125:
113:
524:
epidemics (because the First
Nations had no acquired immunity to the new disease), social disruption, and alcoholism. In 1903 the Aboriginals numbered about 5200, of whom 2600 were in the West Coast Agency, 1300 in the Kwakewith Agency, 900 in the North West Coast Agency, and 410 at Neah Bay Company,
616:), but regarding treaty negotiations with the government, the Ts'uubaa-asatx are still part of the "Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group". Currently, they are trying to revive their original culture and language with the support of the Nuu-chah-nulth and Ditidaht peoples.
445:. This proposed macrofamily is now generally rejected as a genealogical grouping. Structural similarities and shared vocabulary are best explained as the result of continuous intensive contact; the Mosan languages thus represent a
519:
In 1843 the Hudson's Bay
Company established a trading post at Victoria. European-Canadians had regular contact with the First Nations after that time. There were dramatic population losses in the early 20th century due to
4022:
740:
762:
3971:
2997:
4027:
2988:
235:
G̱ut̕sala / G̱uc̓ala / Quatsino Sound dialect (Bands of
Quatsino Sound, today by the Gwa'sala people from Smiths Inlet and the 'Nakwaxda'xw people from Blunden Harbour)
3981:
2853:
310:
or ’Wuik̓ala dialect (also known as 'Uik'ala, Ooweekeeno, Wuikala, Wuikenukv, Oweekeno, Wikeno, Owikeno, Oweekano, Awikenox, Oowek'yala, Oweek'ala) (spoken by the
3877:
955:
4042:
4032:
3976:
399:
604:
the Ts'uubaa-asatx - usually known as "Lake
Cowichan" and called by the Ditidaht c̓uubaʕsaʔtx̣ - are therefore often confused with the neighboring
241:'Nak̕wala / Bak̓wa̱mk̓ala dialect (also known as Northern Kwak̓wala dialect, spoken by the Northern Bands or 'Nak̕waxda'x̱w and Gwa'sa̱la peoples)
2981:
3001:
859:
398:'Osi:l-'a:'tx/ʔuseeʔłaʔtx̣ or Ozette village dialect (once spoken by the Ozette people (Osi:l-'a:'tx/ʔuseeʔłaʔtx̣ - "People of ʔuseeʔł, i.e.
2478:
2368:
1949:
3850:
1450:
4037:
3930:
2635:
497:
2974:
909:
882:
741:"S.L. Nikolaev. 2015. Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 1: Proof of the Algonquian-Wakashan relationship"
2611:
3986:
1850:
3380:
3349:
1769:
1705:
948:
763:"S.L.Nikolaev. 2016. Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 2: Algonquian-Wakashan sound correspondences"
2382:
2133:
1624:
388:
together with the now extinct Ozette people) – extinct (Last fluent speaker, where it was their first language, died in 2002)
253:
2495:
1630:
2848:
1455:
1241:
1235:
1159:
2542:
1830:
2858:
2843:
1843:
1601:
1562:
3698:
2617:
1475:
272:
but identify as a separate people from the
Kwakwaka'wakw and their dialect is sometimes considered a separate language)
4007:
2838:
2832:
1890:
1808:
1781:
1485:
450:
279:
3935:
2404:
1862:
1520:
1480:
1470:
457:
341:
or
Ditidaqiic̓aq Cicqiʔ (also known as Diidiitidq, Diitiidʔaatx̣, Nitinat, Ditidaht, Southern Nootkan, spoken by the
300:
X̌íx̌íc̓ala/Haihais or Klemtu (Ɫṃ́du̓ax̌sṃ) subdialect (spoken by the X̌íx̌ís (Xixis / Xai’xais / Haihais) in Klemtu)
297:
Haíɫzaqv/Híɫzaqvḷa or Bella Bella (Wágḷísḷa) subdialect (spoken by the
Heiltsuk (Haíɫzaqv / Híɫzaqv) in Bella Bella)
4012:
3316:
2065:
1660:
1490:
1176:
941:
463:
371:
350:
238:
Kwak̕wala / Kwaḵ̓wala dialect (Bands of
Gilford Island, Knight Inlet, Kwakiutl, Nimpkish, Alert Bay, Kincome Inlet)
2623:
2599:
2574:
2547:
2530:
1438:
1009:
2816:
1540:
1495:
1465:
964:
3796:
3024:
2295:
2127:
1182:
998:
851:
Introduction to
Handbook of American Indian Languages and Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico.
4017:
3945:
3778:
3441:
2863:
2670:
2307:
1189:
699:
Beck, David (2000). "Grammatical
Convergence and the Genesis of Diversity in the Northwest Coast Sprachbund".
2966:
1868:
1793:
1196:
1146:
364:
346:
325:
290:(also known as Bella Bella and Haihais, Haiɫzaqvla, Haíɫzaqv/Híɫzaqvḷa, with two subdialects, spoken by the
3772:
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2301:
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1884:
1801:
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152:
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3424:
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2318:
2108:
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1666:
1640:
1545:
1535:
1134:
985:
534:
501:
357:
342:
3838:
3831:
2629:
2354:
213:
3765:
3613:
3179:
3145:
2903:
2788:
2660:
2468:
2441:
2424:
2392:
2290:
2004:
1929:
1856:
1635:
1612:
1584:
1515:
1426:
1207:
849:
197:(also known as Xaʼislak'ala, X̌àh̓isl̩ak̓ala or Haisla-Henaksiala, with two dialects, spoken by the
3950:
3789:
3747:
3687:
3666:
3460:
3396:
3339:
3287:
3272:
3245:
3213:
3029:
2680:
2584:
2484:
2473:
2435:
2414:
2312:
2271:
2046:
2028:
2022:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1896:
1879:
1618:
1284:
1271:
1165:
1115:
972:
900:
435:
423:
3861:
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3641:
3627:
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2579:
2562:
2557:
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2536:
2505:
2500:
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2447:
2398:
2343:
2266:
2150:
2075:
2017:
1824:
1819:
1530:
1289:
1258:
1224:
1212:
1171:
1046:
708:
651:
643:
431:
148:
3084:
2691:
2654:
568:
162:, Wakashan languages have large consonant inventories—the consonants often occurring in complex
204:
C̓imo'c̓a/Cʼimaucʼa (Kitimaat/Kitamat) - X̄a'islak̓ala dialect (spoken by the Haisla/x̣àʼisəla)
3925:
3867:
3620:
3603:
3578:
3564:
3419:
3282:
3277:
3239:
3122:
2696:
2685:
2665:
2605:
2510:
2490:
2429:
2409:
2120:
2081:
2052:
2040:
1977:
1923:
1901:
1874:
1814:
1787:
1606:
1567:
1557:
1525:
1398:
1324:
1306:
1300:
1202:
1120:
1034:
1003:
905:
878:
855:
824:
337:
306:
163:
159:
144:
3955:
3900:
3893:
3811:
3752:
3680:
3673:
3592:
3550:
3515:
3473:
3454:
3429:
3390:
3369:
3363:
3326:
3233:
3131:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3042:
2913:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2675:
2568:
2463:
2387:
2325:
2277:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2173:
2157:
2092:
2087:
2070:
2011:
1905:
1837:
1748:
1715:
1693:
1683:
1579:
1551:
1500:
1421:
1405:
1391:
1373:
1366:
1352:
1312:
1294:
1278:
1264:
1086:
1069:
635:
549:
286:
222:
140:
136:
43:
3758:
3715:
3708:
3585:
3571:
3521:
3435:
3410:
3333:
3299:
3293:
3190:
3156:
3056:
3018:
2908:
2783:
2768:
2737:
2458:
2419:
2284:
2230:
2102:
1964:
1730:
1725:
1590:
1505:
1386:
1379:
1359:
1341:
1246:
1229:
1028:
892:
605:
471:
439:
265:
226:
193:
57:
51:
791:
580:
807:
329:(also known as Nuučaan̓uł, Nootka, Nutka, Aht, West Coast, T'aat'aaqsapa, spoken by the
3824:
3656:
3634:
3487:
3466:
3358:
3252:
3172:
3165:
3104:
3049:
2918:
2778:
2747:
2718:
2349:
2235:
2218:
2168:
2163:
2034:
1971:
1741:
1735:
1655:
1650:
1596:
1573:
1318:
1140:
1097:
1080:
1074:
1052:
1040:
545:
538:
467:
427:
380:
330:
474:, and a secondary relationship between these two together and the Wakashan languages.
103:
4001:
3528:
3494:
3480:
3138:
3035:
2802:
2742:
2724:
2240:
2224:
2178:
1935:
1755:
1720:
1710:
1688:
1645:
1510:
1091:
1023:
655:
526:
509:
456:
In the 1960s, Swadesh also suggested a connection of the Wakashan languages with the
198:
314:(Oowekeeno or Rivers Inlet) People, once incorrectly known as the Northern Kwakiutl)
218:
207:
Gitlo'p (Kitlope) - X̄enaksialak̓ala dialect (spoken by the Henaaksiala/X̄enaksiala)
1699:
922:
505:
493:
419:
252:
T̕łat̕łasik̕wala / Nahwitti dialect (Bands of today's T̕łat̕łasiḵ̕wala people on
442:
1346:
609:
487:
446:
933:
877:. Linguistic data on diskette series, no. 09. München: Lincom Europa, 1995.
608:- "People of the Warm Land", who speak a "Hul'qumi'num (Island)" dialect of
311:
112:
97:
83:
79:
360:- "People of Diitiidaʔ" or "People along the Diitiidaʔ, i.e. Jordan River")
124:
89:
530:
521:
291:
712:
17:
671:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
647:
496:
was probably the first European to meet Wakashan-speaking peoples, and
889:
The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment
626:
Swadesh, Morris (1953). "Mosan I: A Problem of Remote Common Origin".
356:
Ditidaqiic̓aq Cicqiʔ or DiiɁdiitidq/Diidiitidq dialect (spoken by the
2923:
2821:
639:
466:
has argued in two papers for a systematic relationship between the
128:
Detailed map of pre-contact distribution of the Wakashan languages.
887:
William H. Jacobsen Jr. (1979): "Wakashan Comparative Studies" in
486:
word for 'good'. It was used by early explorers including Captain
392:
385:
123:
592:
811:
listings (Closed July 18, 1998), Old World Mail Auctions website
391:
Qʷi·qʷi·diččaq/Q'widishch'a:'tx or Makah dialect (spoken by the
367:- "People of the Sea Foam" or "People along the San Juan River")
353:, located in southwestern Vancouver Island – 30 speakers (1991)
2970:
2942:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
937:
875:
Wakashan, Salishan, Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets
384:(also known as Qʷi·qʷi·diččaq, Q'widishch'a:'tx, spoken by the
504:
in 1774. After 1786, English mariners frequently sailed to
825:"Mapping the American West 1540–1857, A Preliminary Study"
606:
Cowichan Tribes (Quw'utsun Mustimuhw / Quw'utsun Hwulmuhw)
179:
The Wakashan language family consists of seven languages:
928:
294:
people, once incorrectly known as the Northern Kwakiutl)
282:(also known as Bella Bella) – about 200 speakers (2005)
544:
The name "Wakish Nation" is featured in Arrowsmith's
264:
Lekwala / Liq̓ʷala / Lekwiltok dialect (Bands of the
470:
of Sakhalin island and the Amur river basin and the
430:, the Wakashan languages were grouped together with
4023:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
3964:
3918:
3876:
3849:
3729:
3697:
3655:
3602:
3538:
3504:
3409:
3379:
3348:
3315:
3262:
3222:
3189:
3155:
3121:
3094:
3008:
2896:
2873:
2801:
2645:
2367:
2335:
2253:
2142:
1948:
1915:
1768:
1676:
1420:
1334:
1111:
1062:
971:
832:
Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Association
460:. This was picked up and expanded by Holst (2005).
96:
78:
63:
50:
37:
32:
595:, First Peoples Language Map of British Columbia
490:, who believed it to be the tribal appellation.
414:Possible relations to external language families
761:Николаев, Sergei L. Nikolaev / Сергей Львович.
739:Николаев, Sergei L. Nikolaev / Сергей Львович.
482:The name Wakesh or Waukash originates from the
929:First Peoples Language Map of British Columbia
395:- "People who live by the rocks and seagulls")
333:, 12 different dialects) – 510 speakers (2005)
117:Pre-contact distribution of Wakashan languages
2982:
949:
854:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991.
727:Einführung in die eskimo-aleutischen Sprachen
628:International Journal of American Linguistics
581:"Nuučaan̓uł – Nuu-chah-nulth-Nootka language"
529:. In 1909 they numbered 4584, including 2070
516:were almost all killed by the local natives.
8:
2952:Families with more than 30 languages are in
393:Makah (Kwih-dich-chuh-ahtx (Qʷidiččaʔa·tx̌)
374:- "People of the Lake, i.e. Cowichan Lake")
370:Ts'uubaa-asatx dialect (once spoken by the
4028:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)
3873:
3694:
3599:
3312:
3091:
2989:
2975:
2967:
2809:
2375:
2259:
1956:
1774:
1431:
1126:
977:
956:
942:
934:
895:(Eds.), Austin: University of Texas Press.
2998:Indigenous language families and isolates
365:Pacheedaht (P'a:chi:da / P’a:chi:da?-aht)
358:Ditidaht (Diitiid7aa7tx / Diitiidʔaaʔtx̣)
189:Northern Wakashan (Kwakiutlan) languages
541:missionaries were active in the region.
143:, and in the northwestern corner of the
561:
363:Pacheedaht dialect (once spoken by the
321:Southern Wakashan (Nootkan) languages
217:(also known as Kwakiutl and Lekwala /
29:
686:The languages of Native North America
62:
7:
571:, hosted by University of Washington
227:Laich-kwil-tach or Southern Kwakiutl
221:, with four dialects, spoken by and
925:, Native Languages of the Americans
135:is a family of languages spoken in
451:Pacific Northwest typological area
223:Kwakwaka'wakw or Northern Kwakiutl
25:
4043:First Nations in British Columbia
4033:First Nations languages in Canada
151:state, on the south side of the
111:
901:Comparative Wakashan Dictionary
232:Northern Kwakiutl or Kwak'wala
27:Native American language family
848:Boas, Frank and J. W. Powell.
372:Lake Cowichan (Ts'uubaa-asatx)
351:Ts'uubaa-asatx (Lake Cowichan)
201:) – about 200 speakers (2005)
1:
772:– via www.academia.edu.
750:– via www.academia.edu.
688:. Cambridge University Press.
898:Fortescue, Michael (2007).
701:Anthropological Linguistics
508:; in 1803, the crew of the
343:Ditidaht or Southern Nootka
266:Laich-kwil-tach (Lekwiltok)
56:One of the world's primary
4059:
673:. Oxford University Press.
426:, and later elaborated by
4038:Coast of British Columbia
2937:
2812:
2378:
2262:
1959:
1777:
1434:
1129:
980:
965:Primary language families
684:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
548:-era map as the name for
110:
52:Linguistic classification
1782:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
891:, Campbell, Lyle; &
593:"Diitiidʔaatx̣ language"
569:"The Wakashan Languages"
229:) – 235 speakers (2000)
2949:have no living members.
669:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
268:, they were oft called
3982:Unclassified languages
2929:Unclassified languages
2883:list of sign languages
1851:Northeastern Tasmanian
798:(retrieved 6 Feb 2010)
796:Catholic Encyclopedia.
614:Coast Salish languages
458:Eskimo–Aleut languages
153:Strait of Juan de Fuca
129:
2904:Constructed languages
502:Nuu-chah-nulth people
418:As first proposed by
158:As is typical of the
127:
1451:Binanderean–Goilalan
782:Boas and Powell, 205
247:‘Na‘kwala subdialect
3931:Algonquian–Wakashan
2733:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
2636:Tequiraca–Canichana
2479:Harákmbut–Katukinan
1242:Northwest Caucasian
1236:Northeast Caucasian
1160:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
436:Chimakuan languages
424:Leo J. Frachtenberg
244:Gwa’cala subdialect
4008:Wakashan languages
3919:Proposed groupings
3009:Language families
2355:Tarascan/Purépecha
1844:Northern Tasmanian
1602:South Bougainville
1563:North Bougainville
923:Wakashan Word Sets
813:– has link to map.
725:Jan Henrik Holst,
280:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
261:Southern Kwakiutl
130:
4013:Language families
3995:
3994:
3977:Extinct languages
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3725:
3724:
3651:
3650:
3405:
3404:
3381:Takelma–Kalapuyan
2964:
2963:
2914:Language isolates
2892:
2891:
2797:
2796:
2363:
2362:
2249:
2248:
1944:
1943:
1891:Western Tasmanian
1809:Eastern Tasmanian
1764:
1763:
1486:East Geelvink Bay
1416:
1415:
1107:
1106:
904:. Lincom Europa.
873:Liedtke, Stefan.
860:978-0-8032-5017-8
449:within the wider
307:Oowekyala dialect
270:Southern Kwakiutl
145:Olympic Peninsula
122:
121:
58:language families
16:(Redirected from
4050:
3987:Linguistic areas
3874:
3695:
3600:
3313:
3092:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2810:
2764:Huaorani/Waorani
2648:(extant in 2000)
2612:Esmeralda–Yaruro
2383:Andoque–Urequena
2376:
2260:
2066:Plateau Penutian
1957:
1932:(Northern Daly?)
1775:
1661:Northwest Papuan
1625:Trans–New Guinea
1491:East New Britain
1466:Central Solomons
1432:
1177:Great Andamanese
1127:
978:
958:
951:
944:
935:
893:Mithun, Marianne
836:
835:
829:
820:
814:
805:
799:
792:"Wakash Indians"
789:
783:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
736:
730:
723:
717:
716:
696:
690:
689:
681:
675:
674:
666:
660:
659:
623:
617:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
550:Vancouver Island
478:Name and contact
287:Heiltsuk dialect
141:Vancouver Island
137:British Columbia
115:
106:
92:
44:British Columbia
30:
21:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4018:Mosan languages
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3960:
3906:
3872:
3854:linguistic area
3853:
3845:
3734:linguistic area
3733:
3721:
3693:
3647:
3598:
3543:linguistic area
3542:
3534:
3508:linguistic area
3507:
3500:
3401:
3375:
3344:
3311:
3258:
3218:
3185:
3151:
3117:
3090:
3010:
3004:
2995:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2933:
2919:Mixed languages
2888:
2869:
2804:
2793:
2647:
2641:
2496:Katembri–Taruma
2370:
2359:
2331:
2245:
2138:
1951:
1940:
1911:
1760:
1672:
1631:Turama–Kikorian
1541:Lower Mamberamo
1496:East Strickland
1424:
1412:
1330:
1118:
1113:
1103:
1058:
967:
962:
919:
914:
869:
867:Further reading
845:
840:
839:
827:
823:Carl I. Wheat.
822:
821:
817:
806:
802:
790:
786:
781:
777:
767:
765:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
738:
737:
733:
724:
720:
698:
697:
693:
683:
682:
678:
668:
667:
663:
625:
624:
620:
603:
599:
591:
587:
583:, Language Geek
579:
575:
567:
563:
558:
480:
472:Algic languages
464:Sergei Nikolaev
416:
411:
177:
175:Family division
172:
160:Northwest Coast
118:
102:
88:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4056:
4054:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3972:Classification
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3946:Macro-Chibchan
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3857:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3781:
3779:Tequistlatecan
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3442:Tequistlatecan
3439:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Indo-Pakistani
2841:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Piaroa–Saliban
2540:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2308:Tequistlatecan
2305:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1831:Marrku–Wurrugu
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1190:Hurro-Urartian
1186:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1006:
1001:
996:
989:
981:
975:
969:
968:
963:
961:
960:
953:
946:
938:
932:
931:
926:
918:
917:External links
915:
913:
912:
896:
885:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
844:
841:
838:
837:
815:
809:Auction No. 83
800:
784:
775:
753:
731:
729:. Buske Verlag
718:
707:(2): 147–213.
691:
676:
661:
640:10.1086/464188
618:
597:
585:
573:
560:
559:
557:
554:
546:Oregon Dispute
539:Roman Catholic
484:Nuu-chah-nulth
479:
476:
468:Nivkh language
428:Morris Swadesh
415:
412:
410:
409:
408:
407:
406:
405:
404:
403:
400:Ozette Village
396:
377:
376:
375:
368:
361:
334:
331:Nuu-chah-nulth
326:Nuu-chah-nulth
319:
318:
317:
316:
315:
303:
302:
301:
298:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
259:
258:
257:
250:
249:
248:
245:
239:
236:
210:
209:
208:
205:
181:
176:
173:
171:
170:Classification
168:
139:around and on
120:
119:
116:
108:
107:
100:
94:
93:
86:
76:
75:
74:
73:
70:
65:
61:
60:
54:
48:
47:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4055:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:Calusa–Tunica
3696:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3003:
3002:North America
2999:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Original Thai
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2618:Hibito–Cholón
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2134:Yuman–Cochimí
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:Southern Daly
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
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1794:Darwin Region
1791:
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1476:Demta–Sentani
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1197:Indo-European
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1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
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1151:
1149:
1148:
1147:Austroasiatic
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1110:
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910:3-89586-724-1
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883:3-929075-24-5
880:
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842:
834:. p. 88.
833:
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629:
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612:(part of the
611:
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582:
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555:
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536:
532:
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527:Cape Flattery
523:
517:
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68:
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59:
55:
53:
49:
45:
42:
36:
31:
19:
3936:Aztec–Tanoan
3899:
3892:
3887:Guanahatabey
3885:
3878:Pre-Arawakan
3860:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3804:
3795:
3788:
3773:Oto-Manguean
3771:
3764:
3757:
3740:
3731:Mesoamerican
3714:
3707:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3540:Coahuiltecan
3527:
3520:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3453:
3446:
3434:
3389:
3368:
3350:Coast Oregon
3332:
3325:
3292:
3251:
3244:
3232:
3224:Macro-Siouan
3207:
3206:
3199:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3110:
3103:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3017:
3011:and isolates
2953:
2946:
2945:Families in
2880:
2831:
2729:
2717:
2567:
2535:
2526:Pano-Tacanan
2483:
2446:
2434:
2405:Arutani–Sape
2397:
2342:
2324:
2317:
2302:Oto-Manguean
2300:
2283:
2276:
2223:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2156:
2149:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2080:
2058:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1970:
1963:
1922:
1889:
1885:Western Daly
1863:Pama–Nyungan
1861:
1849:
1842:
1829:
1807:
1802:Eastern Daly
1800:
1792:
1747:
1623:
1611:
1589:
1572:
1550:
1521:Kaure–Kosare
1481:Doso–Turumsa
1471:Chimbu–Wahgi
1461:Bulaka River
1445:Austronesian
1443:
1404:
1397:
1378:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1253:Sino-Tibetan
1251:
1234:
1217:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1164:
1154:Austronesian
1152:
1145:
1133:
1079:
1017:Nilo-Saharan
1015:
1008:
993:Austronesian
991:
984:
899:
888:
874:
850:
831:
818:
808:
803:
795:
787:
778:
766:. Retrieved
756:
744:. Retrieved
734:
726:
721:
704:
700:
694:
685:
679:
670:
664:
631:
627:
621:
600:
588:
576:
564:
543:
518:
513:
506:Nootka Sound
500:visited the
494:Juan de Fuca
492:
483:
481:
462:
455:
420:Edward Sapir
417:
379:
336:
324:
305:
285:
269:
212:
192:
184:
178:
157:
132:
131:
64:Subdivisions
40:distribution
3941:Macro-Mayan
3806:Uto-Aztecan
3784:Totozoquean
3614:Coahuilteco
3425:Palaihnihan
3307:Tsimshianic
2839:Germanosign
2743:Mura-Pirahã
2624:Lule–Vilela
2600:Bora-Witoto
2575:Uru–Chipaya
2548:Ticuna–Yuri
2531:Peba–Yaguan
2516:Nambikwaran
2319:Uto-Aztecan
2255:Mesoamerica
2109:Uto-Aztecan
2098:Tsimshianic
2060:Palaihnihan
1930:Malak-Malak
1667:Papuan Gulf
1641:West Papuan
1546:Lower Sepik
1536:Lakes Plain
1439:Arai–Samaia
1427:the Pacific
1135:Afroasiatic
1010:Niger–Congo
986:Afroasiatic
634:(1): 26–4.
443:macrofamily
254:Hope Island
4002:Categories
3797:Mixe–Zoque
3766:Misumalpan
3688:Chitimacha
3180:Algonquian
3146:Athabaskan
3025:Yuki–Wappo
2833:Francosign
2681:Chiquitano
2661:Alacalufan
2469:Guaicuruan
2442:Chapacuran
2425:Cahuapanan
2393:Araucanian
2296:Mixe–Zoque
2291:Misumalpan
2005:Comecrudan
1857:Nyulnyulan
1636:Upper Yuat
1613:Torricelli
1585:Senu River
1516:Foja Range
1422:New Guinea
1347:Burushaski
1208:Kartvelian
1183:Hmong–Mien
999:Khoe–Kwadi
843:References
610:Halkomelem
498:Juan Perez
488:James Cook
447:sprachbund
347:Pacheedaht
149:Washington
38:Geographic
3951:Tolatecan
3851:Caribbean
3839:Alagüilac
3832:Purépecha
3818:Cuitlatec
3790:Totonacan
3748:Jicaquean
3667:Muskogean
3642:Mamulique
3628:Comecrudo
3558:Karankawa
3461:Jicaquean
3448:Chimariko
3397:Kalapuyan
3340:Sahaptian
3288:Yok-Utian
3273:Chinookan
3246:Iroquoian
3214:Chimakuan
3030:Chumashan
2864:Tanzanian
2805:languages
2702:Hodï/Joti
2646:Isolates
2585:Yanomaman
2521:Otomákoan
2485:Jirajaran
2474:Guajiboan
2436:Catacaoan
2415:Barbacoan
2344:Cuitlatec
2313:Totonacan
2272:Jicaquean
2151:Chimariko
2047:Muskogean
2029:Kalapuyan
2023:Iroquoian
1998:Chumashan
1991:Chinookan
1984:Chimakuan
1902:Yangmanic
1897:Worrorran
1880:Wagaydyic
1770:Australia
1619:Trans-Fly
1285:Yeniseian
1272:Tyrsenian
1166:Dravidian
656:145409017
533:and 2494
312:Wuikinuxv
214:Kwak'wala
98:Glottolog
80:ISO 639-2
3862:Arawakan
3742:Chibchan
3621:Cotoname
3579:Quinigua
3565:Maratino
3264:Penutian
3208:Wakashan
3201:Salishan
3112:Eskimoan
3096:Eskaleut
2897:See also
2874:Isolates
2849:Japanese
2789:Yuracaré
2671:Candoshi
2630:Macro-Jê
2595:Zaparoan
2590:Zamucoan
2580:Witotoan
2563:Tucanoan
2558:Tiniguan
2553:Timotean
2537:Quechuan
2506:Matacoan
2501:Mascoian
2491:Jivaroan
2454:Chibchan
2448:Charruan
2399:Arawakan
2336:Isolates
2267:Chibchan
2143:Isolates
2115:Wakashan
2076:Salishan
2018:Eskaleut
1924:Giimbiyu
1916:Isolates
1825:Jarrakan
1820:Iwaidjan
1677:Isolates
1531:Kutubuan
1399:Sumerian
1335:Isolates
1290:Yukaghir
1259:Tungusic
1225:Mongolic
1213:Koreanic
1172:Eskaleut
1063:Isolates
1047:Ubangian
713:30028547
531:Kwakiutl
522:smallpox
510:American
432:Salishan
338:Nitinaht
292:Heiltsuk
225:and the
219:Liq̓ʷala
185:Wakashan
164:clusters
133:Wakashan
104:waka1280
72:Southern
69:Northern
46:, Canada
33:Wakashan
18:Wakashan
3926:Amerind
3901:Ciguayo
3894:Macorix
3868:Cariban
3842: ?
3701: ?
3681:Atakapa
3674:Natchez
3659: ?
3606: ?
3604:Pakawan
3593:Tonkawa
3551:Aranama
3506:Pueblo
3474:Salinan
3455:Esselen
3420:Shastan
3413: ?
3391:Takelma
3383: ?
3370:Siuslaw
3352: ?
3327:Klamath
3319: ?
3317:Plateau
3283:Maiduan
3278:Wintuan
3266: ?
3240:Caddoan
3226: ?
3193: ?
3132:Tlingit
3123:Na-Dene
3078:Waikuri
3071:Timucua
3064:Kutenai
3043:Beothuk
2947:italics
2924:Pidgins
2909:Creoles
2859:Swedish
2827:Chinese
2774:Urarina
2759:Puinave
2713:Itonama
2707:Irantxe
2676:Chimane
2606:Chimuan
2511:Nadahup
2430:Cariban
2410:Aymaran
2371:America
2213:Waikuri
2206:Tonkawa
2199:Timucua
2192:Takelma
2185:Siuslaw
2174:Kutenai
2158:Esselen
2121:Wintuan
2082:Shastan
2053:Na-Dene
2041:Maiduan
1978:Caddoan
1952:America
1906:Wagiman
1904:(incl.
1875:Tangkic
1815:Garawan
1788:Bunuban
1749:Tambora
1716:Maybrat
1684:Abinomn
1607:Teberan
1568:Pauwasi
1558:Mairasi
1526:Kiwaian
1406:Tambora
1392:Shompen
1374:Kusunda
1367:Kenaboi
1353:Elamite
1325:Siangic
1307:Kho-Bwa
1301:Hrusish
1219:Kra–Dai
1203:Japonic
1112:Eurasia
1087:Sandawe
1070:Bangime
1035:Songhay
768:Mar 25,
746:Mar 25,
648:1262937
440:"Mosan"
3956:Waroid
3812:Xincan
3753:Lencan
3716:Calusa
3709:Tunica
3586:Solano
3572:Naolan
3516:Tanoan
3430:Pomoan
3364:Coosan
3359:Alsean
3334:Molala
3294:Yokuts
3234:Siouan
3085:Pericú
3057:Cayuse
2822:BANZSL
2784:Yamana
2769:Trumai
2738:Movima
2692:Fulniô
2655:Aikanã
2569:Tupian
2464:Chonan
2388:Arauan
2326:Xincan
2278:Lencan
2231:Yokuts
2128:Yukian
2093:Tanoan
2088:Siouan
2071:Pomoan
2012:Coosan
1838:Mirndi
1731:Porome
1726:Pawaia
1580:Senagi
1552:Madang
1501:Eleman
1456:Border
1387:Nihali
1380:Minoan
1360:Hattic
1342:Basque
1313:Mijiic
1295:Digaro
1279:Uralic
1265:Turkic
1116:Europe
973:Africa
908:
881:
858:
711:
654:
646:
535:Nootka
514:Boston
349:, and
199:Haisla
194:Haisla
3965:Lists
3825:Huave
3759:Mayan
3635:Garza
3522:Keres
3488:Washo
3467:Karuk
3436:Yuman
3411:Hokan
3300:Utian
3253:Yuchi
3191:Mosan
3173:Yurok
3166:Wiyot
3157:Algic
3105:Aleut
3050:Bidai
3019:Haida
2779:Warao
2748:Nukak
2719:Kunza
2697:Guató
2686:Cofán
2666:Camsá
2459:Choco
2420:Boran
2369:South
2350:Huave
2285:Mayan
2236:Yuchi
2219:Washo
2169:Karuk
2164:Haida
2103:Utian
2035:Keres
1972:Alsea
1965:Algic
1950:North
1742:Taiap
1736:Sulka
1591:Sepik
1506:Engan
1247:Ongan
1230:Nivkh
1098:Shabo
1081:Jalaa
1075:Hadza
1029:Mande
828:(PDF)
709:JSTOR
652:S2CID
644:JSTOR
556:Notes
512:ship
438:in a
386:Makah
381:Makah
3657:Gulf
3529:Zuni
3495:Yana
3481:Seri
3139:Eyak
3036:Adai
2954:bold
2881:See
2817:Arab
2803:Sign
2754:Páez
2731:Maku
2725:Leco
2241:Zuni
2225:Yana
2179:Seri
1936:Tiwi
1756:Wiru
1721:Mpur
1711:Kuot
1694:Anêm
1689:Abun
1656:Yuat
1651:Yawa
1597:Skou
1574:Ramu
1425:and
1319:Miju
1141:Ainu
1121:Asia
1119:and
1092:Laal
1053:Kadu
1041:Ijaw
1004:Kx'a
906:ISBN
879:ISBN
856:ISBN
770:2023
748:2023
434:and
422:and
3000:of
1706:Kol
1700:Ata
1646:Yam
1511:Fas
1024:Tuu
636:doi
147:of
90:wak
4004::
1908:)?
830:.
794:,
705:42
703:.
650:.
642:.
632:19
630:.
552:.
537:.
453:.
402:")
345:,
166:.
155:.
82:/
2990:e
2983:t
2976:v
2956:.
2866:?
2750:?
2709:?
2688:?
2657:?
2638:?
2632:?
2626:?
2620:?
2614:?
2608:?
2602:?
1871:?
1834:?
1797:?
1784:?
1751:?
1744:?
1738:?
1702:?
1696:?
1669:?
1663:?
1408:?
1394:?
1382:?
1369:?
1327:?
1321:?
1315:?
1309:?
1303:?
1297:?
1123:)
1114:(
1100:?
1094:?
1055:?
1049:?
1043:?
1037:?
1031:?
1020:?
957:e
950:t
943:v
862:.
715:.
658:.
638::
256:)
84:5
20:)
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