195:
31:
324:
380:
46:
2800:
2824:
401:
2571:
2836:
2812:
58:
296:, which is attributed to excess fluid pressures in the contributing vent chamber. Other characteristics of lava domes include their hemispherical dome shape, cycles of dome growth over long periods, and sudden onsets of violent explosive activity. The average rate of dome growth may be used as a rough indicator of
236:
dome growth. The former implies the enlargement of a lava dome due to the influx of magma into the dome interior, and the latter refers to discrete lobes of lava emplaced upon the surface of the dome. It is the high viscosity of the lava that prevents it from flowing far from the vent from which it
433:. This flow is over 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long, has obvious flow features like pressure ridges, and a flow front 400 metres (1,300 ft) tall (the dark scalloped line at lower left). There is another prominent coulée flow on the flank of
387:
A lava spine or lava spire is a growth that can form on the top of a lava dome. A lava spine can increase the instability of the underlying lava dome. A recent example of a lava spine is the spine formed in 1997 at the
1353:
Heap, Michael J.; Troll, Valentin R.; Kushnir, Alexandra R. L.; Gilg, H. Albert; Collinson, Amy S. D.; Deegan, Frances M.; Darmawan, Herlan; Seraphine, Nadhirah; Neuberg, Juergen; Walter, Thomas R. (2019-11-07).
1666:
1288:
Darmawan, Herlan; Troll, Valentin R.; Walter, Thomas R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Geiger, Harri; Heap, Michael J.; Seraphine, Nadhirah; Harris, Chris; Humaida, Hanik; Müller, Daniel (2022-02-25).
1806:
1754:
1565:
630:
2753:
1690:
Goto, Yoshihiko; Tsuchiya, Nobutaka (July 2004). "Morphology and growth style of a
Miocene submarine dacite lava dome at Atsumi, northeast Japan".
245:
are common extrusive products of lava domes. Domes may reach heights of several hundred meters, and can grow slowly and steadily for months (e.g.
1525:
159:
fast and easily break apart by further input of fluid lava, most of the preserved domes have high silica content and consist of rhyolite or
414:
Coulées (or coulees) are lava domes that have experienced some flow away from their original position, thus resembling both lava domes and
2429:
1799:
2840:
1070:
358:
677:
1624:
194:
1191:
1792:
819:
682:
281:
triggered from re-mobilization of loose ash and debris. Lava domes are one of the principal structural features of many
2867:
1667:"Soufrière St. Vincent volcano (West Indies, St. Vincent): twice length and volume of new lava dome since last update"
96:
257:
volcano). The sides of these structures are composed of unstable rock debris. Due to the intermittent buildup of gas
1504:
Cole, Paul D.; Neri, Augusto; Baxter, Peter J. (2015). "Chapter 54 – Hazards from
Pyroclastic Density Currents". In
1110:
Rampey, Michael L.; Milam, Keith A.; McSween, Harry Y.; Moersch, Jeffrey E.; Christensen, Philip R. (28 June 2007).
2783:
2778:
1925:
389:
30:
1470:
Newhall, C.G.; Melson., W.G. (September 1983), "Explosive activity associated with the growth of volcanic domes",
1749:
726:
671:
1290:"Hidden mechanical weaknesses within lava domes provided by buried high-porosity hydrothermal alteration zones"
365:
caused the side of the volcano to collapse, leading to explosive decompression of the subterranean cryptodome.
809:
120:
2422:
1644:
1573:
1774:
1597:
573:
494:
131:, present day) The characteristic dome shape is attributed to high viscosity that prevents the lava from
1828:
2816:
1091:
Fink, Jonathan H.; Anderson, Steven W. (2001). "Lava Domes and
Coulees". In Sigursson, Haraldur (ed.).
761:
323:
95:. Dome-building eruptions are common, particularly in convergent plate boundary settings. Around 6% of
2395:
2231:
1699:
1479:
1445:
1367:
1301:
1252:
1206:
1164:
1123:
638:
617:
484:
116:
1241:"Structural weakening of the Merapi dome identified by drone photogrammetry after the 2010 eruption"
379:
300:, but it shows no systematic relationship to the timing or characteristics of lava dome explosions.
2862:
2120:
1953:
1505:
966:
285:
worldwide. Lava domes are prone to unusually dangerous explosions since they can contain rhyolitic
2823:
1436:
Sparks, R.S.J. (August 1997), "Causes and consequences of pressurisation in lava dome eruptions",
2804:
2748:
2535:
2510:
2415:
1612:
1222:
454:
362:
307:
262:
855:
789:
250:
38:
269:
can be produced. Other hazards associated with lava domes are the destruction of property from
2743:
2602:
2540:
2315:
2271:
2221:
2130:
2095:
1521:
1403:
1385:
1335:
1317:
1270:
1066:
651:
297:
50:
45:
2828:
2758:
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2115:
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951:
879:
537:
266:
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2320:
2241:
2226:
2180:
2160:
1847:
1758:
1593:
1541:
1356:"Hydrothermal alteration of andesitic lava domes can lead to explosive volcanic behaviour"
1239:
Darmawan, Herlan; Walter, Thomas R.; Troll, Valentin R.; Budi-Santoso, Agus (2018-12-12).
995:
908:
866:
596:
210:
136:
1703:
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1371:
1305:
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1127:
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140:
81:
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1112:"Identity and emplacement of domical structures in the western Arcadia Planitia, Mars"
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2515:
2251:
2085:
1711:
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1011:
586:
336:
282:
183:
237:
extrudes, creating a dome-like shape of sticky lava that then cools slowly in-situ.
2763:
2707:
2545:
2477:
2236:
1933:
1226:
748:
694:
434:
254:
100:
2657:
2612:
2587:
2495:
2467:
2457:
2015:
2010:
1973:
921:
609:
530:
520:
400:
274:
73:
1725:
1380:
1313:
1265:
1176:
1153:"Evidence for Amazonian highly viscous lavas in the southern highlands on Mars"
292:
Characteristics of lava dome eruptions include shallow, long-period and hybrid
221:. Domes undergo various processes such as growth, collapse, solidification and
2682:
2632:
2607:
2216:
2135:
1963:
1053:
Calder, Eliza S.; Lavallée, Yan; Kendrick, Jackie E.; Bernstein, Marc (2015).
861:
832:
718:
549:
426:
415:
404:
374:
293:
238:
214:
206:
156:
1784:
1389:
1321:
1274:
135:
very far. This high viscosity can be obtained in two ways: by high levels of
17:
2667:
2652:
2637:
2570:
2370:
2261:
2170:
2080:
2037:
1900:
1879:
814:
739:
705:
700:
438:
408:
303:
166:
Existence of lava domes has been suggested for some domed structures on the
152:
132:
66:
34:
1407:
1339:
265:
over time. If part of a lava dome collapses and exposes pressurized magma,
350:, "hidden, secret") is a dome-shaped structure created by accumulation of
2712:
2687:
2662:
2592:
2330:
2294:
2284:
2175:
2055:
1857:
1819:
1136:
1111:
844:
794:
568:
555:
509:
499:
258:
229:
128:
112:
1636:
2642:
2627:
2452:
2438:
2256:
2196:
2150:
2140:
2075:
1985:
1869:
959:
927:
591:
562:
515:
351:
233:
222:
119:, 2010) although the majority are of intermediate composition (such as
92:
85:
57:
27:
Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lava
2692:
2677:
2647:
2622:
2617:
2597:
2550:
2380:
2365:
2360:
2325:
2299:
2279:
2201:
2155:
2145:
2060:
2032:
2022:
2000:
1943:
1915:
1910:
1884:
972:
525:
422:
345:
286:
160:
148:
124:
108:
104:
1151:
Brož, Petr; Hauber, Ernst; Platz, Thomas; Balme, Matt (April 2015).
407:
dacite coulée flow-domes (left center), northern Chile, viewed from
1152:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2206:
2125:
2105:
2070:
2065:
2027:
2005:
1990:
1980:
1958:
1938:
1905:
1874:
1842:
1815:
1218:
932:
489:
442:
430:
399:
378:
354:
322:
278:
246:
218:
193:
171:
144:
62:
56:
44:
29:
2717:
2490:
2375:
2289:
1995:
1968:
1948:
1852:
270:
242:
175:
167:
88:
2411:
1788:
357:
at a shallow depth. One example of a cryptodome was in the May
80:
is a circular, mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow
2340:
2110:
1512:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 943–956.
339:
2407:
429:, a huge coulée flow-dome between two volcanoes in northern
1611:
by Erik
Klemetti, an assistant professor of Geosciences at
327:
The bulging cryptodome of Mt. St. Helens on April 27, 1980
1761:
USGS Cascades
Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
1542:"USGS: Volcano Hazards Program Glossary - Cryptodome"
1566:"USGS: Volcano Hazards Program CVO Mount St. Helens"
2736:
2578:
2445:
2308:
2270:
2189:
2094:
2046:
1924:
1893:
1835:
383:
Soufrière Hills lava spine before the 1997 eruption
1425:, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, p. 256
261:, erupting domes can often experience episodes of
178:, e.g. the Martian surface in the western part of
1730:Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution
1780:USGS Photo glossary of volcano terms: Lava dome
1625:Eyjafjallajökull and Katla: restless neighbours
1190:Melnik, O; Sparks, R. S. J. (4 November 1999),
1692:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1472:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2423:
1800:
1751:Map of Post-Caldera Volcanism and Crater Lake
361:, where the explosive eruption began after a
8:
1192:"Nonlinear dynamics of lava dome extrusion"
2430:
2416:
2408:
1807:
1793:
1785:
458:
1397:
1379:
1329:
1264:
1245:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
1135:
631:Black Butte (Siskiyou County, California)
217:of the highly viscous lava in the dome's
205:Lava domes evolve unpredictably, due to
1038:
1086:
1084:
1082:
7:
2811:
1775:Global Volcanism Program: Lava Domes
1423:Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
2835:
1438:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1157:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1518:10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00037-7
1063:10.1016/b978-0-12-385938-9.00018-3
253:volcano), or even centuries (e.g.
25:
1421:Parfitt, E.A.; Wilson, L (2008),
359:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
2834:
2822:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2569:
1712:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.03.015
678:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1116:Journal of Geophysical Research
53:, an example of a rhyolite dome
1057:. Elsevier. pp. 343–362.
99:on Earth form lava domes. The
1:
1458:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00109-X
1055:The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
799:
306:of a lava dome can produce a
41:during its 2008–2010 eruption
1492:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90064-1
820:Central America Volcanic Arc
683:Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc
441:, and other examples in the
346:
198:Lava domes in the crater of
103:of lava domes can vary from
2884:
2393:
1381:10.1038/s41467-019-13102-8
1314:10.1038/s41598-022-06765-9
1266:10.5194/nhess-18-3267-2018
1177:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.033
452:
421:The world's largest known
372:
340:
2794:
2567:
2389:
1826:
1510:Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
1093:Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
727:South Aegean Volcanic Arc
2473:Cryptovolcanic structure
1671:www.volcanodiscovery.com
1594:Chao dacite dome complex
427:Chao dacite dome complex
2754:Eruptions by death toll
1645:Oregon State University
1450:1997E&PSL.150..177S
1169:2015E&PSL.415..200B
390:Soufrière Hills Volcano
1726:"Tatun Volcanic Group"
1598:NASA Earth Observatory
841:Southern Volcanic Zone
770:Southern Volcanic Zone
574:Northern Volcanic Zone
546:Southern Volcanic Zone
495:Southern Volcanic Zone
449:Examples of lava domes
411:
384:
328:
304:Gravitational collapse
249:volcano), years (e.g.
202:
69:
54:
42:
1360:Nature Communications
810:Santa María lava dome
403:
382:
369:Lava spine/Lava spire
326:
197:
61:Nea Kameni seen from
60:
48:
33:
2396:Geographical feature
2232:Volcanic crater lake
1506:Sigurdsson, Haraldur
1137:10.1029/2006JE002750
1020:Cascade Volcanic Arc
888:Cascade Volcanic Arc
660:Cascade Volcanic Arc
639:Cascade Volcanic Arc
618:Cascade Volcanic Arc
139:in the magma, or by
1704:2004JVGR..134..255G
1484:1983JVGR...17..111N
1372:2019NatCo..10.5063H
1306:2022NatSR..12.3202D
1257:2018NHESS..18.3267D
1211:1999Natur.402...37M
1128:2007JGRE..112.6011R
461:
228:Lava domes grow by
209:dynamics caused by
2868:Volcanic landforms
2749:Lists of volcanoes
2536:Subglacial volcano
2511:Pyroclastic shield
1757:2020-08-04 at the
1613:Denison University
1570:volcanoes.usgs.gov
1546:volcanoes.usgs.gov
1294:Scientific Reports
1099:. pp. 307–19.
762:Nevados de Chillán
479:or growth episode
459:
455:List of lava domes
412:
385:
329:
308:block and ash flow
263:explosive eruption
203:
70:
55:
43:
2850:
2849:
2603:Basaltic andesite
2541:Submarine volcano
2405:
2404:
2316:Artificial island
2222:Submarine volcano
2131:Continental shelf
2098:coastal landforms
1894:Continental plain
1829:List of landforms
1527:978-0-12-385938-9
1251:(12): 3267–3281.
1030:
1029:
988:Valles lava domes
652:Bridge River Vent
485:Chaitén lava dome
465:Name of lava dome
314:Related landforms
267:pyroclastic flows
16:(Redirected from
2875:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2801:
2759:Decade Volcanoes
2737:Lists and groups
2728:Pyroclastic flow
2723:Pyroclastic fall
2573:
2506:Pyroclastic cone
2432:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2351:Land reclamation
2247:Volcanic plateau
1809:
1802:
1795:
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1762:
1747:
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1722:
1716:
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1652:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1572:. Archived from
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1478:(1–4): 111–131,
1467:
1461:
1460:
1444:(3–4): 177–189,
1433:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1383:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1285:
1279:
1278:
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1230:
1229:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1050:
880:Mount St. Helens
850:1240 ± 50 years
804:
801:
462:
349:
343:
342:
200:Mount St. Helens
180:Arcadia Planitia
147:. Since viscous
21:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2790:
2732:
2698:Tephriphonolite
2574:
2565:
2561:Harmonic tremor
2463:Complex volcano
2441:
2436:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2385:
2321:Artificial reef
2304:
2266:
2242:Volcanic island
2227:Volcanic crater
2185:
2181:Volcanic island
2161:Mid-ocean ridge
2097:
2090:
2042:
1920:
1889:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1759:Wayback Machine
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1660:
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1648:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1607:
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1592:
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1559:
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1435:
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1430:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1205:(6757): 37–41,
1194:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1073:
1052:
1051:
1040:
1035:
996:Jemez Mountains
909:Iceland hotspot
867:Lesser Antilles
856:Soufrière Hills
802:
790:Chaîne des Puys
597:Iceland hotspot
587:Katla lava dome
478:
457:
451:
398:
392:on Montserrat.
377:
371:
321:
316:
283:stratovolcanoes
251:Soufrière Hills
232:dome growth or
211:crystallization
192:
39:Chaitén Volcano
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2854:
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2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2795:
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2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2774:Volcanic field
2771:
2766:
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2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Trachyandesite
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2580:Volcanic rocks
2576:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:Shield volcano
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Parasitic cone
2498:
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2488:
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2302:
2297:
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2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
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2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
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2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2166:Oceanic trench
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
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2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
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37:lava dome of
36:
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19:
18:Volcanic dome
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2764:Volcanic arc
2708:Trachybasalt
2546:Supervolcano
2485:
2478:Fissure vent
2237:Volcanic dam
2211:
1934:Alluvial fan
1750:
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1732:. 2023-10-11
1729:
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1674:. Retrieved
1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1640:
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1578:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1569:
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1549:. Retrieved
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749:Aleutian Arc
695:Mount Merapi
672:La Soufrière
437:volcano, in
435:Llullaillaco
425:flow is the
420:
413:
396:Lava coulées
386:
332:
330:
302:
298:magma supply
291:
289:-rich lava.
275:forest fires
255:Mount Merapi
227:
204:
165:
101:geochemistry
77:
71:
51:Inyo Craters
2841:WikiProject
2784:polygenetic
2779:monogenetic
2658:Nephelinite
2613:Blairmorite
2588:Agglomerate
2496:Mud volcano
2468:Cryovolcano
2458:Cinder cone
2096:Oceanic and
1836:Mountainous
1366:(1): 5063.
1300:(1): 3202.
1163:: 200–212.
940:~ Holocene
922:Tata Sabaya
900:Torfajökull
782:Puy de Dôme
666:ca. 300 BC
610:Lassen Peak
552:to Rhyolite
531:Pleistocene
521:Carpathians
474:Composition
460:Lava domes
319:Cryptodomes
182:and within
121:Santiaguito
111:, 1946) to
74:volcanology
49:One of the
2863:Lava domes
2857:Categories
2683:Rhyodacite
2633:Ignimbrite
2608:Benmoreite
2394:See also:
2309:Artificial
2217:Lava field
2136:Coral reef
1964:Floodplain
1736:2023-11-27
1676:2021-04-08
1580:2018-06-23
1551:2018-06-23
1033:References
1023:Rhyodacite
969:lava domes
924:lava domes
882:lava domes
862:Montserrat
833:Sollipulli
764:lava domes
719:Nea Kameni
674:lava dome
550:Rhyodacite
540:lava domes
512:lava domes
416:lava flows
375:Lava spine
335:(from the
333:cryptodome
294:seismicity
271:lava flows
243:lava flows
215:outgassing
207:non-linear
2668:Phonolite
2653:Leucitite
2638:Komatiite
2486:Lava dome
2482:Lava cone
2439:Volcanoes
2371:Reservoir
2262:Wall rock
2212:Lava dome
2171:Peninsula
2081:Ice field
2038:Waterfall
1901:Ice sheet
1880:Tableland
1820:landforms
1390:2041-1723
1322:2045-2322
1275:1561-8633
1014:lava dome
952:Japan Arc
902:lava dome
858:lava dome
847:to Dacite
835:lava dome
815:Guatemala
742:lava dome
740:Novarupta
706:Sunda Arc
701:Indonesia
697:lava dome
654:lava dome
565:lava dome
439:Argentina
409:Landsat 8
363:landslide
230:endogenic
153:andesitic
143:of fluid
141:degassing
97:eruptions
82:extrusion
78:lava dome
67:Santorini
35:Rhyolitic
2805:Category
2713:Trachyte
2688:Rhyolite
2663:Obsidian
2593:Andesite
2331:Building
2295:Sandhill
2285:Dry lake
2190:Volcanic
2176:Seamount
1858:Mountain
1755:Archived
1651:30 April
1637:"Shasta"
1609:Coulées!
1408:31700076
1340:35217684
1026:2850 BC
1000:Rhyolite
979:Andesite
945:Tate-iwa
913:Rhyolite
871:Andesite
845:Andesite
795:Trachyte
753:Rhyolite
646:9500 BP
601:Rhyolite
569:Colombia
556:Holocene
510:Ciomadul
500:Rhyolite
259:pressure
234:exogenic
149:basaltic
129:andesite
113:rhyolite
2817:Commons
2744:Hotspot
2643:Lapilli
2628:Felsite
2453:Caldera
2272:Aeolian
2257:Volcano
2197:Caldera
2151:Isthmus
2141:Estuary
2121:Channel
2076:Glacier
2048:Glacial
1986:Meander
1954:Channel
1926:Fluvial
1870:Plateau
1700:Bibcode
1508:(ed.).
1480:Bibcode
1446:Bibcode
1399:6838104
1368:Bibcode
1331:8881499
1302:Bibcode
1253:Bibcode
1227:4426887
1207:Bibcode
1165:Bibcode
1124:Bibcode
960:Miocene
937:Unknown
928:Bolivia
905:Iceland
710:Unknown
592:Iceland
578:Unknown
563:Galeras
516:Romania
468:Country
352:viscous
347:kryptos
341:κρυπτός
223:erosion
219:conduit
157:weather
133:flowing
117:Chaiten
93:volcano
91:from a
86:viscous
2829:Portal
2693:Tephra
2678:Pumice
2648:Latite
2623:Dacite
2618:Cinder
2598:Basalt
2551:Tossol
2381:Tunnel
2366:Quarry
2361:Polder
2326:Bridge
2300:Tundra
2280:Desert
2202:Geyser
2156:Lagoon
2146:Island
2061:Cirque
2033:Valley
2023:Strait
2001:Rapids
1974:island
1944:Canyon
1916:Tundra
1911:Steppe
1885:Valley
1647:. 2000
1524:
1406:
1396:
1388:
1338:
1328:
1320:
1273:
1225:
1199:Nature
1069:
973:Taiwan
956:Dacite
891:Dacite
824:Dacite
786:France
773:Dacite
731:Dacite
723:Greece
663:Dacite
657:Canada
643:Dacite
622:Dacite
526:Dacite
423:dacite
287:silica
279:lahars
277:, and
239:Spines
174:, and
161:dacite
155:domes
137:silica
125:dacite
115:(e.g.
109:Semeru
107:(e.g.
105:basalt
2446:Types
2356:Levee
2346:Ditch
2336:Canal
2207:Guyot
2126:Coast
2106:Atoll
2071:Fjord
2066:Esker
2056:Arête
2028:Swamp
2016:mouth
2011:delta
2006:River
1991:Oasis
1981:Levee
1959:Cliff
1939:Beach
1906:Plain
1875:Ridge
1863:range
1843:Butte
1816:Earth
1223:S2CID
1195:(PDF)
967:Tatun
948:Japan
933:Andes
916:1477
894:2008
874:2009
838:Chile
827:2009
776:1986
767:Chile
756:1912
734:1950
713:2010
689:2021
625:1917
581:2010
543:Chile
504:2009
490:Chile
443:Andes
431:Chile
355:magma
337:Greek
247:Unzen
172:Venus
145:magma
63:Thera
2718:Tuff
2491:Maar
2376:Road
2290:Dune
2116:Cape
1996:Pond
1969:Lake
1949:Cave
1853:Hill
1848:Flat
1653:2020
1522:ISBN
1404:PMID
1386:ISSN
1336:PMID
1318:ISSN
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