
591:9 March
485:9 March
354:(PCC).
159:by the
1034:Growth
947:amnion
820:007320
733:KA8F.0
689:
679:
640:
630:
562:12 Oct
529:
476:
451:
391:
260:Causes
107:Causes
69:
1507:Other
1331:Ileus
1078:scalp
785:29544
763:776.0
556:(PDF)
549:(PDF)
505:(PDF)
389:S2CID
284:, or
198:Early
161:liver
99:Types
1265:Rh E
1260:Rh D
1255:Rh c
769:MeSH
758:9-CM
687:PMID
638:PMID
593:2020
586:NICE
564:2014
527:PMID
487:2020
474:ISBN
449:PMID
229:Late
155:and
129:VKDB
1353:and
1245:ABO
1240:HDN
1222:and
754:ICD
748:P53
739:ICD
724:ICD
677:PMC
669:doi
628:PMC
620:doi
616:316
612:BMJ
517:doi
513:112
441:doi
381:doi
1558::
1052:/
1043:/
840::
829::
818::
794::
783::
772::
761::
746::
743:10
731::
728:11
685:.
675:.
663:.
659:.
636:.
626:.
614:.
610:.
584:.
580:.
525:.
511:.
507:.
447:.
437:23
435:.
401:^
387:.
377:81
375:.
308:.
280:,
945:/
877:e
870:t
863:v
756:-
741:-
726:-
716:D
693:.
671::
665:2
644:.
622::
595:.
566:.
533:.
519::
489:.
455:.
443::
395:.
383::
344:1
127:(
55:1
20:.
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