36:
1419:
545:
1029:
984:
1014:
1154:
1109:
1079:
1139:
1094:
1064:
1049:
468:
family took refuge in a suburb of Vienna. On the wishes of Peter Voigtländer's wife and when the March revolutions of 1848 hindered the further development of the young photographic company, the family promptly re-located from Vienna to his wife's hometown
Braunschweig, where from 1849 Voigtländer established a subsidiary production site, granted on a provisional "Concession for the pursuit of a trade", issued by the city directorate with a term of five years. In September 1852, Peter Voigtländer was successfully awarded a so-called "land-cooperative" (German
969:
999:
1124:
1347:
1335:
1323:
2013:
524:
517:
636:
1937:
1407:
1371:
333:
1956:
1431:
1395:
1918:
1797:
1880:
1899:
500:
1383:
1861:
1775:
1994:
1359:
1677:
1842:
1975:
1699:
2011:, Albrecht W. Tronnier; Joachim Eggert & Fritz Uberhagen, "Wide-aperture objective of the expanded double-anastigmat type having an inner biconvex diaphragm-space and a concave front survace toward the distant object", published October 12, 1971, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
681:
with five elements in three groups consisting of two cemented doublets flanking a central bi-concave element, followed quickly by an improved asymmetric design. The Heliar was made over many years, and was usually a 5 element lens, the 75 mm versions were of a 6 element design. The 125 mm
467:
of
October 1848, the counter-revolution had strengthened with full force, and General Messenhauser of the revolting national civil guard, like many others—were executed. Voigtländer at that time had in perception of the power relations withdrawn from the Vienna national civil guard and with his
27:
437:, at that time the central hub in the German rail network. Compared to Vienna, Braunschweig offered a location advantage regarding the distribution of Voigtländer objectives and daguerreotype camera products due to the greater proximity to the German overseas ports.
317:
etc., including, a screw cutting machine, a metal lathe and finishing rollers for sheep wool and silk factories. The production program was supplemented by compasses, tweezers, levelling devices, dioptres and other fine mechanical products.
35:
329:, but above all the right to establish branch sales offices in all major cities of the empire. In the same year, Voigtländer died, and his successful family business was continued by his widow, their three sons and one daughter.
1935:, Albrecht W. Tronnier, "Photographic teleobjective having a composite positive front part axially spaced from a composite negative rear part", published December 15, 1953, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
1954:, Albrecht W. Tronnier, "Photographic objective of the modified triplet type and a meniscus shaped negative member axially separated therefrom", published May 22, 1956, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
44:
camera No. 84 Voigtländer & Son in Vienna, at the
Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. The revolutionary lens is light-fast so that exposure time could be reduced to around one
1916:, Albrecht W. Tronnier, "Modified gauss-type photographic objective formed of four components arranged in two groups", published March 3, 1954, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
302:): "on the making of mathematical instruments and on an unspecified number of workers", upon which Voigtländer founded his own workshop and whereby he could sell his products relatively unrivalled.
644:
556:
Over the next three decades, Voigtländer became a technology leader and the first manufacturer to introduce several new photographic products that later became commonplace. These include the first
1418:
1795:, Albrecht W. Tronnier, "Five-lens photographic objective comprising three members separated by air spaces", published July 14, 1953, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
1897:, Albrecht W. Tronnier, "Photographic objective of high light-transmitting capacity of the gauss type", published July 14, 1953, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
1878:, Albrecht W. Tronnier, "Sphärisch, chromatisch, astigmatisch und komatisch korrigiertes Objektiv", published August 28, 1958, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
1028:
611:
each took an equal one-third share; in 1974, Rollei took over all the shares. On the collapse of Rollei in 1982, Plusfoto took over the name, selling it in 1997 to
Ringfoto.
591:
ceased camera production and closed the Voigtländer factory, which employed at the time 2,037 persons. Subsequently, the company was reorganized as the collective enterprise
321:
In recognition of his achievements and dexterity, Voigtländer received in 1797 a so-called "national commercial license with all advantages and privileges" (German
1992:, Ernst Tronnier & Joachim Eggert, "Three lens photographic objective", published April 6, 1965, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
1153:
472:) and issued the desired unrestricted "Concession for the pursuit of a trade" in the city Braunschweig. In 1864, Peter Voigtländer was honoured by Emperor
655:
Original Voigtländer lens designs can be divided roughly between pre-war designs, which date back to a series of lenses developed by Dr. Hans
Harting as
445:
418:
cameras shortly afterwards. An original of the 1840 all-metal daguerreotype camera with "No. 84 Voigtländer & Sohn in Vienna" is exhibited in the "
2454:
2464:
2117:
1138:
291:
1013:
1859:, Albrecht W. Tronnier, "Four-lens photographic objective", published October 30, 1951, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
1697:, "Chromatisch, sphärisch und astigmatisch korrigiertes Objektiv", published June 10, 1902, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
390:
were revolutionary because they were the first mathematically calculated precision objectives in the history of photography, developed by the
2046:
1608:
1537:
1322:
983:
429:
lawyer, whom he had met on one of his photographic sale journeys in
Braunschweig. Voigtländer had previously set up a branch sales office in
1108:
1078:
361:
2090:
1773:, Albrecht W. Tronnier, "Five-lens photographic objective", published July 14, 1953, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
824:, joined Voigtländer as a consultant in 1944 and is credited with several important post-war improvements and original designs, including:
688:
was a similar five-element, three-group lens designed by
Harting in 1904, but the cemented doublets were reversed compared to the original
544:
1093:
1063:
1048:
968:
2072:
1652:
1569:
356:
998:
665:
derivatives at around the start of the 20th century, and post-war designs, which largely are credited to Dr. Albrecht
Tronnier.
1334:
1123:
305:
In 1767, Voigtländer invented two important tools: a linear device for natural and tapered gauges, and a circular device for
955:
was designed by Frank G. Back of Zoomar U.S.A and manufactured by
Kilfitt in Munich; it is usually reckoned to be the first
1626:
516:
2032:
1523:
619:
Since 1999, Voigtländer-branded products have been manufactured and marketed by the
Japanese optics and camera company
2459:
2086:
1346:
238:
325:); this license awarded Voigtländer under certain circumstances the prestige to display the imperial eagle of the
233:
2187:
1447:
1443:
1207:
1203:
473:
1675:, Carl A.H. Harting, "Lens", published December 16, 1902, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
279:
in 1755, and to Vienna in the same year, and worked from 1757 to 1762 in the workshop of Meinicke, who produced
2110:
399:
280:
244:
196:
2159:
1464:
1284:
1370:
2449:
2287:
2103:
1973:, Frank G. Back, "Varifocal lens assembly", published November 24, 1959, assigned to Zoomar
1453:
1225:
348:
1382:
2236:
2164:
1458:
1294:
1280:
1261:
1406:
491:
Voigtländer. On the death of Voigtländer's Vienna works manager, the Vienna business was closed in 1868.
453:
574:
481:
2254:
2008:
1989:
1970:
1951:
1932:
1913:
1894:
1856:
1840:, Hans Harting, "Lens", published July 12, 1904, assigned to Voigtländer & Sohn AG
1792:
1770:
1430:
1270:
1229:
650:
624:
366:
established Voigtländer as a leading photographic company of its time on introducing and producing the
1875:
1837:
1694:
1672:
523:
2154:
2149:
1394:
1266:
911:
229:
85:
635:
2244:
2169:
1304:
1300:
1257:
1244:
821:
252:
248:
140:
1811:
2141:
1656:
1236:
1198:
533:
434:
415:
383:
402:, with technical advice provided by Peter Voigtländer. Voigtländer went on to produce the first
537:(Voigtländer & Sohn AG) in 1898. In 1923 a majority of the shares (99.7%) were acquired by
458:
2042:
1604:
1565:
1533:
477:
326:
287:
343:
Voigtländer (November 17, 1812 in Vienna – April 7, 1878 in Braunschweig). Portrait photo on
1217:
567:
419:
332:
855:
cameras, credited as a Carl Zeiss lens after that company had acquired Voigtländer in 1956.
2312:
2290:
2217:
728:
724:
464:
441:
391:
675:, designed by Dr. Hans Harting originally in 1902 as a symmetric design derived from the
2406:
1653:
Objektiv Voigtländer Super Nokton – Ideal für Aufnahmen im Dunklen – Stiftung Warentest
862:
26:
1358:
2443:
2328:
2197:
740:
677:
656:
596:
407:
344:
298:
of Austria granted Voigtländer in 1763 a so-called trade "Protection Decree" (German
295:
256:
145:
41:
448:, Peter Voigtländer had joined the political cause of the Democrats and also became
2378:
2309:
876:
845:
832:
812:
762:
604:
600:
430:
426:
403:
387:
367:
205:
165:
149:
2062:
851:
designs. This later was reformulated in 1968 with a concave front element for the
499:
2082:
1594:
1559:
861:, the fastest asymmetric double Gauss lens offered by Voigtländer, comparable to
2381:
2359:
2331:
2262:
2077:
942:
835:
561:
538:
406:(the fastest lens at that time: f/3.6) in 1840, and the world's first all-metal
379:
314:
286:
Through Johann Voigtländer's skilful achievements, the Minister of State of the
135:
58:
931:
Dynarex, Dynaret, Color-Dynarex, Super-Dynarex, Super-Dynaret, telephoto lenses
623:, under license from Ringfoto GmbH & Co. ALFO Marketing KG; for these, see
2179:
1743:
1603:] (in German). Vol. 10. Munich: K.G. Saur Verlag. 2008. p. 292.
948:
715:, designed by Tronnier in 1949 which shared lens geometries with the improved
579:
2041:] (in German). Braunschweig: Museum für Photographie – Appelhans Verlag.
1532:] (in German). Braunschweig: Museum für Photographie – Appelhans Verlag.
719:
that Tronnier developed at the same time. Most are slightly radioactive; the
956:
840:
557:
310:
306:
213:
336:
Photo of Johann Christoph Voigtländer's grandson: Peter Wilhelm Friedrich
1191:
1186:
871:
449:
395:
2233:
890:
272:
260:
209:
171:
541:'s photo division and large-scale production then took place in 1925.
2356:
2211:
2201:
852:
661:
620:
608:
485:
337:
276:
225:
201:
153:
120:
81:
54:
634:
543:
522:
498:
331:
566:) in 1959 and the first 35 mm compact camera with built-in
2099:
2067:
425:
In 1845, Peter Voigtländer married the daughter of a respected
2095:
2034:
Voigtländer & Sohn: Die Firmengeschichte von 1756 bis 1914
1525:
Voigtländer & Sohn: Die Firmengeschichte von 1756 bis 1914
488:
340:
527:
Share of the Voigtländer & Sohn AG, issued September 1925
40:
Replica of the world's first all-metal camera from 1840, the
2039:
Voigtländer & Son: The company history from 1756 to 1914
1530:
Voigtländer & Son: The company history from 1756 to 1914
727:-doped glass used in its construction, which often included
452:
to the commander of the Vienna national civil guard—General
275:– June 27, 1797 in Vienna), the son of a carpenter, came to
696:. Robert Richter designed several improved versions of the
587:
integrated in 1965. Due to falling sales, on 4 August 1971
548:
Former headquarters and production site of Voigtländer, at
706:, another five-element, three-group design similar to the
645:
List of Voigtländer Bessamatic/Ultramatic DKL-mount lenses
2078:
Complete list of all Voigtländer cameras and their images
914:
wide-angle lens design for SLR cameras incorporating the
820:
Tronnier, who previously had designed several lenses for
200:) was a significant long-established company within the
959:
specifically designed for a 35 mm "still" camera.
440:
During the rising social and political tensions in the
1561:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
888:, an asymmetric design coupling the front half of a
531:
Voigtländer Braunschweig changed status to a public
386:
and from 1840 complete cameras for photography. The
2405:
2377:
2355:
2327:
2308:
2286:
2279:
2253:
2232:
2196:
2178:
2140:
2133:
514:lens, focal length 42 cm, Serial number 79862
271:Johann Christoph Voigtländer (November 19, 1732 in
182:
optical lenses, cameras, and other related products
178:
160:
131:
114:
99:
91:
65:
50:
1625:
1424:Vitomatic IIa camera with Color Skopar f/2.8 lens
1744:"Voigtländer Large Format Lenses from 1949-1972"
127:RINGFOTO GmbH & Co. ALFO Marketing KG (1997)
573:Schering sold its share of the company to the
357:Peter Wilhelm Friedrich Ritter von Voigtländer
255:, including optical measuring instruments and
2111:
1787:
1785:
746:Similar post-war triplet designs include the
8:
1765:
1763:
894:with the rear half of a double Gauss design.
589:Zeiss-Ikon/Voigtländer-Vertriebsgesellschaft
560:for 35 mm still photography (36–82/2.8
484:; becoming known as Peter Wilhelm Friedrich
294:, drew attention to Voigtländer and Empress
204:and photographic industry, headquartered in
19:
1689:
1687:
1667:
1665:
378:From 1839, the year, when the invention of
2283:
2137:
2118:
2104:
2096:
1171:
463:. As the revolutions escalated during the
34:
25:
18:
2083:Documents and clippings about Voigtländer
1812:"Carl Zeiss Ultron 50mm f1.8 Lens Review"
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1328:Vitomatic IIa with Ultron 50 mm 1:2
1162:(1968, Tronnier, Eggert & Uberhagen)
1564:. London: Routledge. pp. 958–959.
1553:
1551:
1549:
1477:
1315:
961:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
595:(Optical Works Voigtländer), in which
216:for a range of photographic products.
1596:Deutschen Biographischen Enzyklopädie
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
941:In addition, Voigtländer offered the
195:
7:
922:Additional post-war lenses include:
682:version actually had 11 elements.
404:Petzval portrait photographic lens
355:From 1840, Voigtländer's grandson
14:
1601:German Biographical Encyclopaedia
585:Voigtländer-Vertriebsgesellschaft
2455:Photography companies of Germany
1624:Deschin, Jacob (15 March 1959).
1558:Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1996).
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1152:
1137:
1122:
1107:
1092:
1077:
1062:
1047:
1027:
1012:
997:
982:
967:
692:; this design was later renamed
515:
2465:Companies based in Braunschweig
2063:Voigtländer Heliar Lens Article
1742:Cröll, Arne (August 10, 2020).
900:, a telephoto derived from the
1461:rangefinder cameras (1950–59?)
374:Photography optics and cameras
125:Plusfoto GmbH & Co. (1983)
61:(lens and camera manufacturer)
1:
2073:Voigtländer Historical Lenses
2031:Grabenhorst, Carsten (2002).
1522:Grabenhorst, Carsten (2002).
1147:(1960, Tronnier & Eggert)
668:The pre-war designs include:
639:Super Nokton 29 mm f/0.8
504:
414:) in 1840, also bringing out
2068:http://www.voigtlaender.com/
1388:Vitessa T with German manual
259:, and is the oldest name in
234:Johann Christoph Voigtländer
95:Johann Christoph Voigtländer
71:; 268 years ago
2087:20th Century Press Archives
224:Voigtländer was founded in
212:, and today continues as a
16:German optical manufacturer
2481:
2245:Vito / Vitessa / Vitomatic
934:Septon, comparable to the
648:
642:
593:Optische Werke Voigtländer
382:was being published, came
1293:
1235:
1216:
1197:
1177:
1173:Voigtländer camera lines
963:Voigtländer lens diagrams
474:Franz Joseph I of Austria
300:Schutzdekret/Schutzdecret
292:Prince Wenzel von Kaunitz
33:
24:
951:starting from 1959. The
838:comparable to the Leitz
552:in Braunschweig, Germany
400:Josef Maximilian Petzval
281:mathematical instruments
245:mathematical instruments
761:, a 4-element, 3-group
349:Johann Baptist Isenring
243:. Voigtländer produced
2009:US Patent 3612663A
1990:US Patent 3176582A
1971:US Patent 2913957A
1952:US Patent 2746351A
1933:US Patent 2662446A
1914:US Patent 2670659A
1895:US Patent 2645155A
1857:US Patent 2573511A
1793:US Patent 2645156A
1771:US Patent 2645154A
1627:"Zoom Lens For Stills"
640:
553:
528:
520:
398:mathematics professor
388:Voigtländer objectives
368:Petzval objective lens
352:
2188:Bessamatic/Ultramatic
1876:DE Patent 969778C
1838:US Patent 765006A
1695:DE Patent 143889C
1673:US Patent 716035A
1450:SLR cameras (1958–69)
1277:Interchangeable lens
774:designs were sold as
638:
575:Carl Zeiss Foundation
547:
526:
503:Wooden studio camera
502:
482:Order of Franz Joseph
335:
323:Landesfabriksbefugnis
197:[ˈfoːktlɛndɐ]
193:German pronunciation:
1659:, 2021-05-06, German
1340:Bessa & Bessa RF
1254:Fixed-lens, folding
831:, a fast asymmetric
607:camera manufacturer
249:precision mechanical
230:Archduchy of Austria
86:Archduchy of Austria
1317:Voigtländer cameras
1258:Vito (I/II/III/IIa)
1174:
822:Schneider Kreuznach
723:name refers to the
570:(Vitrona) in 1965.
454:Wenzel Messenhauser
446:Revolutions of 1848
253:optical instruments
141:Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung
21:
2460:Lens manufacturers
2255:Cosina Voigtländer
1657:Stiftung Warentest
1632:The New York Times
1454:Brillant/Brilliant
1241:Fixed-lens, rigid
1172:
912:inverted telephoto
739:, a three-element
651:Cosina Voigtländer
641:
625:Cosina Voigtländer
554:
534:Aktiengesellschaft
529:
521:
495:Public corporation
470:Markgenossenschaft
435:Duchy of Brunswick
416:photographic plate
353:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2313:wide angle lenses
2291:wide angle lenses
2275:
2274:
2048:978-3-930292-25-7
1610:978-3-598-25040-8
1539:978-3-930292-25-7
1314:
1313:
510:with Voigtländer
327:Habsburg monarchy
288:Habsburg monarchy
186:
185:
118:Brand acquired by
2472:
2407:Telephoto lenses
2284:
2138:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2052:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1818:. March 27, 2020
1808:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1739:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1591:
1576:
1575:
1555:
1544:
1543:
1519:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1175:
1156:
1141:
1126:
1117:(1952, Tronnier)
1111:
1102:(1951, Tronnier)
1096:
1087:(1951, Tronnier)
1081:
1072:(1950, Tronnier)
1066:
1057:(1950, Tronnier)
1051:
1042:(1949, Tronnier)
1037:(1949, Tronnier)
1031:
1022:(1949, Tronnier)
1016:
1001:
986:
971:
568:electronic flash
519:
509:
506:
462:
420:Deutsches Museum
412:Ganzmetallkamera
392:Austro-Hungarian
384:objective optics
365:
267:Early beginnings
242:
199:
194:
110:
108:
79:
77:
72:
38:
29:
22:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2401:
2373:
2351:
2323:
2304:
2271:
2268:Bessaflex (SLR)
2249:
2228:
2192:
2174:
2129:
2124:
2059:
2049:
2030:
2027:
2025:Further reading
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1593:
1592:
1579:
1572:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1540:
1521:
1520:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1437:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1413:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1377:
1374:
1365:
1362:
1353:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1183:
1180:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1007:(1904, Harting)
1002:
993:
987:
978:
977:(1901, Harting)
972:
729:thorium dioxide
725:lanthanum oxide
653:
647:
633:
617:
599:, the state of
507:
497:
465:Vienna Uprising
456:
444:leading to the
442:Austrian Empire
376:
359:
269:
236:
222:
192:
174:
168:
144:
139:
126:
124:
119:
106:
104:
75:
73:
70:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:Bessa (Cosina)
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2057:External links
2055:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2000:
1981:
1962:
1943:
1924:
1905:
1886:
1867:
1848:
1829:
1803:
1781:
1759:
1705:
1683:
1661:
1645:
1616:
1609:
1577:
1570:
1545:
1538:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:, VF 135
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1003:
996:
994:
988:
981:
979:
973:
966:
964:
939:
938:
932:
929:
920:
919:
905:
895:
883:
863:Ludwig Bertele
856:
818:
817:
806:
797:
796:
795:
792:Color-Skopar X
756:
755:
754:
734:
733:
732:
710:
701:
632:
629:
616:
615:Current Status
613:
496:
493:
478:Knight's Cross
375:
372:
268:
265:
232:, in 1756, by
221:
218:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
170:
164:
162:
158:
157:
133:
129:
128:
116:
112:
111:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
67:
63:
62:
52:
48:
47:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2477:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2382:normal lenses
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2360:normal lenses
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2332:normal lenses
2330:
2326:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1638:September 12,
1634:. p. X11
1633:
1628:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:0-415-06042-7
1567:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:Medium format
1190:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1000:
995:
991:
985:
980:
976:
970:
965:
962:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:
937:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
917:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
893:
892:
887:
884:
881:
880:
874:
873:
868:
864:
860:
857:
854:
850:
849:
843:
842:
837:
834:
830:
827:
826:
825:
823:
816:
815:
810:
807:
805:
802:, a reversed
801:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:
766:
765:
760:
757:
753:
752:Color-Lanthar
749:
745:
744:
742:
741:Cooke Triplet
738:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
709:
705:
702:
700:in the 1920s.
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
678:Cooke triplet
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
664:
663:
658:
657:Cooke triplet
652:
646:
637:
630:
628:
626:
622:
614:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Carl Zeiss AG
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
577:in 1956, and
576:
571:
569:
565:
564:
559:
551:
546:
542:
540:
536:
535:
525:
518:
513:
501:
494:
492:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
423:
422:" in Munich.
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:daguerreotype
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
371:
369:
363:
358:
350:
346:
345:daguerreotype
342:
339:
334:
330:
328:
324:
319:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
296:Maria Theresa
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
257:opera glasses
254:
250:
246:
240:
235:
231:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
190:
181:
177:
173:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:Carl Zeiss AG
142:
137:
134:
130:
122:
117:
113:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
43:
42:daguerreotype
37:
32:
28:
23:
2379:Double Gauss
2367:Heliostigmat
2310:Double Gauss
2126:
2038:
2033:
2003:
1984:
1965:
1946:
1927:
1908:
1889:
1870:
1851:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1750:. Retrieved
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1631:
1619:
1600:
1595:
1560:
1529:
1524:
1159:
1144:
1132:(1959, Back)
1129:
1114:
1099:
1084:
1069:
1054:
1039:
1034:
1019:
1004:
989:
974:
952:
943:
940:
935:
926:
921:
915:
907:
901:
897:
889:
885:
878:
870:
869:, the Leitz
866:
858:
847:
839:
833:double Gauss
828:
819:
813:
808:
803:
800:Heliostigmat
799:
791:
788:Color-Skopar
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
763:
758:
751:
747:
736:
720:
716:
712:
707:
703:
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
672:
667:
660:
654:
618:
605:Braunschweig
601:Lower Saxony
592:
588:
584:
578:
572:
562:
555:
550:Campe-Straße
549:
532:
530:
511:
469:
439:
431:Braunschweig
427:Braunschweig
424:
411:
377:
354:
322:
320:
304:
299:
285:
270:
223:
206:Braunschweig
188:
187:
166:Braunschweig
161:Headquarters
150:Lower Saxony
2450:Voigtländer
2210:Bessaflex (
2127:Voigtländer
1816:Lens Legend
1035:Apo Lanthar
836:normal lens
767:type lens.
743:derivative
713:Apo Lanthar
539:Schering AG
508: 1909
457: [
380:photography
360: [
315:cartography
237: [
189:Voigtländer
148:, state of
136:Schering AG
59:photography
20:Voigtländer
2444:Categories
2288:Retrofocus
1472:References
1448:Ultramatic
1444:Bessamatic
1376:Vitoret DR
1245:Vito (B/C)
1208:Ultramatic
1204:Bessamatic
1187:35 mm
1040:Heliar III
949:Bessamatic
704:Tele-Dynar
649:See also:
643:See also:
580:Zeiss-Ikon
351:, ca. 1843
251:products,
2160:Prominent
1465:Vitomatic
1364:Vitoret S
1301:Vitomatic
1285:Prominent
1281:Vitessa T
1160:Ultron II
990:Heliar II
957:zoom lens
947:with its
841:Summicron
770:Improved
558:zoom lens
476:with the
311:astrolabe
307:elevation
214:trademark
132:Successor
2395:Skopagon
2320:Ultragon
2301:Skoparon
2298:Skoparex
1226:Brillant
1115:Skoparon
1085:Ultragon
975:Heliar I
908:Skoparon
886:Ultragon
872:Summilux
867:Ernostar
784:Skopagon
780:Skoparet
776:Skoparex
603:and the
450:adjutant
410:camera (
179:Products
51:Industry
2426:Telomar
2423:Dynaron
2420:Dynarex
2417:Dynaret
2348:Voigtar
2342:Lanthar
2329:Triplet
2237:P&S
2234:Samsung
2165:Vitessa
2134:Cameras
2089:of the
2085:in the
1459:Vitessa
1352:Vito II
1305:Vitoret
1299:Bessy,
1295:Compact
1262:Vitessa
1100:Telomar
927:Helomar
898:Telomar
891:Topogon
814:Dialyte
737:Voigtar
721:Lanthar
480:of the
273:Leipzig
261:cameras
220:History
210:Germany
172:Germany
105: (
100:Defunct
92:Founder
74: (
66:Founded
45:minute.
2398:Ultron
2392:Septon
2389:Nokton
2370:Skopar
2357:Tessar
2345:Vaskar
2339:Heliar
2280:Lenses
2225:VSL 3E
2212:Icarex
2202:Rollei
2155:Perkeo
2045:
2015:
1996:
1977:
1958:
1939:
1920:
1901:
1882:
1863:
1844:
1822:16 May
1799:
1777:
1752:16 May
1701:
1679:
1607:
1568:
1536:
1446:&
1436:VF 135
1400:Superb
1271:Perkeo
1230:Superb
1179:Format
1168:Models
1145:Vaskar
1130:Zoomar
1070:Nokton
1055:Ultron
1020:Skopar
992:(1902)
953:Zoomar
944:Zoomar
936:Ultron
916:Skopar
902:Heliar
879:Sonnar
877:Zeiss
875:, and
859:Nokton
853:Icarex
848:Planar
846:Zeiss
829:Ultron
809:Radiar
804:Tessar
790:, and
772:Skopar
764:Tessar
759:Skopar
748:Vaskar
717:Heliar
708:Heliar
698:Heliar
694:Heliar
690:Heliar
673:Heliar
662:Tessar
631:Lenses
621:Cosina
609:Rollei
563:Zoomar
512:Heliar
486:Ritter
396:Slovak
338:Ritter
313:, and
277:Prague
226:Vienna
202:optics
156:(1972)
154:Rollei
143:(1956)
138:(1923)
123:(1973)
121:Rollei
82:Vienna
55:optics
2414:Dynar
2222:VSL 2
2218:VSL 1
2204:(SLR)
2198:Zeiss
2150:Bessa
2142:RF/VF
2037:[
1747:(PDF)
1599:[
1528:[
1412:Bessy
1267:Bessa
1005:Dynar
910:, an
686:Dynar
461:]
364:]
241:]
2265:(RF)
2170:Vito
2043:ISBN
1824:2023
1754:2023
1640:2017
1605:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1182:Type
844:and
811:, a
750:and
659:and
583:and
152:and
115:Fate
107:1972
103:1972
76:1756
69:1756
57:and
2180:SLR
2091:ZBW
1218:TLR
1199:SLR
865:'s
489:von
347:by
341:von
80:in
2446::
2200:/
1814:.
1784:^
1762:^
1708:^
1686:^
1664:^
1655:,
1630:.
1580:^
1548:^
1480:^
1310:—
1303:,
1289:—
1283:,
1269:,
1260:,
1249:—
1237:RF
1228:,
1222:—
1212:—
1206:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
627:.
505:c.
459:de
433:,
370:.
362:de
309:,
283:.
263:.
247:,
239:de
228:,
208:,
169:,
84:,
2214:)
2119:e
2112:t
2105:v
2051:.
1826:.
1756:.
1642:.
1613:.
1574:.
1542:.
918:.
904:.
882:.
794:.
731:.
394:/
290:—
191:(
109:)
78:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
