414:
101:
221:
347:
1003:
793:
361:, and shales. These lithologies often occur with subordinate amounts of pale grey silty mudstones, laminated siltstones, sandstones, conglomerate, shelly limestones and clay-ironstones. When they become exposed to the elements at the surface, the mudstones often degrade over a short period of time and weather to yellowish brown and greenish grey clays.
462:
comes into contact with the upper impermeable clay beds of the
Wadhurst Clay, it is forced to find alternative migration pathways to the surface. This results in the saturation and weakening of the upper portion of the Wadhurst Clay, increasing the chances of failure.
437:, are known for their instability, especially where impermeable clays and impermeable silts and siltstones are interbedded. Instability, resulting in landslips, often occurs along shear surfaces and weaknesses that originally developed during the Late
1573:
Naish, D. and
Sweetman, S.C. (2011). "A tiny maniraptoran dinosaur in the Lower Cretaceous Hastings Group: evidence from a new vertebrate-bearing locality in south-east England."
1473:
1657:"Pterosaur teeth from the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) Cliff End Bone Bed, Wadhurst Clay Formation, Wealden Supergroup of southern England, and their possible affinities"
1638:
399:, but where it is encountered elsewhere, it is usually fairly distinctive and easily identified. The Top Ashdown Pebble Bed occurs mainly in the southern half of
1720:
391:
The base of the
Wadhurst Clay is taken at the bottom of the Top Ashdown Pebble Bed. The base of this marker horizon marks the formational change to the
413:
395:. Despite its name this thin and impressistent bed comprises a coarse grained to gravelly sandstone. This horizon is best exposed at Cliff End,
1710:
1614:
1494:
Turmine-Juhel, Pernelle; Wilks, Richard; Brockhurst, David; Austen, Peter A.; Duffin, Christopher J.; Benton, Michael J. (2019-12-01).
326:
Period, which lasted for approximately 40 million years from 140 to 100 million years ago. The
Wadhurst Clay is of Early to Late
100:
1372:
448:
407:
303:
134:
1725:
403:
and is often missing elsewhere. Where this is the case, the boundary is taken at a layer of disconnected ripples.
447:
Landslips often occur at or close to the upper boundary of the
Wadhurst Clay, which is shared with the overlying
455:
and partly by the lithological variation between the formations and the presence of spring lines and seepages.
1496:"Microvertebrates from the Wadhurst Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Ashdown Brickworks, East Sussex, UK"
1540:
Peter and Joyce Austen
Wealden fish (2011) β Based on a talk given by Peter Forey (Natural History Museum)
1495:
1377:
459:
1417:
Geology of the country around
Hastings and Dungeness: Memoir for 1:50,000 geological sheets 320 and 321
1656:
714:
418:
357:
The
Wadhurst Clay comprises predominantly medium to dark bluish grey over-consolidated clays, silts,
114:
406:
The top of the
Wadhurst Clay is marked by a distinct lithological change into the siltstones of the
1715:
1632:
1523:
562:
1674:
1620:
1610:
1515:
1367:
586:
434:
392:
299:
144:
1664:
1582:
1507:
1204:
1155:
598:
323:
410:. The uppermost clays of the Wadhurst Clay, closest to the boundary are often stained red.
1342:
1324:
1055:
995:
629:
377:
1435:
Analysis of the distribution and characteristics of landslips in the Weald of East Sussex
1362:
1139:
845:
620:
346:
226:
1552:"10.19 East Sussex, England; 1. Hastings Beds" in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 559.
1704:
1602:
1527:
1046:
769:
451:. This is partly caused by the steep sided hill, valley and ravine topography of the
311:
307:
295:
268:
264:
124:
59:
24:
1695:
1450:, Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publication, 21, 153-175.
1201:
1129:
1035:
647:
542:
1669:
1586:
444:. Other common features include cambering, valley bulging and solifluction lobes.
1511:
1461:
Geology of the country around
Tenterden: Memoir for 1:50,000 geological sheet 304
1459:
Lake, Shepard-Thorn, E.R., Smart, J.G.O., Bisson, G. & Edmonds, E.A. (1966)
1253:
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284:
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236:
34:
792:
1165:
916:
730:
707:
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452:
441:
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276:
79:
44:
1678:
1624:
1519:
1287:
1264:
Old Roar Quarry, Hollington Quarry, Black Horse Quarry, Hastings, Brenchley
1110:
1002:
438:
365:
193:
189:
185:
181:
84:
1188:
742:
674:
531:
358:
350:
The Top Ashdown Pebble Bed, which marks the base of the Wadhurst Clay in
331:
251:
171:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
385:
315:
272:
89:
64:
1338:
2 isolated tooth crowns (BEXHM: 2022.109.1 & BEXHM: 2022.109.2).
208:
1218:
1075:
941:
926:
Atlas and postatlas vertebrae, dentary, maxilla and vomer fragments
859:
669:
478:
322:, including the Wadhurst Clay Formation, were deposited during the
412:
369:
345:
319:
167:
1403:. Research Report RR/08/03. British Geological Survey, Keyworth.
893:
458:
When percolating groundwater in the permeable sandstones of the
417:
Translational landslip at the boundary of the Wadhurst Clay and
373:
288:
1401:
A stratigraphical framework for the Lower Cretaceous of England
728:
An indeterminate theropod which was mistakenly identified with
376:, the Wadhurst Clay has been proven to over 70m thick near
1603:"Lissamphibians (frogs, salamanders and albanerpetontids)"
780:
Hollington Quarry, Shornden Quarry, Hare Farm Lane, Brede
330:
age. The Formation takes its name from the market town of
1569:
1567:
929:
At least 3 taxa distinguishable by their atlas vertebrae
1282:
433:
Natural slopes in the Wadhurst Clay, like those in the
1561:"Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 416.
1399:
Hopson, P.M., Wilkinson, I.P. and Woods, M.A. (2010)
841:
Specimen BEXHM: 2008.14.1 A single cervical vertebra
247:
242:
232:
214:
204:
199:
177:
163:
158:
150:
140:
130:
120:
110:
18:
1446:Reeves, G.M., Sims, I., & Cripps, J.C. (2006)
271:. These geological units make up the core of the
105:Wadhurst Clay (grey) exposed at Bexhill Brick Pit
946:Crocodyliformes reported from the Wadhurst Clay
364:The formation thickness ranges from 55m in the
1548:
1546:
1223:Plesiosaurians reported from the Wadhurst Clay
263:is a geological unit which forms part of the
8:
1637:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1415:Lake, R.D. & Shepard-Thorn, E.R. (1987)
1437:. MSc dissertation, University of Brighton.
1500:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
864:Amphibians reported from the Wadhurst Clay
267:and the middle part of the now unofficial
15:
1668:
1290:reported from the Wadhurst Clay Formation
1395:
1393:
1285:
1221:
1078:
944:
862:
672:
481:
1389:
1080:Mammals reported from the Wadhurst Clay
1630:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1411:
1409:
1124:Cypridea paulsgrovensis ostracod Zone
294:The other component formations of the
1650:
1648:
1596:
1594:
7:
1601:Sweetman, S.C; Evans, S. E. (2011).
1489:
1487:
1463:. British Geological Survey, London.
1419:. British Geological Survey, London.
483:Fish reported from the Wadhurst Clay
1655:Sweetman, Steven C. (2023-06-28).
1448:Clay Minerals Used in Construction
753:Shornden Quarry, Old Roar Quarry,
314:which underlies much of southeast
14:
1721:Lower Cretaceous Series of Europe
1696:British Geological Survey lexicon
1609:. Palaeontological Association.
1001:
791:
219:
99:
1333:Cliff End Bone Bed, Cliff End.
677:reported from the Wadhurst Clay
1373:Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation
1121:Cliff End bonebed, Tighe Farm
449:Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation
408:Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation
304:Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation
135:Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation
1:
1670:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105622
1587:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.001
1711:Lithostratigraphy of England
1512:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.08.003
279:in the English counties of
1742:
372:and varies in between. In
1474:"Wadhurst Clay Formation"
1149:
1123:
1019:
1016:
900:
530:
523:
310:in turn form part of the
98:
23:
1607:English Wealden fossils
1238:Stratigraphic position
1095:Stratigraphic position
961:Stratigraphic position
879:Stratigraphic position
692:Stratigraphic position
498:Stratigraphic position
318:. The sediments of the
261:Wadhurst Clay Formation
19:Wadhurst Clay Formation
1378:Geology of East Sussex
1306:Stratigraphic position
987:Hare Farm Lane, Brede
812:Hare Farm Lane, Brede
758:" partial skeletons."
425:
354:
1478:Paleobiology Database
906:Two fragmentary ilia
460:Tunbridge Wells Sands
416:
349:
419:Tunbridge Wells Sand
115:Geological formation
1661:Cretaceous Research
1575:Cretaceous Research
1020:Ashdown Brickworks
901:Ashdown Brickworks
836:Ashdown Brickworks
524:Ashdown Brickworks
429:Engineering Geology
298:are the underlying
25:Stratigraphic range
1433:Codd, J.W. (2007)
1150:Cliff End bonebed
785:Partial skeletons
731:Altispinax dunkeri
720:Hollington Quarry
426:
368:area, to 30m near
355:
302:and the overlying
1726:Valanginian Stage
1616:978-1-4443-6711-9
1368:Ashdown Formation
1351:
1350:
1276:
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1212:
1211:
1069:
1068:
935:
934:
853:
852:
788:An iguanodontian
761:An iguanodontian
663:
662:
435:Ashdown Formation
393:Ashdown Formation
300:Ashdown Formation
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145:Ashdown Formation
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1219:
1205:multituberculate
1076:
1005:
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909:At least 2 taxa
860:
795:
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573:P. brevicostatus
479:
324:Early Cretaceous
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1353:
1325:Istiodactylidae
1281:
1217:
1146:S. tricuspidens
1074:
1056:Bernissartiidae
940:
938:Crocodyliformes
858:
668:
630:Semionotiformes
477:
469:
431:
384:up to 80m near
378:Tunbridge Wells
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1690:External links
1688:
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1506:(6): 752β769.
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1405:
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1363:Hastings Group
1358:
1355:
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1339:
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1330:Indeterminate
1328:
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1215:Plesiosaurians
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1197:
1192:
1184:
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1174:
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1156:Spalacotheriid
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1140:Spalacotherium
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1027:A goniopholid
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1017:Indeterminate
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921:Indeterminate
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898:Indeterminate
896:
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846:oviraptorosaur
842:
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833:Indeterminate
831:
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820:A spinosaurid
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708:"Megalosaurus"
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1356:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1343:istiodactylid
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983:G. crassidens
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808:S. cultridens
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803:
799:
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297:
296:Hastings Beds
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Hastings Beds
266:
265:Wealden Group
262:
253:
250:
246:
241:
238:
235:
231:
228:
217:
213:
210:
207:
203:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
125:Wealden Group
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
102:
97:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
22:
17:
1660:
1606:
1578:
1574:
1557:
1536:
1503:
1499:
1477:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1416:
1400:
1352:
1310:
1305:
1286:
1260:H. valdensis
1259:
1252:
1222:
1195:L. valdensis
1194:
1187:
1179:Cladotherian
1171:
1164:
1145:
1138:
1116:
1109:
1079:
1036:Theriosuchus
1034:
1010:
998:Neosuchian.
982:
975:
945:
863:
844:Possibly an
829:maniraptoran
807:
800:
775:
768:
748:
741:
729:
713:
706:
673:
648:Albuliformes
621:Coccolepidid
607:
585:
572:
569:P. parvidens
568:
561:
548:
543:Planohybodus
541:
519:
512:
482:
471:Taken from
470:
457:
446:
432:
405:
390:
363:
356:
293:
260:
258:
243:Type section
1581:: 464-471.
1254:Hastanectes
1047:atoposaurid
1012:Hulkepholis
996:Goniopholid
977:Goniopholis
802:Suchosaurus
563:Polyacrodus
514:Egertonodus
401:East Sussex
397:East Sussex
382:West Sussex
352:East Sussex
336:East Sussex
328:Valanginian
285:East Sussex
281:West Sussex
237:Weald Basin
30:Valanginian
1705:Categories
1663:: 105622.
1384:References
1288:Pterosaurs
1279:Pterosaurs
1202:Eobataarid
1172:A. dawsoni
1166:Aegialodon
1130:Dryolestid
1117:L. hodsoni
856:Amphibians
776:H. fittoni
749:B. dawsoni
715:M. dunkeri
609:Coccolepis
520:E. basanus
467:Paleobiota
453:High Weald
442:glaciation
423:Etchingham
277:High Weald
154:30 to 78 m
1716:Claystone
1679:0195-6671
1633:cite book
1625:777385514
1528:202904040
1520:0016-7878
1302:Location
1241:Material
1235:Location
1111:Laolestes
1098:Material
1092:Location
964:Material
958:Location
882:Material
876:Location
695:Material
689:Location
675:Dinosaurs
666:Dinosaurs
501:Material
495:Location
439:Devensian
366:Tenterden
359:mudstones
342:Lithology
248:Named for
194:Ironstone
190:Limestone
186:Sandstone
182:Siltstone
159:Lithology
151:Thickness
131:Underlies
1357:See also
1311:Material
1232:Species
1189:Loxaulax
1089:Species
955:Species
873:Species
827:Unnamed
743:Barilium
686:Species
587:Ocloedus
549:P. ensis
532:Hybodont
492:Species
332:Wadhurst
252:Wadhurst
200:Location
172:Mudstone
141:Overlies
1327:indet.
1318:Images
1299:Species
1247:Images
1104:Images
1072:Mammals
970:Images
917:Urodela
888:Images
701:Images
507:Images
386:Horsham
380:and in
316:England
275:of the
273:geology
215:Country
164:Primary
121:Unit of
1677:
1623:
1613:
1526:
1518:
1244:Notes
1229:Genus
1101:Notes
1086:Genus
967:Notes
952:Genus
885:Notes
870:Genus
817:Teeth
725:Tooth
698:Notes
683:Genus
534:shark
504:Notes
489:Genus
306:. The
233:Extent
224:
209:Europe
205:Region
1524:S2CID
1315:Notes
1296:Genus
894:Anura
421:near
370:Lewes
320:Weald
178:Other
168:Shale
1675:ISSN
1639:link
1621:OCLC
1611:ISBN
1516:ISSN
475:Fish
374:Kent
289:Kent
287:and
259:The
111:Type
35:Preκ
1665:doi
1583:doi
1508:doi
1504:130
1341:An
1045:An
334:in
1707::
1673:.
1659:.
1647:^
1635:}}
1631:{{
1619:.
1605:.
1593:^
1579:32
1577:,
1566:^
1545:^
1522:.
1514:.
1502:.
1498:.
1486:^
1476:.
1424:^
1408:^
1392:^
1345:.
1323:?
994:A
632:,
571:,
388:.
338:.
291:.
283:,
227:UK
192:,
188:,
184:,
170:,
85:Pg
27::
1681:.
1667::
1641:)
1627:.
1585::
1530:.
1510::
1480:.
733:.
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:κ
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