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144:, who had worked on various types of electric pianos since the early 1930s. The first Wurlitzer was manufactured in 1954, and production continued until 1983. Originally, the piano was designed to be used in the classroom, and several dedicated teacher and student instruments were manufactured. It was adapted for more conventional live performances, including stage models with attachable legs and console models with built-in frames. The stage instrument was used by several popular artists, including
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417:
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than the student models are the teacher consoles such as 205V and 207, featuring multiple monitor/mute switches and, in some cases the facility to add a large illuminated display panel ("Key Note
Visualizer") operated via the keyboard. Standalone classroom consoles were the 214/215 series, and home/stage consoles were the 203, 203W and 210. An unusual, angular version was the 300, only available in Europe around early 1973.
590:
and forward in the assembly before fastening. It is still possible to buy spare reeds, or take them from another instrument that has broken. A further issue is debris between a reed and the pickup causing distortion or pops. The easiest way to fix this is to repeatedly press each key in order to dislodge the dirt. Failing that, a more comprehensive solution is to open the instrument up and spray
478:
490:
457:
having to be sawn and joined together. The 200 featured a different keyboard action to earlier models, and a reworked tremolo effect. The instrument's top was hinged at the back, which made it easy to service and repair. It became the most popular
Wurlitzer model, with around 88,000 produced. The 200 was available in black, dark "Forest Green", red or beige.
298:
673:
503:
students listened to each of their instruments through headphones. Up to 24 individual student instruments could be connected together. According to former
Wurlitzer employee Bill Fuller, 75% of all universities used Wurlitzer piano labs in the late 1960s or early 1970s, and some facilities were still in operation as late as 2000.
597:
In contrast, Wurlitzer purposefully over-engineered the piano action, as it was designed to resemble that of an acoustic piano to help teaching. Unlike the hammers on a Rhodes, which can develop unwanted grooves from over-hitting, the action on a
Wurlitzer has been seen to operate well into the 21st
589:
The most common maintenance and service task on a
Wurlitzer is replacing broken reeds. In order to sound the correct pitch, each reed has a blob of solder on the end, which must be filed off to produce the right weight. Reeds have elongated screw holes, which allows fine tuning by moving it backward
556:
A rare version, and the only known model not to have 64 keys is the 106P (P for "Pupil"), a 44-note classroom model with a plastic case, no controls, one loudspeaker and no sustain pedal. The 106P was available as a set of eight on a folding frame, forming a portable keyboard lab. They were attached
336:
The improved model was co-developed in
Chicago by Paul Renard and Howard Holman for Wurlitzer. The first model, the 100 was announced in August 1954 at a trade show in Chicago, with production beginning later that year. The 110 and 111 models were introduced shortly afterward, with the 112 appearing
573:
Since production began, small numbers of wood-cased spinet-style instruments were made for domestic use. The model 700 was the same amplifier and action as the portable 120, and featured a 12-inch (300 mm) internal speaker that emphasized bass frequencies better. The longer-keyed model 720 was
328:
In the early 1950s, Meissner invented a new type of electric piano, substituting strings with struck quarter-inch (6.5 mm) steel reeds. This allowed a much smaller instrument to be manufactured, as it did not need the space to support tension-loaded strings as found on acoustic piano. The reed
506:
Most student models resemble a beige or light green Model 200 mounted on a matching pedestal containing a loudspeaker, headphone niche and sustain pedal. There is no tremolo (although earlier models simply have the facility disabled). Some of these models were given the designation 206/206A. Rarer
502:
One important role for the
Wurlitzer piano was as a student instrument in schools and colleges, and non-portable console versions were made for this purpose. The teacher had a headphone and microphone to be able to listen into each student individually and talk to them without others hearing. All
456:
In 1968, the plastic-lidded 200 was introduced, replacing the earlier wooden models. It was a much lighter instrument (56 pounds (25 kg) without the legs or pedal) with a 30 watt amplifier and two loudspeakers facing the player. This helped cut costs as the case could be moulded instead of
464:, which had been a problem with the 200. The last version to be introduced was the 200B in 1978. It was externally identical to the 200A but was designed to be powered by a pair of high-voltage batteries and had no internal amplifier or speakers, in order to reduce hum from the instrument.
368:
and amateur musicians, as it allowed pianists to use the same instrument at each gig, instead of having to use whatever instrument happened to be available at the venue. Its relative portability meant it was also a suitable instrument for practice or songwriting.
452:
and was produced concurrently with the 140. The 145B, the final portable tube model, was phased out in late 1965, while the 140B continued. Around 8,000 140Bs were manufactured. There was a solid-state classroom variant, the 146B, later renamed the 146.
408:" models were also produced with a permanently attached pedal. The early models' sustain pedals attached through the right side of the instrument, with the pedal eventually being connected directly under the unit in 1956, beginning with the model 112A.
344:
In May 1956, Wurlitzer opened a new 100,000-square-foot (9,300 m) factory in
Corinth dedicated to making electric pianos. Various models continued to be produced here until 1964, when it expanded to an additional plant in
439:
The 140 was introduced in 1962. It now included an onboard tremolo, which was incorrectly labelled "vibrato" on the control panel. It had a fixed rate but adjustable depth. Models produced until the early 1960s used
163:
As the
Wurlitzer is an electromechanical instrument, it can need occasional maintenance, such as re-tuning and replacing broken reeds. Its action and performance makes it stable enough for years of use.
357:
instead of the
Wurlitzer. The last model, the 200A, was discontinued by 1983. In total, around 120,000 instruments were produced. The Corinth factory finally closed in October 1988.
329:
assembly was designed carefully in order to produce the best set of harmonics when a hammer struck a reed. The lack of acoustic noise meant it could be played quietly using
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193:
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by a cable to a full-size teacher piano with controls to feature each pupil piano. This model appears to date from the early 1970s and was available in orange or beige.
606:
The Wurlitzer is emulated in several modern digital keyboards, though its electromechanical sound production is difficult to emulate in a synthesized instrument. The
133:
from 1954 to 1983. Sound is generated by striking a metal reed with a hammer, which induces an electric current in a pickup. It is conceptually similar to the
321:
and installing an electrostatic pickup system in it. He first demonstrated the instrument in 1932. Four years later, he demonstrated the piano at the
460:
This model was updated as the 200A in 1974 and continued in production into 1983. It featured an improved shield over the reed and pickups to reduce
839:
361:, who had bought Wurlitzer the previous year, demanded that all of the plant's records, including designs for the electric pianos, were destroyed.
220:
The sound of a Wurlitzer electronic piano is generated electromechanically by striking a metal reed with a felt hammer, using conventional piano
810:
began playing a Wurlitzer, as he preferred to take a portable instrument with him instead of using whatever piano was at a venue; his 1959 hit
77:
1994:
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1956:
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The 200A had a domestic sister model 270 called the "Butterfly Baby Grand", a semicircular, walnut finish wooden-cased piano with twin
325:
in Chicago. By 1940, Miessner had licensed a patent for his piano design that was used in several electric piano models across the US.
690:
305:
948:
has regularly used a Wurlitzer on stage. Her preferred model is a 206 (a student version of the 200) repainted in a deep-red finish.
1093:
534:
41:
855:
1910:
274:-like, sounding similar to the Rhodes; while becoming more aggressive with harder playing, producing a characteristic slightly
863:
547:
1643:
255:. It has one, two or four internal speakers (depending on the model), but can also be connected to an external amplifier.
424:
The earliest versions were the "100" series; these had a case made from painted fibreboard and were fitted with a single
1410:
910:
1769:
John Tobler. The Complete Guide to the Music of the Carpenters (1997); Omnibus Press, London; ISBN 0-7119-6312-6; p.67
931:
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882:
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mounted in the rear of the case. The 120 was introduced in 1956 with a lighter cabinet, an improved reed system,
800:
may have been the first to release recordings using the instrument, on 1956 singles later compiled on his album
749:
First to feature a solid-state amplifier. First model to feature internal tremolo ("vibrato"). Action redesign.
2014:
940:
185:
194:
1780:"Sure, Eddie Van Halen was a guitar god. But what made his music divine was his quest for the perfect sound"
906:
388:
featured in several Wurlitzer advertisements and recorded a series of promotional albums for the company.
1691:
396:
Most Wurlitzer electric pianos are portable, and have removable legs and a sustain pedal attached via a
358:
767:
The most popular models produced. Plastic-topped. Lighter, more portable, more compact. Dual speakers.
715:
Sustain pedal attaches underneath the instrument, as opposed to the side on earlier models. Redesigned
381:
270:. This gives the Wurlitzer a sharper and punchier tone. When played gently the sound can be sweet and
445:
338:
225:
1479:
353:. In the late 1970s, costs were cut in order to increase profitability, as musicians started to use
827:
823:
666:
Pilot product. No more than 50 were made, if that. Only known from archival marketing photographs.
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2019:
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1806:"Eddie Van Halen goes deep on the playing and tone secrets behind 10 iconic Van Halen tracks"
281:
Over time, particularly with aggressive playing, the reeds on a Wurlitzer will break through
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819:
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240:
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110:
1665:
1968:
Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: VolumeII: Performance and Production
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317:
designed an amplified conventional upright piano in the early 1930s by taking an acoustic
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126:
2008:
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822:, and liked the instrument enough to buy his own model. He played a model 140B on "
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has been critically praised for its accurate emulation of a Wurlitzer. The
489:
432:, and, via an uncommon optional external "tone cabinet" called the 920, a
923:
365:
251:
an octave below its top note. The instrument is fitted with a mechanical
733:
618:
433:
372:
Wurlitzer published trade advertisements featuring celebrities such as
1284:
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797:
565:, has played a customized 106P with an additional vibration circuit.
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the following year. Early models were built in a small factory in
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581:-shaped lids angled above horizontally mounted 8" loudspeakers.
1930:
Wurlitzer of Cincinnati: The Name That Means Music To Millions
1039:"Rhodes vs Wurlitzer : Comparing classic electric pianos"
920:
909:". Part of the iconic sound of the early Carpenters' hits was
652:
1411:"A Rare Breed Indeed: The Wurlitzer Student Model Classroom"
174:
1600:
1598:
982:
980:
978:
285:. Any debris between the reed and the pickup can cause a
247:
above the lowest note of a standard 88-note piano to the
1741:
1739:
1737:
997:
995:
262:, the sound from a Wurlitzer is sharper and closer to a
46:
A Wurlitzer 200A, the most commercially successful model
1907:
Classic Keys: Keyboard sounds that launched rock music
625:(VST) software emulation of the original instrument.
869:
The instrument was used extensively by British band
444:
circuitry exclusively; the 140 was the first with a
235:
Most Wurlitzer pianos are 64-note instruments whose
1554:"Wurlitzer 270 'Butterfly' Electronic Piano c1960s"
1450:
Electronic Piano Series 200 and 200A Service Manual
785:Student, Teacher and standalone "Classroom" models
109:
104:
94:
86:
76:
71:
63:
51:
34:
528:Note: Two knobs on the left are not the originals.
1949:Jazz Composition and Arranging in the Digital Age
301:Model 110 Courtesy of Jon Gusoff and Fred DiLeone
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1417:. The Chicago Electric Piano Co. June 26, 2012
818:borrowed Charles' Wurlitzer for a gig backing
8:
633:includes an emulation of a Wurlitzer 200A.
540:Model 207 teacher's console for music labs.
224:. This induces an electrical current in an
640:
574:the spinet version of the 145 tube model.
200:A Wurlitzer electronic piano, showing the
40:
31:
1456:, DeKalb, Illinois: The Wurlitzer Company
702:First mass-produced portable Wurlitzer.
1905:Lenhoff, Alan; Robertson, David (2019).
1757:
1604:
986:
969:
846:that runs through the whole song, while
840:I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)
1745:
1013:
1001:
962:
614:includes the emulation of a Wurlitzer.
420:A model 200A next to a guitar amplifier
160:include an emulation of the Wurlitzer.
649:
646:
210:
1092:Chronicle, Augusta (September 2010).
736:(in external optional amp, the 920).
7:
1692:"Logic Tutorial: Using Vintage Keys"
1435:
1397:
1300:
814:featured the model 120 prominently.
278:tone usually described as a "bark".
27:Mid-1950s – mid-1980s electric piano
779:206/207/214 (pre-A and A variants)
289:and produce a burst of distortion.
266:, while the Rhodes' is closer to a
25:
1480:"Custom Shop: The Wurlitzer 106P"
893:played a Wurlitzer on their hit "
137:, though the sound is different.
873:in the 1970s, in songs such as "
856:I Heard It Through the Grapevine
772:
754:
689:
671:
545:
533:
519:
488:
476:
211:Problems playing this file? See
190:
1911:University of North Texas Press
1869:The History of Music Production
1867:Burgess, Richard James (2014).
913:'s Wurlitzer electronic piano.
364:The Wurlitzer was popular with
349:. Production later expanded to
140:The instrument was invented by
919:played a Wurlitzer through an
743:140, pre-A, A and B variants.
684:Test-marketed portable model.
1:
228:system running at 170 V
129:manufactured and marketed by
1831:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1729:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1717:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1590:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1578:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1541:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1529:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1467:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1386:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1371:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1359:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1347:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1335:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1318:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1289:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1274:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1262:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1241:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1229:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1210:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1198:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1186:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1163:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1151:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1080:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1063:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1026:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
621:released the Wurlitzer V, a
1951:. Oxford University Press.
1888:In the Box Music Production
1871:. Oxford University Press.
1041:. reverb.com. March 6, 2015
932:And the Cradle Will Rock...
828:Cannonball Adderley Quintet
761:200 (pre-A and A variants)
2036:
1120:"Electric Piano Amplifier"
862:used a 140B Wurlitzer on "
526:Model 106 classroom piano.
123:Wurlitzer electronic piano
35:Wurlitzer electronic piano
1947:Sussman, Richard (2012).
1848:Ashworth, Steven (2008).
834:used a 140B Wurlitzer on
826:," his 1966 hit with the
803:Angels and Demons at Play
778:
760:
742:
725:
708:
695:
677:
659:
623:Virtual Studio Technology
430:electromagnetic shielding
39:
1118:Grant, US (April 1959).
941:Women and Children First
72:Technical specifications
1966:Shepherd, John (2003).
1928:Palkovic, Mark (2015).
1850:Learn to Play Keyboards
1731:, pp. 99, 117–118.
1505:"44 key Wurlitzer 106p"
732:First model to feature
1932:. Arcadia Publishing.
1886:Collins, Mike (2014).
1484:Chicago Electric Piano
1094:"Paul Renard Obituary"
594:at the affected area.
448:. The model 145 had a
421:
310:
302:
179:
100:Vibrato (single speed)
1666:"Arturia Wurlitzer V"
895:You're My Best Friend
419:
308:
300:
178:
1987:Vintage Synthesizers
1349:, pp. 115, 121.
1276:, pp. 101, 108.
647:Model name / number
446:transistor amplifier
355:digital synthesizers
339:Corinth, Mississippi
226:electrostatic pickup
202:velocity sensitivity
158:electronic keyboards
1985:Vail, Mark (2000).
1469:, pp. 100–101.
1400:, pp. 276–277.
1373:, pp. 117–118.
1291:, pp. 112–113.
1243:, pp. 111–112.
1212:, pp. 98, 121.
824:Mercy, Mercy, Mercy
561:, of the rock band
1989:. Backbeat Books.
1028:, pp. 97, 99.
928:Marshall amplifier
422:
311:
303:
180:
1996:978-0-879-30603-8
1977:978-0-826-46322-7
1970:. A&C Black.
1958:978-0-195-38099-6
1939:978-1-626-19446-5
1920:978-1-57441-776-0
1897:978-1-135-07433-3
1878:978-0-19-938501-0
1859:978-1-610-58368-8
1812:. October 6, 2020
1786:. October 7, 2020
1698:. January 4, 2016
1415:The Workshop Blog
1016:, pp. 27–28.
911:Richard Carpenter
789:
788:
378:Marian McPartland
315:Benjamin Miessner
195:
142:Benjamin Miessner
119:
118:
90:Electromechanical
16:(Redirected from
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1719:, p. 108-9.
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1646:. Nord Keyboards
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879:Goodbye Stranger
875:The Logical Song
838:'s 1967 single "
820:Dinah Washington
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382:Frederick Dvonch
347:DeKalb, Illinois
258:Compared to the
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2015:Electric pianos
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1672:. December 2012
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917:Eddie Van Halen
905:played one on "
836:Aretha Franklin
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650:Years produced
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412:Portable models
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323:NAMM Convention
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186:Wurlitzer piano
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18:Wurlitzer piano
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1877:
1864:
1858:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1833:, p. 101.
1823:
1797:
1771:
1762:
1760:, p. 302.
1750:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1683:
1670:Sound on Sound
1657:
1635:
1624:. October 2009
1622:Sound on Sound
1609:
1607:, p. 230.
1594:
1592:, p. 120.
1582:
1580:, p. 118.
1570:
1558:Piano Pavilion
1545:
1543:, p. 106.
1533:
1531:, p. 113.
1521:
1509:Page McConnell
1496:
1471:
1459:
1440:
1438:, p. 277.
1428:
1402:
1390:
1388:, p. 104.
1375:
1363:
1361:, p. 116.
1351:
1339:
1337:, p. 119.
1322:
1320:, p. 115.
1305:
1303:, p. 276.
1293:
1278:
1266:
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1233:
1214:
1202:
1200:, p. 121.
1190:
1188:, p. 114.
1167:
1165:, p. 109.
1155:
1153:, p. 108.
1136:
1110:
1084:
1082:, p. 107.
1067:
1052:
1030:
1018:
1006:
1004:, p. 308.
991:
989:, p. 156.
974:
961:
960:
953:
950:
938:'s 1980 album
903:Richard Wright
850:played one on
832:Spooner Oldham
793:
790:
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592:compressed air
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583:
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559:Page McConnell
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468:Console models
466:
450:tube amplifier
413:
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294:
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239:range is from
208:
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127:electric piano
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1890:. CRC Press.
1889:
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1852:. Chartwell.
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1754:
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987:Palkovic 2015
983:
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971:
970:Shepherd 2003
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848:Earl Van Dyke
845:
842:", playing a
841:
837:
833:
829:
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799:
796:Jazz pianist
792:Notable users
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253:sustain pedal
250:
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33:
30:
19:
1986:
1967:
1948:
1929:
1906:
1887:
1868:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1810:Guitar World
1809:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
1765:
1753:
1746:Burgess 2014
1724:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1669:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1621:
1612:
1585:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1548:
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1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1462:
1449:
1443:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1393:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1296:
1269:
1236:
1205:
1193:
1158:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:
1087:
1043:. Retrieved
1033:
1021:
1014:Sussman 2012
1009:
1002:Collins 2014
965:
956:
955:
939:
915:
868:
812:What'd I Say
801:
795:
653:Description
637:Key releases
616:
605:
596:
588:
576:
572:
569:Other models
555:
505:
501:
459:
455:
438:
423:
400:; console, "
398:Bowden cable
395:
371:
363:
343:
335:
327:
312:
280:
260:Rhodes piano
257:
234:
219:
162:
139:
135:Rhodes piano
122:
120:
105:Input/output
53:Manufacturer
29:
1676:February 3,
1650:December 1,
1644:"Wurlitzer"
1628:December 1,
1563:January 20,
1514:January 18,
1489:January 16,
1045:December 1,
946:Norah Jones
891:John Deacon
864:Lazy Sunday
860:Small Faces
852:Marvin Gaye
816:Joe Zawinul
808:Ray Charles
631:Logic Pro X
585:Maintenance
442:vacuum tube
426:loudspeaker
386:Steve Allen
374:Count Basie
351:Logan, Utah
150:Joe Zawinul
146:Ray Charles
2009:Categories
1696:Music Tech
1618:"Korg SV1"
952:References
899:Pink Floyd
871:Supertramp
782:1968–1983
764:1968–1983
746:1962–1968
729:1956–1962
717:Pratt-Read
699:1955–1956
681:1954–1955
612:Nord Stage
331:headphones
319:baby grand
276:overdriven
272:vibraphone
213:media help
156:. Several
154:Supertramp
2020:Wurlitzer
1436:Vail 2000
1398:Vail 2000
1301:Vail 2000
1129:March 18,
1103:March 18,
957:Citations
936:Van Halen
617:In 2012,
598:century.
495:Model 203
483:Model 214
462:mains hum
366:bar bands
313:Inventor
309:Model 112
268:sine wave
131:Wurlitzer
78:Polyphony
67:1954–1983
58:Wurlitzer
1816:March 2,
1790:March 2,
1702:March 2,
719:action.
608:Korg SV1
579:quadrant
436:effect.
237:keyboard
111:Keyboard
1841:Sources
1421:May 22,
924:flanger
897:", and
883:Dreamer
881:" and "
858:". The
734:tremolo
619:Arturia
434:tremolo
404:" and "
359:Baldwin
293:History
115:64 keys
96:Effects
1993:
1974:
1955:
1936:
1917:
1894:
1875:
1856:
1124:Google
1098:Legacy
798:Sun Ra
644:Image
602:Clones
406:spinet
392:Models
245:octave
222:action
125:is an
1454:(PDF)
934:" on
907:Money
887:Queen
712:1956
709:112A
663:1954
627:Apple
563:Phish
402:grand
168:Sound
64:Dates
1991:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1818:2021
1792:2021
1704:2021
1678:2021
1652:2017
1630:2017
1565:2021
1516:2021
1491:2021
1423:2014
1131:2018
1105:2018
1047:2017
930:on "
926:and
877:", "
854:'s "
844:riff
726:120
696:112
678:110
660:100
511:106P
380:and
152:and
121:The
82:Full
921:MXR
901:'s
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243:an
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230:DC
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1900:.
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249:C
241:A
215:.
20:)
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