355:, where futures prices are greater than spot prices. Contango imposes a roll cost on investors who must roll futures contracts, as they must pay a relatively higher price for those contracts to get the same underlying spot price exposure as their previous expiring contract. These roll costs could be viewed as compensation, purchased virtual storage, or an indirect subsidy for storage owners to provide the service of storing crude on behalf of financial investors. In the WTI context, storage owners would include most participants in the physical WTI market. Beyond the need by financial investors in oil, oil storage is also valuable because it provides insurance against supply disruptions or unexpected increases in demand. Refiners who wish to avoid carrying real physical oil inventories can purchase futures contracts as virtual storage as an alternative. Oil producers wishing to maintain real physical oil inventories similarly could lower the cost of those inventories through selling futures contracts. Index fund participation in the crude oil market is also associated with lower price volatility.
371:, which reduced demand, with storage issues and the expiration of the May contract on the following day resulting in reduced trading. For the first time ever, the reduction in trading shut down the Trade at Settlement (TAS) mechanism of the May 2020 WTI contract 30 minutes before the end of trading due to a lack of buyers. The TAS shutdown signaled to market participants that all remaining open May 2020 WTI contracts that have to be sold, either outright or for the purposes of rolling to the June 2020 contract, to the open market in the next twenty minutes. The speed at which the contracts had to be sold, and the closeness of that time to contract expiry meant that large physical oil traders, who could have transported and stored oil elsewhere given a low enough price, could not buy contracts due to operational, risk management, and position limit constraints. Any remaining traders who were willing to buy contracts gained enormous
239:
controls. After the price decontrol, WTI graded crude oil traded under spot prices centered around spot prices at
Cushing, Oklahoma, Midland, Texas, and Houston, Texas (specifically at the Magellan East Houston "MEH" Terminal). Oil price collapses during 1985-1986 significantly reduced local oil production around Cushing, and linked Gulf Coast imported crude oil supplies into the Cushing region and the WTI market. The growth of the WTI spot market came in tandem with the growth of the WTI futures market. The volatility of WTI spot prices lead to the development of WTI futures contracts, while the adoption of the WTI futures contracts as hedging tools by producers and refiners worldwide lead to the worldwide adoption of assessed physical WTI spot prices as benchmark prices for crude.
281:. The contract is for 1,000 US barrels, or 42,000 US gallons, of WTI crude oil, the minimum tick size of the contract is $ 0.01 per barrel ($ 10 for contract), and the contract price is quoted in US dollars. Monthly contracts are available for the current year, the following 10 calendar years, and 2 additional months. For example, from the perspective of any day in June before the last trade date for the June 2020 contracts, contracts for June 2020, July 2020, August 2020, ... December 2030, January 2031, and February 2031 are available for trading. The maximum number of contracts would be 134 contracts, which occurs at the expiry of a December contract when contracts for a new calendar year and two months are made available for trading.
498:
crude oil was added in 2002, Ekofisk crude oil was added in 2007, and Troll crude oil was added in 2018 to Brent crude oil pricing basket. Moreover, the different grades in the "Brent basket" are priced different. For example, Ekofisk, Oseberg, and Troll crude oil grades have a quality premium over Brent crude oil grades, while
Forties have a price discount for high sulphur content. Brent prices usually reflect the cheapest or the most competitive physical crude oil in the above basket, which means that Brent prices usually reflect prices for Forties crude oil. These quality changes to Brent Crude oil directly affect the premium or discount between what refiners would pay for WTI and Brent crude oil.
52:
64:
447:, which had been transporting oil from the Gulf Coast to Cushing, reversed its flow direction, to transport WTI-priced crude to the Gulf Coast, where it received Brent prices. The price difference persisted, however, and was large enough that some oil producers in North Dakota put their oil on tanker cars, and shipped it by rail to the Gulf and East Coast, where it received Brent prices. Brent continued to trade $ 10–20 higher than WTI for two years, until June 2013.
255:, compiled assessment prices of WTI based on prices of spot transactions starting in 1981. Eligible spot transaction prices at Cushing, Oklahoma, is typically reported as WTI, while eligible spot transactions at Midland, Texas, and Houston, Texas (at the MEH Terminal) are reported as WTI Midland, and WTI Houston respectively. The development of WTI spot and futures markets led crude oil producers around the world to use assessed WTI prices as a
165:, could be said to define WTI oil, but as local production declined, pipelines into those areas began to deliver crude oil of other grades, produced and blended elsewhere, which were also accepted as WTI. The WTI futures contract formalized this relationship by specifying that the deliverable asset for the contract could be a blend of crude oil, as long as it was of acceptable lightness and sweetness. Crude oil lightness is characterized by
392:
3160:
297:, which was discovered in 1912, and dominated U.S. oil production for several years. The area became a "vital transhipment point with many intersecting pipelines, storage facilities, and easy access to refiners and suppliers," infrastructure which remained after the Cushing field had declined in importance. Crude oil flows "inbound to Cushing from all directions and outbound through dozens of pipelines". It is in
314:
acceptance of oil futures contracts and related derivatives as financial assets. Demand from these investors and general financial innovation created inexpensive access to financial instruments related to oil futures contracts, such as options, index funds, and exchange-traded funds. As part of wave of investor interest, WTI crude oil futures prices (as well as Brent Crude oil prices) are included in both the
494:; also referred to as BFOET), a higher proportion of that oil production is consumed by local European refiners, and both a lesser proportion and a lesser absolute amount of that oil production can be exported to the US. During periods when WTI trades at a premium to Brent crude, declining Brent crude production pushes up that premium as traders cannot source supplies to sell into the US for a profit.
31:
510:
161:, WTI crude oil is not from any specific oil fields. Rather, WTI is described (for example by the Alberta Government) as "light sweet oil traded and delivered at Cushing, Oklahoma" (with WTI Midland and WTI Houston crude oil defined similarly for Midland, Texas, and Houston, Texas respectively). Historically, local trade between oilfield production and refineries around Midland, Texas, and
39:
524:
259:. For example, in 2008, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Colombia, and Ecuador based their crude oil selling prices on either the Platts WTI Mnth 1 index or the Platts WTI Mnth 2 index (the assessed prices of transactions with delivery in the next deliverable month or the second deliverable month). Subsequently, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq started using the
383:. Assess WTI prices were affected, and the WTI spot price dropped to -$ 36.98 on April 20. At the same time, Mars crude oil produced in the US Gulf Coast (USGC) settled at -$ 26.63, and Middle East exporters who uses ASCI (of which Mars is a component) as the selling price benchmark had to settle for negative prices that day.
292:
is a major trading hub for crude oil and has been the delivery point for crude contracts and therefore the price settlement point for West Texas
Intermediate on the New York Mercantile Exchange for over three decades. The town of Cushing, Oklahoma is a small, remote place with only 7,826 inhabitants
358:
WTI futures contracts are tied to physical deliveries into the physical spot WTI market, so WTI futures contract prices should converge to physical spot WTI market conditions and prices. But since deliveries made to settle an expiring WTI futures contract are also physical spot WTI transactions that
350:
For financial investors without oil storage, purchasing the shortest maturity futures contract and then rolling to the next contract priory to expiry offered the closest approximation to investing in physical oil prices. However, financial markets are much larger than oil markets, and investor flows
497:
As well, participants in the Brent crude market compensates for declining North Sea production by associating additional oilfields and different quality crude production into the definition of Brent crude, which affects the quality differential between Brent and WTI crude oils. Forties and
Oseberg
464:
freight cost rates could be highly volatile, due to circular dependence on fuel oil prices and ultimately crude prices, to demand for oil tankers to serve non-USGC non-North-Sea trade routes (especially to China), and to demand for using oil tankers as floating storage for crude oil. From 2000 to
438:
In
February 2011, WTI was trading around $ 85/barrel while Brent was at $ 103/barrel. The reason most cited for this difference was that Cushing had reached capacity due to a surplus of oil in the interior of North America. At the same time, Brent moved up in reaction to civil unrest in Egypt and
429:
in the 2010s it has been traded at a discount against Brent crude oil. Both the volatility of the WTI/Brent premium/discount, as well as its reversal from premium to discount in 2011, are studied and monitored by market participants as indicators for the functioning of WTI and Brent Crude as oil
229:
The Platts and Argus API and sulfur measurements are descriptions of WTI as assessed, while the NYMEX WTI futures contract characterization is a requirement for WTI crude oil delivery to the contract. WTI crude oil will typically satisfy the WTI futures contract requirements and be close to the
238:
The US governmental decontrol of oil prices on
January 28, 1981, marked the beginning of the physical WTI Crude Oil spot market. Under the previous US Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act of 1973, WTI crude oil traded under a variety of spot prices split into various categories set by the price
313:
Starting in 2003, an influx of traders from outside of the oil industry begun to participate in oil futures and other commodities futures markets. These market participants, which includes hedge funds, pension funds, insurance companies, and retail investors, were motivated by the increasing
359:
can be included into PRA assessed prices, abnormal futures contract transactions could drive WTI spot prices and assessed prices. This was the case on April 20, 2020, when WTI futures contract trading drove both assessed WTI and ASCI prices to negative territories.
673:
276:
of crude oil prices after the US oil price decontrol led to the development of the NYMEX WTI Light Sweet Crude Oil futures contract in 1983. The NYMEX Crude Oil contract trades under the symbol CL on the New York
Mercantile Exchange, now part of
455:
To the extent that price difference between WTI and Brent crude entice traders to ship WTI to North Sea refineries or ship Brent to US Gulf Cost refineries, the premium/discount between WTI and Brent crude must reflect
780:
473:
Premiums/discounts between WTI and Brent crude also reflects declining crude oil production priced under Brent crude prices. As crude production declines from depletion in Brent crude associated North Sea oilfields
173:
content. Measurements of lightness and sweetness of WTI changes depending on the particular light and sweet oil traded at
Cushing at the time of the measurement, and even the particular measurement methodology.
666:
263:
as their price index in 2009, but the ASCI index itself is priced in relation to WTI futures with a differential, which imply those countries still effectively benchmark their crude oil selling prices to WTI.
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On April 20, 2020, WTI's May contract closed at -$ 37.63/barrel while the June contract closed at positive $ 20.43/barrel. Prices mainly dropped due to the
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108:. Oil produced from any location can be considered WTI if the oil meets the required qualifications. Spot and futures prices of WTI are used as a
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in bringing the two prices back to parity. Oil prices at coastal areas of the United States were closer to Brent than to WTI. In June 2012, the
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across the Middle East. Since WTI-priced stockpiles at
Cushing could not easily be transported to the Gulf Coast, WTI crude was unable to be
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price, or assessed price for that oil. In colloquial usage, WTI usually refers to the WTI Crude Oil futures contract traded on the
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1040:"Light Sweet Crude Oil (WTI) Futures and Options: When the World Asks, "What's the Price of Crude Oil?" WTI is the Answer"
143:. WTI is lighter and sweeter, containing less sulfur than Brent, and considerably lighter and sweeter than Dubai or Oman.
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334:. Its weighting in these commodity indices give LME Nickel prices non-trivial influence on returns on a wide range of
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2009, oil tanker freight rates represented a substantial contributor to the WTI premium over Brent crude.
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1634:– Part of the U.S. Department of Energy, official source of price and other statistical information
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339:
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1919:
1819:
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1926:
1410:"Spot Crude Oil Price: West Texas Intermediate (WTI)/Crude Oil Prices: Brent - Europe (1987–)"
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63:
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113:
119:
The price of WTI is often included in news reports on oil prices, alongside the price of
425:
Historically, WTI has generally traded at a premium to Brent before 2011, but since the
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97:
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began to dominate oil producers' hedging needs and moved the oil futures market into
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Oil prices fall to historic lows, as West Texas crude futures drop to negative $ 37
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30:
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38:
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34:
Spot price of West Texas intermediate in relation to the price of Brent crude
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112:. This grade is described as light crude oil because of its low density and
89:
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Historic day for oil markets as WTI crude crashes below zero for first time
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U.S. Oil Prices Settle In
Negative Territory For First Time In Epic Rout
2738:
2728:
2608:
2603:
2518:
1327:"News vs. Noise: Understanding the Meaning Behind Negative Oil Prices"
1199:"The Role of Speculation in Oil Markets: What Have We Learned So Far?"
1072:"The Role of Speculation in Oil Markets: What Have We Learned So Far?"
3055:
2942:
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2917:
2877:
2791:
1646:
248:
170:
989:
2837:
2811:
2781:
2743:
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2673:
390:
1252:"US Oil Prices are on Track for Their Worst Day Ever: Here's Why"
3065:
3005:
2758:
2236:
1256:
322:
commodity index, which are benchmark indices widely followed in
1650:
293:(according to the 2010 Census). However, it is the site of the
2897:
2763:
2536:
243:
Global adoption of WTI assessed prices as oil benchmark prices
810:"Methodology and specifications guide: Argus Americas Crude"
2526:
1015:"Census Viewer:Population of the City of Cushing, Oklahoma"
1631:
1512:
Price difference between WTI and Brent Crude oil narrowing
1137:. S&P Dow Jones Indices. S&P Global. p. 26.
1103:"Bloomberg Commodity Index 2020 Target Weights Announced"
346:
Effect of futures contract trading on physical WTI market
178:
WTI crude oil lightness and sweetness characterizations
1204:. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. p. 15.
1572:. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. p. 3.
1567:"Changes to the 'Dated Brent' benchmark: More to come"
1077:. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. p. 3.
927:
925:
923:
27:
Grade of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing
3127:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
667:"Not All Oil is Equal: Explaining Price Differences"
3104:
2970:
2820:
2772:
2560:
2517:
2502:
2493:
2378:
2295:
2177:
2063:
1957:
1885:
1828:
1787:
1780:
1702:
75:
West Texas Intermediate oil price history 1946–2022
939:. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. p. 3.
1197:Fattouh, Bassam; Kilian, Lutz; Mahadeva, Lavan.
1160:
1158:
1070:Fattouh, Bassam; Kilian, Lutz; Mahadeva, Lavan.
646:Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry
377:pushed prices downwards into negative territory
309:Adoption of WTI futures for investment purposes
1529:
1527:
230:Platts and Argus assessed values at the time.
1662:
1469:. Oxford Energy Forum May 2011. p. 110.
804:
802:
800:
578:"Crude Oil Prices – 70 Year Historical Chart"
387:Pricing premium/discount in relation to Brent
8:
1540:. Purvin & Gertz Inc. pp. 110–112.
736:"Chapter 200: Light Sweet Crude Oil Futures"
2514:
2499:
1784:
1669:
1655:
1647:
1598:"The Role of WTI as a Crude Oil Benchmark"
1535:"The Role of WTI as a Crude Oil Benchmark"
1435:"The Role of WTI as a Crude Oil Benchmark"
897:"The Role of WTI as a Crude Oil Benchmark"
866:"The Role of WTI as a Crude Oil Benchmark"
840:. Purvin & Gertz Inc. pp. 24–27.
835:"The Role of WTI as a Crude Oil Benchmark"
730:
728:
726:
724:
698:"The Role of WTI as a Crude Oil Benchmark"
612:"The Role of WTI as a Crude Oil Benchmark"
469:Brent crude production and trading factors
774:"Specifications guide Americas crude oil"
247:Price Reporting Agencies (PRAs), such as
1358:. US Energy Information Administration.
1167:"The Rise of Retail and the Fall of WTI"
768:
766:
764:
762:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
176:
92:; the term is also used to refer to the
37:
29:
2589:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1638:West Texas Intermediate (WTI) (WTISPLC)
1603:. Purvin & Gertz Inc. p. 113.
1440:. Purvin & Gertz Inc. p. 110.
1246:
1244:
1172:. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
569:
379:. This situation is an extreme case of
2463:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
2222:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
1632:U.S. Energy Information Administration
1510:US Energy Information Administration,
902:. Purvin & Gertz Inc. p. 96.
871:. Purvin & Gertz Inc. p. 95.
617:. Purvin & Gertz Inc. p. 24.
234:Development of the physical WTI market
703:. Purvin & Gertz Inc. p. 7.
186:NYMEX WTI futures contract (May 2020)
104:. The WTI oil grade is also known as
7:
2594:China National Petroleum Corporation
268:NYMEX WTI Crude Oil futures contract
102:New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX)
1490:Energy Information Administration,
1264:from the original on April 20, 2020
1105:. Bloomberg Professional Services.
363:WTI Negative Pricing April 20, 2020
116:because of its low sulfur content.
57:Price of oil adjusted for inflation
2654:National Iranian South Oil Company
2370:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
965:"Crude Oil Futures Contract Specs"
25:
3122:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
3011:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
2664:Oil & Gas Development Company
932:Fattouh, Bassam; Imsirovic, Adi.
153:Oil industry in Cushing, Oklahoma
3159:
3158:
1356:"Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB"
522:
508:
192:Argus WTI Assessment (Mar 2020)
189:Platts WTI assessment (May 2020)
62:
50:
2669:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
1640:, time series from 1946 at the
1610:from the original on 2020-09-21
1579:from the original on 2020-06-25
1547:from the original on 2020-09-21
1473:from the original on 2023-11-01
1447:from the original on 2020-09-21
1416:from the original on 2020-05-12
1391:from the original on 2020-04-17
1362:from the original on 2020-06-09
1337:from the original on 2020-09-23
1211:from the original on 2020-09-23
1179:from the original on 2020-05-27
1144:from the original on 2014-11-14
1113:from the original on 2020-06-03
1084:from the original on 2020-09-23
996:from the original on 2009-09-25
990:"Light Sweet Crude Oil Futures"
971:from the original on 2020-06-12
946:from the original on 2020-07-27
909:from the original on 2020-09-21
878:from the original on 2020-09-21
847:from the original on 2020-09-21
816:from the original on 2021-01-26
786:from the original on 2020-04-22
748:from the original on 2020-05-28
710:from the original on 2020-09-21
679:from the original on 2023-03-15
648:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
624:from the original on 2020-09-21
584:from the original on 2022-04-18
3195:Petroleum in the United States
3137:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2908:Port Harcourt Refining Company
2574:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
147:WTI crude oil as a trade grade
1:
2083:Production sharing agreements
1492:Rail delivery of US Petroleum
934:"Oil Benchmarks Under Stress"
779:. S&P Global. p. 6.
408: West Texas Intermediate
261:Argus Sour Crude Index (ASCI)
169:, and crude oil sweetness by
3117:Canadian petroleum companies
3112:American Petroleum Institute
2649:National Iranian Oil Company
2634:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
3132:International Energy Agency
2117:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
1045:. CME Group. Archived from
279:Chicago Mercantile Exchange
42:WTI crude oil price (daily)
3211:
2719:PTT Public Company Limited
2320:East Midlands Oil Province
2305:List of natural gas fields
1905:Integrated asset modelling
1467:"WTI and Brent Benchmarks"
1132:"S&P GSCI Methodology"
543:List of crude oil products
418:
412:
217:Below 0.42% sulfur content
200:Between 37 and 42 degrees
150:
3154:
3091:Weatherford International
2624:Iraq National Oil Company
1684:
1381:"Friction in oil markets"
1238:Investor's Daily Business
672:. Government of Alberta.
538:Dubai Mercantile Exchange
316:Bloomberg Commodity Index
285:Futures contract delivery
558:Petroleum classification
257:benchmark in oil pricing
206:41.4 degrees API gravity
110:benchmark in oil pricing
3142:World Petroleum Council
3016:China Oilfield Services
2073:Petroleum fiscal regime
1772:Western Canadian Select
1767:West Texas Intermediate
1314:The Dallas Morning News
1293:Financial Post Business
332:institutional investors
209:40 degrees API gravity
88:) is a grade or mix of
82:West Texas Intermediate
2619:Indian Oil Corporation
2105:Submersible pump (ESP)
2050:Underbalanced drilling
1871:of gasoline and diesel
410:
299:Payne County, Oklahoma
69:Price of oil (nominal)
43:
35:
2996:Cameron International
2438:Petrodollar recycling
2421:fossil fuel phase-out
1984:Differential sticking
1937:Reflection seismology
1910:Petroleum engineering
1752:OPEC Reference Basket
421:OPEC Reference Basket
394:
151:Further information:
141:OPEC reference basket
41:
33:
3185:Benchmark crude oils
2893:Occidental Petroleum
2207:1990 oil price shock
2033:Shale oil extraction
2006:Drilling engineering
1989:Directional drilling
1915:Reservoir simulation
451:Freight rate factors
3041:Naftiran Intertrade
2986:Amec Foster Wheeler
2913:Reliance Industries
2802:Naftiran Intertrade
2614:Hindustan Petroleum
2212:2000s energy crisis
1331:advice.epwealth.com
179:
2888:Marathon Petroleum
2310:List of oil fields
1920:Reservoir modeling
1678:Petroleum industry
1517:2014-12-13 at the
1497:2013-07-16 at the
1309:2020-04-20 at the
1288:2020-04-20 at the
1260:. April 20, 2020.
1234:2022-12-24 at the
430:price benchmarks.
411:
177:
127:. Other important
44:
36:
3172:
3171:
3150:
3149:
3036:Nabors Industries
2966:
2965:
2164:Well intervention
2139:Petroleum product
2038:Ljungström method
1942:Seismic inversion
1927:Petroleum geology
1881:
1880:
1465:Morse, Edward L.
1165:Bouchouev, Ilia.
434:US supply factors
369:COVID-19 pandemic
324:financial markets
295:Cushing Oil Field
290:Cushing, Oklahoma
227:
226:
163:Cushing, Oklahoma
106:Texas light sweet
16:(Redirected from
3202:
3190:Economy of Texas
3162:
3161:
2863:Hess Corporation
2584:Bharat Petroleum
2515:
2500:
2187:1967 Oil Embargo
2023:Lost circulation
1861:Posted oil price
1785:
1742:Isthmus-34 Light
1671:
1664:
1657:
1648:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1565:Imsirovic, Adi.
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1522:
1508:
1502:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1325:Phillips, Adam.
1322:
1316:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1248:
1239:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1017:. Archived from
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
986:
980:
979:
977:
976:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
945:
938:
929:
918:
917:
915:
914:
908:
901:
893:
887:
886:
884:
883:
877:
870:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
846:
839:
831:
825:
824:
822:
821:
806:
795:
794:
792:
791:
785:
778:
770:
757:
756:
754:
753:
747:
740:
732:
719:
718:
716:
715:
709:
702:
694:
688:
687:
685:
684:
678:
671:
663:
657:
642:Marius Vassiliou
639:
633:
632:
630:
629:
623:
616:
608:
593:
592:
590:
589:
574:
532:
527:
526:
525:
518:
513:
512:
407:
398:
336:investment funds
180:
66:
54:
21:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3146:
3100:
3096:John Wood Group
3086:Valaris Limited
2979:
2976:
2973:
2962:
2828:APA Corporation
2816:
2768:
2567:
2564:
2556:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2495:
2489:
2390:Classification
2374:
2297:
2291:
2227:Nationalization
2197:1979 oil crisis
2192:1973 oil crisis
2173:
2159:Water injection
2127:Steam injection
2122:Gas reinjection
2090:Artificial lift
2059:
2001:Drill stem test
1953:
1877:
1824:
1776:
1698:
1680:
1675:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1521:, 28 June 2013.
1519:Wayback Machine
1509:
1505:
1501:, 10 July 2013.
1499:Wayback Machine
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1311:Wayback Machine
1302:
1298:
1290:Wayback Machine
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1236:Wayback Machine
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1008:
999:
997:
988:
987:
983:
974:
972:
963:
962:
958:
949:
947:
943:
936:
931:
930:
921:
912:
910:
906:
899:
895:
894:
890:
881:
879:
875:
868:
864:
863:
859:
850:
848:
844:
837:
833:
832:
828:
819:
817:
812:. Argus Media.
808:
807:
798:
789:
787:
783:
776:
772:
771:
760:
751:
749:
745:
738:
734:
733:
722:
713:
711:
707:
700:
696:
695:
691:
682:
680:
676:
669:
665:
664:
660:
640:
636:
627:
625:
621:
614:
610:
609:
596:
587:
585:
576:
575:
571:
566:
528:
523:
521:
514:
507:
504:
471:
460:freight costs.
453:
445:Seaway Pipeline
436:
423:
417:
409:
405:
403:
396:
389:
365:
348:
311:
287:
270:
245:
236:
183:Characteristics
155:
149:
79:
78:
77:
76:
72:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Surgutneftegas
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:Eneos Holdings
2850:
2845:
2843:ConocoPhillips
2840:
2835:
2833:Cenovus Energy
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2774:Energy trading
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2458:Swing producer
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Gulf of Mexico
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:2010s oil glut
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:1980s oil glut
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2011:Drilling fluid
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1949:Seismic source
1946:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Japan Cocktail
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1694:Primary energy
1691:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1627:
1626:External links
1624:
1621:
1620:
1589:
1557:
1523:
1503:
1483:
1457:
1426:
1401:
1372:
1347:
1317:
1296:
1275:
1240:
1221:
1189:
1154:
1123:
1094:
1062:
1031:
1006:
981:
956:
919:
888:
857:
826:
796:
758:
720:
689:
658:
634:
594:
568:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
534:
533:
519:
503:
500:
470:
467:
452:
449:
435:
432:
427:shale oil boom
413:Main article:
404:
395:
388:
385:
364:
361:
347:
344:
310:
307:
286:
283:
269:
266:
244:
241:
235:
232:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
204:
198:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
148:
145:
135:, Oman crude,
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
56:
49:
48:
47:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3207:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2969:
2959:
2958:Valero Energy
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Suncor Energy
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2552:TotalEnergies
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2501:
2498:
2496:organisations
2494:Companies and
2492:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Petrocurrency
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Oil shale gas
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2386:Abbreviations
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Permian Basin
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:United States
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:Seven Sisters
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Core sampling
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:Indian Basket
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
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2991:Baker Hughes
2883:Marathon Oil
2873:Imperial Oil
2868:Husky Energy
2858:Galp Energia
2848:Devon Energy
2734:Saudi Aramco
2714:Petrovietnam
2659:NNPC Limited
2563:National oil
2443:Petrofiction
2411:Orphan wells
2379:Other topics
2350:Persian Gulf
2277:Saudi Arabia
2247:Standard Oil
2055:Well logging
1932:Petrophysics
1766:
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530:Texas portal
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415:Price of oil
373:market power
366:
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320:S&P GSCI
312:
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220:0.37% sulfur
156:
131:include the
118:
105:
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81:
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3031:Halliburton
2903:Phillips 66
2724:QatarEnergy
2694:Petrobangla
2629:KazMunayGas
2519:Supermajors
2468:heavy crude
2355:Prudhoe Bay
2335:Niger Delta
2315:Caspian Sea
2078:Concessions
2028:Measurement
1994:Geosteering
1977:Squeeze job
1887:Exploration
1836:Consumption
1795:Consumption
1788:Natural gas
1717:Bonny Light
548:Petrobourse
401:Brent Crude
253:Argus Media
202:API gravity
167:oil gravity
159:Brent Crude
133:Dubai crude
129:oil markers
121:Brent crude
96:price, the
3179:Categories
3081:Transocean
2948:Tullow Oil
2938:TechnipFMC
2704:PetroChina
2542:ExxonMobil
2448:Shale band
2325:East Texas
2298:and fields
2112:Downstream
2065:Production
1972:Completion
1900:Geophysics
1841:Production
1800:Production
1737:Indonesian
1712:Argus Sour
1704:Benchmarks
1614:2020-05-30
1583:2020-05-15
1551:2020-05-30
1477:2020-05-31
1451:2020-05-30
1420:2020-04-21
1395:2020-04-21
1366:2020-05-31
1341:2020-07-30
1215:2020-05-30
1183:2020-05-27
1148:2020-05-06
1117:2020-05-06
1088:2020-05-30
1056:2013-04-17
1025:2013-04-17
1000:2013-04-17
975:2020-05-30
950:2020-05-30
913:2020-05-30
882:2020-05-30
851:2020-05-30
820:2020-05-30
790:2020-05-30
752:2020-05-30
714:2020-05-30
683:2023-11-01
628:2020-05-30
588:2022-04-19
564:References
462:Oil tanker
458:oil tanker
441:arbitraged
419:See also:
340:portfolios
274:volatility
139:, and the
3076:TC Energy
2977:companies
2807:Trafigura
2754:Sonatrach
2699:Petrobras
2689:Pertamina
2599:Ecopetrol
2565:companies
2509:companies
2507:petroleum
2483:tight oil
2478:oil shale
2473:oil sands
2453:Shale gas
2394:sweet oil
2365:Venezuela
2340:North Sea
2296:Provinces
2287:Venezuela
2134:Midstream
1829:Petroleum
1689:Petroleum
1385:FRED Blog
1268:April 20,
553:Petroeuro
214:Sweetness
197:Lightness
137:Urals oil
125:North Sea
123:from the
90:crude oil
18:WTI crude
3164:Category
3071:Subsea 7
3051:Petrofac
3046:NOV Inc.
3026:GE Power
3021:Enbridge
2975:services
2797:Mercuria
2787:Glencore
2749:Sonangol
2709:Petronas
2644:Naftogaz
2416:Peak oil
2399:sour oil
2154:Upstream
2149:Refining
2144:Pipeline
2100:Pumpjack
2095:Gas lift
2016:invasion
1959:Drilling
1846:Reserves
1805:Reserves
1605:Archived
1574:Archived
1542:Archived
1515:Archived
1495:Archived
1471:Archived
1442:Archived
1414:Archived
1389:Archived
1360:Archived
1335:Archived
1307:Archived
1286:Archived
1262:Archived
1232:Archived
1206:Archived
1174:Archived
1139:Archived
1111:Archived
1079:Archived
994:Archived
969:Archived
941:Archived
904:Archived
873:Archived
842:Archived
814:Archived
781:Archived
743:Archived
705:Archived
674:Archived
644:(2009).
619:Archived
582:Archived
502:See also
381:contango
353:contango
318:and the
2739:Sinopec
2729:Rosneft
2609:Gazprom
2604:Equinor
2532:Chevron
2179:History
2045:Tracers
1967:Blowout
1856:Exports
1851:Imports
1815:Exports
1810:Imports
488:Ekofisk
484:Oseberg
480:Forties
328:traders
157:Unlike
98:futures
3105:Others
3056:Saipem
2953:Tüpraş
2943:TNK-BP
2928:Sunoco
2918:Repsol
2878:Lukoil
2821:Others
2792:Gunvor
2426:timing
2360:Russia
2272:Norway
2257:France
2252:Canada
652:
490:, and
406:
399:
397:
249:Platts
171:sulfur
2972:Major
2838:Cepsa
2812:Vitol
2782:Enron
2744:SOCAR
2684:Pemex
2679:PDVSA
2674:Orlen
2639:Lotos
2579:ANCAP
2547:Shell
2504:Major
2262:India
1866:Price
1820:Price
1762:Urals
1757:Tapis
1727:Dubai
1722:Brent
1608:(PDF)
1601:(PDF)
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1570:(PDF)
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622:(PDF)
615:(PDF)
492:Troll
476:Brent
114:sweet
3066:Snam
3006:CH2M
2759:TPAO
2267:Iraq
2237:OPEC
2232:GECF
1781:Data
1270:2020
1257:CNBC
650:ISBN
375:and
338:and
330:and
272:The
251:and
94:spot
3001:CGG
2898:OMV
2764:YPF
2537:Eni
326:by
86:WTI
3181::
2527:BP
2169:XT
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