W. H. R. Rivers - Knowledge (XXG)

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as manifested by flight, (ii) aggression as manifested by fighting, (iii) the suppression of all emotion in order to complete complex tasks which leads to safety, (iv) terror as manifested by immobility, and (v) the suppression of all physical resources as manifested by collapsing. Typically, reactions i, ii, iv, and v are suppressed so that humans can remain calm in the face of fear and can complete complex actions which lead to safety. When all five "self-preservation" instincts are repeatedly aroused for long periods of time, such as during exposure to war, the instincts gain power and eventually "escape" from the unconscious. As such, the emotions of fear, aggression, and terror arise into consciousness, as do their associated responses. These emotions and their suggested actions create great conflict in the consciousness, however: "fear" and "terror" are far from socially acceptable in war. In order to deal with the conflict created by the "escaped" instincts, Rivers posited that the mind must do something to provide immediate relief. It is this attempt to achieve relief from mental conflicts that leads to war neuroses.

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particularly significant institution. In the Toda case, it is the sacred dairy cult. But Rivers is unable to sustain this focus throughout the work, so after a brilliant opening, the book tails off somewhat. We get a good idea of the Toda dairies and the ideas of ritual purity that protect them; but then the author returns to the ready-made categories of the day: gods, magic, kinship, clanship, crime and so on, and says no more about the dairies. Moreover, he failed to discover the existence of matrilineal clans alongside the patrilineal ones. A second, and more important, limitation of his study is its failure to view Toda society as a local and specialized variant of—as A. L. Kroeber wrote—"higher Indian culture". Rivers's book has been largely responsible for the view (now not infrequently held by educated Todas themselves) that these are a people quite distinct from other South Indians.

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not the same type as that of Europeans; they possessed no word for blue, and an intelligent native found nothing unnatural in applying the same name to the brilliant blue sea or sky and to the deepest black. "Moreover", Head goes on to state in Rivers's obituary notice, "he was able to explode the old fallacy that the 'noble savage' was endowed with powers of vision far exceeding that of civilised natives. Errors of refraction are, it is true, less common, especially myopia. But, altogether the feats of the Torres Straits islanders equalled those reported by travellers from other parts of the world, they were due to the power of attending to minute details in familiar and strictly limited surrounding, and not to supernormal visual acuity."

649:, he was unable to visualise any part of the upper floor of the house he lived in until he was five. By contrast, Rivers was able to describe the lower floors of that particular house with far more accuracy than he had been able to with any house since. Although images of later houses were faded and incomplete, no memory since had been as inaccessible as that of the upper floor of his early home. Given evidence, Rivers came to conclude that something had happened to him on the upper floor of that house, the memory of which was entirely suppressed because it "interfered with comfort and happiness". In addition to that specific memory being inaccessible, his sensory memory in general appears to have been severely disabled from that moment. 1659:

the unconscious. Neuroses, therefore, develop when something in the natural process of suppression is disrupted so that a suppressed instinct and its associated emotion are released from the unconscious. Rivers cites two possible reasons for the "escape" of such instincts from the unconscious: either the instinct became too strong to contain, or the normal reserves which typically suppress it were weakened. It is important to note, however, that the etiology of war neuroses is not simply the escape of instincts from the unconscious and the ensuing conflict. More often than not, Rivers believed that the way in which such conflict is resolved (or is attempted to be resolved) also greatly influences the manifestation of the neuroses.

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at St John's College." In the normal course of events, Head would travel to Cambridge on Saturday, after spending several hours on the outpatient department of the London Hospital. On these occasions, however, he would find that he was simply too exhausted to work on the Saturday evening so experimentation would have to be withheld until the Sunday. If, therefore, a long series of tests were to be carried out, Head would come to Cambridge on the Friday, returning to London on Monday morning. At some points, usually during Rivers's vacation period, longer periods could be devoted to the observations. Between the date of the operation and their last sitting on 13 December 1907, 167 days were devoted to the investigation.

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war years, his personality seemed to change dramatically. The man who had been most at home in his study, the laboratory, or the field now dined out a good deal, had joined clubs, went yachting and appeared to welcome rather than shun opportunities for public speaking. Always having been a voracious reader, he now began reading in philosophy, as he had not done for some years, and also in imaginative literature. Not all of his friends from former years welcomed these changes; some felt that, along with his shyness, his scientific caution and good sense may have deserted him to a degree but most people who saw how happy Rivers had become agreed that the slight alterations to his character were for the better.

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begin to stammer. We also learn of Rivers' treatment of officers in the airforce and of his work with Head. Sassoon too plays a role in the book- Rivers visits him in hospital where he finds him to be a different, if not broken, man, his attempt at 'suicide' having failed. This second novel in the trilogy, both implicitly and directly, addresses the issue of Rivers' possible homosexuality and attraction to Sassoon. From Rivers' reaction to finding out that Sassoon is in hospital to the song playing in the background ('You Made Me Love You') and Ruth Head's question to her husband, "Do you think he's in love with him?" we get a strong impression of the author's opinions on Rivers' sexuality.

1323:(the erection of hairs). Head and Rivers noted that the thrill evoked by aesthetic pleasure is "accompanied by the erection of hairs" and they noted that this reaction was no greater in the area of skin with protopathic sensibility than it was in the area of the more evolved epicritic, making it a purely psychologically based phenomena. As Langham puts it: "The image of a man reading a poem to evoke aesthetic pleasure while a close friend meticulously studies the erection of his hairs may seem ludicrous. However, it provides a neat encapsulation of Rivers's desire to subject possibly protopathic phenomena to the discipline of rigorous investigation." 3346:: "Not only may an injury occurring in the presence of danger fail wholly to be perceived, but the pain already present may completely disappear, even if it depends upon definite organic changes. On one occasion I was in imminent danger of shipwreck while suffering from severe inflammation of the skin over the shin-bones, consequent upon sun-burn, which made every movement painful. So long as the danger was present I moved about freely, quite oblivious to the state of my legs, and wholly free from pain. There was also striking absence of the fear I should have expected the incident to produce." 992:. These working spaces were characterised as "dismal", "damp, dark and ill-ventilated" but they did not discourage the Cambridge psychologists. Psychology began to thrive: "perhaps, in the early days of scientific progress, a subject often grows all the more surely if its workers have to meet difficulties, improvise their apparatus, and rub very close shoulders one with another." In 1912 a well-equipped laboratory was finally built under the directorship of Charles S. Myers, one of Rivers's earliest and ablest pupils. A wealthy man, he supplemented the university grant with his own funds. 1312:. As Langham points out, with special references to "Rivers's reputed sexual proclivities", it is at this point that the experiment takes on an almost farcical aspect to the casual reader. It may not seem surprising to us that when Rivers was to apply a needle to a particularly sensitive part of the glans that "pain appeared and was so excessively unpleasant that cried out and started away"; indeed, such a test could be seen as a futility verging on the masochistic. Nor would we necessarily equate the following passage with what one might normally find in a scientific text: 1189:– at least Rivers, Ray and I were – McDougall soon fell victim and even Myers eventually succumbed." It may seem to be a bizarre occupation for a group of highly qualified men of science, indeed, as Haddon states: "I can imagine that some people would think we were demented – or at least wasting our time." However, both Haddon and Rivers were to use the string trick to scientific ends and they are also credited as inventing a system of nomenclature that enabled them to be able to schematise the steps required and teach a variety of string tricks to European audiences. 1185:

whom regarded the fact he had induced Rivers to come to the Torres Straits as his claim to fame. It cannot be denied that both Rivers and Haddon were serious about their work but at the same time they were imbued with a keen sense of humour and fun. Haddon's diary from Tuesday 16 August reads thus: "Our friends and acquaintances would often be very much amused if they could see us at some of our occupations and I am afraid these would sometimes give occasion to the enemy to blaspheme – so trivial would they appear ... for example one week we were mad on

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individual. The Todas in the Nilgiri Hills of Southern India, with their population then about 700 plus, suited Rivers's criteria. And they had specific features of social organization, such as polyandrous marriage and a bifurcation of their society into so-called moieties that had interested historical evolutionists. Whether his fieldwork was initially so single-minded is questionable, however, since at first Rivers looked at other local communities and studied their visual perception before fixing all his attention on the Todas.

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certain threshold at which point the feeling evoked was unpleasant and usually perceived as being "more painful" than it was if the same stimulus was applied to Head's unaffected arm. Also, although the sensitive spots were quite definitely localised, Head, who sat through the tests with his eyes closed, was unable to gain any exact appreciation of the locus of stimulation. Quite the contrary, the sensations radiated widely, and Head tended to refer them to places remote from the actual point of stimulation.

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states that it is probable that the second "Rivers" entered his name as a result of a clerical error on the baptismal certificate, but since the register is filled in by his father's hand, and his father performed the ceremony, this seems unlikely. Slobodin notes that a mistake on the registry of his birth but his name was changed from the mistaken "William False Rivers Rivers" to its later form, with "Halse" as the second name. This suggests that "Rivers" was intended as a given name as well as a surname.

1315:"The foreskin was drawn back, and the penis allowed to hang downwards. A number of drinking glasses were prepared containing water at different temperatures. stood with his eyes closed, and gradually approached one of the glasses until the surface of the water covered the glans but did not touch the foreskin. Contact with the fluid was not appreciated; if, therefore, the temperature of the water was such that it did not produce a sensation of heat or cold, Head was unaware that anything had been done." 1347:, and now held only a lectureship on the physiology of the special senses. By degrees he became more absorbed in anthropological research. But though he was now an ethnologist rather than a psychologist he always maintained that what was of value in his work was due directly to his training in the psychological laboratory. In the laboratory he had learnt the importance of exact method; in the field he now gained vigour and vitality by his constant contact with the actual daily behaviour of human beings. 4202: 1262:

scarcely possible... to ask even simple questions without giving a suggestion either for or against the right answer... The clinking of ice against the glass, the removal of the kettle from the hob, tended to prejudice his answers... was therefore particularly careful to make all his preparations beforehand; the iced tubes were filled and jugs of hot and cold water ranged within easy reach of his hand, so that the water of the temperature required might be mixed silently."

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Laboratory during the present year. On the evening of the next day I heard that he was dangerously ill. As I approached the College on the morning of June 5 I saw the flag at half mast. He had, in fact, died in the early afternoon of the preceding day. Never have I known so deep a gloom settle upon the College as fell upon it at that time. There was hardly a man – young or old – who did not seem to be intimately and personally affected. Rivers knew nearly everybody. As

996: 2020:, the final part of the trilogy, shows a side of Rivers not previously seen in the novels. As well as his relationship with his sisters and father, we also learn of his feelings for Charles Dodgson- or Lewis Carroll. Carroll was the first adult Rivers met who stammered as badly as he did and yet he cruelly rejected him, preferring to lavish attention on his pretty young sisters. In this novel the reader also learns of Rivers' visit to Melanesia; feverish with 1177:

to this nomenclature is to be found in forms of social organisation especially in varieties of the institution of marriage." Rivers found that relationship terms were used to imply definite duties, privileges and mutual restrictions in conduct, rather than being biologically based as Europeans' are. As Head puts it: "all these facts were clearly demonstrable by the genealogical method, a triumphant generalisation which has revolutionised ethnology."

1655:"Instincts", in this regard, are actions which an organism performs without learning and which are executed without the mediating influence of thought. As such, the action has an "all-or-none" aspect to it: it either does not occur at all or it occurs with all of its force. To this end, Rivers included the protopathic sensations, mass-reflex actions (as observed in spinal-cord injury patients), and basic emotions (i.e. anger, fear) as instincts. 1900:

those who are acquainted only with his published works can never fully realise... it is of Rivers as a man that we think; of his eager and unconquerable optimism, and of his belief in the possible greatness of all things human. Whatever may be the verdict of the years upon his published works, the influence of his vivid personality will remain for all who knew him as one of the best things that have ever entered their lives.

1390:". These soldiers were known to demonstrate symptoms such as temporary blindness, memory loss, paralysis, and uncontrollable crying. As such, by the time Rivers was assigned to Maghull War Hospital, it was known as the "centre for abnormal psychology", and many of its physicians were employing techniques such as dream interpretation, psychoanalysis and hypnosis to treat shell shock, also known as the war neuroses. 616: 1119: 1075:

subject, and before he had finished his title was writ large on the faces of his audience. In the Cambridge physiological laboratory too he had to lecture to a large elementary class. He was rather nervous about it, and did not like it, his hesitation of speech made his style dry and he had not yet acquired the art of expressing his original ideas in an attractive form, except in private conversation.

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symptoms of paralysis and diminished or lost sensory capacities, even in the absence of anxiety or depression.These physiological symptoms, although distressing in themselves, make it impossible for a soldier to be returned to the front line. Thus, the body compensates for its inability to suppress the danger instincts in the face of war by making it so that the soldier must avoid warfare altogether.

1471:: the idea that bringing repressed memories into the light of consciousness rids memories and thoughts of their power. As a result, Rivers spent most of his days talking with the officers at Craiglockhart, guiding them through a process Rivers referred to as autogonosis. Rivers' autogonosis consisted of two parts. The first part included "re-education", or educating the patient about the basics of 1079:

puts it, "the keynote of Rivers was thoroughness. Keenness of thought and precision marked all his work." His research was distinguished by a fidelity to the demands of experimental method very rare in the realms which he was exploring and, although often overlooked, the work that Rivers did in this early period is of immense import as it formed the foundation of all that came later.

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if his introspection was being prejudiced by external irrelevancies or moulded by the form of the experimenter's questions, and sufficiently detached to lead a life of detachment throughout the entire course of the tests. It was in the belief that he could fulfil these requirements, that Head himself volunteered to act, as Langham puts it, "as Rivers's experimental guinea-pig".

1011:. According to Bartlett, Rivers's chapter "still remains, from a psychological point of view, one of the best in the English Language". Rivers reviewed the work of previous investigators, incorporated his own, and critically examined the rival theories of colour vision. He noted clearly the significance of psychological factors in, for instance, the phenomena of contrast. 718:

shattering of dreams might have broken lesser men but for Rivers in many ways the illness was the making of him. Whilst recovering from the fever, Rivers had formed a friendship with one of his father's speech therapy students, a young Army surgeon. His plan was formed: he would study medicine and apply for training in the Army Medical Department, later to become the

516: 1214:, which came out in 1906, is still an outstanding contribution to Indian ethnography, "indispensable: still only to be supplemented rather than superseded", as Murray Emeneau wrote in 1971. And it is little wonder that so famous a champion of anthropological fieldwork as Dr Bronislaw Malinowski (1884–1942) declared Rivers to be his "patron saint of field work". 699: 638:, although he was able to visualise to an extent if dreaming, in a half-waking, half-sleeping state, or when feverish. Rivers noted that in his early life- specifically before the age of five- his visual imagery was far more definite than it became in later life. He thought it was perhaps as good as that of the average child. 1566:, lingering as it does on Rivers's warm smile and endearing habits – he often sat, spectacles pushed up on forehead, with his hands clasped around one knee – suggests that it was more than liking he felt. And privately he was rather franker, telling Marsh, whom he knew would understand, that he "loved at first sight". 1797:

disregard for personal gain", he was selfless to the last. There is a document granting approval for the diploma in anthropology to be awarded as of Easter term, 1922, to an undergraduate student from India. It is signed by Haddon and Rivers dated 4 June 1922. At the bottom is a notation in Haddon's handwriting:

1562:) that Rivers became the embodiment of the male "dream friend" who had been the companion of Sassoon's boyhood fantasies. Sassoon publicly acknowledged that "there was never any doubt about my liking . He made me feel safe at once, and seemed to know all about me". But Sassoon's description of the doctor in 1723:

recalled in 1923: "when I asked him if he would undertake that work... his eyes shone with a new light I had not seen before, and he paced his rooms for several minutes full of delight." He took his new position to be a mandate to get to know every science student and indeed every other student at St

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After the war, Rivers became "another and far happier man – diffidence gave place to confidence, reticence to outspokenness, a somewhat laboured literary style to one remarkable for ease and charm". He is quoted as saying "I have finished my serious work and I shall just let myself go." In those post

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laying down the law. The comparison was an apt one, and one side of the truth. The other side of him was his sympathy. It was a sort of power of getting into another man's life and treating it as if it were his own. And yet all the time he made you feel that your life was your own to guide, and above

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Rivers did not wish to "break" his patients, but at the same time he knew that it was their duty to return to the front and his duty to send them. There is also an implication (given the pun on Rivers's name along with other factors) that Rivers was more to Sassoon than just a friend. Sassoon called

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Rivers worked among the Todas for less than six months during 1901–02, communicating with his Toda informants only through interpreters and lodged in an Ootacamund hotel. Yet he assembled a stunning collection of data on the ritual and social lives of the Toda people. Almost all who have subsequently

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Even by Victorian standards, Hunt was a decided racist. His paper "On a Negro's Place in Nature", delivered before the BAAS in 1863, was met with hisses and catcalls. What Hunt considered "a statement of the simple facts" was thought by others to be a defence of the subjection and slavery of Africans

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The Hunts, like the Rivers family, were established with naval and Church of England connections. One of those destined for the pulpit was Thomas (1802–1851), but some quirk of originality set him off into an unusual career. While an undergraduate at Cambridge, Thomas Hunt had a friend who stammered

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in South Africa, for his treatment of soldiers by applying psychological methods and humane support to heal their psychological scars. Rivers' methodology also helped the protagonist, who became a psychiatric nurse herself, to overcome her trauma. In a twist of events, she treats one of the soldiers

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deals primarily with Rivers's treatment of Sassoon at Craiglockhart. In the novel we are introduced to Rivers as a doctor for whom healing patients comes at price. The dilemmas faced by Rivers are brought to the fore and the strain leads him to become ill; on sick leave he visits his brother and the

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Rivers further asserted that all painful or un-useful instincts are naturally kept out of conscious awareness (i.e. in the unconscious) by suppression. Suppression—in this view—is a natural and "unwitting" (unintentional) method for removing painful instincts from consciousness and confining them in

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In attempting to construct such an umbrella theory, Rivers accepted that the unconscious exists and that the contents of the unconscious are entirely inaccessible to a person except through the processes of hypnosis, dreaming, or psychoanalysis. Rivers further defined the unconscious as a repository

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River's theory of the neuroses incorporates everything Rivers had researched up until this point and was designed to "consider the general biological function of the process by which experience passes into the region of the unconscious...." (pp. 5–6). In other words, Rivers' goal was to outline

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Sassoon came to Rivers in 1917 after publicly protesting against the war and refusing to return to his regiment, but was treated with sympathy and given much leeway until he voluntarily returned to France. For Rivers, there was a considerable dilemma involved in "curing" his patients simply in order

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It quickly became clear to Rivers, looking in on the experiment from a psycho-physical aspect, that the only way accurate results could be obtained from introspection on behalf of the patient is if the subject under investigation was himself a trained observer, sufficiently discriminative to realise

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Upon his return to England from the Torres Strait, Rivers became aware of a series of experiments being conducted by his old friend Henry Head in conjunction with James Sherren, a surgeon at the London Hospital where they both worked. Since 1901, the pair had been forming a systematic study of nerve

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In the preface to this book Rivers wrote that his work was "not merely the record of the customs and beliefs of a people, but also the demonstration of anthropological method". That method is the collection of genealogical materials for the purpose of more fully investigating other aspects of social

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Rivers had already formed a career in physiology and psychology. But now he moved more definitively into anthropology. He wanted a demographically small, fairly isolated people, comparable to the island societies of the Torres Strait, where he might be able to get genealogical data on each and every

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had prepared him for this work. Rivers conducted some experiments on himself, for instance for two years giving up alcoholic beverages and tobacco, neither of which he liked, but also giving up all tea, coffee and cocoa as well. Initially he intended to explore physiological incentives for consuming

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The opposition of the Senate resulted in limited support for Rivers's work in its early years. It was not until 1901, eight years after his appointment, that he was allowed the use of a small cottage for the laboratory, and budgeted thirty-five pounds annually (later increased to fifty) for purchase

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by John Francis, was brought into court but was incapable of giving his evidence. After a fortnight's instruction from Hunt, he spoke easily, a fact certified by the sitting magistrate. Hunt died in 1851, survived by his wife Mary and their two children. His practice was passed on to his son, James.

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that he was going down to the cockpit. He endured the amputation of his leg four inches below the knee, without anaesthetic. According to legend, he did not cry out once during that nor during the consequent sealing of the wound with hot tar. When Gunner Rivers, anxious about his son's welfare, went

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In regards to the war neuroses, Rivers believed that the disease's manifestation stems from the escape of the "self-preservation" or "danger instincts" from the unconscious. These "danger instincts", as Rivers conceives of them, include at least five types of reflexive reactions to danger: (i) fear

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So that the distractions of a busy life should not interfere with Head's introspective analysis, it was decided that the experimentation should take place in Rivers's rooms. Here, as Head states, "for five happy years we worked together on week-ends and holidays in the quiet atmosphere of his rooms

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While the expedition was clearly productive and, in many ways, arduous for its members, it was also the foundation of lasting friendships. The team would reunite at many points and their paths would frequently converge. Of particular note is the relationship between Rivers and Haddon, the latter of

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It was at once evident to Rivers that "the names applied to the various forms of blood relationship did not correspond to those used by Europeans, but belonged to what is known as a 'classificatory system'; a man's 'brothers' or 'sisters' might include individuals we should call cousins and the key

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Rivers realised that part of the effects – mental and physical – that substances had were caused psychologically by the excitement of knowing that one is indulging. In order, to eliminate "all possible effects of suggestion, sensory stimulation and interest", Rivers ensured that the substances were

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Rivers was stretched in his work, as he still had ongoing teaching commitments at Guy's hospital and at University College. In addition to these mounting responsibilities, in 1897 he was put in temporary charge of the new psychological laboratory at University College. That year Foster had assigned

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to a meeting of the society. The case demonstrated the ill effects of what is understood as repetitive motion injury. Such injuries sustained by factory workers, against which they had little protection or compensation, were part of the cost for millions of people of Britain's industrial supremacy.

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However, the investigations, bizarre as they may seem, did have a sound scientific basis since Rivers especially was looking at the protopathic and epicritic from an evolutionary perspective. From this standpoint it is intensely interesting to note that the male anatomy maintains one area which is

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Gradually during the course of the investigation, certain isolated spots of cutaneous sensibility began to appear; these spots were sensitive to heat, cold and pressure. However, the spaces between these spots remained insensitive at first, unless sensations- such as heat or cold- reached above a

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Rivers's first task was to examine first hand the colour vision of the islanders and compare it to that of Europeans. In the course of his examinations of the visual acuity of the natives, Rivers showed that colour-blindness did not exist or was very rare, but that the colour vision of Papuans was

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Among two or three friends, however, the picture of Rivers is quite different. His conversations were full of interest and illumination; "he was always out to elicit the truth, entirely sincere, and disdainful of mere dialect." His insistence on veracity made him a formidable researcher, as Haddon

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The teenage Rivers, whilst scholarly, was also involved in other aspects of school life. As the programme for the Tonbridge School sports day notes, on 12 March 1880 – Rivers's sixteenth birthday – he ran in the mile race. The year before this he had been elected as a member of the school debating

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fame; there was also a longstanding family tradition whereby the eldest son of every line would be baptised by that name. The origin of "Halse" is unclear. There may be some naval connection, as it has been suggested that it could have been the name of someone serving alongside his uncle. Slobodin

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concentrates, for the most part, on Rivers' treatment of the fictional character of Prior. Although Prior's character may not have existed, the facts that he makes Rivers face up to did – that something happened to him on the first floor of his house that caused him to block all visual memory and

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of Natural Sciences at St John's he interviewed all the science freshmen when they came first into residence and, in an amazing number of cases, he kept in close touch with them throughout their Cambridge career. Everybody who came into contact with him was stimulated and helped to a degree which

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For example, Rivers proposed that officers and soldiers who have night terrors do so because they are trying to wittingly repress emotions and their associated instincts back into the unconscious. Repression, according to Rivers, is never adequate for removing conflict; it is only fruitful when a

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and faradization for an alternative treatment method.) Furthermore, Rivers encouraged his patients to express their emotions in a time when society encouraged men to keep a "stiff upper-lip". River's method, and his deep concern for every individual he treated, made him famous among his clients.

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Finally, when Head was able to distinguish between different temperatures and sensations below the threshold, and when he could recognise when two compass points were applied simultaneously to the skin, Head's arm began to enter the second stage of recovery. They named this stage the "epicritic",

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The Torres Straits expedition was "revolutionary" in many other respects as well. For the first time, British anthropology had been removed from its "armchair" and placed into a sound empirical basis, providing the model for future anthropologists to follow. In 1916, Sir Arthur Keith stated in an

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After qualifying, Rivers sought to join the army but was not passed fit. This was a byproduct of typhoid fever. As Elliot Smith was later to write, as quoted in a biography of Rivers: "Rivers always had to fight against ill health: heart and blood vessels." Along with the health problems noted by

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In an alternative scenario, wartime hysteria can be explained as the body's suppression of normal physiological functioning in order to avoid the scenario which activates the danger instincts and releases the associated emotion of fear into consciousness. Hysterical soldiers often presented with

1432:. He had demonstrated, first, that men of unquestioned bravery could succumb to overwhelming fear and, second, that the most effective motivation to overcome that fear was something stronger than patriotism, abstract principles, or hatred of the enemy. It was the love of soldiers for one another. 1225:

represented in 1906 a novel approach to the presentation of ethnographic data, one that, under the influence of Malinowski, would later become a standard practice in British social anthropology. This is the analysis of a people's society and culture by presentation of a detailed description of a

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His sister Katharine wrote that when he came to visit the family, he would often sleep for the first day or two. Considering the volume of work that Rivers completed in his relatively short lifetime, Seligman wrote in 1922 that "for many years he seldom worked for more than four hours a day". As

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all memories of traumatic experiences or unacceptable emotions. Once a patient could understand the source(s) of his troubles (which could be conscious, unconscious, environmental, or a combination), Rivers could then help him contrive ways to overcome these patterns and thus free himself from

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It was at this point that Rivers began collecting family histories and constructing genealogical tables but his purpose appears to have been more biological than ethnological since such tables seem to have originated as a means of determining whether certain sensory talents or disabilities were

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He had been taken ill suddenly in his rooms at St John's on the evening of Friday 3 June, having sent his servant home to enjoy the summer festivities. By the time he was found in the morning, it was too late and he knew it. Typically for this man who, throughout his life "displayed a complete

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Rivers's uniform was not the only constraint in their relationship. He was almost certainly homosexual by inclination and it must quickly have become clear to him that Sassoon was too. Yet neither is likely to have referred to it, though we know that Sassoon was already finding his sexuality a

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Since Head was simultaneously collaborator and experimental subject, extensive precautions were taken to make sure that no outside factors influenced his subjective appreciation of what he was perceiving: "No questions were asked until the termination of a series of events; for we found it was

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Despite his many successes, Rivers was still a markedly reticent man in mixed company, hampered as he was by his stammer and innate shyness. In 1897, Langdon-Brown invited Rivers to come and address the Abernethian Society. The occasion was not an unqualified success. He chose "Fatigue" as his

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treatment to "cure" his patients. The juxtaposition of the two very different doctors highlights the unique, or at least unconventional, nature of Rivers' methods and the humane way in which he treated his patients (even though Yealland's words, and his own guilt and modesty lead him to think

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On June 3 last year I was walking through the grounds of St John's College, here in Cambridge, when I met Dr. Rivers returning from a stroll. He was full of energy and enthusiasm, and began at once to talk about certain new courses of lectures which he proposed to deliver at the Psychological

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So it was that, on 25 April 1903, the radial and external cutaneous nerves of Henry Head's arm were severed and sutured. Rivers was then to take on the role of examiner and chart the regeneration of the nerves, considering the structure and functions of the nervous system from an evolutionary

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to expand his knowledge of experimental psychology. Whilst in Jena, Rivers became fluent in German and attended lectures on both psychology and philosophy. He also became deeply immersed in the culture; in a diary he kept of the journey he comments on the buildings, picture galleries, church

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His illness had been severe, entailing long convalescence and leaving him with effects which at times severely disabled him. As L. E. Shore notes: "he was not a strong man, and was often obliged to take a few days rest in bed and subsist on a milk diet". The severity of the sickness and the

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At first observation, the day after the operation, the back of Head's hand and the dorsal surface of his thumb were seen to be "completely insensitive to stimulation with cotton wool, to pricking with a pin, and to all degrees of heat and cold." While cutaneous sensibility had ceased, deep

1087:

Rivers recognised in himself "the desire for change and novelty, which is one of the strongest aspects of my mental makeup" and, while fond of St John's, the staid lifestyle of his Cambridge existence showed in signs of nervous strain and led him to experience periods of depression.

1487:

Rivers' approach to treating the war neuroses made him a pioneer in his day; while he was not the first to advocate humane treatment methods for the war neuroses, he was one of the few to do so in a time when there was much debate over the cause and thus the "correct" treatment for

1006:

The Cambridge psychologists and Rivers were initially most interested in the special senses: colour vision, optical illusions, sound-reactions, and perceptual processes. In these fields, Rivers was rapidly becoming eminent. He was invited to write a chapter on vision for Schäfer's

3606: 1912:

using the same famously humane methods as Rivers had. There is also a Rivers Memorial Medal, founded in 1923, which is rewarded each year to an anthropologist who has made a significant impact in his or her field. Appropriately, Haddon was the first to receive this award in 1924.

557:

notes that in his short lifetime, James Hunt is said to have treated over 1,700 cases of speech impediment, firstly in his father's practice and later at his own institute, Ore House near Hastings. He set up the latter with the aid of a doctorate he had purchased in 1856 from the

1674:

Overall, Rivers attributed the neuroses to both (i) the escape of painful instincts and their associated emotions from the unconscious and (ii) the mind's unsuccessful efforts to force such instincts and their emotions back into the conscious. While Rivers' theory contains some

915:

services, and education system, showing his wide interests and critical judgement. In this diary he also wrote that: "I have during the last three weeks come to the conclusion that I should go in for insanity when I return to England and work as much as possible at psychology."

3587:

Langham also finds it of interest, in lieu of Rivers's sexual leanings, that the only internal area of protopathic sensitivity the investigators were to find was that of the lower alimentary canal (see Head, Rivers and Sherren, "The Afferent Nervous System from a New Aspect",

1724:

John's, and at other colleges. He would arrange "At Homes" in his rooms on Sunday evenings, as well as Sunday morning breakfast meetings; he also organised informal discussions and formal lectures (many of which he gave himself) in the College Hall. He formed a group called

1050:

disguised so that he could not ascertain, in any instance, whether he was taking a drug or a control substance. This was the first experiment of its kind to use this double-blind procedure. As a result of the importance attached to the study, Rivers was appointed in 1906 as

2087: 591:

In addition to his extremist views, Hunt led the society to incur heavy debts. The controversies surrounding his conduct told on his health and, on 29 August 1869, Hunt died of "inflammation of the brain". He was survived by his widow, Henrietta Maria, and five children.

1319:"unevolved" in so much as it is "associated with a more primitive form of sensibility". Using this information about the protopathic areas of the human body, Rivers and Head then began to explore elements of man's psyche. One way in which they did this was to examine the 472:. The seventeen-year-old midshipman nearly lost his foot when it was struck by a grenade; it was attached to him only "by a Piece of Skin abought 4 inch above the ankle". Rivers asked first for his shoes, then told the gunner's mate to look after the guns, and told 641:

At first, Rivers had concluded that his loss of visual imagery had resulted from his lack of attention and interest in it. But, as he later came to realise, while images from his later life frequently faded into obscurity, those from his infancy still remained vivid.

312: 1366:(1914), which he dedicated to St Johns, presented a diffusionist thesis for the development of culture in the south-west Pacific. In the year of publication he made a second journey to Melanesia, returning to England in March 1915, to find that war had broken out. 1292:, meaning "first affected". This protopathic stage seemed to be marked by an "all-or-nothing" aspect since there was either an inordinate response to sensation when compared with normal reaction or no reaction whatever if the stimulation was below the threshold. 845:. Soon after, he became house surgeon at the Chichester Infirmary (1887–1889). Although he enjoyed the town and the company of his colleagues, an appointment at Bart's and the opportunity to return to working in research in medicine was more appealing. He became 1479:. River's method also consisted of helping a soldier comprehend that the illness he was experiencing was not "strange" nor permanent. To Rivers, the war neuroses developed from ingrained ways of reacting, feeling, or thinking: namely, the attempt to wittingly 3487:– 1907). For Haddon, producing string figures became an unequalled means of winning the confidence of informants. As his daughter Kathleen wrote, "who would suspect the guile of a man who sits among the children playing with a piece of string?"(Langham, 1981) 4426: 2076: 1165:: Haddon's diary noted "He is getting some interesting results." The warmth shown to the sickly Rivers by the Islanders contributed to strong positive feelings for the work and a deep concern for the welfare of Melanesians during the remainder of his life. 4421: 976:

him a room in the Physiology Department at Cambridge for use in psychological research. As a result, Rivers is listed in the histories of experimental psychology as simultaneously the director of the first two psychological laboratories in Britain.

1405:. In fact, Rivers was quite sympathetic to some of Freud's ideas. As such, Rivers joined the band of doctors at Maghull who devoted themselves to understanding the origins and treatment of the "war neuroses" under the guidance of R. G. Rows. 1307:

was the superior, as it suppressed and abolished all protopathic sensibility. This, Rivers found, was the case in all parts of the skin of the male anatomy except one area where protopathic sensibility is unimpeded by epicritic impulses: the

595:

His speech therapy practice was passed onto Hunt's brother-in-law, Henry Rivers, who had been working with him for some time. Rivers inherited many of Hunt's established patients, most notably The Reverend Charles L. Dodgson (better known as

536:

badly and his efforts to aid the affected student led him to leave the university without taking a degree in order to make a thorough study of speech and its defects. He built up a good practice as a speech therapist and was patronised by

611:

William Halse Rivers Rivers was the oldest of four children, with his siblings being brother Charles Hay (29 August 1865 – 8 November 1939) and sisters Ethel Marian (30 October 1867 – 4 February 1943) and Katharine Elizabeth (1871–1939).

1265:

Moreover, although before each series of tests Head and Rivers would discuss their plan of action, Rivers was careful to vary this order to such an extent during the actual testing that Head would be unable to tell what was coming next.

553:. This went into six editions during his lifetime and was reprinted again in 1870, just after his death, and for an eighth time in 1967 as a landmark in the history of speech therapy. In the introduction to the 1967 edition of the book, 1424:, Scotland in order to help "clean house" following a scandal. There, Rivers treated officers who had been diagnosed with "shell shock", and he also began formulating his theory regarding the origin and treatment of the war neuroses. 548:

James Hunt (1833–1869) was an exuberant character, giving to each of his ventures his boundless energy and self-confidence. Taking up his father's legacy with great zeal, by the age of 21 Hunt had published his compendious work

1448:. While it is true that Rivers was aware of and was influenced by Freud's theories and by the practice of psychoanalysis, he did not blindly subscribe to all of Freud's premises. Most importantly, Rivers saw the instinct of 879:

Following the direction of his passion for the workings of the mind as it correlates with the workings of the body, in 1891 Rivers became house physician at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic. Here he and

3065: 1192:

The expedition ended in October 1898 and Rivers returned to England. In 1900, Rivers joined Myers and Wilkin in Egypt to run tests on the colour vision of the Egyptians; this was the last time he saw Wilkin, who died of

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In retrospect, Rivers' particular method of treating the war neuroses and his theory of the origin of neuroses—while pioneering in their day—have failed to leave a huge mark on the history of psychology. However, the

1813:

in a grave with a large stone cross. Sassoon was deeply saddened by the death of his father figure and collapsed at his funeral. His loss prompted him to write two poignant poems about the man he had grown to love:

1667:

person can exert a conscious effort to do so. As a result, the repressed instincts, along with their associated emotions and memories, seep into consciousness when soldiers are sleeping. The result is night terrors.

1872:) Rivers is one of the few characters to retain their original names. There is a whole chapter devoted to Rivers and he is immortalised by Sassoon as a near demi-god who saved his life and his soul. Sassoon wrote: 1374:

When Rivers returned to England in spring 1915, he had trouble at first finding a place for himself in the war effort. Following the footsteps of his former student—the current director of the Cambridge Psychology

983:

wrote: "how many times have I heard Rivers, spectacles waving in the air, his face lit by his transforming smile, tell how, in Senatorial discussion, an ancient orator described him as a 'Ridiculous Superfluity'!"

370:

procedure in investigating physical and psychological effects of consumption of tea, coffee, alcohol and drugs. For a time he directed centres for psychological studies at two colleges, and he was made a Fellow of

1342:

From 1908 until the outbreak of the war Rivers was mainly preoccupied with ethnological and sociological problems. Already he had relinquished his official post as lecturer in Experimental Psychology in favour of

1889:

Rivers was much loved and admired, not just by Sassoon. Bartlett wrote of his experiences of Rivers in one of his obituaries, as well as in many other articles, as the man had a profound influence on his life:

828:

Such voyages helped to improve his health, and possibly to prolong his life. He also took a great deal of pleasure from his experiences aboard ship. On one voyage he spent a month in the company of playwright

532:, not far from Chatham. He was later appointed to curacies in Kent at St Mary's, Chatham (1863–69), Tudeley (1877–80) and Offham (1880–9), and subsequently as Vicar of St Faith's, Maidstone from 1889 to 1904. 1922:

He was a very humane, a very compassionate person who was tormented really by the suffering he saw, and very sceptical about the war, but at the same time he didn't feel he could go the whole way and say no,

1945:. There is a chapter named after the doctor and Rivers appears in the book as the only character to retain his factual name, giving him a position as a sort of demi-god in Sassoon's semi-fictitious memoirs. 1160:

When the ketch dropped anchor, Rivers and Ray were at first too ill to go ashore. However the others set up a surgery to treat the native islanders and Rivers, lying in bed next-door tested the patients for

988:

and upkeep of equipment. For several years Rivers continued in this way until the Moral Science Board increased support; in 1903, Rivers and his assistants and students moved to another small building in

933:

By 1893, when he was unexpectedly invited to lecture in Cambridge on the functions of the sense organs, he was already deeply read in the subject. He had been captivated by Head's accounts of the works of

863:

Rivers's interests in neurology and psychology became evident in this period. Reports and papers given by Rivers at the Abernethian Society of St Bart's indicate a growing specialisation in these fields:

675:, his academic abilities were noted from an early age. At the age of 14, he was placed a year above others of his age at school and even within this older group he was seen to excel, winning prizes for 527:

In 1863, having obtained a curacy at Chatham in addition to a chaplaincy of the Medway Union, Henry Rivers was sufficiently established to marry Elizabeth Hunt, who was living with her brother James in

714:

and was forced to miss his final year of school. Without the scholarship, his family could not afford to send him to Cambridge. With his typical resilience, Rivers did not dwell on the disappointment.

1809:

following an unsuccessful emergency operation. He had an extravagant funeral at St John's in accordance with his wishes as he was an expert on funeral rites and his cremated remains were interred in

2002:

Heads and we learn more about his relationships outside of hospital life. We are also introduced in the course of the novel to the Canadian doctor Lewis Yealland, another factual figure who used

1242:

injuries among patients attending the hospital. Rivers, who had long been interested in the physiological consequences of nerve division, was quick to take on the role of "guide and counsellor".

577: 979:

Rivers's work has been considered to have profound influence on Cambridge and in the scientific world in general. But, at the time, the Cambridge University Senate were wary of his appointment.

887:

Rivers's interest in the physiology of the nervous system and in "the mind", that is, in sensory phenomena and mental states, was further stimulated by work in 1891. He was chosen to be one of

1026:, a pioneer instrument maker, to improve apparatus for recording sensations, especially those involved in vision. This collaboration also resulted in a lifelong friendship between the two men. 1640:" in practice at the time. Rivers' personal and complete theory on the origin of the "psycho-neuroses", including the war neuroses, was not to be published until 1920 with the publication of 480:

After the battle, the senior Rivers wrote a poem about his remarkable son, entitled "Lines on a Young Gentleman that lost his leg onboard the Victory in the Glorious action at Trafalgar":

573:

and by 1859 he was its joint secretary. But many of the members disliked his attacks on the religious and humanitarian agencies represented by missionaries and the anti-slavery movement.

4376: 4416: 540:. Forbes referred pupils to him for twenty-four years. Hunt's most famous case came about in 1842. George Pearson, the chief witness in a case related to an attempted attack on 4381: 1095:

seduced "Rivers from the path of virtue... (for psychology then was a chaste science)... into that of anthropology:" He made Rivers first choice to head an expedition to the

1145:. In addition to sea sickness, Rivers had been badly sunburnt on his shins and for many days had been quite ill. On 5 May, in a bad storm nearing their first destination of 938:, and had avidly absorbed his views on colour vision and the nature of vital processes in living matter. He also prepared for this project by spending the summer working in 569:

begins to reflect Hunt's growing passion for anthropology, exploring the nature of language usage and speech disorders in non-European peoples. In 1856, Hunt had joined the

4331: 2159:

The illusion of compared horizontal and vertical lines (with G.D. Hicks), and The influence of small doses of alcohol on the capacity for muscular work (with H.N. Webber) (

1679:

elements, it is not simply a restatement of psychoanalytic theory; Rivers' theory of the neuroses draws heavily on the neurological observations and conclusions Rivers and

1762: 1648:

an umbrella theory which would both explain neuroses and neurological issues as he had encountered them (see the subsection "A Human Experiment in Nerve Division" above).

581: 2024:, the doctor is able to recount the expedition and we are provided with insight both into the culture of the island and into Rivers' very different "field trip persona". 1181:

address to the Royal Anthropological Institute, that the expedition had engendered "the most progressive and profitable movement in the history of British anthropology."

4336: 3166:

Haddon, A. C.; Bartlett, F. C. (July 1922). "William Halse Rivers Rivers, M.D., F.R.S., President of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Born 1864, Died June 4, 1922".

1715:

Rivers had visited his college frequently during the war although, having resigned his position as lecturer, he held no official post. However, upon his return from the

679:

and all around attainment. Rivers's younger brother Charles was also a high achiever at the school; he too was awarded with the Good Work prize. He studied and became a

1591:

in his letter to Graves, written as he lay in hospital after being shot (a head wound that he had hoped would kill him – he was bitterly disappointed when it did not):

2466: 2120: 895:

that explored the existence and nature of electrical currents in the mammalian brain. His selection for this work demonstrated his growing reputation as a researcher.

1792:

because the times are so ominous, the outlook for our own country and the world so black, that if others think I can be of service in political life, I cannot refuse.

1467:

It is on this belief regarding the origins of the war neuroses that he formed his "talking cure". Rivers' "talking cure" was primarily based on the ancient belief of

4341: 1607:

Rivers was well known for his compassionate, effective and pioneering treatments; as Sassoon's testimony reveals, he treated his patients very much as individuals.

3038:

From C. S. Myers's "Presidential Address" (1922), to the Psychology Section of the British Association. The address is included in Rivers's posthumously published

4356: 3334:

From a speech made after Haddon had been presented with the first Rivers Medal by the Royal Anthropological Institute on 27 January 1925 – quoted in Langham, 1981

2462: 1544:

problem. At the same time, as an experienced psychologist Rivers could reasonably expect Sassoon to experience "transference" and become extremely fond of him.

328: 51: 4391: 512:

priest in 1858, and had a career that would span almost 50 years. In 1904, he was forced to tender his resignation due to "infirmities of sight and memory".

123: 1386:"Insanity" in this case entailed working with soldiers who had been diagnosed with any of a wide range of symptoms, which were collectively referred to as " 4431: 4351: 3210:

Owing to the distinctive taste of alcohol, it was necessary for the control mixture to be able to disguise the taste. The mixture used was one containing

1274: 4401: 1810: 1518:

to die. Rivers's feelings of guilt are clearly portrayed both in fiction and in fact. Through Pat Barker's novels and in Rivers's works (particularly

899: 960:, had examined subject and reported unfavourably on the scant knowledge of the special senses that was displayed by the candidates; to correct this, 4161: 1615:

Following his appointment at Craiglockhart War Hospital, Rivers published the results of his experimental treatment of patients at Craiglockhart in

1409: 477:

to the cockpit to ask after him, his son called out, "Here I am, Father, nothing is the matter with me; only lost my leg and that in a good cause."

1719:

in 1919, the college created a new office for him – "Praelector of Natural Science Studies" – and he was given a free rein to do as he pleased. As

4235: 1428:

Rivers, by pursuing a course of humane treatment, had established two principles that would be embraced by American military psychiatrists in the

1854:

can be found in the Rivers collection of the Haddon archives at Cambridge. There is a reference that indicates that these lines were written by

580:

and became its president. Nearly 60 years later, his nephew W. He. R. Rivers was selected for this position. Hunt's efforts were integral to the

62: 3476:

Rivers saw string figures as throwing light on protopathic, as opposed to epicritic, mental processes (for more on this, see Rivers's review of

926:, emphasising their psychological aspect. At about the same time, invited by Professor Sully, he began to lecture on experimental psychology at 652:

If Rivers ever did access the veiled memory, he did not appear to make a note of it. The nature of the experience is open to conjecture. Author

4396: 2065: 4090: 1539:

picks up on in her biography of Sassoon; however, Rivers's tight morals would have probably prevented a closer relationship from progressing:

671:

Rivers was a highly able child. Educated first at a Brighton preparatory school and, from the age of thirteen, as a dayboy at the prestigious

4371: 4326: 2044:(The Camp Whore), based on a true story, as inspiration to the protagonist - an Afrikaans girl who was raped by British soldiers during the 2138: 1785: 1383:

near Liverpool. Upon his arrival in July 1915, Rivers was appointed as a psychiatrist and thus he re-entered into the study of "insanity".

173: 431: 33: 668:, suggested through her character Billy Prior, that Rivers's experience was traumatic enough to cause him to "put his mind's eye out". 468:

His son Midshipman Rivers, who claimed to be "the man who shot the man who fatally wounded Lord Nelson", was a model of heroism in the

3255: 1806: 3861: 3287: 3126: 2399: 404:, son of Elizabeth (née Hunt) (16 October 1834 – 13 November 1897) and Henry Frederick Rivers (7 January 1830 – 9 December 1911). 4361: 3628: 2940: 2580: 2502: 2149: 1254:

sensibility was maintained so that pressure with a finger, a pencil or with any blunt object was appreciated without hesitation.

1104: 1019: 856:. Those under Gee were conscious of his indifference towards, if not outright dislike of, the psychological aspects of medicine. 276: 4048: 4386: 2174: 1876:

I would very much like to meet Rivers in the next life. It is difficult to believe that such a man as he could be extinguished.

1770: 1550: 1057:

In December 1897 Rivers's achievements were recognised by the University of Cambridge who honoured him with the degree of M.A.

1000: 965: 372: 2654:

The building of British social anthropology: W. H. R. Rivers and his Cambridge disciples in the development of kinship studies

1284:

This was the first stage of the recovery process and Head and Rivers dubbed it the "protopathic", taking its origins from the

4366: 1754: 1559: 761:

Rivers did not allow his drawbacks to dishearten him, and he chose to serve several terms as a ship's surgeon, travelling to

570: 366:

During the early years of the 20th century, Rivers developed new lines of psychological research. He was the first to use a

2820:– from October 1878 notes that him to be in the IV form, usually reserved for 15 and 16 year olds, when he was just 14 1437: 1909: 1336: 1068: 961: 1773:(1921–1922). He was also awarded honorary degrees from the universities of Manchester, St Andrews and Cambridge in 1919. 4406: 4154: 2058: 1416:, and his two youthful dreams—to be an army doctor and to "go in for insanity"—were realized when he was transferred to 730: 407:

Records from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries show the Rivers family to be solidly middle-class, with many

3707: 2098: 1801:

Dr. Rivers signed the report on this examination on the morning of the day he died. It was his last official act. A.C.H

1522:) we get a sense of the turmoil the doctor went through. As Sassoon wrote in a letter to Robert Graves (24 July 1918): 1588: 1515: 1229:

When, in 1902, Rivers left the Nilgiri Hills and India too, he would never return. Moreover, after the publication of

1022:. They assisted him and developed close friendships in the process of working together. Rivers also collaborated with 842: 324: 47: 4275: 3192:

Rivers, W. H. R.; Webber, H. N. (1906). "The influence of small doses of alcohol on the capacity for muscular work".

1041:, and a number of other drugs, on a person's capacity for both physical and mental work. His work under Kraepelin at 2035:, in which he is the author of a medical letter, written during the war, concerning one of that novel's characters. 1046:

these products, but he quickly realized that a strong psychological influence contributed to taking the substances.

3321: 1480: 1417: 927: 501: 245: 765:

and North America in 1887. This was the first of many voyages; for, besides his great expeditions for work in the

603:

Hunt left his books to his nephew William Rivers, who refused them, thinking that they would be of no use to him.

4105: 1332: 1146: 1064: 892: 255: 4259: 1987: 1444:

Rivers's methodology for treating the war neuroses are often, and somewhat unfairly, said to have stemmed from

1413: 1380: 1123: 1112: 719: 860:

surmises that Rivers and his fellow Charles S. Myers devoted themselves to these aspects in reaction to Gee.

4411: 4147: 3052: 2387: 1273: 707: 537: 437: 408: 250: 1067:, Rivers made a further mark on the world of psychological sciences, founding and subsequently editing the 4240: 4191: 3819:

Hemmings, Robert (2008). "Witnessing and survival: The challenge of 'autogonosis' in the interwar years".

919: 626:

William, known as "Willie" throughout his childhood, appears to have been named after his famous uncle of

1652:

of instincts and associated experiences (i.e. memories) which are painful or not useful to the organism.

4125: 4085: 4023: 3715: 1536: 1402: 1304: 957: 559: 376: 137: 4115: 4011: 1720: 751: 4321: 4316: 3879: 3434: 3273: 2988: 2185: 1958: 1766: 1626: 1376: 1344: 857: 846: 726: 695:

society, no mean feat for a boy who at this time had a speech impediment which was almost paralytic.

658: 554: 271: 710:

entrance exam, possibly with the aim of studying classics. But at the age of sixteen, he contracted

2691: 2028: 1964: 1777: 1726: 830: 664: 469: 833:; he later described how he spent "many hours every day talking – the greatest treat of my life". 4254: 3980: 3659: 3373: 3168: 3118: 2456: 1855: 1150: 1141:, several of the party found passage, soaked by rain and waves, on the deck of a crowded 47-foot 1131: 1127: 1108: 1092: 922:. In 1893, at the request of G. H Savage, he began assisting with lectures in mental diseases at 455: 286: 1453: 1250:

standpoint through a series of "precise and untiring observations" over a period of five years.

995: 949:

The offer of a Cambridge lectureship resulted from continuing evolution within the university's

3243: 1839:

not long after Rivers's death, he touches on the peace and security he felt in Rivers's rooms:

1210:

studied the Todas have been amazed at the richness and the accuracy of Rivers's data. His book

4230: 4071: 3942: 3857: 3796: 3778: 3651: 3293: 3283: 3239: 3094: 2695: 2687: 2395: 2391: 2040: 1905: 1781: 1571: 1555: 1498: 1449: 1154: 1023: 980: 923: 509: 412: 360: 3098: 1815: 4080: 3972: 3786: 3770: 3643: 3570: 3442: 3365: 3110: 2945: 2585: 2507: 1941: 1935: 1868: 1739: 1051: 1015: 672: 619: 505: 179: 4100: 3708:"Early British Psychoanalysis and the Medico-Psychological Clinic History Workshop Journal" 3496:

Rivers and Haddon established the Wilkin Studentship at Cambridge in the young man's honour

1621:, "On the Repression of War Experience", and began to record interesting cases in his book 1452:

rather than the sexual instinct, as the driving force behind war neuroses. (Essays such as

4220: 4052: 3998: 3728: 3017:

Henry Head (June 1922). "Obituary: W. H. R. Rivers, M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.: An Appreciation".

2448: 2166:"Medicine, Magic and Religion" (Fitzpatrick Lects. 1915) (originally published in stages. 1716: 1642:

Instinct and the Unconscious: A Contribution to a Biological Theory of the Psycho-Neuroses

1611:

Instinct and the Unconscious: A Contribution to a Biological Theory of the Psycho-Neuroses

1351: 1138: 1059: 950: 782: 349: 170: 150: 4186: 2727: 2077:

Review of O. Külpe's 'Grundriss d. Psychologie auf experimenteller Grundlage dargestellt'

1746:), remained particularly friendly with Rivers and regarded him as a mentor. They shared 1186: 3438: 2549: 2088:

Review of H. Maudsley's 'Pathology of Mind', and E. Kräpelin's 'Psychologische Arbeiten'

4225: 3850: 3791: 3277: 2938:

Bevan, Michael; MacClancy, Jeremy (2015) . "Rivers, William Halse Rivers (1864–1922)".

2426: 2219: 2214: 2112:, New Series, 11, pp. 740–1, and trans. 'Über die Sinne d. primitiven Menschen'in 2045: 2032: 2003: 1991: 1970: 1735: 1700: 1493: 1096: 1034: 943: 888: 790: 766: 688: 680: 635: 541: 333: 311: 4120: 3774: 3758: 1122:

Members of the 1898 Torres Straits Expedition. Standing (from left to right): Rivers,

615: 4310: 4170: 4110: 4045: 3629:"Shell Shock at Maghull and the Maudsley: Models of Psychological Medicine in the UK" 2803: 2738: 1836: 1637: 1502: 1445: 1394: 1162: 711: 597: 473: 401: 92: 3904: 61: 4134: 3893:

Letter to Robert Graves, 1917, The War Poems of Siegfried Sassoon, Faber and Faber.

3663: 2224: 2209: 2031:, the tenth novel in the Mary Russell and Sherlock Holmes series by mystery writer 1979: 1545: 1429: 1393:

Rivers himself was a well-read psychologist and so was already quite familiar with

1285: 1118: 989: 935: 520: 367: 345: 209: 3557: 2957: 2597: 2519: 423:

William Rivers and his son, Midshipman William Rivers, both of whom served aboard

691:

with his brother, he was encouraged by the elder Rivers to take up outdoor work.

4245: 4067: 2497: 2021: 1948:

The life of W. H. R. Rivers and his encounter with Sassoon was fictionalised by

1731: 1696: 1692: 1489: 1387: 1320: 1309: 1100: 1014:

For his own experiments on vision, Rivers worked with graduate medical students

841:

Back in England, Rivers earned an M.D. (London) and was elected a Fellow of the

818: 786: 462:); it has revealed and preserved the thoughts of many of the sailors aboard the 441: 424: 353: 341: 337: 291: 281: 185: 154: 67: 4130: 2949: 2589: 2511: 1456:

further compare Freud and Rivers' theories; see also the subsection on Rivers'

4427:

Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

4201: 3685: 3552: 3223: 3219: 2500:; Hutchins, Roger (revised) (2004). "Thomas Perkins Lowman Hunt (1802–1851)". 1949: 1896: 1680: 1617: 1476: 1472: 1408:

After about a year of service at Maghull War Hospital, Rivers was appointed a

1277: 1099:. Rivers's first reaction was to decline, but he soon agreed on learning that 1042: 939: 881: 853: 653: 588:

in the Americas, and support of the belief in the plurality of human species.

500:, Henry Frederick Rivers followed many family traditions in being educated at 459: 416: 229: 224: 144: 3782: 3574: 3315: 1695:, in combination with the overwhelming prevalence of the neuroses during the 1107:, two of his best former students, would participate. The other members were 17: 2384:

W. H. R. Rivers: Pioneer Anthropologist and Psychiatrist of the "Ghost Road"

1747: 1598:

With peace in the pools of his spectacled eyes and a wisely omnipotent grin;

1468: 1421: 1398: 1359: 1355: 1194: 822: 770: 755: 356:, so they could be returned to combat. Rivers' most famous patient was the 219: 214: 111: 4422:

Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

3800: 3655: 3647: 3297: 2699: 2131: 1570:

Not only Sassoon, but his patients as a whole, loved him and his colleague

1379:, the 51-year-old Rivers signed up to serve as a civilian physician at the 1029:

In this period, Rivers also investigated the influence of stimulants: tea,

737:. He graduated at age 22, the youngest person to do so until recent times. 515: 3925:

Rivers, W. H. R. (1919). "Psycho-therapuetics". In Hastings, James (ed.).

1583:

everything that you could if you cared make something important out of it.

1303:

From an evolutionary perspective, it soon became clear to Rivers that the

698: 380: 4280: 3215: 3211: 1761:

Having already been made president of the anthropological section of the

1676: 1173:

hereditary. However, these simple tables soon took on a new prospective.

676: 529: 497: 357: 3613:. Vol. 5. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2699–2705. 3377: 3122: 2713:

W. H. R. Rivers (with an introduction by Grafton Elliot Smith) (1926).

1038: 810: 794: 684: 384: 3984: 3821:

Modern nostalgia: Siegfried Sassoon, trauma and the Second World War I

1753: 4295: 3447: 3422: 3051:

A "Fellow Commoner" is a student, or, in this case, lecturer, at the

1030: 969: 953: 806: 802: 798: 734: 420: 3929:. Vol. 10. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 433–440. 3905:"Feature Articles: The Repression of War Experience by W. H. Rivers" 3611:

Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction

3369: 3114: 496:

Born to Lieutenant William Rivers, R.N., and his wife, stationed at

3976: 3055:

who is given the right to "common", or dine, at the Fellow's table.

1436: 918:

After his return to England, he became a Clinical Assistant at the

4290: 4095: 4034: 1752: 1730:

and brought to it some of his most influential friends, including

1579: 1435: 1272: 1142: 1117: 994: 910:

Resigning from the National Hospital in 1892, Rivers travelled to

814: 778: 774: 762: 697: 614: 514: 436: 363:, with whom he remained close friends until his own sudden death. 4139: 1153:

and the expedition almost met disaster Later Rivers recalled the

4285: 2192:, New Series, Vol. 49, No. 1268 (18 Apr 1919), pp. 367–369) 1974:(1995). The trilogy was greeted with considerable acclaim, with 911: 4143: 3835:

Report of the War Office Committee of enquiry into "shell shock

1625:

which was published a year after his death by his close friend

1578:

Rivers was intolerant and sympathetic. He was once compared to

1280:

and W. H. R. Rivers experimenting in Rivers's rooms (1903–1907)

3877:

Bartlett, F. C. (1922). "Obituary notice of W. H. R. Rivers".

3556: 2049:

who had raped her some years earlier when she was a teenager.

634:

Rivers had a stammer that he never fully conquered. He had no

964:

appointed Rivers as a lecturer. He became Fellow Commoner at

754:

says that, "among persons of extraordinary achievement, only

725:

Inspired by this new resolve, Rivers studied medicine at the

2900:

C. G. Seligman (August 1922). "Obituary: W. H. R. Rivers".

1636:, Rivers also composed an article on the various types of " 849:

at St Bartholomew's in 1889 and remained there until 1890.

4347:

Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital

3408:

Obituary Notices from the Proceedings of the Royal Society

2991:(November 1936). ""To a Very Wise Man": W. H. R. Rivers". 2443:

The Council of St Faith's Church, Maidstone, Kent (1904).

2072:, New Series, Vol. 3, No. 12, Oct. 1894, pp. 583–584) 1600:

And I fished in that steady grey stream and decided that I

3462:

A. H. Quiggin; E. S. Fegan (1940). "Alfred Cort Haddon".

3823:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 54–55. 2105:, New Series, Vol. 5, No. 17, Jan. 1896, pp. 71–80) 2038:

Rivers appears in Francois Smith's 2014 Afrikaans novel

746:

Shore and Smith, Rivers struggled with "tiring easily".

2121:

On the function of the maternal uncle in Torres Straits

1454:

Freud and the War Neuroses: Pat Barker's "Regeneration"

706:

Rivers was set to follow family tradition and take his

584:(BAAS) accepting anthropology in 1866 as a discipline. 400:

W. H. R. Rivers was born in 1864 at Constitution Hill,

3636:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

1780:

in the summer of 1922, shortly after being named as a

3927:

Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics: Picts-Sacraments

2551:

Stammering and stuttering, their nature and treatment

2535:

Stammering and stuttering, their nature and treatment

1602:

after all am no longer the Worm that refuses to die.

551:

Stammering and Stuttering, Their Nature and Treatment

3943:

W. H. R. Rivers: A Founding Father Worth Remembering

1904:

Rivers's legacy continues even today in the form of

1699:, led to a revolution in the British perspective of 4268: 4209: 4177: 3837:(2004 ed.). London: Imperial War Museum. 1922. 3406:Henry Head (January–June 1922). "W. H. R. Rivers". 1788:. He had agreed to run for parliament, as he said: 519:Image of the stained glass window of the church in 450:The senior Rivers was the master gunner aboard the 304: 264: 238: 202: 163: 129: 119: 100: 74: 41: 27:

English psychiatrist and anthropologist (1864–1922)

3849: 3356:J.L Myers (January–June 1923). "W. H. R. Rivers". 2848:Tonbridge School (July 1879). "Debating Society". 2833:Tonbridge School (October 1878). "Skinners' Day". 2425: 1763:British Association for the Advancement of Science 1596:But yesterday my reasoning Rivers ran solemnly in, 622:where Rivers and his brother Charles were day-boys 582:British Association for the Advancement of Science 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 1933:Sassoon writes about Rivers in the third part of 523:, where Henry Rivers was curate from 1880 to 1889 491:To Save Brave Nelson There Dear Country's Pride. 4106:"W H R Rivers and the hazards of interpretation" 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3267: 3265: 3187: 3185: 3183: 2578:Brock, W. H. (2020) . "James Hunt (1833–1869)". 1858:, missionary and ethnographer friend of Rivers. 1805:Rivers signed the papers as he lay dying in the 600:), who had been a regular visitor to Ore House. 576:As a result of the antagonism, Hunt founded the 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 2739:Birth Register of "William False Rivers Rivers" 2554:(8th ed.). New York: Hafner Publishing Co. 1920: 1892: 1874: 1866:In Sassoon's autobiography (under the guise of 1799: 1790: 1593: 1576: 1541: 1524: 1426: 891:'s assistants in a series of investigations at 487:And smooth thy cares with fond and tender wife. 482: 4377:History of mental health in the United Kingdom 3358:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1765:in 1911, after the war he became president of 1632:In the same year he published his findings in 758:seems to have put in as short a working day". 454:. He kept a commonplace book (now held in the 4417:Founders of the British Psychological Society 4155: 3282:. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 2828: 2826: 332:(12 March 1864 – 4 June 1922) was an English 8: 3558:"A Human Experiment in Nerve Division" 2944:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2584:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2506:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1846:And past all hope where the kind lamp shone. 1683:drew from their work on nerve regeneration. 956:. Earlier in 1893, Professor McKendrick, of 489:Which of you all Would not have freely died, 4116:Viewing Notes for "Everything is Relatives" 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2895: 2893: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2465:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2108:"The senses of primitive man" (Abstract in 1843:For that was the place where I longed to be 504:and entering the church. Having earned his 4382:Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates 4162: 4148: 4140: 4012:Revisitation Siegfried Sassoon – Wikiquote 3605:Merriman, John; Winter, Jay, eds. (2006). 3309: 3307: 3066:"Rivers, William Halse Rivers (RVRS893WH)" 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2461:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 852:At Bart's, Rivers had been a physician to 60: 38: 4086:"Everything is Relatives: William Rivers" 4024:"Everything is Relatives: William Rivers" 3790: 3446: 3234: 3232: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2428:Trafalgar: The Men, The Battle, The Storm 2139:Review of Sex and Society by W. I. Thomas 1464:for his own opinion on Freudian theory.) 124:St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College 4337:Academics of the University of Cambridge 3244:"William Halse Rivers Rivers, 1864–1922" 2066:A Modification of Aristotle's Experiment 485:May every comfort Bless thy future life, 4236:International String Figure Association 3856:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 3686:"Anxiety and Panic History 1900 — 1930" 2941:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2882:L. E. Shore (1922). "W. H. R. Rivers". 2581:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2503:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2237: 1484:and/or at least adjust to the illness. 1339:of which he was at first joint editor. 805:, as well as making numerous visits to 785:, he took holiday voyages twice to the 143:Experiments on nerve regeneration with 4342:Academics of University College London 4332:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge 3724: 3713: 3129:from the original on 23 November 2005. 2728:Copy of Rivers's baptismal certificate 2480:Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900 2454: 2198:(edit. G. Elliot Smith). London, 1923. 1529:Go back to the war til it break me... 1505:wrote highly of him during this time. 1492:. (See the Knowledge (XXG) article on 1237:"A Human Experiment in Nerve Division" 1233:he wrote very little more about them. 821:, and lengthy ones to visit family in 379:expedition of 1898 and his consequent 176:from the University of Cambridge, 1897 4357:British Army personnel of World War I 3938: 3936: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3622: 3620: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 1811:Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground 1535:him "father confessor", a point that 1440:W. H. R. Rivers outside Craiglockhart 946:on measuring the effects of fatigue. 884:met and formed a lasting friendship. 729:, where he matriculated in 1882, and 7: 3144:. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. 3142:A History of Experimental Psychology 2548:James Hunt; Elliot Schaffer (1967). 2482:– A Cambridge Alumni Database (ACAD) 2150:A human experiment in nerve division 1956:, a series of three books including 1527:O Rivers please take me. And make me 1514:that they could be sent back to the 1335:and some others, Rivers founded the 1091:The turning point came in 1898 when 1063:and, in 1904 with the assistance of 1054:to the Royal College of Physicians. 898:In the same year, Rivers joined the 4392:People educated at Tonbridge School 4121:Sound files from the Torres Straits 1742:and Sassoon. Sassoon (Patient B in 1693:psychiatrists treating war neuroses 419:associations. Notable members were 34:William Rivers (Royal Navy officer) 4432:Presidents of the Folklore Society 4352:Alumni of the University of London 3759:"The Repression of War Experience" 3258:from the original on 25 June 2007. 2134:". Map, illus., 22 cm. London 1350:During 1907–8 Rivers travelled to 866:Delirium and its allied conditions 837:Beginnings of career in psychology 32:For the British navy officer, see 25: 4402:Royal Army Medical Corps officers 4077:Works by or about W. H. R. Rivers 3971:(132): 221–222. April–June 1921. 3963:"The English Folk-Lore Society". 3903:Michael Duffy (9 February 2003). 3684:Arthur Anderson (25 March 2006). 3317:The History of Melanesian Society 3194:The British Journal of Psychology 3019:St Bartholomew's Hospital Journal 2993:St Bartholomew's Hospital Journal 2145:, Vol. 7, 1907, pp. 111–111) 2127:, Vol. 1, 1901, pp. 171–172) 2083:, New Series, 3, pp. 413–17) 1821: 1149:, the ship dragged anchor on the 4200: 4091:Cambridge Museum of Anthropology 3965:The Journal of American Folklore 3757:W. H. Rivers (2 February 1918). 2816:The Tonbridge school magazine – 2787:. British Psychological Society. 2424:Tim Clayton; Phil Craig (2004). 2175:The Repression of War Experience 2094:, New Series, 4, pp. 400–3) 1982:in the year of its publication. 662:related to Rivers and his work, 310: 3099:"Cambridge, England, 1887–1937" 2099:On the apparent size of objects 1771:Royal Anthropological Institute 1551:The Great War and Modern Memory 3706:Raitt, Suzanne (Autumn 2004). 3248:American Journal of Psychology 3103:American Journal of Psychology 2170:XCIV., pp. 59–65, 117–23) 1936:The Memoirs of George Sherston 1869:The Memoirs of George Sherston 900:Neurological Society of London 571:Ethnological Society of London 508:in 1857, he was ordained as a 375:. He also participated in the 1: 4397:Psychological anthropologists 3775:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)23233-4 2451:, Centre for Kentish Studies. 1910:posttraumatic stress disorder 1908:, which treats patients with 1364:History of Melanesian Society 1337:British Journal of Psychology 1221:The first eleven chapters of 1069:British Journal of Psychology 656:, in the second novel of her 565:In later, expanded editions, 149:Treating soldiers during the 4372:Fellows of the Royal Society 4327:Military personnel from Kent 3423:"Dr. W. H. R. Rivers, F.R.S" 3344:Instinct and the Unconscious 2958:UK public library membership 2785:Instinct and the Unconscious 2690:: University Library Press, 2669:On a negro's place in nature 2598:UK public library membership 2520:UK public library membership 2059:W. H. R. Rivers bibliography 1883:Medicine, Magic and Religion 1850:An anonymously written poem 1757:Captain W. H. R. Rivers RAMC 1458:Instinct and the Unconscious 1001:St John's College, Cambridge 647:Instinct and the Unconscious 373:St John's College, Cambridge 3070:A Cambridge Alumni Database 1587:Sassoon described Rivers's 1300:, meaning "determinative". 843:Royal College of Physicians 321:William Halse Rivers Rivers 79:William Halse Rivers Rivers 4448: 3627:Jones, Edgar (July 2010). 3322:Cambridge University Press 3072:. University of Cambridge. 2445:Minutes of Council Meeting 2156:, XXXI., pp. 323–450) 2056: 2027:Rivers appears briefly in 1822:Others' opinions of Rivers 1418:Craiglockhart War Hospital 1327:Pre-war psychological work 1305:epicritic nervous reaction 928:University College, London 904:A Case of Treadler's Cramp 502:Trinity College, Cambridge 256:Craiglockhart War Hospital 246:University College, London 31: 4198: 3852:Siegfried Sassoon: a Life 3314:Rivers, W. H. R. (1914). 2684:Memories of Lewis Carroll 2682:Katharine Rivers (1976). 2382:Richard Slobodin (1997). 2181:, XCVI., pp. 513–33) 1381:Maghull Military Hospital 1083:Torres Straits expedition 893:University College London 731:St Bartholomew's Hospital 687:contracted whilst in the 567:Stammering and Stuttering 309: 300: 195: 59: 4126:"The Ethnographer's Eye" 4068:Works by W. H. R. Rivers 3421:A.C Haddon (June 1922). 2902:The Geographical Journal 2783:W. H. R. Rivers (1919). 2715:Psychology and Ethnology 1852:Anthropological Thoughts 1460:below; see also Rivers' 1414:Royal Army Medical Corps 1331:In 1904, with Professor 972:of the college in 1902. 797:, to the United States, 741:Life as a ship's surgeon 720:Royal Army Medical Corps 4362:English anthropologists 3053:University of Cambridge 3040:Psychology and Politics 1994:in the role of Rivers. 1218:life, notably ritual. 740: 708:University of Cambridge 702:A young W. H. R. Rivers 578:Anthropological Society 383:work on the subject of 348:known for treatment of 251:University of Cambridge 4387:Military psychiatrists 4241:Caroline Furness Jayne 4192:List of string figures 3848:Egremont, Max (2005). 3723:Cite journal requires 3575:10.1093/brain/31.3.323 2950:10.1093/ref:odnb/37898 2590:10.1093/ref:odnb/14194 2512:10.1093/ref:odnb/14208 2186:Psychiatry and the War 2163:, II., pp. 252–5) 1931: 1902: 1887: 1818:" and "Revisitation". 1803: 1794: 1758: 1605: 1585: 1568: 1532: 1441: 1434: 1281: 1197:in May 1901, aged 24. 1134: 1009:Handbook of Physiology 1003: 920:Bethlem Royal Hospital 703: 683:. After a bad bout of 623: 538:Sir John Forbes MD FRS 524: 494: 447: 4367:English psychiatrists 3480:by Caroline Jayne in 3274:Smith, Grafton Elliot 3140:Edwin Boring (1957). 1786:1922 general election 1756: 1537:Jean Moorcroft Wilson 1439: 1354:, and other areas of 1276: 1121: 998: 789:, three times to the 701: 618: 560:University of Giessen 518: 440: 377:Torres Strait Islands 138:Torres Strait Islands 4101:Torres Straits Essay 4051:12 July 2007 at the 3769:(Sect Psych): 1–20. 3648:10.1093/jhmas/jrq006 2989:Walter Langdon-Brown 2652:Ian Langham (1981). 1954:Regeneration Trilogy 1833:The Red Ribbon Dream 1767:The Folklore Society 1627:Grafton Elliot Smith 1345:Charles Samuel Myers 1065:Professor James Ward 858:Walter Langdon-Brown 750:Rivers's biographer 727:University of London 659:Regeneration Trilogy 272:Charles Samuel Myers 4407:Royal Medal winners 4014:at en.wikiquote.org 3439:1922Natur.109..786H 3279:Conflict and Dreams 2800:The Eye in the Door 2798:Pat Barker (1994). 2692:McMaster University 2667:James Hunt (1863). 2533:James Hunt (1861). 2029:The God of the Hive 2011:The Eye in the Door 1965:The Eye in the Door 1942:Sherston's Progress 1807:Evelyn Nursing Home 1778:strangulated hernia 1703:and its treatment. 1638:psycho-therapeutics 1623:Conflict and Dream, 1564:Sherston's Progress 1352:the Solomon Islands 1157:of near shipwreck. 831:George Bernard Shaw 665:The Eye in the Door 645:As Rivers notes in 470:Battle of Trafalgar 352:officers suffering 292:William James Perry 3999:"human-nature.com" 3551:Rivers, W. H. R.; 2671:. London: Trübner. 2196:Conflict and Dream 2152:" (with H. Head) ( 1978:being awarded the 1856:Charles Elliot Fox 1816:To A Very Wise Man 1784:candidate for the 1759: 1744:Conflict and Dream 1520:Conflict and Dream 1509:Rivers and Sassoon 1462:Conflict and Dream 1442: 1321:"pilomoter reflex" 1282: 1135: 1130:, Wilkin. Seated: 1093:Alfred Cort Haddon 1004: 962:Sir Michael Foster 704: 624: 525: 456:Royal Naval Museum 448: 287:Robert H. Thouless 4304: 4303: 4231:Kathleen Rishbeth 4096:The Rivers Centre 4072:Project Gutenberg 4035:The Rivers Centre 3433:(2746): 786–787. 2956:(Subscription or 2688:Hamilton, Ontario 2656:. London: Reidel. 2596:(Subscription or 2518:(Subscription or 2392:Sutton Publishing 1906:The Rivers Centre 1776:Rivers died of a 1691:contributions of 1572:Frederic Bartlett 1499:Siegfried Sassoon 1450:self-preservation 1362:. His two-volume 1155:palliative effect 1105:William McDougall 1052:Croonian Lecturer 1024:Sir Horace Darwin 1020:William McDougall 966:St John's College 510:Church of England 413:Church of England 396:Family background 361:Siegfried Sassoon 318: 317: 277:William McDougall 265:Doctoral students 197:Scientific career 180:Croonian Lecturer 16:(Redirected from 4439: 4276:Children's games 4204: 4178:Figures, series, 4164: 4157: 4150: 4141: 4081:Internet Archive 4055: 4046:Prior Recipients 4043: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3940: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3855: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3754: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3614: 3602: 3596: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3560: 3548: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448:10.1038/109786a0 3418: 3412: 3411: 3403: 3382: 3381: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3236: 3227: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3189: 3178: 3177: 3163: 3146: 3145: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3091: 3074: 3073: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3023: 3022: 3014: 2997: 2996: 2985: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2935: 2910: 2909: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2879: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2821: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2780: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2575: 2556: 2555: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2515: 2494: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2460: 2452: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2421: 2406: 2405: 2386:(2nd ed.). 2379: 1997:The first book, 1929: 1885: 1769:(1920), and the 1740:Bertrand Russell 1721:Leonard E. Shore 1016:Charles S. Myers 968:. He was made a 752:Richard Slobodin 673:Tonbridge School 620:Tonbridge School 506:Bachelor of Arts 331: 314: 107: 88: 86: 64: 54: 39: 21: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4264: 4221:Julia Averkieva 4213: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4179: 4173: 4168: 4131:W. H. R. Rivers 4064: 4059: 4058: 4053:Wayback Machine 4044: 4040: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3817: 3808: 3756: 3755: 3736: 3722: 3712: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3631: 3626: 3625: 3618: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3586: 3582: 3550: 3549: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3404: 3385: 3370:10.2307/2843748 3355: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3290: 3272:Rivers, W. H.; 3271: 3270: 3263: 3240:Bartlett, F. C. 3238: 3237: 3230: 3209: 3205: 3191: 3190: 3181: 3165: 3164: 3149: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3115:10.2307/1416623 3109:(1/4): 97–110. 3095:Bartlett, F. C. 3093: 3092: 3077: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3026: 3016: 3015: 3000: 2987: 2986: 2965: 2955: 2937: 2936: 2913: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2881: 2880: 2857: 2850:The Tonbridgian 2847: 2846: 2842: 2835:The Tonbridgian 2832: 2831: 2824: 2818:The Tonbridgian 2815: 2811: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2781: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2650: 2605: 2595: 2577: 2576: 2559: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2496: 2495: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2453: 2449:Maidstone, Kent 2442: 2441: 2437: 2423: 2422: 2409: 2402: 2381: 2380: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2205: 2161:Br. J. Psychol. 2061: 2055: 1930: 1927: 1919: 1886: 1880: 1864: 1829: 1824: 1717:Royal Air Force 1709: 1613: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1531: 1528: 1511: 1372: 1329: 1296:from the Greek 1239: 1203: 1139:Thursday Island 1085: 951:Natural Science 847:house physician 839: 783:Solomon Islands 743: 609: 555:Elliot Schaffer 493: 490: 488: 486: 398: 393: 350:First World War 323: 296: 260: 234: 191: 159: 151:First World War 120:Alma mater 115: 109: 105: 96: 90: 84: 82: 81: 80: 70: 55: 46: 44: 43:W. H. R. Rivers 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4412:String figures 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4226:Camilla Gryski 4223: 4217: 4215: 4207: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4171:String figures 4169: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4074: 4063: 4062:External links 4060: 4057: 4056: 4038: 4027: 4016: 4004: 3990: 3977:10.2307/535136 3955: 3946: 3932: 3917: 3895: 3886: 3869: 3862: 3840: 3826: 3806: 3734: 3725:|journal= 3698: 3676: 3616: 3607:"War Neuroses" 3597: 3580: 3569:(3): 323–450. 3498: 3489: 3478:String Figures 3469: 3454: 3413: 3383: 3348: 3336: 3327: 3303: 3288: 3261: 3228: 3203: 3179: 3147: 3132: 3075: 3057: 3044: 3024: 2998: 2963: 2911: 2889: 2855: 2840: 2822: 2809: 2790: 2742: 2731: 2720: 2705: 2674: 2659: 2603: 2557: 2540: 2525: 2484: 2472: 2435: 2407: 2400: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2220:J. A. Hadfield 2217: 2215:Gustave Le Bon 2212: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2182: 2171: 2164: 2157: 2146: 2135: 2128: 2117: 2106: 2095: 2084: 2073: 2057:Main article: 2054: 2051: 2046:Anglo-Boer War 2033:Laurie R. King 2018:The Ghost Road 2004:electric shock 1992:Jonathan Pryce 1988:filmed in 1997 1976:The Ghost Road 1971:The Ghost Road 1925: 1918: 1915: 1878: 1863: 1860: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1736:Arnold Bennett 1708: 1705: 1701:mental illness 1612: 1609: 1594: 1589:bedside manner 1574:wrote of him 1525: 1510: 1507: 1494:Lewis Yealland 1403:psychoanalysts 1371: 1368: 1328: 1325: 1238: 1235: 1202: 1199: 1113:C. G. Seligman 1097:Torres Straits 1084: 1081: 944:Emil Kraepelin 924:Guy's Hospital 902:and presented 889:Victor Horsley 838: 835: 791:Canary Islands 767:Torres Straits 742: 739: 689:Torres Straits 681:civil engineer 636:sensory memory 608: 605: 542:Queen Victoria 483: 397: 394: 392: 389: 334:anthropologist 316: 315: 307: 306: 302: 301: 298: 297: 295: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 268: 266: 262: 261: 259: 258: 253: 248: 242: 240: 236: 235: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 206: 204: 200: 199: 193: 192: 190: 189: 183: 177: 167: 165: 161: 160: 158: 157: 147: 141: 133: 131: 130:Known for 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 110: 108:(aged 58) 102: 98: 97: 91: 78: 76: 72: 71: 65: 57: 56: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4444: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 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2019: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1924: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1837:Robert Graves 1835:, written by 1834: 1826: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1727:The Socratics 1722: 1718: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1592: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1516:Western Front 1508: 1506: 1504: 1503:Robert Graves 1500: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446:Sigmund Freud 1438: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1370:The Great War 1369: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1207: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1190: 1188: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1163:colour vision 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:Murray Island 1144: 1140: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1060:honoris causa 1055: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1002: 997: 993: 991: 985: 982: 977: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 931: 929: 925: 921: 916: 913: 908: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 885: 883: 877: 875: 871: 867: 861: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 836: 834: 832: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 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53: 49: 40: 35: 30: 19: 18:W.H.R. Rivers 4260:Mark Sherman 4250: 4214:and scholars 4210:Enthusiasts, 4187:Cat's cradle 4135:Find a Grave 4041: 4030: 4019: 4007: 3993: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3949: 3926: 3920: 3908:. Retrieved 3898: 3889: 3878: 3872: 3851: 3843: 3834: 3829: 3820: 3766: 3762: 3716:cite journal 3710:(58): 63–85. 3701: 3689:. Retrieved 3679: 3667:. Retrieved 3639: 3635: 3610: 3600: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3566: 3562: 3492: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3407: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3316: 3278: 3254:(2): 275–7. 3251: 3250:(abridged). 3247: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3173: 3167: 3141: 3135: 3106: 3102: 3069: 3060: 3047: 3039: 3018: 2992: 2939: 2905: 2901: 2883: 2849: 2843: 2834: 2817: 2812: 2799: 2793: 2784: 2734: 2723: 2714: 2708: 2683: 2677: 2668: 2662: 2653: 2579: 2550: 2543: 2534: 2528: 2501: 2498:Boase, G. C. 2479: 2475: 2444: 2438: 2427: 2383: 2225:Wilfred Bion 2210:Ernest Jones 2195: 2189: 2178: 2167: 2160: 2153: 2142: 2124: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2091: 2080: 2069: 2053:Bibliography 2039: 2037: 2026: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007:otherwise). 1999:Regeneration 1998: 1996: 1984:Regeneration 1983: 1980:Booker Prize 1975: 1969: 1963: 1959:Regeneration 1957: 1953: 1947: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1921: 1903: 1893: 1888: 1882: 1875: 1867: 1865: 1851: 1849: 1832: 1831:In the poem 1830: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1775: 1760: 1750:sympathies. 1743: 1725: 1714: 1710: 1688: 1685: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1633: 1631: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1606: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1569: 1563: 1549: 1548:suggests in 1546:Paul Fussell 1542: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1486: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1443: 1427: 1407: 1401:, and other 1392: 1385: 1373: 1363: 1349: 1341: 1330: 1317: 1314: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1286:Middle Greek 1283: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1191: 1187:cat's cradle 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1151:Barrier Reef 1136: 1090: 1086: 1077: 1073: 1058: 1056: 1048: 1028: 1013: 1008: 1005: 990:St Tibbs Row 986: 978: 974: 948: 936:Ewald Hering 932: 917: 909: 903: 897: 886: 878: 874:Neurasthenia 873: 869: 865: 862: 851: 840: 827: 760: 748: 744: 724: 716: 705: 693: 670: 663: 657: 651: 646: 644: 640: 633: 627: 625: 610: 602: 594: 590: 586: 575: 566: 564: 562:in Germany. 550: 547: 534: 526: 521:Offham, Kent 495: 484: 479: 467: 463: 451: 449: 443: 426: 406: 399: 368:double-blind 365: 346:psychiatrist 320: 319: 239:Institutions 210:Anthropology 196: 106:(1922-06-04) 66:Portrait by 29: 4322:1922 deaths 4317:1864 births 4246:Honor Maude 4212:collectors, 4180:& games 4111:Historicism 3669:29 November 3553:Head, Henry 2022:Spanish Flu 1968:(1993) and 1881:preface to 1732:H. G. Wells 1490:shell shock 1388:shell shock 1377:C. S. Myers 1375:Laboratory— 1310:glans penis 1298:epikritikos 1290:protopathes 1101:C. S. Myers 872:(1891) and 819:Switzerland 787:West Indies 458:library in 354:shell shock 342:ethnologist 338:neurologist 282:John Layard 186:Royal Medal 155:shell shock 104:4 June 1922 68:Henry Maull 4311:Categories 3953:Myers 1922 3763:The Lancet 3224:peppermint 3220:chloroform 3200:: 261–280. 2960:required.) 2908:: 162–163. 2837:: 334–335. 2600:required.) 2522:required.) 2232:References 1950:Pat Barker 1928:Pat Barker 1917:In fiction 1897:Praelector 1862:Quotations 1681:Henry Head 1634:The Lancet 1618:The Lancet 1560:0195019180 1477:physiology 1473:psychology 1333:James Ward 1278:Henry Head 1109:Sidney Ray 1043:Heidelberg 940:Heidelberg 882:Henry Head 854:Samuel Gee 654:Pat Barker 607:Early life 460:Portsmouth 434:flagship. 417:Royal Navy 230:psychology 225:psychiatry 145:Henry Head 140:expedition 85:1864-03-12 3910:8 January 3880:The Eagle 3783:0140-6736 3691:8 January 3364:: 14–17. 3216:cardamoms 3176:: 97–104. 2884:The Eagle 2717:. London. 2537:. London. 2457:cite book 2432:. 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