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in 1959, Marks decided to partner with developer Joe Pao to develop the valleys as suburbs. After the Land Use
Commission denied their request for the valleys to be redesignated from the State Agricultural District to the State Urban District in 1974, Marks and Pao chose to continue with development
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on April 21, 1976. However, the most well-known anti-eviction protest was on
January 4, 1977, when residents of the valley blocked the road past the valley. After the protest, the Hawaii Housing Authority bought 600 acres of land from Marks and leased them to the farmers living in the valley. The
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without the correct land use designation. They evicted nine families to make space for new construction and raised rents on many other families living and farming in the valley. The Waiāhole-Waikāne
Community Association (WWCA) then got a lawyer to collectively negotiate everyone's leases.
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struggle for the land and its usage continued in the courts as kalo farmers in the valley sued for rights to the water that was being diverted away by the Waiāhole Ditch, culminating in 2000 when the
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valleys. He began building the Waiāhole Ditch in 1913. When it was completed in 1917, it siphoned water from Oahu's rainy windward side to the dry leeward plains, where many
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The WWCA also protested while fighting the rent increases and evictions in the courts. A notable protest was in front of Marks' house in
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and farming by other ethnic groups living in the valleys. Many lived and farmed on land leased from McCandless in a system similar to
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192:(M.A. Thesis - Pacific Islands Studies thesis). University of Hawai'i at Mānoa.
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Photographs from the
Waiahole-Waikane Community Association I - Ed Greevy
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163:"Mauna Kea Is The Latest In Long History Of Native Hawaiian Protests"
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A Nation Rising: Hawaiian
Movements for Life, Land, and Sovereignty
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acquired two hundred acres of land, including the Waiāhole and
220:; Hussey, Ikaika; Wright, Erin Kahunawaika'ala (eds.).
92:ruled that the water should remain in the valley.
216:Lasky, Jacqueline (2014). "Waiāhole-Waikāne". In
16:Anti-eviction movement in Hawaii during the 1970s
274:Photographs of the protests taken by Ed Greevy
104:"Hoʿi ka Wai: The Waiāhole Stream Restoration"
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189:The Waiwai of Waiahole and Waikane
161:Hofschneider, Anita (2019-08-30).
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247:"Worth the fight, worth the wait"
41:overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
314:Nonviolent resistance movements
102:Piliāmoʿo; Lee, Vivien (1997).
27:movement in the U.S. state of
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294:Protests in the United States
245:Ryan, Tim (July 13, 1998).
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251:archives.starbulletin.com
224:. Duke University Press.
218:Goodyear-Ka’opua, Noelani
21:Waiāhole-Waikāne Struggle
142:Native Hawaiian activism
23:was an influential anti-
299:Native Hawaiian history
186:Hood, Dale (May 2004).
45:Lincoln Loy McCandless
304:Land rights movements
77:Hawaii became a state
90:Hawaii Supreme Court
167:Honolulu Civil Beat
55:were. This limited
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288:Categories
256:2021-07-13
172:2021-07-13
148:References
39:After the
35:Background
120:1045-7909
43:in 1893,
136:See also
71:Struggle
25:eviction
128:4229475
49:Waikāne
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85:Nuuanu
75:After
29:Hawaii
124:JSTOR
108:Manoa
226:ISBN
116:ISSN
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