368:, Microsoft confirmed that its own applications did use such calls, claiming that since such practices were widespread, no advantage had been gained. Following industry experience with the DOS API as a de-facto standard, with multiple implementations and supported by multiple environments, and with efforts such as Wabi seeking to support the Windows API across multiple environments, an argument was made for considering both DOS and Windows, or at least their APIs, as "sufficiently generic, and sufficiently important, to deserve something like ANSI standards committees".
267:, anticipating that sufficient demand for Windows 95 applications would be met with an updated version of Wabi supporting such applications within a year of the release of Windows 95. Sun also introduced WabiServer, providing a means of running Windows applications in Wabi on a server, with clients accessing those applications over a network. This permitted X terminals and low-end SPARC systems, including those running
22:
74:
380:
claimed that Sun had effectively "documented the
Windows API for Microsoft", submitting it to X/Open for consideration as an industry standard. Developed from public specifications and maintained by an international standards organisation, such a standard was regarded as being free from the assertion
296:
In its initial form, Wabi was intended to be able to run certified applications, these having been tested to establish correct operation, without any need for any
Windows software. However, Wabi 2.0 explicitly supported Windows 3.1 itself as a certified application, and an installation of Windows was
388:
claimed in response to Sun's initiative that the same information was already available in "a $ 9 book at the local bookstore", nevertheless considering a legal response after reviewing the released Wabi product. In response to the threat of this initiative and Wabi, Microsoft "launched a preemptive
359:
Since Wabi implemented and thus depended on the usage of "published, well-known" Windows API calls by applications, it remained sensitive to instances of undocumented API usage by applications with "intimate knowledge of the
Windows environment" that would refuse to run correctly. Despite the use of
308:
depend on these three modules, so cloning this functionality allows
Windows software to execute correctly on a foreign host system. This approach, as opposed to a full replacement, was thought by the engineering team to be the only rational methodology for success given both the size of Microsoft's
243:
workstation range in exchange for granting Sun access to "certain IBM technology to enhance WABI further". Sun announced Wabi 1.1 in April 1994, having shipped only 30,000 copies of Wabi 1.0. Offering "significantly enhanced stability and reliability" over the previous version, Hewlett-Packard and
231:
Originally demonstrated by SunSelect, a division of Sun
Microsystems, at the 1992 Fall Comdex show, the product was described as leveraging the Windows API to be able to "separate the software from the hardware", allowing RISC workstation vendors such as Sun to provide greater performance running
278:
strategy, releasing the software in
November of that year, being sold as a product for various Linux distributions. Wabi development was discontinued in December 1997, with only "sustaining engineering" being performed beyond this date. Wabi 2.2 revision E was the final Sun-issued version of the
301:
Insignia's SoftWindows and related products, hosted applications employ native software components, resulting in
Windows applications appearing in their own windows within the X Window System environment, as opposed to appearing in a Windows desktop session confined to a single native window.
300:
To support programs written for the
Windows API, Wabi provides library routines for published or documented API calls that perform the equivalent work in the host environment, this being Solaris in the version of the product for Sun's own workstations. In contrast to other approaches, notably
247:
By late 1994, Sun had reported shipping 100,000 copies of Wabi bundled at no extra cost with
Solaris 2. Meanwhile, HP and IBM offered the product as an optional extra, charging $ 395.00 and $ 249.00 respectively. Wabi 2.0 eventually broadened application support to 24 titles, these reportedly
282:
Other solutions sought to provide similar functionality to Wabi. The
Willows Toolkit, previously known as TWIN APIW, provided the Willows Application Programming Interface (WAPI) consisting of a Willows Binary Interface capable of hosting existing Windows applications, the Willows Library
232:
Windows applications than such applications exhibited on conventional Intel-based personal computers. This use of the Windows API meant that Wabi was not able to run DOS applications, unlike other solutions such as the company's existing SunPC product based on technology licensed from
220:. The assets of Praxsys were acquired by Sun in the fall of 1992. Originally referenced in publicity as WABI, short for Windows Application Binary Interface, the product was eventually known as Wabi, reportedly to avoid trademark issues. Another connotation given to the name is its
363:
Meanwhile, an impression had been established that undocumented Windows calls were being exploited by application developers, Microsoft in particular, to gain a form of competitive advantage. Indeed, in response to claims to this effect, prompted by the publication of a book,
375:
effort to create such a public standard, enlisting several other companies including systems vendors such as IBM, ICL and Toshiba, operating systems vendors such as SCO and Unix System Laboratories, and application developers such as Corel and WordPerfect Corporation. Sun's
360:
techniques that accelerated Windows applications when run under Wabi when comparing a Solaris on Intel system with one running Windows on identical hardware, users reported that application performance varied, with some applications performing too slowly.
389:
strike" by licensing Windows source code to Insignia Solutions, leading to the release of its SoftWindows product. This was part of a broader licensing effort seeking to appeal to selected companies looking to run Windows solutions on Unix systems.
244:
IBM were also to provide the updated software on their own systems. Wabi 2.0 was promised as a further upgrade in the summer of 1994, supporting a larger number of certified applications than the 13 titles of the original release.
287:
was also already in development at the time of Wabi's discontinuation, although both Wine and the Willows Toolkit were unable to provide a similar level of experience to that delivered by Wabi at that point in time.
1443:
283:
implementing the Windows API, and the Willows Driver implementing three functional subsystems performing window management, graphical operations, and access to native system functionality.
259:, offered to run DOS applications, announced a deal with Merge's creator, Locus Computing Corporation, for continued development of that product, and introduced a faster CPU in its
396:
breach, the Public Windows Interface effort was obstructed by Microsoft lobbying directed towards various standards bodies, effectively curtailing this standardisation attempt.
248:
accounting for "over 80 percent of the commercial Windows applications market". SCO also offered Wabi as an option for its OpenServer Release 5 products, specifically Wabi 2.0.
239:
Announced in May 1993, Wabi was to be offered at no cost to Solaris purchasers during that year. Later in 1993, IBM obtained the right to offer the software on its own
1436:
1663:
1714:
384:
Sun had reportedly but unsuccessfully sought some form of licensing arrangement with Microsoft for access to Windows technologies in early 1993. Microsoft's
297:
reported as a helpful measure in addressing the shortcomings of previous versions of the software. Wabi 2.1 added support for Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
1429:
136:
251:
Sun improved the product further and released Wabi 2.1 in 1995, introducing multimedia capabilities such as the handling of audio and video, as well as
794:
43:
30:
1054:
343:
DOS and PC hardware emulation are not provided by Wabi, but Caldera'a version of the software permitted the use of a DOS emulator, provided by the
228:, given as "quiet taste" in SunSoft's own literature, with the original WABI acronym being acknowledged as "a fair description of what Wabi is".
304:
Wabi implements the lowest layers of the Windows environment in the form of the user.dll, kernel.dll, and gdi.dll libraries. All other Windows
764:
1729:
474:
1764:
1022:
574:
417:
217:
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988:
1084:
927:
711:
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1498:
1378:
1411:
957:
820:
627:
597:
336:, and on x86 and SPARC systems running Linux. To run an x86 Windows environment on SPARC and other RISC systems, a
189:
98:
35:
1488:
1483:
1161:
846:
1623:
372:
309:
ever-expanding efforts and the difficulties of the emulation being precise enough to run commercial software.
798:
1113:
216:
The technology was originally developed by Praxsys Technologies as the result of discussions in 1990 with
170:
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393:
1416:
1297:
738:
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654:
444:
305:
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772:
534:
225:
121:
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337:
1146:
564:
1675:
1648:
1636:
1456:
1121:
684:
570:
340:
dynamically converts x86 instructions upon first use into SPARC or other native instructions.
205:
152:
504:
1685:
1527:
1406:
256:
148:
93:
86:
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284:
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package, to allow the Windows Program Manager to launch a DOS command session from its
201:
110:
1753:
1679:
1632:
1324:
902:
377:
1241:
Schulman, Andrew; Brown, Ralf; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1993).
1719:
1242:
166:
1724:
1552:
1421:
274:
Wabi 2.2 was licensed from SunSoft by Caldera in 1996 as part of that company's
162:
155:
1557:
996:
385:
264:
126:
81:
1125:
255:
support in Windows applications. Alongside this, Sun upgraded its version of
1542:
1465:
1091:
935:
371:
In conjunction with its development of the Wabi software, Sun initiated the
221:
177:
instructions where appropriate, but without providing emulation support for
876:
21:
1591:
1586:
965:
1644:
1492:
1120:. Vol. 4, no. 3. The Cobb Group. March 1998. pp. 14–15.
405:
329:
321:
240:
73:
1478:
850:
535:"Brace yourself for the next generation of desktop operating systems"
411:
344:
233:
182:
263:
expansion card. The company indicated that with the introduction of
1546:
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333:
313:
275:
268:
260:
197:
114:
106:
1734:
1606:
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1425:
797:(Press release). Sun Microsystems. October 1995. Archived from
621:
619:
325:
317:
193:
178:
174:
158:
102:
15:
1264:
1262:
1083:
Hohensee, Paul; Myszewski, Mat; Reese, David (August 1996).
870:
868:
498:
496:
849:(Press release). Caldera. 18 November 1996. Archived from
795:"82.10: SunSoft Expands WABI Line With New Server Product"
528:
526:
147:
is a discontinued commercial software application from
1055:"SunSelect's Wabi vs. Insignia Solutions' SoftWindows"
1016:
1014:
161:
specification. Wabi runs applications developed for
1703:
1662:
1604:
1575:
1511:
1464:
1379:"Sun Uses ECMA as Path to ISO Java Standardization"
877:"Wabi: Caldera's Solution for Windows Applications"
655:"Wabi gets 'interface-lift' to enhance user appeal"
132:
120:
92:
80:
1271:"Vendors port Windows, Mac apps to Unix platforms"
1048:
1046:
1044:
821:"Caldera Licenses Wabi for Windows Apps on Linux"
678:
676:
468:
466:
1078:
1076:
324:systems, as well as on PowerPC systems running
1437:
8:
558:
556:
66:
958:"The Willows Toolkit Technical White Paper"
392:Despite Sun's contention that there was no
204:. A version for Linux was also released by
1707:
1668:
1611:
1579:
1515:
1471:
1444:
1430:
1422:
718:. Vol. 10, no. 3. pp. 22–27
598:"IBM Licences SunSelect's WABI Technology"
65:
1358:. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 42–45
1298:"Windows API: private or public property"
1247:(2 ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 179
279:product, available only for Solaris 2.6.
1576:Ports of Unix-like utilities for Windows
475:"SunSelect Intrigues with WABI for Unix"
414: – Series of single-board computers
46:of all important aspects of the article.
1114:"Running Wabi on 24-bit video displays"
436:
1195:. Caldera. July 1996. pp. 133–149
628:"SunSoft bridges gap with Solaris 2.4"
426: – Windows compatibility software
381:of Microsoft's copyright and patents.
42:Please consider expanding the lead to
653:Bozman, Jean S. (19 September 1994).
271:, to take advantage of the software.
7:
1730:Windows Interface Source Environment
563:Fordin, Scott; Nolin, Susan (1996).
1691:Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL 2)
1512:Development environments and shells
1499:Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL 1)
1356:Computerworld Client/Server Journal
1350:Johnson, Maryfran (November 1993).
901:Holve, Michael (3 December 1997).
875:Johnson, Dwight L. (1 June 1997).
847:"Caldera Ships Wabi 2.2 for Linux"
63:Microsoft Win16 API for Unix/Linux
14:
1605:Windows runtime environments for
1214:Karnes, Clifton (December 1992).
964:. 5 December 1998. Archived from
626:Bozman, Jean S. (11 April 1994).
420: – 1994 application by Apple
418:Macintosh Application Environment
188:Wabi was originally released for
1664:Platform virtualization software
1160:Pollace, Michelle (March 1994).
903:"WABI v2.2 for Linux by Caldera"
745:. No. 152. pp. 292–294
505:"Sun opens Unix to Windows apps"
72:
20:
1377:Fellows, William (6 May 1999).
1325:"APIs jumping across platforms"
739:"SCO Server 5, in arte Everest"
473:Andrews, Dave (February 1993).
451:. 21 September 1992. p. 16
218:Interactive Systems Corporation
173:, interpreting and translating
34:may be too short to adequately
1021:Nance, Barry (November 1995).
987:Diedrich, Oliver (July 1998).
771:. 27 June 1995. Archived from
533:Alsop, Stewart (24 May 1993).
503:Bozman, Jean S. (3 May 1993).
312:Wabi was released for Solaris
192:, with versions following for
44:provide an accessible overview
1:
1269:Paul, Fredric (17 May 1993).
1053:Hayes, Frank (January 1994).
995:. p. 170. Archived from
683:Tamasanis, Doug (July 1995).
1323:Hess, Robert (10 May 1993).
1296:Hines, John R. (July 1993).
408: – Computer workstation
236:creator Insignia Solutions.
1412:Wabi for Linux User's Guide
1189:Wabi for Linux User's Guide
1781:
604:. October 1993. p. 56
1765:Sun Microsystems software
1710:
1671:
1614:
1582:
1518:
1489:Windows Services for UNIX
1484:Microsoft POSIX subsystem
1474:
71:
1624:Willows Toolkit for UNIX
737:Sorge, Leo (June 1995).
710:Esch, Jim (March 1996).
373:Public Windows Interface
1029:. pp. 119–120, 122
712:"Choose All That Apply"
355:Standardization attempt
1352:"Warring Over Windows"
934:. 1998. Archived from
765:"A better Wabi, SunPC"
566:Wabi 2 Opening Windows
338:code translation layer
171:Windows for Workgroups
1417:Fun with Caldera WABI
1407:Wabi 2.2 User's Guide
1023:"Sincere OS Flattery"
394:intellectual property
1760:Compatibility layers
1085:"Wabi Cpu Emulation"
928:"The Future of Wabi"
685:"A Less Wobbly Wabi"
366:Undocumented Windows
151:that implements the
1216:"Editorial License"
226:Japanese aesthetics
68:
1147:"Wabi 1.1 for AIX"
1061:. pp. 156–157
691:. pp. 159–160
602:The Computer Paper
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1699:
1698:
1676:Cooperative Linux
1658:
1657:
1600:
1599:
1571:
1570:
1507:
1506:
1331:. pp. 1, 107
661:. pp. 49, 53
569:. SunSoft Press.
142:
141:
61:
60:
1772:
1708:
1669:
1612:
1580:
1528:Hamilton C shell
1516:
1472:
1459:interoperability
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1277:. pp. 15–16
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1244:Undocumented DOS
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1168:. pp. 60–61
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962:Willows Software
954:
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932:Sun Microsystems
924:
918:
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913:
907:Everything Linux
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511:. pp. 1, 10
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332:systems running
149:Sun Microsystems
94:Operating system
87:Sun Microsystems
76:
69:
56:
53:
47:
24:
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1162:"Product Focus"
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989:"Shaky Bridges"
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769:SunWorld Online
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743:MCmicrocomputer
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716:HP Professional
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424:Wine (software)
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29:This article's
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1401:External links
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1118:Inside Solaris
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827:. 6 March 1996
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202:SCO OpenServer
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137:Wabi™ Software
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111:SCO OpenServer
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38:the key points
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1680:TopologiLinux
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1633:WINE@Etersoft
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1302:IEEE Spectrum
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1275:Network World
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