Voluntary childlessness - Knowledge (XXG)

582:

percentage of higher education, yet they have very low graduation and employment rates. This is because the proportion of Korean women who have lost their jobs is very high. They have been married, given birth, and raised a child. At the same time, due to the lack of equal treatment in the workplace and at home, young Korean women's desire to have children continues to decline, once becoming one of the lowest fertility rates. In addition, the heavy demands of Confucian family values have also led to a tense relationship between the rigid obligations of marital life and the socioeconomic reality of young people. Because in Korea, Confucian traditions have a great and lasting influence on women's roles, deeply affecting Korean culture and society. Transitioning to a dual-income family means that young women will find it challenging to strike a balance between their responsibilities at work and at home. Married Korean women prefer to continue working and despite the new policies, there are still obstacles in achieving work-life balance. For this reason, working Korean women who choose to be mothers typically prefer to have very few children.

848:(graduating class of 1992) revealed that among both genders the proportion of undergraduates who reported they eventually planned to have children had dropped in half over the course of a generation. In 1992, 78% of women planned to eventually have children. But by 2021, that number fell to 42%. The results were similar for male students. However, voluntary childlessness in the United States was more common among higher educated women, but not higher educated men. A 2021 survey found that the number of non-parents aged 18 to 49 who said they were not too likely or not at all likely to have children was 44%, up seven points compared to 2018. Among these people, 56% said they simply did not want to have children. A 2023 poll found that about 23% of people adults below the age of 30 thought that having children was important, 9 percentage points below those aged 65 and above. 544:" movement, popular among Chinese youths, also extends to the domain of marriage and child-rearing. Over half of Chinese youths aged 18 to 26 said they were uninterested in having children because of the high cost of child-rearing, according to a 2021 poll by the Communist Youth League. While the Chinese economy has improved steadily, an explosive bloom of the real-estate market post-2008 has triggered an increase in house prices disproportionate to income. This is the commonly cited reason for childlessness and "lying flat" among the Chinese youth. A normal apartment unit in Beijing (with an average area of 112 square meters), for instance, costs on average ¥7.31 million ($ 1.15 million), and one would need to work non-stop for at least 88.2 years at Beijing's average monthly income of ¥6906 ($ 1083.7) without any expenditures. 169:

successful, or happy. Whereas in the past, a woman typically had to get married and bear children in order to ensure her own survival, in a modern society, people—including women—have more choices, and they are increasingly aware that reproduction is an option, and not an obligation. Consequently, people who choose to have children tend to have fewer of them, and an increasing number prefer to be childfree. Moreover, contemporary young people, especially women, tend to be more ambitious and career-minded than their counterparts in the past, and for them, children count as a distraction, an unwanted expenditure, or an undesirable commitment. Childfree people could take advantage of

514:

received a university degree. Consequently, many young women are now more likely to be gainfully employed and financially secure. Traditional views on gender roles dictate that women be responsible for housework and childcare, regardless of their employment status. When there is a tense relationship between women's internal expectations and external women's rights and opportunities, the results are reflected in a decrease in women's willingness to have children. Workplace discrimination against women (with families) is commonplace; for example, an employer might be more skeptical towards a married woman with one child, fearing she might have another (as the

86: 187: 74:(which has severed the link between sexuality and reproduction), more opportunities for financial security (especially for women), better healthcare (which has extended human life expectancy), and elderly care financed by the government or by one's own savings rather than one's family has made childlessness a viable option, even if this choice might still be frowned upon by society at large. Nevertheless, in some modern societies, being childfree has become not just more tolerated but also more common. 519:

felt that they could not fully engage in work at home with underage children and that parental responsibility could neglect important work tasks and even affect promotion progress. Moreover, the cost of living, especially the cost of housing in the big cities, is a serious obstacle to marriage. The problem facing China's current social situation is that "the standard of living has improved, but the overall level is low and uneven." In recent years, Chinese society has been accompanied by rapid

385:

tell her to ask her husband for permission. Childfree women might be told to first have a child before deciding whether or not they do not want one, to "hurry up" and lower their standards for suitable men, that they would make good mothers, that they have not yet met the "right" man, or are assumed to be infertile rather than having made a conscious decision not to make use of their fertility. Many parents pressure their children into producing grandchildren and threaten to or actually

160:, something men might also face. This information is traditionally not provided to parents in advance to avoid frightening them. In an agrarian society, children are a source of labor and thus income for the family. But as society shifts towards industries other than agriculture and as more people relocate to the cities, children become a net sink of parental resources. For this reason, people tend to have fewer children, or none at all. This change is known as the first 206:, among other issues) or the politics of their countries, and therefore question whether having children really is such a positive contribution. The human population has grown significantly since the start of the Industrial Revolution, leading many to believe that overpopulation has become a serious problem and some to question the fairness of what in their view amounts to subsidies for having children—such as tax credits for parents (such as the 578:

serious housing problem in Korea.As a result, many young people experience housing stress, which affects their willingness to marry and have children. In 2016, the average youth unemployment rate in South Korea was 9 to 10 percent. Unemployment can hurt mental health, and can even lead to depression, suicide, and so on. As a result, employment pressures have reduced young Koreans' hopes for marriage and childbirth.

291:" is used to described women obsessed with being mothers. In general, as a society becomes better developed, it is generally true that parental investment per child goes up, causing fertility rates to go down. In countries where having children out of wedlock is either highly unusual or socially ostracized, such as China, having trouble getting married is a reason why most choose to not have children. 924: 332:

raising future workers and taxpayers. During the summer, requests for vacation leave from parents are typically approved quickly while the childfree are generally expected to stay behind to cover the workload. To alleviate friction and to maintain goodwill, some employers have offered everyone paid leave at the same time. More broadly, some human-resources departments and managers have introduced

304:

just as altruistic as any parent. They will also have more time to focus on themselves, which will allow for greater creativity and the exploration of personal ambitions. In this way, they may benefit themselves and society more than if they had a child, and describe the joys and freedoms of childfree living, freedoms such as travel previously associated with males in Western culture.

178:

and fulfillment. As parenthood loses its appeal, pets gain in popularity, at least among those who wish to have something or someone to care for. In South Korea, young couples of the 2010s are more likely to have pets, which are cheaper than children. In the English language, the phrase "fur baby" was first introduced in the 1990s and steadily became more commonplace afterwards as

811:

reproduction. Baby Boomers are more likely to consider raising (grand) children to be a source of fulfillment or the glue that holds a marriage together. But not that many young Canadians share this view. Moreover, while Canadians today are more tolerant towards the idea of not having children, many seniors still struggle with this decision coming from their own family members.

111:), and the childbirth experience. Some are worried that an existing (and strained) romantic relationship or marriage might be damaged (beyond repair) with the arrival of children, and this could be the case if one partner does not want children. Among women, the mental health of those of reproductive years declines among mothers relative to those with no children, whose 195:

falling wages and a high cost of living. But even among those who are not facing dire financial circumstances, not having a child means more savings and possibly early retirement. They realize that having children is not a guaranteed safety net for parent-child relations might be strained. For women, the lack of adequate support for working mothers is a major concern.

380:, and frequently childfree people are subjected to unsolicited questioning by friends, family, colleagues, acquaintances and even strangers who attempt to force them to justify and/or change their decision, for example during holiday family gatherings. Some women interviewed by the BBC have argued that revealing their decision to not have children was akin to 116:

childfree in favor of the latter, even in places with generous programs to support (working) parents. On average, unmarried women with no children are among the happiest in society. (For men, marriage is correlated with higher income, greater life expectancy, and more happiness. Both men and women who are married benefit from financial and emotional support.)

327:

too career-focused, although this is not necessarily true. In line with policies of family-friendliness, governments and employers typically offer support for parents, even though people without children might have to care for invalid, disabled, or elderly dependents, commitments that entail significant financial and emotional costs. The "life" aspect of the

793:

parents included 13% of people aged 18 to 24, 20% of those aged 25 to 34, and 51% aged 35 to 44. Besides age (23%), the most popular reasons for not having children were the potential impact on lifestyles (10%), high costs of living and raising children (10%), human overpopulation (9%), dislike of children (8%), and lack of parental instincts (6%).

555:, so much so that this demographic transition far exceeds the capacity of elderly care facilities. It is expected that by the mid-21st century, more than one-third of the population will be over 60 years of age. Of whom, more than 100 million will be over the age of 80. This means that there will be fewer than two working adults per senior citizen. 364:, serving as missionaries in a dangerous location, etc., are all examples that would make childbearing imprudent for a Christian. A small activist group, the Cyber-Church of Jesus Christ Childfree, defends this view, saying "Jesus loved children but chose to never have any, so that he could devote his life to telling the Good News." 276:, viewing the absence of pleasure is neutral whereas the absence of pain is positive. For them, refraining from reproduction can be thought of as a form of compassion for the unborn. Moreover, since parents can never secure the consent of their unborn child, the decision to procreate would be an imposition of life, a source of 829:

in 1988, 9% in 1995 and 7% in 2002. These women had the highest income, prior work experience and the lowest religiosity compared to other women. Research revealed that childfree people tended to be better educated, to be professionals, to live in urban areas, to be less religious, and to have less conventional life choices.

770:

By October 2020, some 7% of population between the ages of 18 and 45 did not want children, and this figure reached 20% within Moscow population. Most often, educated, wealthy and ambitious people refuse to have children. They are unwilling to sacrifice their comfort and career for the sake of their

754:

By March 2017, reports showed that 22% of higher educated 45-year-old men were childless and 33% of lower educated 45-year-old men were childless. Childlessness amongst the latter was increasing, even though most of them were involuntarily childless. The number of voluntarily childless people amongst

590:

As Vietnam continues to industrialize and urbanize, many couples have chosen to have fewer children, or none at all, especially in better developed and more densely populated places, such as Ho Chi Minh City, where the fertility rate fell to 1.45 in 2015, well below replacement. Rising cost of living

532:

is no longer considered shameful and unachievable, so the meaning of marriage is more likely to be accompanied by each other. This has led to a much lower perception of the importance of marriage. In addition, Chinese Millennials are less keen on tying the knots than their predecessors as a result of

331:

is often taken to mean parenting. Non-parents, including the childfree, are thus assumed to be career-focused and willing to work extra time, which is not necessarily the case. What they do with their free time is not considered as important. Some parents argue that they deserve special treatment for

182:

came of age. In the West, members of the countercultural or feminist movements in the 1960s and 1970s typically had no children. They disapproved of how women were treated differently from men. Some feminists recall how their own mothers were treated when they were young. Among radical feminists, the

102:

on the alleged benefits of parenthood because there are parents who regret having children, leaving the childfree to deem the decision to "just try" to have children irresponsible. And parents can become less empathetic towards non-family members. Some people simply do not feel the "biological clock"

828:

Being a childfree American adult was considered unusual in the 1950s. However, the proportion of childfree adults in the population has increased significantly since then. A 2006 study found that American women aged 35 to 44 who were voluntarily childless constituted 5% of all U.S. women in 1982, 8%

758:

By March 2020, 10% of 30-year-old Dutch women questioned had not had children out of her own choice, and did not expect to have any children anymore either; furthermore, 8.5% of 45-year-old women questioned and 5.5% of 60-year-old women questioned stated that they had consciously remained childless.

750:

By 2004, 6 in 10 childless women are voluntarily childless. It showed a correlation between higher levels of education of women and the choice to be childfree, and the fact that women had been receiving better education in the preceding decades was a factor why an increasing number of women chose to

527:

In the past two decades, the increase of the age of first marriage and the reduction of the interval between marriage and first childbirth have been the most important characteristics of China's demographic changes. The traditional concept of marriage is no longer prevalent in China, and the younger

339:

It is traditionally held that womanhood must include motherhood and caregiving. Even today, these responsibilities fall largely on women. Historically, it has been a social taboo to discuss the negative aspects of pregnancy and childbirth, or to express regret for having had children, making it more

194:

The next group of reasons why people prefer to not have children is economic in nature. Childfree people reject the claim that their national economies are at risk just because they have no children. For many, existing burdens of taxes and debts are already great, and yet they are facing stagnant or

168:

occurs when the cultural attitude towards children changes. In particular, this is when society shifts from traditional and communal values towards individualism, whereupon support for traditional gender roles declines and fewer people believe that they need to have children in order to be complete,

572:

South Korea's low birth rate in recent years (2020s) is mostly due to people avoiding getting married and having children. That young people increasingly choose to remain single is influenced by a combination of not just economic factors but also cultural change. Among economic factors are the high

550:

As of 2021, the national fertility rate is about 1.5 or even lower. In the more developed regions of the country, the fertility rate has been even lower for over a decade, only slightly higher than giving birth to one child per couple, which is comparable to the world's lowest fertility rate. This

384:

in the mid-20th century, while others avoided such conversations to avoid social pressure to change their decision. People with no children of their own who want to be sterilized might be refused the procedure by their doctors. If the person requesting to be sterilized is a woman, her doctor might

326:

Childfree people face not only social discrimination but political discrimination as well. Most societies place a high value on parenthood in adult life, so that people who remain childfree are sometimes stereotyped as selfish, self-absorbed, or unwilling to take on responsibility. Some are deemed

177:

tends to be quite high as a society industrializes and urbanizes. Simply reviewing the full financial expense of having a child can shift a person's opinion on whether or not he or she should have one. But the cost of raising a child is, for most, not as important as the desire for personal growth

792:

A poll released in January 2020 revealed that among Britons who were not already parents, 37% told pollsters they did not want any children ever. 19% said they did not want children but might change their minds in the future and 26% were interested in having children. Those who did not want to be

523:

and rising per capita income, and the demand for housing has gradually increased. However, income disparities and inadequate policies have put enormous pressure on housing for young people. Based on the traditional Chinese concept of marriage, housing is often an important condition for marriage,

518:

was rescinded in 2016) and take more maternity leave. Consequently, there no strong incentive for young women to marry and have children. Not only women but also men who delay or refuse to have children because of the trade-off between work and family, are also heavily considered some respondents

303:

explains, at the heart of the decision to bring a child into the world often lies the parents' own desires (to enjoy child-rearing or perpetuate one's legacy or genes), rather than the potential person's interests. At the very least, Benatar believes this illustrates why a childfree person may be

123:

services as part of an extended family or godparent, and to nourish existing friendships, which might falter if they were to become parents. Some are also taking care of elderly parents. Some childfree individuals consider themselves to be already working for the benefit of the next generation or

577:

as non-state-owned, non-profit housing accounts for a small percentage of South Korean housing. This is because the Korean housing system is dominated by public housing. At the same time, the legal and economic infrastructure of social housing in Korean society is not perfect, which has led to a

393:

While the idea of a childfree flight has become popular in the 2020s, with individuals even willing to pay extra, it is unlikely to be instituted by a major airline for reasons of public relations, regulations, and profit. On the other hand, this is not an issue for certain other venues, such as

97:

Many suffered abuse by the hands of their own parents and as such have little interest in parenthood, or the duplication of their family's genes. They also fear the continuation of the cycle of abuse or other defects in their styles of parenting. Indeed, fear is in general a major motivation for

581:

As for cultural change, South Korean youths no longer deem marriage to be necessary, while contemporary young South Korean women are increasingly unwilling to sacrifice their own needs and aspirations in order to help their husbands to succeed in the labor market. South Korean women have a high

832:

From 2007 to 2011 the fertility rate in the U.S. declined 9%, and in 2010 the birth rate was the lowest in U.S. history and childlessness rose across all racial and ethnic groups to about 1 in 5 versus 1 in 10 in the 1970s; although some of this may be involuntary. However, despite persisting

513:

In China, the conflict between women's work and family is a contributing factor to the nation's low fertility rate. In the 1990s, the Chinese government reformed higher education in order to increase access, whereupon significantly more young people, a slight majority of whom being women, have

489:

The childfree lifestyle had become a trend by 2014, and the Internet has enabled people who pursue this lifestyle to connect, thereby making it more visible. Worldwide, higher educated women are statistically more often choosing to remain childless. Research into both voluntary and involuntary

128:

by making charitable donations, or working as schoolteachers or pediatricians. In addition, one's partner might already have children from a previous relationship and is unable or unwilling to have more. On the other hand, some people simply dislike children's behavior, language, or biological

806:

In 2010, around half of Canadian women without children in their 40s had decided to not have any from an early age. Among Canadian women aged 50 and over, about 17.2% had no biological children, as of 2022. A 2023 report states that over a third of Canadians aged 18 to 49 do not want to have

115:

remains more or less stable during this period. In general, couples experience a drop in the level of happiness after having a baby, though the level depends on a variety of factors, including sex, age, and nationality. But in the long run, there is a gap in happiness between parents and the

810:

Pursuit of higher education, unaffordable housing, economic precariousness, and the rising cost of living are among the reasons why. These trends have accelerated in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Like the case in other countries, there is a generational gap in attitudes towards

411:

in North America where numerous books have been written about childfree people and where a range of social positions related to childfree interests have developed along with political and social activism in support of these interests. The term "childfree" was used in a July 3, 1972

779:

According to a 2019 study amongst 191 Swedish men aged 20 to 50, 39 were not fathers and did not want to have children in the future either (20.4%). Desire to have (more) children was not related to level of education, country of birth, sexual orientation or relationship status.

433:. Despite its name, the movement also includes those who do not necessarily desire human extinction but do want to curb or reverse human population growth in the name of environmentalism. VHEMT was founded in 1991 by Les U. Knight, an American activist who became involved in the 837: 298:

to have children is no more or less selfish than choosing to have children. Choosing to have children may be the more selfish choice, especially when poor parenting risks creating many long-term problems for both the children themselves and society at large. As philosopher

882:

It is estimated that that the share of childfree women grew from under 10% in 1996 to around 15% in 2013. Professional women were the most likely to be without children, at 16%, compared with 12% for manual workers. At least 5% of women were childfree by choice.

869:(2022), which returned the right to regulate aspects of abortion not covered by federal law to the individual states, the number of young and childfree adults seeking sterilization went up. Previously, it was usually middle-aged fathers who obtained vasectomies. 563:

In Taiwan, it has become much more affordable for young couples to own pets instead of having children. In addition, those who want children face obstacles such as short maternity leaves and low wages. By 2020, Taiwan has become home to more pets than children.

183:

traditional family is viewed "a decadent, energy-absorbing, destructive, wasteful institution." Similarly, in China, a socially conservative and patriarchal country, women have become much less interested in marriage and children, viewing these as burdens.

591:

and tiredness from work are among the reasons why. By 2023, polls show that significant numbers of married Vietnamese are choosing to not have children in order to focus on their lives and careers, or because they are wary of the demands of parenthood.

402:

Childfree individuals do not necessarily share a unified political or economic philosophy, and most prominent childfree organizations tend to be social in nature. Childfree social groups first emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, most notable among them the

862:

In the U.S., although being voluntarily childless or childfree is not without its disadvantages, such as higher taxes, less affordable housing options, and concern of old age, parenthood continues to lose its appeal. After the Supreme Court decision

210:

in the United States), paid parental leave, and public education—as well as social welfare programs that require more people to be born to ensure said programs can be funded by taxes. To this end, concerns over the impact of human activities on the

783:

Some Swedish men 'passively' choose not to have children as they feel their life is already good as it is, adding children is not necessary, and they do not have to counter the same amount of social pressure to have children as childfree women do.

751:

be childfree. The two most important reasons for choosing not to have children were that it would infringe on their freedom and that raising children takes too much time and energy; many women who gave the second reason also gave the first.

528:

generation's view of marriage has changed dramatically. For example, traditional Chinese marriage aims at inheritance and can fulfill sexual needs under the premise of following social morality. Today, China's socialization is evolving, and

173:, such as pursuing a career, retiring early, making charitable donations, having more leisure, and being more active in the community. Some find themselves exhausted with work and are therefore in no position to be parents. Furthermore, the 375:

People who express the fact that they have voluntarily chosen to remain childfree are frequently subjected discrimination or pressure to change their minds. The decision not to have children has been derided as "unnatural" or attributed to

253: 307:

But simply not wanting children is the most important reason for many. Compared to the 1970s, social attitudes towards voluntary childlessness have been slowly changing from condemnation and hostility to greater acceptance by the 2010s.

352:—place a high value on children and their central place in marriage. There are, however, some debates within religious groups about whether a childfree lifestyle is acceptable. Another view, for example, is that the biblical verse " 98:

voluntary childlessness, and some are also concerned with disabilities, rendering childcare even more challenging; or that the children might grow up to be immoral people. However, childfree individuals are unlikely to have the

2702: 3200: 858:

Women who never married or have children are among the happiest subgroup in the United States. And by 2019 single people, women without children made more money than men without children or men and women with children.

356:" in Genesis 1:28, is really not a command but an expression of blessing. Alternatively, some Christians believe that Genesis 1:28 is a moral command but nonetheless believe that voluntary childlessness is ethical if a 1231: 755:

higher educated men had been increasing since the 1960s, whilst voluntary childlessness amongst lower educated men (who tended to have been raised more traditionally) did not become a rising trend until the 2010s.

249:, viewing it as not entirely a tragedy but rather an act of empathy and nobility. In their opinion, human existence inflicts harm not just upon humans themselves but also other species via predatory practices. 371:

of childfree environmentalists is self-eliminating since they only aid in the deterioration of concern for the environment and future generations, though this argument assumes that attitudes are heritable.

389:

them if they do not. Some childfree people are accused of hating all children instead of just not wanting any themselves even though these people might still be willing to help others rear their children.

1945: 3718: 4098: 844:

Overall, the importance of having children has declined across all age groups in the United States, especially the young. A cross-generational study comparing Millennials (graduating class of 2012) to

4132: 6834: 3538: 63:

might be used in the context of venues or activities wherein (young) children are excluded even if the people involved may be parents, such as a childfree flight or a childfree restaurant.

82:

Supporters of this lifestyle cite various reasons for their view. These reasons can be personal, social, philosophical, moral, economic, or a complex, nuanced combination of such reasons.

3208: 2501: 2710: 605:

In Europe, childlessness among women aged 40–44 is most common in Austria, Spain and the United Kingdom (in 2010–2011). Among surveyed countries, childlessness was least common across

5897: 1239: 2524: 4658: 1968: 418:

article on the creation of the National Organization for Non-Parents. It was revived in the 1990s when Leslie Lafayette formed a later childfree group, the Childfree Network.

6328: 814:

In Canada, childfree venues are growing in popularity, including among parents who, despite loving their children, would like to spend some time away from them on occasions.

5871: 226:

Having fewer children or no children at all drastically reduces one's carbon emissions compared to, for instance, owning a car with improved fuel efficiency, replacing

3104: 4106: 3361: 2808:

Kaufmann, Eric (2013). "Chapter 7: Sacralization by Stealth? The Religious Consequences of Low Fertility in Europe". In Kaufmann, Eric; Wilcox, W. Bradford (eds.).

2778: 865: 524:

especially for men. And the increase in housing pressure has led to the fatigue of young people's marriage, which in turn has affected the desire to have children.

2592:

Ryan, Calen P.; Hayes, M. Geoffrey; Lee, Nanette R.; McDade, Thomas W.; Jones, Meaghan J.; Kobor, Michael S.; Kuzawa, Christopher W.; Eisenberg, Dan T. A. (2018).

2549:

Altman, Daniel; Ekström, Åsa; Gustafsson, Catharina; López, Annika; Falconer, Christian; Zetterström, Jan (2006). "Risk of Urinary Incontinence After Childbirth".

6224:

Waisberg, Tatiana (2017). "The Last Front Line of Human Rights: The Childfree Choice and Women Empowerment". In Leal, César Barros; Muños, Soledad Garcia (eds.).

6037: 2294: 4352: 1619: 6059: 3391: 1937: 59:

has also been used to refer to parents currently not living with their children, for example because they have already grown up and moved out. In common usage,

6003: 5977: 5785: 3453: 5535: 3762: 2052: 112: 4136: 6897: 6882: 4863: 2374: 434: 4256: 6735: 2733: 1449: 5683: 3726: 2841: 5591: 4035: 2462: 6661: 5822: 3135: 547:

On the Internet, statements such as "no marriage, no children will make life happier" make obvious their negative views of marriage and reproduction.

404: 5946: 5557: 4171: 1860: 6824: 51:, which is traditionally used to express the idea of having no children, whether by choice or by circumstance. In the research literature, the term 4326: 3422: 2867: 6847: 6321: 3528: 284:. However, some childfree people explicitly reject antinatalism; they may even like the children of others, but just do not want any themselves. 3285: 2932: 2493: 6859: 2082: 1696: 1409: 6243:"At the Intersection of Fiction and Reality: An Ideological and Rhetorical Contextualization of Two Childfree Heroines on American Television" 2004: 6214: 6105: 5287:

Work-Life Balance in South Korea: Experiences of the Highly Educated and Married Female Korean Employees with Flexible Workplace Arrangements

5084: 5041: 4429: 4382: 3904: 3669: 3239: 2817: 1893: 317: 47:

extends to encompass the children of others (in addition to one's own children), and this distinguishes it further from the more usual term

6854: 5724: 5661: 4889: 4620:"Fertility intentions of having a second child among the floating population in China: Effects of socioeconomic factors and home ownership" 4446: 3610: 1976: 537:. Because this is a country where having children out of wedlock is quite rare, this means that many young people are foregoing children. 3049: 2408: 156:, and even death. Substantial neurological changes during and following pregnancy could lead to sentiments of insecurity and inadequacy, 6697: 963: 422: 243: 35:

describes the active choice not to have children. Use of the word "childfree" was first recorded in 1901 and entered common usage among

1355: 66:

In most societies and for most of human history, choosing not to have children was both difficult and socially undesirable, except for

6864: 6314: 5442: 2649:

Christian, Parul; Katz, Joanne; Wu, Lee; Kimbrough-Pradhan, Elizabeth; Khatry, Subarna K.; Leclerq, Steven C.; West, Keith P. (2008).

3078: 287:

Modern societies often have high expectations of parents, which some people consider distasteful. In English, the (pejorative) term "

6591: 6283: 5505: 3496: 3339: 1565: 1177: 852: 5713:

Abma, Joyce C.; Martinez, Gladys M. (November 2006). "Childlessness among Older Women in the United States: Trends and Profiles".

4072: 6979: 6839: 6528: 6513: 3956: 3925: 3692: 19:

This article is about the choice not to have children. For the inability to have children despite one's desire to have them, see

3112: 353: 85: 3369: 1918:

DeMarneffe, Daphne (2005). "Maternal Desire: On Children, Love, and the Inner Life". Back Bay Books/Little, Brown, and Company.

833:

discrimination against especially women who chose to remain childless, acceptance of being childfree was gradually increasing.

273: 3633: 2968: 6974: 6781: 6563: 6337: 5715: 2302: 1267: 5754:

Park, Kristin (August 2005). "Choosing Childlessness: Weber's Typology of Action and Motives of the Voluntarily Childless".

5407: 4360: 2906: 2142: 6242: 2994: 2786: 2436: 1202: 6761: 6646: 6636: 6131:

Gillespie, Rosemary (2003). "Childfree and Feminine: Understanding the Gender Identity of Voluntarily Childless Women".

2224: 1325: 1143: 6029: 5920: 5185:"Job-Seeking Stress, Mental Health Problems, and the Role of Perceived Social Support in University Graduates in Korea" 3171: 1776: 132:

Medical concerns constitute an entire class of reasons why some people do not want to have children. Some people carry

6829: 6771: 5468: 3821: 3232:

Generations: The Real Differences Between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X and Silents—and What The Mean for America's Future

1611: 762:

Raising a child cost an average of €120,000 from birth to age 18, or about 17% of one's disposable income as of 2019.

5111:"Economic and Non-economic Determinants of the Lowest-Low Fertility Rate in Korea: An Analysis of Survey Experiments" 4999:

The Challenges of Population Aging in the People's Republic of China (Report). Asian Development Bank. July 1, 2021.

617:

By March 2020, some 11% of Belgian women and 16% of Belgian men between the ages of 25 and 35 did not want children.

6730: 6378: 5625: 4776:"Age at Marriage and the First Birth Interval: The Emerging Change in Sexual Behavior Among Young Couples in China" 958: 823: 145: 5599: 5527: 5380: 4043: 3754: 2470: 2044: 6969: 6411: 6368: 5844: 5691: 3143: 938: 442: 119:

For some, it is sufficient to spend time with their nephews, nieces or stepchildren, or to provide childcare and

5954: 6814: 6503: 6358: 4216: 446: 277: 207: 3430: 2111: 1748: 1439: 4009: 2833: 6892: 6819: 6745: 6536: 6030:"Emma Gannon on her debut novel, podcasting during a pandemic and starting the internet's coolest book club" 1510:"A wonderful experience or a frightening commitment? An exploration of men's reasons to (not) have children" 227: 174: 3790: 3293: 2940: 6541: 6523: 6478: 6363: 1856: 1852: 1444: 441:

and humanity. VHEMT supports human extinction primarily because, in the movement's view, it would prevent

426: 272:

asserts that it is inherently immoral to bring people into the world. Antinatalists argue in favor of the

186: 165: 161: 6168:

Hird, Myra J. (2003). "Vacant Wombs: Feminist Challenges to Psychoanalytic Theories of Childless Women".

807:

children. Many are also delaying having children or want to have fewer children than their predecessors.

328: 6720: 6707: 6383: 948: 534: 437:

and thereafter concluded that human extinction was the best solution to the problems facing the Earth's

157: 104: 93:

bringing her a child. As women's opportunities increase, they become less interested in having children.

5146:"Housing the very poor or the young? Implications of the changing public housing policy in South Korea" 1808: 1232:"Would you pay more to be on a plane without children? A majority of Americans want adult-only flights" 5559:Движение «чайлдфри» — «свободные от детей» — набирает обороты в России и Европе. Новости. Первый канал 4736: 3105:"More couples are choosing a 'dual income, no kids' lifestyle. Here's how that changes their finances" 2250: 6941: 6786: 6621: 6353: 5145: 4523: 4230: 3578: 2605: 494:

and parenthood has long focused on women's experiences, and men's perspectives are often overlooked.

462: 321: 231: 212: 5020:

Mao, Guoping; Lu, Fuzhong; Fan, Xuchun; Wu, Debiao (2020), Poot, Jacques; Roskruge, Matthew (eds.),

3050:"If you're not planning to have kids, you can rethink 'the whole foundation' of your financial plan" 1399: 148:

for the woman's body and lasting effects on her health, including, but not limited to, weight gain,

6641: 6581: 6498: 6345: 2012: 1885: 257: 220: 99: 43:

refers to the freedom and personal choice of those to pick this lifestyle. The meaning of the term

4390: 3659: 1363: 6887: 6776: 6682: 6483: 6406: 6193: 6185: 6156: 6148: 5736: 5656: 4936: 4803: 4493:[Childfree epidemic: St. Petersburg residents do not want to have children] (in Russian). 4307: 3847: 3602: 3256: 2594:"Reproduction predicts shorter telomeres and epigenetic age acceleration among young adult women" 2574: 1670: 1099: 1047: 125: 6276: 6085: 5651: 5341: 336:(PTO) to replace of the traditional paid family leave, paid sick leave, or paid vacation leave. 2326:"Parenthood and Happiness: Effects of Work-Family Reconciliation Policies in 22 OECD Countries" 1642: 1573: 1017: 6656: 6576: 6233: 6229: 6210: 6101: 5322: 5303:"Women Reconciling Paid and Unpaid Work in a Confucian Welfare State: The Case of South Korea" 5302: 5266: 5222: 5204: 5183:

Lim, Ah Young; Lee, Seung-Hee; Jeon, Yeongju; Yoo, Rankyung; Jung, Hee-Yeon (April 13, 2018).

5165: 5126: 5080: 5037: 4981: 4960:"Union formation and childbearing among Chinese youth: Trends and socioeconomic differentials" 4844: 4823:"Union formation and childbearing among Chinese youth: Trends and socioeconomic differentials" 4795: 4756: 4717: 4678: 4639: 4600: 4582: 4543: 4425: 4299: 4248: 4221: 4128: 3900: 3877: 3594: 3492: 3335: 3235: 2813: 2741: 2680: 2631: 2566: 2400: 2355: 2161: 1662: 1539: 1183: 1173: 1091: 973: 368: 360:

intervenes to make child bearing imprudent in comparison. Health concerns, a calling to serve

357: 203: 141: 107:. Among some women, there is a fear or revulsion towards the physical condition of pregnancy ( 5684:"Childless By Choice – childless couples an emerging demographic – Statistical Data Included" 4504: 4421: 6918: 6913: 6809: 6793: 6373: 6291: 6177: 6140: 6093: 5763: 5728: 5500: 5353: 5314: 5256: 5212: 5196: 5157: 5118: 5072: 5029: 5000: 4971: 4834: 4787: 4748: 4709: 4670: 4631: 4590: 4574: 4535: 4291: 4238: 3999: 3991: 3586: 2670: 2662: 2621: 2613: 2558: 2345: 2337: 2270: 2262: 2195: 2151: 1654: 1529: 1521: 1081: 1037: 1029: 606: 515: 473: 469: 430: 235: 170: 133: 6267: 5435: 4159: 836: 6740: 6677: 6611: 6553: 6421: 3664: 1743: 968: 600: 461:

required by humans are frequently cited by the movement as evidence of the harm caused by

414: 6571: 5495: 5285: 4864:"Why are China's Gen Z women rejecting marriage, kids more than their male counterparts?" 4697: 3330:

Garraty, John S. (1991). "Chapter XXXII Society in Flux, 1945-1980. Women's Liberation".

2249:

Kuipers, Yvonne J.; van Beeck, Elise; Cijsouw, Astrid; van Gils, Yannic (December 2021).

2196:"People who don't want kids: 'There's never been a day where I've regretted my decision'" 4471: 4234: 4099:"Working Parents Are Having a Rough Summer. Some Co-Workers Don't Want to Hear About It" 3582: 2609: 1275: 1117: 103:

ticking and have no parental drives. On the other hand, some meet the right partners at

5217: 4619: 4595: 4562: 4193: 4066: 2675: 2650: 2626: 2593: 2562: 2350: 2325: 1534: 1509: 929: 908: 574: 552: 529: 508: 234:), or avoiding air travel. Among a subset of environmentalists, there is opposition to 216: 199: 140:

of numerous infectious diseases. But even among healthy couples, new parents are often

137: 4578: 3948: 3921: 3566: 573:

cost of housing, the difficulty of finding a job, and job insecurity. In South Korea,

429:

that calls for all people to abstain from reproduction to cause the gradual voluntary

340:

challenging for the childfree to defend their decision. A number of religions—notably

6963: 6936: 6651: 6470: 6438: 6433: 6401: 6197: 6160: 6084:

Byron, Chris (October 12, 2017), Irwin, William; Graham, Jacob; Sparrow, Tom (eds.),

5767: 5732: 4414: 4311: 3606: 3487: 2275: 1674: 1103: 1051: 491: 333: 300: 71: 20: 5626:"Some Gen Z, millennial Canadians choosing child-free life, according to new report" 2578: 2525:"Your kids are adorable germ vectors. Here's how often they get your household sick" 1167:

The obsolete term "childerless"—meaning "without children"—is given, for example in

268:) perspectives are not unique to environmentalists. A school of philosophy known as 6948: 6931: 3533: 943: 845: 520: 345: 269: 239: 5161: 4539: 4353:"Opinion: At Christmas or any time of year, I won't be ashamed of being childless" 4295: 4243: 3201:"Like a son but cheaper: harried South Koreans pamper pets instead of having kids" 2651:"Risk factors for pregnancy-related mortality: A prospective study in rural Nepal" 260:

argued that having children is inherently wrong because life is full of suffering.

6306: 5064: 5033: 4561:

Raymo, James M.; Park, Hyunjoon; Xie, Yu; Yeung, Wei-jun Jean (August 14, 2015).

4447:"Would you give up having children to save the planet? Meet the couples who have" 4280:"The environmental politics of reproductive choices in the age of climate change" 1643:"The Meaning of Risk in Reproductive Decisions after Childhood Abuse and Neglect" 1086: 1069: 6766: 6725: 6692: 6460: 6453: 6181: 5076: 4507:[The Parliament of Bashkortostan proposes to ban childfree propaganda]. 4279: 3874:

Fairness, Freedom and Responsibility: The Dilemma of Fertility Choice in America

896: 408: 265: 202:

due to the state of the world (pestilence, war, famine, economic recession, the

179: 120: 5021: 4327:"Single or childless? How to handle annoying questions from family and friends" 3590: 2734:"Postnatal depression: fathers can suffer similar issues to women, say experts" 2666: 2617: 2266: 1658: 1614:[Are there now more people who don't want children than ever before?]. 1525: 1033: 136:, are mentally ill, or are otherwise too sick for parenthood, and children are 6926: 6626: 6616: 6548: 6097: 5947:"'Snip Snip Hooray': Vasectomies Among the Young and Child-Free May Be Rising" 5786:"Growing share of childless adults in U.S. don't expect to ever have children" 5200: 4976: 4959: 4839: 4822: 4752: 4674: 996: 923: 919: 903: 450: 386: 381: 288: 281: 153: 149: 108: 6144: 5978:"After Dobbs, doctors say more people are turning to permanent contraception" 5815:"Americans Pull Back From Values That Once Defined U.S., WSJ-NORC Poll Finds" 5326: 5270: 5208: 5169: 5130: 4985: 4848: 4799: 4760: 4721: 4682: 4643: 4586: 4547: 4490: 4303: 3598: 3020: 2745: 1666: 1317: 1095: 6715: 6603: 6443: 5318: 5184: 3881: 541: 458: 438: 5358: 5226: 4604: 4524:"China's Low Fertility Rate from the Perspective of Gender and Development" 2907:"Chinese millennials aren't getting married, and the government is worried" 2684: 2635: 2570: 2359: 2251:"The impact of motherhood on the course of women's psychological wellbeing" 2165: 1543: 4252: 3995: 2812:. Boulder, Colorado, United States: Paradigm Publishers. pp. 135–56. 252: 6687: 6631: 6488: 6448: 5872:"Baby Bust: Millennials' View Of Family, Work, Friendship And Doing Well" 5592:"Baby boomers are adjusting to a new retirement normal: No grandchildren" 5122: 5005: 2156: 2137: 986: 454: 377: 67: 36: 5110: 3172:"More pets than children in Taiwan as birthrate drops, report indicates" 1268:"Demand for child-free zones grows as more adults opt out of parenthood" 6189: 6152: 6086:"Rust's Anti-natalism: The Moral Imperative to "Opt Out of a Raw Deal"" 5740: 5261: 5244: 4807: 4775: 4713: 4004: 3980:"Childlessness and Norms of Familial Responsibility in the Netherlands" 2868:"Women are happier without children or a spouse, says happiness expert" 2324:

Glass, Jennifer; Simon, Robin W.; Andersson, Matthew A. (May 1, 2017).

1042: 341: 242:, or putting non-human lives first. Some even call for the gradual and 6493: 6271: 5342:"Determinants on the Number of Children among Married Women in Korea" 4635: 4160:"Is It All Right for a Married Couple to Choose to Remain Childless?" 2779:"Children aren't worth very much - that's why we no longer make many" 991: 361: 4791: 3719:"Should I factor climate change into deciding whether to have kids?" 2375:"Unmarried, childless women are happiest people of all, says expert" 1738: 445:. The movement states that a decrease in the human population would 4890:"44% of China's Urban Young Women Don't Plan to Marry, Survey Says" 3454:"New Zealand couples concerned for planet choose childless futures" 2933:"They Didn't Have Children and, Most Said, They Don't Have Regrets" 2341: 1016:

Leroux, Marie-Louise; Pestieau, Pierre; Ponthiere, Gregory (2022).

5898:"Millennials Aren't Planning on Having Children. Should We Worry?" 3565:

Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew; Leong, Kit Ling (November 17, 2020).

2995:"For Many Queer Adults, Parenting Still Isn't Part of the Picture" 2494:"Why I don't have a child: I refuse to pass on my addiction genes" 1404: 840:

A growing share of American adults does not want to have children.

349: 251: 185: 90: 84: 4914: 3979: 3488:"The baby boon: how family-friendly America cheats the childless" 1442:[Why do so many people have a desire to have children?]. 1187: 6004:"The rise of childless couples - are Kiwis leaving it too late?" 5065:"The Impact of Population Aging on the Economic Growth of China" 5022:"China's Ageing Population: The Present Situation and Prospects" 1316:

Buonadonna, Paola; Venema, Vibeke; Lane, Megan (July 29, 2010).

953: 472:

has been equated with extremism. Individuals like its founder,

6310: 3978:

Keizer, Renske; Dykstra, Pearl A.; Poortman, Anne-Rigt (2011).

1697:"Gen Z, millennials take a pass on raising the next generation" 551:

has been proven to be closely related to the aging population.

6060:"Emma Gannon: I'm made to feel guilty for not having children" 5945:

Alisha Haridasani Gupta, Alisha Haridasani (August 18, 2022).

5921:"Gen Z, millennials speak out on reluctance to become parents" 5814: 3392:"Emma Gannon: I'm made to feel guilty for not having children" 3362:"Women Who Stay Single and Don't Have Kids Are Getting Richer" 3136:"Women Are Having Fewer Babies Because They Have More Choices" 2834:"Having children is not the formula for a happy life — Quartz" 2225:"Are people without kids happier? Studies offer mixed picture" 1612:"Zijn er nu meer mensen die geen kinderen willen dan vroeger?" 4505:"Парламент Башкирии предлагает запретить пропаганду чайлдфри" 6207:

Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence

3897:

Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence

3334:. United States of America: Harper Collins. pp. 903–6. 1508:

Bodin, Maja; Plantin, Lars; Elmerstig, Eva (December 2019).

2810:

Whither the Child? Causes and Consequences of Low Fertility

1641:

Matthews, Elise J.; Desjardins, Michel (November 1, 2020).

4563:"Marriage and Family in East Asia: Continuity and Change" 2703:"Pregnant women don't learn about profound brain changes" 5071:, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 73–93, 4743:. Economic Systems in the Pacific Rim Region Symposium. 4491:"Эпидемия чайлдфри: петербуржцы не хотят заводить детей" 3693:"Should We Be Having Kids In The Age Of Climate Change?" 3567:"Eco-reproductive concerns in the age of climate change" 3021:"So you don't want kids. How to build a child-free life" 742:

Reasons why Dutch women chose not to have children, 2004

4696:

Yao, Shujie; Luo, Dan; Wang, Jianling (July 25, 2013).

3791:"You Didn't Ask To Be Here: Adventures In Antinatalism" 851:

Student debts, a serious problem among Millennials and

190:

Reduction of one's carbon footprint for various actions

89:

Early twentieth-century postcard of a woman fighting a

2437:"Undecided about having kids? Reading this might help" 2295:"What Becoming a Parent Really Does to Your Happiness" 1356:"Why family-friendly policies don't boost birth rates" 447:

prevent a significant amount of human-caused suffering

5026:

Population Change and Impacts in Asia and the Pacific

3079:"Overworked Saigon women have no time to have babies" 2045:"Why Some Women Don't Want Kids, Childless by Choice" 1938:"I really regret it. I really regret having children" 3848:"Increased Life Expectancy May Mean Lower Fertility" 2112:"Pregnancy phobia is being 'driven by social media'" 223:—are a major reason behind voluntary childlessness. 6906: 6875: 6802: 6754: 6706: 6670: 6602: 6562: 6512: 6469: 6420: 6394: 6344: 3332:

The American Nation: A History of the United States

899:includes several voluntarily childless characters. 312:

Challenges to and criticisms of remaining childfree

4413: 4158:Van Leeuwen, Raymond C. (September–October 2003). 3486: 5340:Lee, Ji Na; Hwang, Myung Jin (January 24, 2019). 5245:"The rise of the childless single in South Korea" 4522:Yingchun, Ji; Zhenzhen, Zheng (October 1, 2020). 4068:Panel Presentation: Long Term Care and Caregiving 3529:"I campaign for the extinction of the human race" 2401:"Why I Have Zero Regrets About My Childless Life" 912:(2014–19), upholds the anti-natalist philosophy. 3317:Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future 3199:Choi, Hayoung; Park, Minwoo (January 24, 2019). 2138:"Tokophobia: an unreasoning dread of childbirth" 1566:"The Brutal Truth About Being Childless at Work" 476:, have also been persecuted by the government. 294:Proponents of childfreeness posit that choosing 219:, pollution, resource scarcity, and the ongoing 5851:. University of Pennsylvania. November 19, 2012 5652:"Long Road to Adulthood Is Growing Even Longer" 5469:"Kinderloosheid onder laagopgeleiden neemt toe" 5144:Seo, Bokyong; Joo, Yu-Min (November 17, 2018). 4698:"Housing Development and Urbanisation in China" 3846:University College London (February 17, 2008). 3634:"Why a generation is choosing to be child-free" 3230:Twenge, Jean (2023). "Chapter 5: Millennials". 2969:"Why a generation is choosing to be child-free" 1998: 1996: 1994: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1018:"Childlessness, childfreeness and compensation" 651:Raising children takes too much time and energy 4659:"The Staff of Life: Living Standards in China" 4278:Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew (March 28, 2021). 1969:"Having Kids Can Make Parents Less Empathetic" 1172:. Oxford University Press. 1971. p. 343. 6322: 5063:Luo, Qing; Ma, Haichao; Wang, Huinan (2023), 4737:"Housing price and entrepreneurship in China" 3660:"Parenthood should be taken off its pedestal" 3315:Baumgardner, Jennifer; Richards, Amy (2000). 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1514:Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online 1440:"Waarom hebben zoveel mensen een kinderwens?" 1203:"Diversity and change in Australian families" 1063: 1061: 78:Reasons cited for being voluntarily childless 8: 5528:"Hoeveel kost een kind tot zijn achttiende?" 5430: 5428: 4196:. The Cyber-Church of Jesus Christ Childfree 4194:"The Cyber-Church of Jesus Christ Childfree" 4135:. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from 2083:"Why do people choose to not have children?" 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 866:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 435:American environmental movement in the 1970s 6898:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 6883:Birth control movement in the United States 5408:"More Vietnamese marriages going childless" 5243:Choi, Kate H.; Qian, Yue (April 21, 2023). 4170:(5). Christianity Today International: 24. 3876:(PhD Thesis). Washington State University. 3077:Trung, Son; Nguyen, Quy (January 7, 2020). 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1074:Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research 230:with more energy-efficient models (such as 144:. Pregnancy and childbirth might come with 105:too advanced an age to safely bear children 6736:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 6329: 6315: 6307: 6284:"The Real Reason More Women Are Childless" 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 1610:Sebastiaan van de Water (March 20, 2020). 70:individuals. The availability of reliable 5808: 5806: 5357: 5260: 5216: 5028:, Singapore: Springer, pp. 269–287, 5004: 4975: 4888:Xinyu, Du; Yun, Fang (October 11, 2021). 4838: 4618:Zhou, Min; Guo, Wei (November 11, 2019). 4594: 4242: 4003: 2674: 2625: 2349: 2274: 2155: 1533: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1144:"The adults celebrating child-free lives" 1085: 1070:"Childfreeness, parenthood and adulthood" 1041: 405:National Alliance for Optional Parenthood 6226:Genero, Meio Ambiente e Direitos Humanos 5346:Journal of Population and Social Studies 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 1886:"Medical Definition of Fear of children" 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1402:[Why don't you have children?]. 1318:"The women who choose not to be mothers" 855:, discourage many from having children. 835: 535:skeptical of the institution of marriage 5779: 5777: 5619: 5617: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5238: 5236: 5104: 5102: 4325:Kozicka, Patricia (November 23, 2016). 4071:. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. 3820:Bagchi, Shrabonti (February 15, 2019). 3672:from the original on September 26, 2020 2399:Zacharek, Stephanie (January 3, 2019). 2005:"Having It All Without Having Children" 1896:from the original on September 11, 2017 1412:from the original on September 22, 2021 1207:Australian Institute for Family Studies 1008: 6040:from the original on September 2, 2020 5448:from the original on February 16, 2019 5381:"Dropping fertility rates raise alarm" 4735:Li, Lixing; Wu, Xiaoyu (May 1, 2014). 4133:"Apostolic letter Mulieris Dignitatem" 4092: 4090: 4075:from the original on November 24, 2007 4036:"The Couples Embracing the DINK Label" 4029: 4027: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3765:from the original on February 16, 2021 3755:"Would Human Extinction Be a Tragedy?" 3416: 3414: 3412: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3279: 3277: 3194: 3192: 3072: 3070: 3043: 3041: 2931:Miller, Sandra Caine (July 23, 2018). 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2861: 2859: 2696: 2694: 2463:"The Couples Embracing the DINK Label" 2430: 2428: 2426: 2411:from the original on December 11, 2020 2288: 2286: 2255:Journal of Affective Disorders Reports 2218: 2216: 2105: 2103: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2055:from the original on December 16, 2020 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 1913: 1911: 1880: 1878: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1230:Muther, Christopher (March 16, 2023). 6092:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 42–51, 5624:Prentice, Amy-Ellen (March 1, 2023). 5508:from the original on October 12, 2020 5249:Journal of Family Theory & Review 4259:from the original on January 24, 2012 4215:Hardin, Garrett (December 13, 1968). 4174:from the original on January 18, 2021 4012:from the original on January 26, 2020 3984:Journal of Comparative Family Studies 3784: 3782: 3780: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3613:from the original on January 18, 2021 3560: 3558: 3556: 3541:from the original on January 10, 2020 3255:Longman, Phillip (October 20, 2009). 3165: 3163: 3161: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 1948:from the original on October 21, 2018 1936:Saunders, Doug (September 29, 2007). 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1751:from the original on November 1, 2016 1737:Tobias Leenaert (September 2, 2015). 1354:Burn-Murdoch, John (March 29, 2024). 1328:from the original on December 7, 2020 1261: 1259: 1257: 1225: 1223: 425:(VHEMT, pronounced 'vehement') is an 318:Infertility and childlessness stigmas 7: 5845:"Life Interests Of Wharton Students" 5725:National Council on Family Relations 4351:Guerrero, Jean (December 18, 2023). 3959:from the original on October 8, 2012 3928:from the original on August 28, 2012 3717:Mortimer, Caroline (July 26, 2021). 3691:Ludden, Jennifer (August 18, 2016). 3421:Williams, Alex (November 20, 2021). 3019:Segarra, Marielle (April 17, 2023). 2081:Ibbetson, Connor (January 9, 2020). 2043:Friedman, Danielle (July 14, 2017). 1775:Tucker, Eleanor (November 8, 2014). 398:Organizations and political activism 152:, urinary incontinence, accelerated 6279:– Why are People Having Fewer Kids? 5976:Wizner, Taylor (December 7, 2023). 5590:Bielski, Zosia (January 19, 2024). 3822:"Inside India's Anti-Natalist Cult" 3658:Janan Ganesh (September 20, 2019). 3284:Moses, Claire (February 19, 2023). 3170:Leggate, James (November 6, 2020). 2435:Scott, Kellie (December 16, 2020). 2223:Wallace, Kelly (December 6, 2016). 2110:Layhe, Ellie (September 13, 2018). 2003:Sandler, Lauren (August 12, 2013). 1853:"Childlessness and education level" 1741:[Childfree vs. childless]. 1564:Carroll, Laura (November 7, 2015). 1398:Saskia Aukema (November 13, 2016). 1266:Boesveld, Sarah (October 9, 2012). 1142:Savage, Maddy (February 14, 2023). 964:Individual action on climate change 553:China's population is rapidly aging 423:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 6241:Savage, Jade (December 20, 2022). 5919:Leanne, Italie (August 30, 2022). 5870:Anderson, Kare (October 5, 2013). 5690:. November 1, 2001. Archived from 5664:from the original on April 5, 2019 5494:Kaj van Arkel (October 26, 2017). 5307:Social Policy & Administration 4489:Mavliev, Alexey (March 19, 2013). 2701:Conaboy, Chelsea (July 17, 2018). 2563:10.1097/01.AOG.0000233172.96153.ad 2504:from the original on July 27, 2022 2492:Brownell, Kristen (July 6, 2020). 1863:from the original on June 12, 2020 1695:Italie, Leanne (August 30, 2022). 703:Health does not allow for children 256:Antinatalists such as philosopher 14: 6592:self-report sexual risk behaviors 5784:Brown, Anna (November 19, 2021). 5762:(3). Blackwell Synergy: 372–402. 5650:Cohen, Patricia (June 12, 2010). 5538:from the original on May 30, 2020 5467:Melanie Zierse (March 30, 2017). 5189:Journal of Korean Medical Science 5109:Nam, Yunmi; Hwang, In Do (2023). 5069:China's Road and Aging Population 4780:Population and Development Review 4774:Feng, Wang; Quanhe, Yang (1996). 4579:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112428 4097:Borchers, Callum (July 7, 2022). 4034:Munslow, Julia (March 11, 2024). 3452:Angeloni, Alice (July 14, 2019). 3134:Filipovic, Jill (June 27, 2021). 3103:Lee, Juhohn (December 21, 2023). 2844:from the original on July 1, 2018 2523:Godoy, Maria (January 26, 2023). 2461:Munslow, Julia (March 11, 2024). 2373:Oppenheim, Mayha (May 29, 2019). 2194:Patel, Arti (December 10, 2017). 1967:Zaki, Jamil (November 18, 2015). 1777:"I used to judge childfree women" 1622:from the original on May 29, 2020 1452:from the original on May 27, 2020 1122:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 1068:Engwall, Kristina (May 4, 2014). 969:John B. Calhoun#Mouse experiments 853:Generation Z in the United States 677:Hard to combine work and children 6662:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 6028:Hampson, Laura (July 23, 2020). 6002:Collins, Simon (June 29, 2015). 5813:Zitner, Aaron (March 27, 2023). 5768:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2005.00127.x 5733:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00312.x 4741:Journal of Comparative Economics 3527:Knight, Les (January 10, 2020). 3360:Smith, Molly (August 31, 2022). 3048:Ermey, Ryan (October 25, 2022). 2905:Gan, Nectar (January 30, 2021). 2732:Davis, Nicola (August 9, 2018). 2293:Bloom, Paul (November 2, 2021). 1438:Stegeman, Lotte (May 14, 2020). 922: 451:extinctions of non-human species 21:Childlessness § Involuntary 6782:Sexually transmitted infections 6228:. Fortaleza. pp. 181–217. 4862:Huifeng, He (January 6, 2022). 4657:Klatt, W. (February 17, 2009). 4472:"kruglyj-stol-komu-nuzhny-deti" 3753:May, Todd (December 17, 2018). 6338:Sexual and reproductive health 5716:Journal of Marriage and Family 5284:Kang, Hyounju (June 1, 2016). 4958:Yu, Jia (September 16, 2021). 4821:Yu, Jia (September 16, 2021). 4478:(in Russian). October 5, 2020. 4445:Fleming, Amy (June 20, 2018). 4420:. Purseus Publishing. p. 4389:. July 3, 1972. Archived from 2993:Culhane, John (May 24, 2017). 1851:Arie de Graaf (May 24, 2004). 1400:"Hoezo heb jij geen kinderen?" 533:cultural change; many are now 274:asymmetry of pleasure and pain 39:during the 1970s. The suffix - 1: 6090:True Detective and Philosophy 5849:Work/Life Integration Project 5301:Sung, Sirin (June 23, 2003). 5162:10.1080/02673037.2018.1424808 4540:10.1080/02529203.2020.1806478 4511:(in Russian). March 15, 2022. 4296:10.1080/09644016.2021.1902700 4244:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 3319:. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 2777:Perry, Sarah (July 8, 2014). 2330:American Journal of Sociology 2143:British Journal of Psychiatry 2136:Hofberg; Brockington (2000). 906:, from the television series 664:Partner did not want children 166:second demographic transition 6762:Disorders of sex development 5406:Phan, Duong (May 15, 2023). 5034:10.1007/978-981-10-0230-4_12 4964:Chinese Journal of Sociology 4915:"北京房价走势最新消息_2022年北京房价-城市房产网" 4868:The South China Morning Post 4827:Chinese Journal of Sociology 4217:"The Tragedy of the Commons" 3789:Wolf, Chion (July 9, 2020). 3632:Cain, Sian (July 25, 2020). 2967:Cain, Sian (July 25, 2020). 1087:10.1080/15017419.2013.781955 638:Children infringe on freedom 6772:Reproductive system disease 6209:. Oxford University Press. 6182:10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400115 5077:10.1007/978-981-19-8891-2_6 4624:Population, Space and Place 3947:Brown, Tiffany Lee (2001). 3899:. Oxford University Press. 3485:Burkett, Elinor (c. 2000). 3423:"To Breed or Not to Breed?" 2866:Cain, Sian (May 29, 2019). 2551:Obstetrics & Gynecology 171:other opportunities in life 6996: 6731:Obstetrics and gynaecology 5534:(in Dutch). May 28, 2019. 4567:Annual Review of Sociology 4383:"Behavior: Down with Kids" 3591:10.1007/s10584-020-02923-y 3257:"The Return of Patriarchy" 2667:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.06.003 2618:10.1038/s41598-018-29486-4 2267:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100216 1659:10.1007/s10896-019-00062-2 1647:Journal of Family Violence 1526:10.1016/j.rbms.2019.11.002 1201:de Vaus, D. (April 2004). 1118:"Definition of CHILD-FREE" 1034:10.1007/s00355-021-01379-y 959:Fertility and intelligence 824:Aging of the United States 821: 598: 506: 367:Some have argued that the 315: 18: 6647:Pregnant patients' rights 6412:Pre-conception counseling 6369:Abortion-rights movements 6098:10.1002/9781119280835.ch5 5201:10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e149 4977:10.1177/2057150X211040936 4840:10.1177/2057150X211040936 4753:10.1016/j.jce.2013.09.001 4675:10.1017/S0305741000016155 3872:Leone, Catherine (1986). 3234:. New York: Atria Books. 2276:10067/1810160151162165141 1170:Oxford English Dictionary 1022:Social Choice and Welfare 939:Abortion-rights movements 741: 736: 728: 723: 715: 710: 702: 697: 689: 684: 676: 671: 663: 658: 650: 645: 637: 633: 629: 443:environmental degradation 204:breakdown of civilization 198:Some people face general 6533:Gamete Cryopreservation 6379:Circumcision controversy 6359:Compulsory sterilization 6145:10.1177/0891243202238982 5441:. OECD Family Database. 4528:Social Sciences in China 4416:The Childless Revolution 3491:. New York: Free Press. 1739:"Kindvrij vs kinderloos" 690:No compelling need/unfit 468:In Russia, the movement 358:higher ethical principle 354:Be fruitful and multiply 244:voluntary extinction of 228:incandescent light bulbs 208:Earned Income Tax Credit 113:psychological well-being 6980:Voluntary childlessness 6893:Social hygiene movement 6746:Transgender health care 6268:Voluntary childlessness 6205:Benatar, David (2008). 5819:The Wall Street Journal 5570:– via www.1tv.ru. 5319:10.1111/1467-9515.00344 5115:SSRN Electronic Journal 4164:Today's Christian Woman 4103:The Wall Street Journal 4040:The Wall Street Journal 3895:Benatar, David (2006). 2467:The Wall Street Journal 480:Statistics and research 431:extinction of humankind 175:cost of raising a child 29:Voluntary childlessness 6721:Genitourinary medicine 6524:In vitro fertilization 6479:Hormonal contraception 6364:Contraceptive security 5359:10.25133/JPSSv27n1.004 4412:Cain, Madelyn (2001). 4284:Environmental Politics 1857:Statistics Netherlands 841: 729:Hard to get child care 716:Children cost too much 427:environmental movement 261: 191: 162:demographic transition 126:of humanity as a whole 94: 6975:Demographic economics 6384:Intersex human rights 5688:American Demographics 3996:10.3138/jcfs.42.4.421 949:Criticism of marriage 839: 255: 189: 158:postpartum depression 88: 6942:tax on childlessness 6698:Genital modification 6622:Unintended pregnancy 6354:Reproductive Justice 6034:The Evening Standard 5756:Sociological Inquiry 5496:"Wat kost een kind?" 5123:10.2139/ssrn.4655594 5006:10.22617/brf210280-2 4363:on December 18, 2023 3115:on December 22, 2023 2840:. October 23, 2014. 2789:on February 26, 2021 2157:10.1192/bjp.176.1.83 463:human overpopulation 322:Tax on childlessness 6642:Pregnancy from rape 6499:Intrauterine device 5790:Pew Research Center 5602:on January 21, 2024 4663:The China Quarterly 4235:1968Sci...162.1243H 4131:(August 15, 1988). 3729:on October 14, 2020 3583:2020ClCh..163.1007S 3211:on January 31, 2019 2943:on October 14, 2018 2610:2018NatSR...811100R 1815:. December 17, 1998 258:Arthur Schopenhauer 221:Holocene Extinction 100:fear of missing out 6888:History of condoms 6777:Sexual dysfunction 6683:Sexual orientation 6637:Options counseling 6484:Male contraception 6407:Genetic counseling 6133:Gender and Society 6008:New Zealand Herald 5957:on August 19, 2022 5951:The New York Times 5657:The New York Times 5596:The Globe and Mail 5262:10.1111/jftr.12507 4939:. February 2, 2022 4937:"北京市薪资水平报告 (2022)" 4917:. February 2, 2022 4714:10.1111/twec.12105 4139:on January 7, 2007 3922:"The Cost of Kids" 3759:The New York Times 3427:The New York Times 3372:on August 31, 2022 3290:The New York Times 3140:The New York Times 2937:The New York Times 2598:Scientific Reports 1979:on October 1, 2017 1942:The Globe and Mail 1699:. Associated Press 887:In popular culture 842: 262: 238:, and support for 192: 95: 6957: 6956: 6657:Teenage pregnancy 6374:Genital integrity 6216:978-0-199-54926-9 6107:978-1-119-28078-1 5982:Iowa Public Radio 5896:Assimon, Jessie. 5825:on March 28, 2023 5086:978-981-19-8890-5 5043:978-981-10-0230-4 4702:The World Economy 4431:978-0-7382-0460-4 4393:on March 10, 2007 4357:Los Angeles Times 4129:Pope John Paul II 4046:on March 12, 2024 3949:"Motherhood Lite" 3906:978-0-199-29642-2 3433:on March 11, 2022 3296:on March 20, 2023 3286:"Aging Societies" 3241:978-1-9821-8161-1 2819:978-1-61205-093-5 2713:on August 1, 2018 2473:on March 12, 2024 2015:on August 5, 2013 1366:on March 29, 2024 1278:on March 12, 2024 1242:on March 16, 2023 974:Population ageing 746: 745: 382:coming out as gay 369:conscientiousness 329:work-life balance 200:existential angst 134:genetic disorders 6987: 6970:Social movements 6919:Two-child policy 6914:One-child policy 6794:Gender dysphoria 6331: 6324: 6317: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6237: 6220: 6201: 6164: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5953:. Archived from 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5925:Associated Press 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5821:. Archived from 5810: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5621: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5598:. Archived from 5587: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5501:Algemeen Dagblad 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5447: 5440: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5361: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5290:(Thesis thesis). 5281: 5275: 5274: 5264: 5240: 5231: 5230: 5220: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5156:(8): 1227–1245. 5141: 5135: 5134: 5106: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4979: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4636:10.1002/psp.2289 4615: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4419: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4359:. Archived from 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4246: 4229:(3859): 1243–8. 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4105:. Archived from 4094: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4042:. Archived from 4031: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4007: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3920:Tomasik, Brian. 3917: 3911: 3910: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3817: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3786: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3750: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3725:. Archived from 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3577:(2): 1007–1023. 3562: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3524: 3503: 3502: 3490: 3482: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3429:. Archived from 3418: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3368:. Archived from 3357: 3346: 3345: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3292:. Archived from 3281: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3207:. Archived from 3196: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3167: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3146:on June 28, 2021 3142:. Archived from 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3111:. Archived from 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3074: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2964: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2939:. Archived from 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2902: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2870:. The Observer. 2863: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2785:. Archived from 2774: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2709:. Archived from 2698: 2689: 2688: 2678: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2469:. Archived from 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2432: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2353: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2305:on July 19, 2022 2301:. Archived from 2290: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2191: 2170: 2169: 2159: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2107: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2078: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2040: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2011:. Archived from 2000: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1975:. Archived from 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1933: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1848: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1805: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1772: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1734: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1607: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1576:on June 16, 2017 1572:. Archived from 1561: 1548: 1547: 1537: 1505: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1435: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1395: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1362:. Archived from 1351: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1313: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1274:. Archived from 1263: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1238:. Archived from 1227: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1089: 1065: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1013: 932: 927: 926: 627: 626: 607:Eastern European 516:one-child policy 474:Edward Lisovskii 470:Childfree Russia 280:, and a form of 236:anthropocentrism 16:Lifestyle choice 6995: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6902: 6871: 6844:United Kingdom 6798: 6750: 6741:Sexual medicine 6702: 6678:Gender identity 6666: 6612:Maternal health 6598: 6558: 6554:fertility fraud 6515: 6508: 6465: 6416: 6390: 6340: 6335: 6297: 6295: 6294:. July 12, 2010 6282: 6264: 6251: 6249: 6240: 6223: 6217: 6204: 6170:Feminist Review 6167: 6130: 6127: 6125:Further reading 6122: 6121: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5960: 5958: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5812: 5811: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5694:on July 2, 2005 5682: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5589: 5588: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5436:"Childlessness" 5434: 5433: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5150:Housing Studies 5143: 5142: 5138: 5108: 5107: 5100: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5019: 5018: 5014: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4792:10.2307/2137436 4773: 4772: 4768: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4109:on July 8, 2022 4096: 4095: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4065:Levine, Carol. 4064: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4015: 4013: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3752: 3751: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3723:The Independent 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3665:Financial Times 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3571:Climatic Change 3564: 3563: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3526: 3525: 3506: 3499: 3484: 3483: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3420: 3419: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3359: 3358: 3349: 3342: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2776: 2775: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2441:ABC (Australia) 2434: 2433: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2379:The Independent 2372: 2371: 2367: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2173: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2080: 2079: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2049:The Daily Beast 2042: 2041: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2002: 2001: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1935: 1934: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1850: 1849: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1807: 1806: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1744:Mondiaal Nieuws 1736: 1735: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1609: 1608: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1563: 1562: 1551: 1507: 1506: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1437: 1436: 1425: 1415: 1413: 1397: 1396: 1379: 1369: 1367: 1360:Financial Times 1353: 1352: 1341: 1331: 1329: 1315: 1314: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1265: 1264: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1229: 1228: 1221: 1211: 1209: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1180: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1126: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1005: 983: 978: 928: 921: 918: 902:One character, 889: 880: 875: 826: 820: 804: 799: 790: 777: 768: 748: 747: 734: 721: 708: 695: 682: 669: 656: 643: 623: 615: 603: 601:Aging of Europe 597: 588: 570: 561: 511: 505: 500: 487: 482: 400: 324: 316:Main articles: 314: 80: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6993: 6991: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6962: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6921: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6860:teen pregnancy 6852: 6851: 6850: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6441: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6280: 6274: 6263: 6262:External links 6260: 6259: 6258: 6238: 6221: 6215: 6202: 6165: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6106: 6076: 6051: 6020: 5994: 5968: 5937: 5911: 5888: 5862: 5836: 5802: 5773: 5746: 5705: 5675: 5642: 5613: 5573: 5549: 5519: 5486: 5459: 5424: 5398: 5387:. July 7, 2017 5372: 5332: 5313:(4): 342–360. 5293: 5276: 5255:(3): 526–541. 5232: 5175: 5136: 5098: 5085: 5055: 5042: 5012: 4991: 4970:(4): 593–618. 4950: 4928: 4906: 4880: 4854: 4833:(4): 593–618. 4813: 4786:(2): 299–320. 4766: 4747:(2): 436–449. 4727: 4708:(3): 481–500. 4688: 4649: 4610: 4573:(1): 471–492. 4553: 4534:(4): 169–184. 4514: 4496: 4481: 4476:Evening Moscow 4463: 4437: 4430: 4404: 4374: 4343: 4317: 4290:(1): 152–172. 4270: 4207: 4185: 4150: 4120: 4086: 4057: 4023: 3990:(4): 421–438. 3970: 3939: 3912: 3905: 3887: 3864: 3838: 3807: 3776: 3740: 3709: 3683: 3650: 3624: 3552: 3504: 3497: 3470: 3444: 3408: 3383: 3347: 3340: 3322: 3307: 3273: 3261:Foreign Policy 3247: 3240: 3222: 3188: 3157: 3126: 3095: 3066: 3037: 3011: 2985: 2954: 2923: 2884: 2855: 2825: 2818: 2800: 2758: 2724: 2690: 2661:(2): 161–172. 2641: 2584: 2557:(4): 873–878. 2541: 2515: 2484: 2453: 2422: 2391: 2365: 2342:10.1086/688892 2336:(3): 886–929. 2316: 2282: 2241: 2212: 2171: 2128: 2099: 2066: 2026: 1990: 1959: 1921: 1907: 1874: 1826: 1809:"Sui genocide" 1793: 1762: 1710: 1687: 1653:(8): 793–802. 1633: 1587: 1549: 1463: 1423: 1377: 1339: 1289: 1253: 1219: 1193: 1178: 1160: 1134: 1109: 1080:(4): 333–347. 1057: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 994: 989: 982: 979: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 935: 934: 933: 930:Society portal 917: 914: 909:True Detective 888: 885: 879: 876: 874: 871: 819: 816: 803: 800: 798: 795: 789: 788:United Kingdom 786: 776: 773: 767: 764: 744: 743: 739: 738: 735: 732: 730: 726: 725: 722: 719: 717: 713: 712: 709: 706: 704: 700: 699: 696: 693: 691: 687: 686: 683: 680: 678: 674: 673: 670: 667: 665: 661: 660: 657: 654: 652: 648: 647: 644: 641: 639: 635: 634: 632: 630: 625: 624: 622: 619: 614: 611: 596: 593: 587: 584: 575:social housing 569: 566: 560: 557: 530:premarital sex 509:Aging of China 504: 501: 499: 496: 486: 483: 481: 478: 399: 396: 313: 310: 217:climate change 213:overpopulation 154:cellular aging 142:sleep deprived 79: 76: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6992: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6937:child benefit 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6865:birth control 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6855:United States 6853: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6652:Prenatal care 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6504:Sterilization 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6471:Contraception 6468: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6439:Birth spacing 6437: 6435: 6434:childlessness 6431: 6430:Childfreeness 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6402:Sex education 6400: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6320: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6139:(1): 122–35. 6138: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6109: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6077: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6021: 6009: 6006:. Lifestyle. 6005: 5998: 5995: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5969: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5938: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5912: 5899: 5892: 5889: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5863: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5727:: 1045–1056. 5726: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5706: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5668:September 17, 5663: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5643: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5550: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5490: 5487: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5460: 5444: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5399: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5056: 5045: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4951: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4881: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4408: 4405: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4344: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4271: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4211: 4208: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4061: 4058: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3971: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3865: 3853: 3852:Science Daily 3849: 3842: 3839: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3710: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3498:0-684-86303-0 3494: 3489: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3341:0-06-042312-9 3337: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3177: 3174:. Lifestyle. 3173: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3127: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2725: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:Public Health 2652: 2645: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2317: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2201: 2198:. Lifestyle. 2197: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2129: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1960: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1814: 1813:The Economist 1810: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1680:September 15, 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1634: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1277: 1273: 1272:National Post 1269: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1208: 1204: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1179:9780717285006 1175: 1171: 1164: 1161: 1149: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1012: 1009: 1002: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 980: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 931: 925: 920: 915: 913: 911: 910: 905: 900: 898: 894: 886: 884: 877: 872: 870: 868: 867: 860: 856: 854: 849: 847: 838: 834: 830: 825: 818:United States 817: 815: 812: 808: 801: 797:North America 796: 794: 787: 785: 781: 774: 772: 765: 763: 760: 756: 752: 740: 731: 727: 718: 714: 705: 701: 692: 688: 679: 675: 666: 662: 653: 649: 640: 636: 631: 628: 620: 618: 612: 610: 608: 602: 594: 592: 585: 583: 579: 576: 567: 565: 558: 556: 554: 548: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 525: 522: 517: 510: 502: 497: 495: 493: 492:childlessness 484: 479: 477: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 417: 416: 410: 406: 397: 395: 394:restaurants. 391: 388: 383: 379: 373: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 337: 335: 334:paid time off 330: 323: 319: 311: 309: 305: 302: 301:David Benatar 297: 292: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 259: 254: 250: 248: 247: 241: 237: 233: 229: 224: 222: 218: 214: 209: 205: 201: 196: 188: 184: 181: 176: 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 146:complications 143: 139: 135: 130: 127: 122: 117: 114: 110: 106: 101: 92: 87: 83: 77: 75: 73: 72:birth control 69: 64: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 33:childfreeness 30: 26: 22: 6949:Abortion law 6932:bachelor tax 6582:vulvovaginal 6516:reproduction 6429: 6298:September 4, 6296:. Retrieved 6287: 6252:December 29, 6250:. Retrieved 6246: 6225: 6206: 6173: 6169: 6136: 6132: 6111:, retrieved 6089: 6079: 6067:. Retrieved 6063: 6054: 6042:. Retrieved 6033: 6023: 6011:. Retrieved 6007: 5997: 5987:December 18, 5985:. Retrieved 5981: 5971: 5961:December 18, 5959:. Retrieved 5955:the original 5950: 5940: 5928:. Retrieved 5924: 5914: 5902:. Retrieved 5891: 5879:. Retrieved 5875: 5865: 5853:. Retrieved 5848: 5839: 5827:. Retrieved 5823:the original 5818: 5795:September 1, 5793:. Retrieved 5789: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5698:December 12, 5696:. Retrieved 5692:the original 5687: 5678: 5666:. Retrieved 5655: 5645: 5633:. Retrieved 5629: 5604:. Retrieved 5600:the original 5595: 5564:. Retrieved 5562:(in Russian) 5558: 5552: 5540:. Retrieved 5531: 5522: 5510:. Retrieved 5504:(in Dutch). 5499: 5489: 5477:. Retrieved 5472: 5462: 5450:. Retrieved 5415:. Retrieved 5411: 5401: 5389:. Retrieved 5385:Vietnam News 5384: 5375: 5363:. Retrieved 5352:(1): 53–69. 5349: 5345: 5335: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5286: 5279: 5252: 5248: 5195:(19): e149. 5192: 5188: 5178: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5114: 5090:, retrieved 5068: 5058: 5047:, retrieved 5025: 5015: 4994: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4941:. Retrieved 4931: 4919:. Retrieved 4909: 4897:. Retrieved 4893: 4883: 4871:. Retrieved 4867: 4857: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4454:. Retrieved 4451:The Guardian 4450: 4440: 4415: 4407: 4395:. Retrieved 4391:the original 4386: 4377: 4365:. Retrieved 4361:the original 4356: 4346: 4334:. Retrieved 4330: 4320: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4261:. Retrieved 4226: 4220: 4210: 4198:. Retrieved 4188: 4178:December 12, 4176:. Retrieved 4167: 4163: 4153: 4143:December 12, 4141:. Retrieved 4137:the original 4123: 4111:. Retrieved 4107:the original 4102: 4077:. Retrieved 4067: 4060: 4048:. Retrieved 4044:the original 4039: 4016:December 12, 4014:. Retrieved 3987: 3983: 3973: 3961:. Retrieved 3952: 3942: 3930:. Retrieved 3915: 3896: 3890: 3873: 3867: 3855:. Retrieved 3851: 3841: 3829:. Retrieved 3825: 3798:. Retrieved 3794: 3767:. Retrieved 3758: 3731:. Retrieved 3727:the original 3722: 3712: 3700:. Retrieved 3696: 3686: 3674:. Retrieved 3663: 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3638:The Guardian 3637: 3627: 3617:November 23, 3615:. Retrieved 3574: 3570: 3543:. Retrieved 3534:The Guardian 3532: 3461:. Retrieved 3457: 3447: 3435:. Retrieved 3431:the original 3426: 3399:. Retrieved 3395: 3386: 3376:September 1, 3374:. Retrieved 3370:the original 3365: 3331: 3325: 3316: 3310: 3298:. Retrieved 3294:the original 3289: 3264:. Retrieved 3260: 3250: 3231: 3225: 3213:. Retrieved 3209:the original 3204: 3179:. Retrieved 3175: 3148:. Retrieved 3144:the original 3139: 3129: 3119:December 21, 3117:. Retrieved 3113:the original 3108: 3098: 3086:. Retrieved 3082: 3057:. Retrieved 3053: 3028:. Retrieved 3024: 3014: 3002:. Retrieved 2998: 2988: 2976:. Retrieved 2973:The Guardian 2972: 2945:. Retrieved 2941:the original 2936: 2926: 2914:. Retrieved 2910: 2875:. Retrieved 2872:The Guardian 2871: 2846:. Retrieved 2837: 2828: 2809: 2803: 2791:. Retrieved 2787:the original 2782: 2749:. Retrieved 2738:The Guardian 2737: 2727: 2715:. Retrieved 2711:the original 2707:Boston Globe 2706: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2604:(1): 11100. 2601: 2597: 2587: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2532:. Retrieved 2528: 2518: 2508:November 13, 2506:. Retrieved 2498:The Guardian 2497: 2487: 2475:. Retrieved 2471:the original 2466: 2456: 2444:. Retrieved 2440: 2413:. Retrieved 2404: 2394: 2382:. Retrieved 2378: 2368: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2307:. Retrieved 2303:the original 2299:The Atlantic 2298: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2232:. Retrieved 2228: 2203:. Retrieved 2199: 2150:(1): 83–85. 2147: 2141: 2131: 2119:. Retrieved 2115: 2090:. Retrieved 2086: 2057:. Retrieved 2048: 2017:. Retrieved 2013:the original 2008: 1981:. Retrieved 1977:the original 1973:The Atlantic 1972: 1962: 1950:. Retrieved 1941: 1898:. Retrieved 1889: 1865:. Retrieved 1855:(in Dutch). 1817:. Retrieved 1812: 1784:. Retrieved 1781:The Guardian 1780: 1753:. Retrieved 1747:(in Dutch). 1742: 1701:. Retrieved 1690: 1678:. Retrieved 1650: 1646: 1636: 1624:. Retrieved 1618:(in Dutch). 1615: 1578:. Retrieved 1574:the original 1569: 1517: 1513: 1454:. Retrieved 1448:(in Dutch). 1443: 1414:. Retrieved 1408:(in Dutch). 1403: 1368:. Retrieved 1364:the original 1359: 1330:. Retrieved 1321: 1280:. Retrieved 1276:the original 1271: 1244:. Retrieved 1240:the original 1236:Boston Globe 1235: 1210:. Retrieved 1206: 1196: 1169: 1163: 1151:. Retrieved 1147: 1137: 1125:. Retrieved 1121: 1112: 1077: 1073: 1025: 1021: 1011: 944:Antinatalism 907: 901: 892: 890: 881: 864: 861: 857: 850: 846:Generation X 843: 831: 827: 813: 809: 805: 791: 782: 778: 769: 761: 757: 753: 749: 616: 604: 589: 580: 571: 562: 549: 546: 539: 526: 521:urbanization 512: 488: 467: 420: 413: 401: 392: 374: 366: 346:Christianity 338: 325: 306: 295: 293: 286: 270:antinatalism 266:misanthropic 263: 246:Homo sapiens 245: 240:deep ecology 225: 211:environment— 197: 193: 131: 118: 96: 81: 65: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 32: 28: 27: 25: 6835:Philippines 6767:Infertility 6726:Gynaecology 6693:Transgender 6461:Sperm theft 6454:foster care 6176:(1): 5–19. 5630:Global News 5606:January 26, 4943:February 2, 4921:February 2, 4899:January 16, 4331:Global News 4263:January 25, 4200:December 8, 4005:1765/101421 3953:Utne Reader 3932:January 10, 3545:October 30, 3266:November 1, 2916:February 1, 1952:January 14, 1944:. Toronto. 1890:Medicinenet 1043:2268/266029 1028:(1): 1–35. 897:Emma Gannon 878:New Zealand 771:children. 621:Netherlands 609:countries. 568:South Korea 409:No Kidding! 264:But these ( 180:Millennials 150:hemorrhoids 129:processes. 121:babysitting 6964:Categories 6927:baby bonus 6923:Financial 6803:By country 6627:childbirth 6617:Obstetrics 6549:Sperm bank 6277:Reason.com 5930:August 30, 5475:(in Dutch) 5452:January 2, 5412:VN Express 4894:Sixth Tone 4873:January 9, 3537:. London. 3083:VN Express 1900:August 27, 1779:. Family. 1148:BBC Future 1003:References 997:Quiverfull 904:Rust Cohle 895:(2020) by 891:The novel 822:See also: 599:See also: 542:lying flat 507:See also: 289:soccer mom 282:narcissism 109:tokophobia 53:child-free 6840:Singapore 6755:Disorders 6716:Andrology 6604:Pregnancy 6588:Research 6444:Parenting 6395:Education 6198:144655316 6161:145086015 6113:August 1, 6069:March 17, 6044:March 17, 6032:. Books. 5900:. Parents 5829:March 28, 5391:March 17, 5327:0144-5596 5271:1756-2570 5209:1598-6357 5170:0267-3037 5131:1556-5068 4986:2057-150X 4849:2057-150X 4800:0098-7921 4761:0147-5967 4722:0378-5920 4683:1468-2648 4669:: 17–50. 4644:1544-8444 4587:0360-0572 4548:0252-9203 4456:March 25, 4367:March 12, 4336:March 12, 4312:233666068 4304:0964-4016 4113:March 12, 4079:April 18, 4050:March 12, 3857:March 17, 3831:March 17, 3826:Live Mint 3800:March 17, 3769:March 17, 3733:March 12, 3702:March 12, 3636:. Books. 3607:226983864 3599:0165-0009 3401:March 17, 3366:Bloomberg 3215:April 21, 3088:March 17, 3030:April 17, 3004:March 25, 2971:. Books. 2877:March 17, 2751:March 12, 2746:0261-3077 2717:March 12, 2534:April 21, 2477:April 30, 2446:March 25, 2415:March 25, 2205:March 17, 2121:March 17, 2116:BBC Radio 2092:March 25, 2059:March 17, 2019:August 4, 1983:March 12, 1819:March 17, 1786:March 17, 1675:149446087 1667:1573-2851 1580:March 12, 1520:: 19–27. 1370:March 29, 1282:March 12, 1246:March 12, 1188:76-188038 1127:March 12, 1104:144352218 1096:1745-3011 1052:210146775 459:resources 439:biosphere 278:suffering 61:childfree 57:childfree 49:childless 45:childfree 37:feminists 6830:Pakistan 6708:Medicine 6688:Intersex 6671:Identity 6632:Abortion 6514:Assisted 6489:Safe sex 6449:adoption 6422:Planning 6038:Archived 6013:March 9, 5662:Archived 5566:July 13, 5536:Archived 5506:Archived 5443:Archived 5365:June 28, 5227:29736162 4605:30078932 4509:RBC News 4397:March 6, 4257:Archived 4172:Archived 4073:Archived 4010:Archived 3963:July 25, 3957:Archived 3926:Archived 3882:29721613 3763:Archived 3670:Archived 3643:March 9, 3611:Archived 3539:Archived 3463:March 7, 3437:April 7, 3181:March 7, 3176:Fox News 3150:April 9, 3059:April 9, 2978:March 9, 2848:April 4, 2842:Archived 2793:March 7, 2685:17826810 2636:30038336 2579:23797296 2571:17012448 2502:Archived 2409:Archived 2360:28082749 2166:10789333 2053:Archived 1946:Archived 1894:Archived 1861:Archived 1749:Archived 1620:Archived 1544:31938736 1450:Archived 1410:Archived 1326:Archived 1322:BBC News 1212:March 8, 1153:June 30, 987:Natalism 981:Antonyms 916:See also 455:scarcity 453:and the 378:insanity 68:celibate 6876:History 6825:Ireland 6577:Women's 6288:Doublex 6234:3050988 6190:1395859 6153:3081818 5904:June 1, 5881:June 1, 5855:June 1, 5741:4122892 5542:May 30, 5512:May 30, 5479:May 30, 5417:May 18, 5218:5934522 4808:2137436 4596:6070151 4253:5699198 4231:Bibcode 4222:Science 3676:May 31, 3579:Bibcode 3205:Reuters 2676:2367232 2627:6056536 2606:Bibcode 2351:5222535 1867:May 31, 1755:May 30, 1626:May 30, 1570:Fortune 1535:6953767 1456:May 30, 1416:May 30, 1332:May 31, 873:Oceania 733: 720: 707: 694: 681: 668: 655: 642: 613:Belgium 586:Vietnam 362:orphans 342:Judaism 138:vectors 6907:Policy 6787:clinic 6564:Health 6494:Condom 6346:Rights 6272:Curlie 6247:Medium 6232: 6213: 6196: 6188: 6159: 6151: 6104: 5876:Forbes 5739: 5635:May 4, 5325: 5269: 5225: 5215: 5207: 5168: 5129: 5092:May 5, 5083: 5049:May 5, 5040: 4984: 4847: 4806: 4798: 4759: 4720: 4681: 4642: 4603: 4593: 4585: 4546: 4428: 4310: 4302: 4251: 3903: 3880: 3605: 3597: 3495: 3338: 3300:May 4, 3238: 2947:May 4, 2838:qz.com 2816: 2783:Quartz 2744: 2683: 2673: 2634: 2624: 2577: 2569: 2384:May 5, 2358: 2348: 2309:May 5, 2234:May 5, 2164: 2087:YouGov 1703:May 4, 1673: 1665: 1542: 1532: 1186: 1176: 1102: 1094: 1050: 992:Parent 802:Canada 775:Sweden 766:Russia 595:Europe 559:Taiwan 449:. The 387:disown 348:, and 164:. The 6815:India 6810:China 6572:Men's 6542:Sperm 6292:Slate 6194:S2CID 6186:JSTOR 6157:S2CID 6149:JSTOR 5737:JSTOR 5723:(4). 5532:Quest 5473:Trouw 5446:(PDF) 5439:(PDF) 4804:JSTOR 4630:(2). 4308:S2CID 3603:S2CID 3458:Stuff 2999:Slate 2575:S2CID 1671:S2CID 1616:Quest 1445:Quest 1405:Trouw 1100:S2CID 1048:S2CID 893:Olive 540:The " 503:China 485:World 350:Islam 91:stork 6848:teen 6820:Iran 6529:ICSI 6300:2011 6254:2022 6230:SSRN 6211:ISBN 6115:2024 6102:ISBN 6071:2021 6046:2021 6015:2021 5989:2023 5963:2023 5932:2022 5906:2016 5883:2016 5857:2016 5831:2023 5797:2022 5700:2006 5670:2017 5637:2023 5608:2024 5568:2024 5544:2020 5514:2020 5481:2020 5454:2017 5419:2023 5393:2021 5367:2024 5323:ISSN 5267:ISSN 5223:PMID 5205:ISSN 5166:ISSN 5127:ISSN 5094:2024 5081:ISBN 5051:2024 5038:ISBN 4982:ISSN 4945:2022 4923:2022 4901:2023 4875:2022 4845:ISSN 4796:ISSN 4757:ISSN 4718:ISSN 4679:ISSN 4640:ISSN 4601:PMID 4583:ISSN 4544:ISSN 4458:2021 4426:ISBN 4399:2007 4387:Time 4369:2024 4338:2024 4300:ISSN 4265:2008 4249:PMID 4202:2006 4180:2006 4145:2006 4115:2024 4081:2007 4052:2024 4018:2019 3965:2016 3934:2013 3901:ISBN 3878:OCLC 3859:2021 3833:2021 3802:2021 3795:WNPR 3771:2021 3735:2024 3704:2024 3678:2020 3645:2021 3619:2020 3595:ISSN 3547:2020 3493:ISBN 3465:2021 3439:2023 3403:2021 3378:2022 3336:ISBN 3302:2023 3268:2020 3236:ISBN 3217:2023 3183:2021 3152:2023 3121:2023 3109:CNBC 3090:2020 3061:2023 3054:CNBC 3032:2023 3006:2021 2980:2021 2949:2023 2918:2021 2879:2021 2850:2018 2814:ISBN 2795:2021 2753:2024 2742:ISSN 2719:2024 2681:PMID 2632:PMID 2567:PMID 2536:2023 2510:2022 2479:2024 2448:2021 2417:2021 2405:Time 2386:2023 2356:PMID 2311:2023 2236:2023 2207:2021 2162:PMID 2123:2021 2094:2021 2061:2021 2021:2013 2009:TIME 1985:2024 1954:2019 1902:2020 1869:2020 1821:2021 1788:2021 1757:2020 1705:2023 1682:2022 1663:ISSN 1628:2020 1582:2024 1540:PMID 1458:2020 1418:2020 1372:2024 1334:2020 1284:2024 1248:2024 1214:2024 1184:LCCN 1174:ISBN 1155:2023 1129:2024 1092:ISSN 954:DINK 498:Asia 421:The 415:Time 407:and 320:and 232:LEDs 41:free 6537:Egg 6270:at 6178:doi 6141:doi 6094:doi 6064:BBC 5764:doi 5729:doi 5354:doi 5315:doi 5257:doi 5213:PMC 5197:doi 5158:doi 5119:doi 5073:doi 5030:doi 5001:doi 4972:doi 4835:doi 4788:doi 4749:doi 4710:doi 4671:doi 4632:doi 4591:PMC 4575:doi 4536:doi 4292:doi 4239:doi 4227:162 4000:hdl 3992:doi 3697:NPR 3587:doi 3575:163 3396:BBC 3025:NPR 2911:CNN 2671:PMC 2663:doi 2659:122 2622:PMC 2614:doi 2559:doi 2555:108 2529:NPR 2346:PMC 2338:doi 2334:122 2271:hdl 2263:doi 2229:CNN 2200:CBC 2152:doi 2148:176 1655:doi 1530:PMC 1522:doi 1082:doi 1038:hdl 1030:doi 711:18% 698:23% 685:26% 672:28% 659:35% 646:54% 457:of 296:not 55:or 31:or 6966:: 6290:. 6286:. 6245:. 6192:. 6184:. 6174:75 6172:. 6155:. 6147:. 6137:17 6135:. 6100:, 6088:, 6062:. 6036:. 5980:. 5949:. 5923:. 5874:. 5847:. 5817:. 5805:^ 5788:. 5776:^ 5760:75 5758:. 5735:. 5721:68 5719:. 5686:. 5660:. 5654:. 5628:. 5616:^ 5594:. 5576:^ 5530:. 5498:. 5471:. 5427:^ 5410:. 5383:. 5350:27 5348:. 5344:. 5321:. 5311:37 5309:. 5305:. 5265:. 5253:15 5251:. 5247:. 5235:^ 5221:. 5211:. 5203:. 5193:33 5191:. 5187:. 5164:. 5154:33 5152:. 5148:. 5125:. 5117:. 5113:. 5101:^ 5079:, 5067:, 5036:, 5024:, 4980:. 4966:. 4962:. 4892:. 4866:. 4843:. 4829:. 4825:. 4802:. 4794:. 4784:22 4782:. 4778:. 4755:. 4745:42 4739:. 4716:. 4706:37 4704:. 4700:. 4677:. 4667:93 4665:. 4661:. 4638:. 4628:26 4626:. 4622:. 4599:. 4589:. 4581:. 4571:41 4569:. 4565:. 4542:. 4532:41 4530:. 4526:. 4474:. 4449:. 4424:. 4422:20 4385:. 4355:. 4329:. 4306:. 4298:. 4288:31 4286:. 4282:. 4255:. 4247:. 4237:. 4225:. 4219:. 4168:25 4166:. 4162:. 4101:. 4089:^ 4038:. 4026:^ 4008:. 3998:. 3988:42 3986:. 3982:. 3955:. 3951:. 3924:. 3850:. 3824:. 3810:^ 3793:. 3779:^ 3761:. 3757:. 3743:^ 3721:. 3695:. 3668:. 3662:. 3609:. 3601:. 3593:. 3585:. 3573:. 3569:. 3555:^ 3531:. 3507:^ 3473:^ 3456:. 3425:. 3411:^ 3394:. 3364:. 3350:^ 3288:. 3276:^ 3259:. 3203:. 3191:^ 3160:^ 3138:. 3107:. 3081:. 3069:^ 3052:. 3040:^ 3023:. 2997:. 2957:^ 2935:. 2909:. 2887:^ 2858:^ 2836:. 2781:. 2761:^ 2740:. 2736:. 2705:. 2693:^ 2679:. 2669:. 2657:. 2653:. 2630:. 2620:. 2612:. 2600:. 2596:. 2573:. 2565:. 2553:. 2527:. 2500:. 2496:. 2465:. 2439:. 2425:^ 2407:. 2403:. 2377:. 2354:. 2344:. 2332:. 2328:. 2297:. 2285:^ 2269:. 2261:. 2257:. 2253:. 2227:. 2215:^ 2174:^ 2160:. 2146:. 2140:. 2114:. 2102:^ 2085:. 2069:^ 2051:. 2047:. 2029:^ 2007:. 1993:^ 1971:. 1940:. 1924:^ 1910:^ 1892:. 1888:. 1877:^ 1859:. 1829:^ 1811:. 1796:^ 1765:^ 1713:^ 1669:. 1661:. 1651:35 1649:. 1645:. 1590:^ 1568:. 1552:^ 1538:. 1528:. 1516:. 1512:. 1466:^ 1426:^ 1380:^ 1358:. 1342:^ 1324:. 1320:. 1292:^ 1270:. 1256:^ 1234:. 1222:^ 1205:. 1182:. 1146:. 1120:. 1098:. 1090:. 1078:16 1076:. 1072:. 1060:^ 1046:. 1036:. 1026:59 1024:. 1020:. 737:5% 724:7% 465:. 344:, 215:, 6432:/ 6330:e 6323:t 6316:v 6302:. 6256:. 6236:. 6219:. 6200:. 6180:: 6163:. 6143:: 6096:: 6073:. 6048:. 6017:. 5991:. 5965:. 5934:. 5908:. 5885:. 5859:. 5833:. 5799:. 5770:. 5766:: 5743:. 5731:: 5702:. 5672:. 5639:. 5610:. 5546:. 5516:. 5483:. 5456:. 5421:. 5395:. 5369:. 5356:: 5329:. 5317:: 5273:. 5259:: 5229:. 5199:: 5172:. 5160:: 5133:. 5121:: 5075:: 5032:: 5009:. 5003:: 4988:. 4974:: 4968:7 4947:. 4925:. 4903:. 4877:. 4851:. 4837:: 4831:7 4810:. 4790:: 4763:. 4751:: 4724:. 4712:: 4685:. 4673:: 4646:. 4634:: 4607:. 4577:: 4550:. 4538:: 4460:. 4434:. 4401:. 4371:. 4340:. 4314:. 4294:: 4267:. 4241:: 4233:: 4204:. 4182:. 4147:. 4117:. 4083:. 4054:. 4020:. 4002:: 3994:: 3967:. 3936:. 3909:. 3884:. 3861:. 3835:. 3804:. 3773:. 3737:. 3706:. 3680:. 3647:. 3621:. 3589:: 3581:: 3549:. 3501:. 3467:. 3441:. 3405:. 3380:. 3344:. 3304:. 3270:. 3244:. 3219:. 3185:. 3154:. 3123:. 3092:. 3063:. 3034:. 3008:. 2982:. 2951:. 2920:. 2881:. 2852:. 2822:. 2797:. 2755:. 2721:. 2687:. 2665:: 2638:. 2616:: 2608:: 2602:8 2581:. 2561:: 2538:. 2512:. 2481:. 2450:. 2419:. 2388:. 2362:. 2340:: 2313:. 2279:. 2273:: 2265:: 2259:6 2238:. 2209:. 2168:. 2154:: 2125:. 2096:. 2063:. 2023:. 1987:. 1956:. 1904:. 1871:. 1823:. 1790:. 1759:. 1707:. 1684:. 1657:: 1630:. 1584:. 1546:. 1524:: 1518:9 1460:. 1420:. 1374:. 1336:. 1286:. 1250:. 1216:. 1190:. 1157:. 1131:. 1106:. 1084:: 1054:. 1040:: 1032:: 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index